1
|
Tanino T, Ueda Y, Nagai N, Ishihara Y, Saijo M, Funakami Y. In vivo upstream factors of mouse hepatotoxic mechanism with sustained hepatic glutathione depletion: Acetaminophen metabolite-erythrocyte adducts and splenic macrophage-generated reactive oxygen species. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 398:111091. [PMID: 38825056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Investigation of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver damage recently indicated the significance of phagocytic NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ferroptosis in the liver. Here, we focused on phagocytosis by iron-containing erythrocyte-devouring splenic macrophages and explored upstream factors of known APAP hepatotoxic mechanisms in vivo. Splenectomy did not alter hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 activity or hepatic glutathione (GSH) content. APAP injection into splenectomized mice almost completely suppressed increases in plasma alanine aminotransferase levels and centrilobular hepatic necrosis showing the spleen to be a critical tissue in APAP-induced liver damage. Hepatic GSH was recovered to approximately 50 % content at 8 h. In non-splenectomized mice, liver damage was dramatically suppressed by a sensitive redox probe (DCFH-DA), macrophage-depleting clodronate (CL), and a NOX2 inhibitor. APAP treatment resulted in markedly stronger fluorescence intensity from DCFH-DA due to excessive ROS around splenic macrophages, which was lost upon co-treatment with a CYP inhibitor and CL. Deformed erythrocytes disappeared in mice co-treated with DCFH-DA, CL, the NOX2 inhibitor, and the CYP inhibitor. Simultaneously, these four compounds significantly improved APAP-depleted GSH levels. The CYP inhibitor also prevented the formation of APAP-cell adducts in the blood and spleen. In the spleen, CL co-treatment markedly reduced the number of adducts. Splenic ferrous iron levels were significantly elevated by APAP. Therefore, we demonstrated that splenic macrophages devoured APAP metabolite-erythrocyte adducts and subsequently splenic macrophage-related ROS caused sustained hepatic GSH depletion and excessive erythrocyte deformation around 7 h. Our data indicate in vivo upstream factors of known APAP hepatotoxic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadatoshi Tanino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Bouji Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Yukari Ueda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Bouji Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Noriaki Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Yuka Ishihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Bouji Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Minori Saijo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Bouji Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Funakami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han C, Zhai Y, Wang Y, Peng X, Zhang X, Dai B, Leng Y, Zhang Z, Qi S. Intravital imaging of splenic classical monocytes modifying the hepatic CX3CR1 + cells motility to exacerbate liver fibrosis via spleen-liver axis. Theranostics 2024; 14:2210-2231. [PMID: 38505603 PMCID: PMC10945343 DOI: 10.7150/thno.87791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
CX3CR1+ cells play a crucial role in liver fibrosis progression. However, changes in the migratory behavior and spatial distribution of spleen-derived and hepatic CX3CR1+ cells in the fibrotic liver as well as their influence on the liver fibrosis remain unclear. METHODS The CX3CR1GFP/+ transgenic mice and CX3CR1-KikGR transgenic mice were used to establish the CCl4-induced liver fibrosis model. Splenectomy, adoptive transfusion of splenocytes, in vivo photoconversion of splenic CX3CR1+ cells and intravital imaging were performed to study the spatial distribution, migration and movement behavior, and regulatory function of CX3CR1+ cells in liver fibrosis. RESULTS Intravital imaging revealed that the CX3CR1GFP cells accumulated into the fibrotic liver and tended to accumulate towards the central vein (CV) in the hepatic lobules. Two subtypes of hepatic CX3CR1+ cells existed in the fibrotic liver. The first subtype was the interacting CX3CR1GFP cells, most of which were observed to distribute in the liver parenchyma and had a higher process velocity; the second subtype was mobile CX3CR1GFP cells, most of which were present in the hepatic vessels with a faster moving speed. Splenectomy ameliorated liver fibrosis and decreased the number of CX3CR1+ cells in the fibrotic liver. Moreover, splenectomy rearranged CX3CR1GFP cells to the boundary of the hepatic lobule, reduced the process velocity of interacting CX3CR1GFP cells and decreased the number and mobility of mobile CX3CR1GFP cells in the fibrotic liver. Transfusion of spleen-derived classical monocytes increased the process velocity and mobility of hepatic endogenous CX3CR1GFP cells and facilitated liver fibrosis progression via the production of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines. The photoconverted splenic CX3CR1+ KikRed+ cells were observed to leave the spleen, accumulate into the fibrotic liver and contact with hepatic CX3CR1+ KikGreen+ cells during hepatic fibrosis. CONCLUSION The splenic CX3CR1+ monocytes with classical phenotype migrated from the spleen to the fibrotic liver, modifying the migratory behavior of hepatic endogenous CX3CR1GFP cells and exacerbating liver fibrosis via the secretion of cytokines. This study reveals that splenic CX3CR1+ classical monocytes are a key driver of liver fibrosis via the spleen-liver axis and may be potential candidate targets for the treatment of chronic liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenlu Han
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yujie Zhai
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yuke Wang
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xuwen Peng
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Bolei Dai
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yuehong Leng
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- State key laboratory of digital medical engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Shuhong Qi
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gao CC, Bai J, Han H, Qin HY. The versatility of macrophage heterogeneity in liver fibrosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:968879. [PMID: 35990625 PMCID: PMC9389038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.968879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a highly conserved wound healing response to liver injury, characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the liver which might lead to loss of normal functions. In most cases, many types of insult could damage hepatic parenchymal cells like hepatocytes and/or cholangiocytes, and persistent injury might lead to initiation of fibrosis. This process is accompanied by amplified inflammatory responses, with immune cells especially macrophages recruited to the site of injury and activated, in order to orchestrate the process of wound healing and tissue repair. In the liver, both resident macrophages and recruited macrophages could activate interstitial cells which are responsible for ECM synthesis by producing a variety of cytokines and chemokines, modulate local microenvironment, and participate in the regulation of fibrosis. In this review, we will focus on the main pathological characteristics of liver fibrosis, as well as the heterogeneity on origin, polarization and functions of hepatic macrophages in the setting of liver fibrosis and their underlying mechanisms, which opens new perspectives for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jian Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hua Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hong-Yan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-Yan Qin,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abdelghffar EA, Barakat A, Torky ZA, Mohamed IK, Ali K. Pink Cedar (Acrocarpus fraxinifolius): its prophylactic role vs APAP–induced toxicity in rats and its antiviral activity vs HSV-1. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2021.2021007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eman A. Abdelghffar
- Biology Department, College of Science, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa Barakat
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zenab A. Torky
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ihab K. Mohamed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kamela Ali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gao Y, Yan J, Li J, Li X, Yang S, Chen N, Li L, Zhang L. Ginsenoside Rg3 ameliorates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:322-331. [PMID: 33793882 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Improper usage of acetaminophen (APAP) leads to morbidity and also mortality secondary to liver damage. Ginseng could suppress APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and ginsenoside Rg3 is a kind of major component in ginseng against liver damage. Herein, we intended to estimate the beneficial function and molecular mechanism of Rg3 on APAP-caused hepatotoxicity and identified hepatoprotection. METHODS A total of 50 C57BL/6J mice were divided into five random groups, and each contains 10 mice as the control, acetaminophen (350 mg/kg) and Rg3 (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) + acetaminophen (350 mg/kg) groups. These mice were intragastric administration a single dose of acetaminophen by oral treatment behind pre-administered with several doses of ginsenoside Rg3 for six hours. KEY FINDINGS According to our data, the injection of APAP (350 mg/kg) enhanced the basal levels of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactic dehydrogenase. However, these abnormal added were alleviated by Rg3. Moreover, Rg3 treatment obviously relieved APAP-caused inflammation and oxidant in liver tissues. The depletion of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity and generation of malondialdehyde induced by APAP treatment were reduced by Rg3. By H&E staining, Rg3 effectively reduced APAP-caused apoptosis and inflammatory infiltration. Moreover, Rg3 attenuated APAP-caused hepatic damage in part by regulating the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, we found that Rg3 could bind to NLRP3 suggesting the anti-inflammatory effects of Rg3 by molecular docking study. CONCLUSIONS In summary, Rg3 showed hepatic protective function in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity as evidenced by a reduction of the oxidant and the inflammatory reply, relieve of hepatocellular damage, showing potential in Rg3 as a potential therapeutic medicine to prevent hepatic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Juntong Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Songwei Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Naihong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
ORY supplementation mitigates acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure in male mice: role of oxidative stress and apoptotic markers. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 393:2129-2137. [PMID: 32601847 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the possible protective effect of γ-oryzanol (ORY) supplementation in a model of acute liver failure (ALF) induced by acetaminophen (APAP) in mice. Male Swiss strain mice were supplemented with ORY (10 and 50 mg/kg, per oral route) daily for 7 days. One hour after the last supplementation, animals received APAP (300 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). Twenty-four hours after APAP administration, mice were euthanized, and biochemical and histopathological determinations were performed. Histopathological analysis revealed that APAP caused vascular congestion, loss of cellular structure, and cellular infiltration in hepatocytes. Moreover, it caused oxidative damage (enzymatic and non-enzymatic analysis of oxidative stress), with loss of hepatic function leading to cell apoptosis (apoptotic parameters). ORY supplementation (ORY-10 and ORY-50) protected against all changes in ALF model. Thus, the protective effect of ORY supplementation was due to modulation of antioxidant defenses avoiding the apoptotic process.
Collapse
|
7
|
Dou L, Shi X, He X, Gao Y. Macrophage Phenotype and Function in Liver Disorder. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3112. [PMID: 32047496 PMCID: PMC6997484 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic macrophages are a remarkably heterogeneous population consisting of self-renewing tissue-resident phagocytes, termed Kupffer cells (KCs), and recruited macrophages derived from peritoneal cavity as well as the bone marrow. KCs are located in the liver sinusoid where they scavenge the microbe from the portal vein to maintain liver homeostasis. Liver injury may trigger hepatic recruitment of peritoneal macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages. Studies describing macrophage accumulation have shown that hepatic macrophages are involved in the initiation and progression of various liver diseases. They act as tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells to inhibit T-cell activation by producing distinct sets of cytokines, chemokines, and mediators to maintain or resolve inflammation. Furthermore, by releasing regenerative growth factors, matrix metalloproteinase arginase, they promote tissue repair. Recent experiments found that KCs and recruited macrophages may play different roles in the development of liver disease. Given that hepatic macrophages are considerably plastic populations, their phenotypes and functions are likely switching along disease progression. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the role of tissue-resident macrophages and recruited macrophages in pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), viral hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lang Dou
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Shi
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoshun He
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifang Gao
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen Q, Yan D, Zhang Q, Zhang G, Xia M, Li J, Zhan W, Shen E, Li Z, Lin L, Chen YH, Wan X. Treatment of acetaminophen-induced liver failure by blocking the death checkpoint protein TRAIL. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
9
|
MANF regulates splenic macrophage differentiation in mice. Immunol Lett 2019; 212:37-45. [PMID: 31226359 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Splenic immune cells, especially macrophages, play a key role in multiple pathological processes. With a proved anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory function of mesencephalicastrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) in inflammatory disorders, how MANF affects splenic immune cells in physiological and pathophysiological situations is still unknown. In this study, we constructed mono-macrophage-specific MANF knockout (Mø MANF-/-) mice and found the increased splenic M1 macrophages, but no significant change of splenic morphology and size compared with wild type (WT) mice. Also, we established the pathophysiological situation of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis. Under the hepatic fibrosis, splenic M2 macrophages and CD138+ plasma cells were significantly increased in Mø MANF-/- mice. Consistently, we found the increased TGF-β1 level in serum and spleen of Mø MANF-/- mice as well. Mono-macrophage-specific MANF knockout did not affect the number of splenic T and B cells under both the normal and hepatic fibrosis conditions. Our results suggest a distinct regulation of MANF on splenic immune cells and a specific regulation of MANF on the differentiation of splenic macrophages, which may exert a significant impact on physiological and pathophysiological processes of the spleen.
Collapse
|
10
|
Viswanathan G, Dan VM, Radhakrishnan N, Nair AS, Rajendran Nair AP, Baby S. Protection of mouse brain from paracetamol-induced stress by Centella asiatica methanol extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 236:474-483. [PMID: 30872170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Centella asiatica (CA) is a medicinal herb traditionally used as a brain tonic in Ayurvedic medicine. Various ethnomedical leads revealed the effective use of CA in the treatment of symptoms associated to oxidative stress and inflammation. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic ability of CA methanol extract (CAM) in protecting mouse brain and astrocytes from oxidative stress and inflammation induced by Paracetamol, and thus to substantiate the allied traditional/ethnomedical claims of CA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical profiling of CAM and quantification of its major constituents were carried out by HPTLC-densitometry. Mice were administered with CAM and Paracetamol in various combinations, and oxidative stress parameters (lipid peroxidation, radical scavenging) as well as nitric oxide stress were estimated from isolated mouse brain. Cellular toxicity was investigated by apoptosis/necrosis in primary astrocytes isolated from brain tissues of mouse (which was challenged by CAM/Paracetamol) by flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. Expression of inflammatory cytokine mediators (monocyte chemo attractant protein 1, interleukin 1, interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor β, interleukin 10 and mitogen activated protein kinase 14 gene) in CAM/Paracetamol administered mouse brain tissues was analyzed by real time PCR. Mouse brain tissues challenged by CAM/Paracetamol were also assessed for gross and histopathology. In addition, staining with acridine orange was carried out in C6 cell lines treated with CAM, and viewed under fluorescent microscopy. RESULTS Paracetamol elicited reactive oxygen species generation was revealed through Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) activity. CAM reversed the Paracetamol induced free radical and reactive nitrogen species production and increased the scavenging activity which was more pronounced at the higher dose (80 mg/kg b.wt). CAM negated the Paracetamol-induced damage by inhibiting expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (MCP 1, IL 1, TNF β), and increasing the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL 10) profoundly. Interestingly, MAPK 14 gene expression was decreased gradually and became same as normal control with increase in the dose of CAM. Also, it was evident that CAM protected mouse primary astrocytes from Paracetamol by maintaining a normal morphology. Similarly, apoptosis of primary astrocytes (treated with Paracetamol/CAM) decreased with the increase in CAM dose (80 mg/kg b.wt.) which was evident from flow cytometric data. Severe brain damage in the form of lesions was apparent from the histology of Paracetamol alone treated mouse brain. Whereas, CAM treated together with Paracetamol upturned these lesions. Surprisingly, CAM alone proved to be cytotoxic to C6 Glioma cells. CONCLUSIONS CAM showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects (which were pronounced at higher doses) against Paracetamol-induced oxidative stress and associated inflammation in mouse brain. The underlying mechanisms may be mediated by inhibiting the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF β, IL 1 and MCP 1 via regulation of the antioxidant mediated INF γ and MAPK 14 gene signalling pathways. The major bioactive constituents in CAM are the triterpenoid saponins, asiaticoside and madecassoside. The present results provide pharmacological evidence that CAM acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Furthermore, this study validates the use of CA as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent in ethnomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Viswanathan
- Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode 695562, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Vipin Mohan Dan
- Microbiology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode 695562, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Neelima Radhakrishnan
- Pathology Division, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College P.O. 695011, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Akhila Sasikumar Nair
- Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode 695562, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Aroma Prasanna Rajendran Nair
- Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode 695562, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Sabulal Baby
- Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode 695562, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Guillot A, Tacke F. Liver Macrophages: Old Dogmas and New Insights. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:730-743. [PMID: 31168508 PMCID: PMC6545867 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of virtually all liver diseases, such as liver cancer, fibrosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and cholangiopathies. Liver macrophages have been thoroughly studied in human disease and mouse models, unravelling that the hepatic mononuclear phagocyte system is more versatile and complex than previously believed. Liver macrophages mainly consist of liver‐resident phagocytes, or Kupffer cells (KCs), and bone marrow‐derived recruited monocytes. Although both cell populations in the liver demonstrate principal functions of macrophages, such as phagocytosis, danger signal recognition, cytokine release, antigen processing, and the ability to orchestrate immune responses, KCs and recruited monocytes retain characteristic ontogeny markers and remain remarkably distinct on several functional aspects. While KCs dominate the hepatic macrophage pool in homeostasis (“sentinel function”), monocyte‐derived macrophages prevail in acute or chronic injury (“emergency response team”), making them an interesting target for novel therapeutic approaches in liver disease. In addition, recent data acquired by unbiased large‐scale techniques, such as single‐cell RNA sequencing, unraveled a previously unrecognized complexity of human and murine macrophage polarization abilities, far beyond the old dogma of inflammatory (M1) and anti‐inflammatory (M2) macrophages. Despite tremendous progress, numerous challenges remain in deciphering the full spectrum of macrophage activation and its implication in either promoting liver disease progression or repairing injured liver tissue. Being aware of such heterogeneity in cell origin and function is of crucial importance when studying liver diseases, developing novel therapeutic interventions, defining macrophage‐based prognostic biomarkers, or designing clinical trials. Growing knowledge in gene expression modulation and emerging technologies in drug delivery may soon allow shaping macrophage populations toward orchestrating beneficial rather than detrimental inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Guillot
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD.,Department of Hepatology/Gastroenterology Charité University Medical Center Berlin Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology/Gastroenterology Charité University Medical Center Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Spirulina supplementation in a mouse model of diet-induced liver fibrosis reduced the pro-inflammatory response of splenocytes. Br J Nutr 2019; 121:748-755. [PMID: 30806344 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of liver fibrosis is very limited as there is currently no effective anti-fibrotic therapy. Spirulina platensis (SP) is a blue-green alga that is widely supplemented in healthy foods. The objective of this study was to determine whether SP supplementation can prevent obesity-induced liver fibrosis in vivo. Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to a low-fat or a high-fat (HF)/high-sucrose/high-cholesterol diet or an HF diet supplemented with 2·5 % SP (w/w) (HF/SP) for 16 or 20 weeks. There were no significant differences in body weight, activity, energy expenditure, serum lipids or glucose tolerance between mice on HF and HF/SP diets. However, plasma alanine aminotransferase level was significantly reduced by SP at 16 weeks. Expression of fibrotic markers and trichrome stains showed no differences between HF and HF/SP. Splenocytes isolated from HF/SP fed mice had lower inflammatory gene expression and cytokine secretion compared with splenocytes from HF-fed mice. SP supplementation did not attenuate HF-induced liver fibrosis. However, the expression and secretion of inflammatory genes in splenocytes were significantly reduced by SP supplementation, demonstrating the anti-inflammatory effects of SP in vivo. Although SP did not show appreciable effect on the prevention of liver fibrosis in this mouse model, it may be beneficial for other inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
|
13
|
20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3, a rare saponin from red ginseng, ameliorates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by suppressing PI3K/AKT pathway-mediated inflammation and apoptosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 59:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|