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Ford LC, Lin HC, Zhou YH, Wright FA, Gombar VK, Sedykh A, Shah RR, Chiu WA, Rusyn I. Characterizing PFAS hazards and risks: a human population-based in vitro cardiotoxicity assessment strategy. Hum Genomics 2024; 18:92. [PMID: 39218963 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are emerging contaminants of concern because of their wide use, persistence, and potential to be hazardous to both humans and the environment. Several PFAS have been designated as substances of concern; however, most PFAS in commerce lack toxicology and exposure data to evaluate their potential hazards and risks. Cardiotoxicity has been identified as a likely human health concern, and cell-based assays are the most sensible approach for screening and prioritization of PFAS. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes are a widely used method to test for cardiotoxicity, and recent studies showed that many PFAS affect these cells. Because iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes are available from different donors, they also can be used to quantify human variability in responses to PFAS. The primary objective of this study was to characterize potential human cardiotoxic hazard, risk, and inter-individual variability in responses to PFAS. A total of 56 PFAS from different subclasses were tested in concentration-response using human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes from 16 donors without known heart disease. Kinetic calcium flux and high-content imaging were used to evaluate biologically-relevant phenotypes such as beat frequency, repolarization, and cytotoxicity. Of the tested PFAS, 46 showed concentration-response effects in at least one phenotype and donor; however, a wide range of sensitivities were observed across donors. Inter-individual variability in the effects could be quantified for 19 PFAS, and risk characterization could be performed for 20 PFAS based on available exposure information. For most tested PFAS, toxicodynamic variability was within a factor of 10 and the margins of exposure were above 100. This study identified PFAS that may pose cardiotoxicity risk and have high inter-individual variability. It also demonstrated the feasibility of using a population-based human in vitro method to quantify population variability and identify cardiotoxicity risks of emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie C Ford
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, TAMU 4466, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Hsing-Chieh Lin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, TAMU 4466, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Yi-Hui Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences and Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Fred A Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences and Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | | | | | | | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, TAMU 4466, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, TAMU 4466, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA.
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Daley MC, Moreau M, Bronk P, Fisher J, Kofron CM, Mende U, McMullen P, Choi BR, Coulombe K. In vitro to in vivo extrapolation from 3D hiPSC-derived cardiac microtissues and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to inform next-generation arrhythmia risk assessment. Toxicol Sci 2024; 201:145-157. [PMID: 38897660 PMCID: PMC11347779 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Proarrhythmic cardiotoxicity remains a substantial barrier to drug development as well as a major global health challenge. In vitro human pluripotent stem cell-based new approach methodologies have been increasingly proposed and employed as alternatives to existing in vitro and in vivo models that do not accurately recapitulate human cardiac electrophysiology or cardiotoxicity risk. In this study, we expanded the capacity of our previously established 3D human cardiac microtissue model to perform quantitative risk assessment by combining it with a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, allowing a direct comparison of potentially harmful concentrations predicted in vitro to in vivo therapeutic levels. This approach enabled the measurement of concentration responses and margins of exposure for 2 physiologically relevant metrics of proarrhythmic risk (i.e. action potential duration and triangulation assessed by optical mapping) across concentrations spanning 3 orders of magnitude. The combination of both metrics enabled accurate proarrhythmic risk assessment of 4 compounds with a range of known proarrhythmic risk profiles (i.e. quinidine, cisapride, ranolazine, and verapamil) and demonstrated close agreement with their known clinical effects. Action potential triangulation was found to be a more sensitive metric for predicting proarrhythmic risk associated with the primary mechanism of concern for pharmaceutical-induced fatal ventricular arrhythmias, delayed cardiac repolarization due to inhibition of the rapid delayed rectifier potassium channel, or hERG channel. This study advances human-induced pluripotent stem cell-based 3D cardiac tissue models as new approach methodologies that enable in vitro proarrhythmic risk assessment with high precision of quantitative metrics for understanding clinically relevant cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Daley
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | | | - Peter Bronk
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | | | - Celinda M Kofron
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Ulrike Mende
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | | | - Bum-Rak Choi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Kareen Coulombe
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
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Tsai HHD, Ford LC, Burnett SD, Dickey AN, Wright FA, Chiu WA, Rusyn I. Informing Hazard Identification and Risk Characterization of Environmental Chemicals by Combining Transcriptomic and Functional Data from Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:1428-1444. [PMID: 39046974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Environmental chemicals may contribute to the global burden of cardiovascular disease, but experimental data are lacking to determine which substances pose the greatest risk. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes are a high-throughput cardiotoxicity model that is widely used to test drugs and chemicals; however, most studies focus on exploring electro-physiological readouts. Gene expression data may provide additional molecular insights to be used for both mechanistic interpretation and dose-response analyses. Therefore, we hypothesized that both transcriptomic and functional data in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes may be used as a comprehensive screening tool to identify potential cardiotoxicity hazards and risks of the chemicals. To test this hypothesis, we performed concentration-response analysis of 464 chemicals from 12 classes, including both pharmaceuticals and nonpharmaceutical substances. Functional effects (beat frequency, QT prolongation, and asystole), cytotoxicity, and whole transcriptome response were evaluated. Points of departure were derived from phenotypic and transcriptomic data, and risk characterization was performed. Overall, 244 (53%) substances were active in at least one phenotype; as expected, pharmaceuticals with known cardiac liabilities were the most active. Positive chronotropy was the functional phenotype activated by the largest number of tested chemicals. No chemical class was particularly prone to pose a potential hazard to cardiomyocytes; a varying proportion (10-44%) of substances in each class had effects on cardiomyocytes. Transcriptomic data showed that 69 (15%) substances elicited significant gene expression changes; most perturbed pathways were highly relevant to known key characteristics of human cardiotoxicants. The bioactivity-to-exposure ratios showed that phenotypic- and transcriptomic-based POD led to similar results for risk characterization. Overall, our findings demonstrate how the integrative use of in vitro transcriptomic and phenotypic data from iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes not only offers a complementary approach for hazard and risk prioritization, but also enables mechanistic interpretation of the in vitro test results to increase confidence in decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Hsuan D Tsai
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Lucie C Ford
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Sarah D Burnett
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Allison N Dickey
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27603, United States
| | - Fred A Wright
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27603, United States
- Department of Statistics and Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27603, United States
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Lu EH, Ford LC, Rusyn I, Chiu WA. Reducing uncertainty in dose-response assessments by incorporating Bayesian benchmark dose modeling and in vitro data on population variability. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2024. [PMID: 39148436 DOI: 10.1111/risa.17451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
There are two primary sources of uncertainty in the interpretability of toxicity values, like the reference dose (RfD): estimates of the point of departure (POD) and the absence of chemical-specific human variability data. We hypothesize two solutions-employing Bayesian benchmark dose (BBMD) modeling to refine POD determination and combining high-throughput toxicokinetic modeling with population-based toxicodynamic in vitro data to characterize chemical-specific variability. These hypotheses were tested by deriving refined probabilistic estimates for human doses corresponding to a specific effect size (M) in the Ith population percentile (HDM I) across 19 Superfund priority chemicals. HDM I values were further converted to biomonitoring equivalents in blood and urine for benchmarking against human data. Compared to deterministic default-based RfDs, HDM I values were generally more protective, particularly influenced by chemical-specific data on interindividual variability. Incorporating chemical-specific in vitro data improved precision in probabilistic RfDs, with a median 1.4-fold reduction in uncertainty variance. Comparison with US Environmental Protection Agency's Exposure Forecasting exposure predictions and biomonitoring data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey identified chemicals with margins of exposure nearing or below one. Overall, to mitigate uncertainty in regulatory toxicity values and guide chemical risk management, BBMD modeling and chemical-specific population-based human in vitro data are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Hsuan Lu
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology and Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Lucie C Ford
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology and Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology and Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology and Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Pang L, Cai C, Aggarwal P, Wang D, Vijay V, Bagam P, Blamer J, Matter A, Turner A, Ren L, Papineau K, Srinivasasainagendra V, Tiwari HK, Yang X, Schnackenberg L, Mattes W, Broeckel U. Predicting oncology drug-induced cardiotoxicity with donor-specific iPSC-CMs-a proof-of-concept study with doxorubicin. Toxicol Sci 2024; 200:79-94. [PMID: 38547396 PMCID: PMC11199917 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Many oncology drugs have been found to induce cardiotoxicity in a subset of patients, which significantly limits their clinical use and impedes the benefit of lifesaving anticancer treatments. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) carry donor-specific genetic information and have been proposed for exploring the interindividual difference in oncology drug-induced cardiotoxicity. Herein, we evaluated the inter- and intraindividual variability of iPSC-CM-related assays and presented a proof of concept to prospectively predict doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) using donor-specific iPSC-CMs. Our findings demonstrated that donor-specific iPSC-CMs exhibited greater line-to-line variability than the intraindividual variability in impedance cytotoxicity and transcriptome assays. The variable and dose-dependent cytotoxic responses of iPSC-CMs resembled those observed in clinical practice and largely replicated the reported mechanisms. By categorizing iPSC-CMs into resistant and sensitive cell lines based on their time- and concentration-related phenotypic responses to DOX, we found that the sensitivity of donor-specific iPSC-CMs to DOX may predict in vivo DIC risk. Furthermore, we identified a differentially expressed gene, DND microRNA-mediated repression inhibitor 1 (DND1), between the DOX-resistant and DOX-sensitive iPSC-CMs. Our results support the utilization of donor-specific iPSC-CMs in assessing interindividual differences in DIC. Further studies will encompass a large panel of donor-specific iPSC-CMs to identify potential novel molecular and genetic biomarkers for predicting DOX and other oncology drug-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Pang
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Chengzhong Cai
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Praful Aggarwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - Dong Wang
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Vikrant Vijay
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Prathyusha Bagam
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Jacob Blamer
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - Andrea Matter
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - Amy Turner
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - Lijun Ren
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Katy Papineau
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Vinodh Srinivasasainagendra
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Hemant K Tiwari
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Xi Yang
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Office of Cardiology, Hematology, Endocrinology, & Nephrology, Office of New Drug, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, USA
| | - Laura Schnackenberg
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - William Mattes
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Ulrich Broeckel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Lu EH, Ford LC, Chen Z, Burnett SD, Rusyn I, Chiu WA. Evaluating scientific confidence in the concordance of in vitro and in vivo protective points of departure. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 148:105596. [PMID: 38447894 PMCID: PMC11193089 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
To fulfil the promise of reducing reliance on mammalian in vivo laboratory animal studies, new approach methods (NAMs) need to provide a confident basis for regulatory decision-making. However, previous attempts to develop in vitro NAMs-based points of departure (PODs) have yielded mixed results, with PODs from U.S. EPA's ToxCast, for instance, appearing more conservative (protective) but poorly correlated with traditional in vivo studies. Here, we aimed to address this discordance by reducing the heterogeneity of in vivo PODs, accounting for species differences, and enhancing the biological relevance of in vitro PODs. However, we only found improved in vitro-to-in vivo concordance when combining the use of Bayesian model averaging-based benchmark dose modeling for in vivo PODs, allometric scaling for interspecies adjustments, and human-relevant in vitro assays with multiple induced pluripotent stem cell-derived models. Moreover, the available sample size was only 15 chemicals, and the resulting level of concordance was only fair, with correlation coefficients <0.5 and prediction intervals spanning several orders of magnitude. Overall, while this study suggests several ways to enhance concordance and thereby increase scientific confidence in vitro NAMs-based PODs, it also highlights challenges in their predictive accuracy and precision for use in regulatory decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Hsuan Lu
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology and Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Lucie C Ford
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology and Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Zunwei Chen
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology and Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Sarah D Burnett
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology and Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology and Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology and Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Niemeijer M, Więcek W, Fu S, Huppelschoten S, Bouwman P, Baze A, Parmentier C, Richert L, Paules RS, Bois FY, van de Water B. Mapping Interindividual Variability of Toxicodynamics Using High-Throughput Transcriptomics and Primary Human Hepatocytes from Fifty Donors. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:37005. [PMID: 38498338 PMCID: PMC10947137 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the variability across the human population with respect to toxicodynamic responses after exposure to chemicals, such as environmental toxicants or drugs, is essential to define safety factors for risk assessment to protect the entire population. Activation of cellular stress response pathways are early adverse outcome pathway (AOP) key events of chemical-induced toxicity and would elucidate the estimation of population variability of toxicodynamic responses. OBJECTIVES We aimed to map the variability in cellular stress response activation in a large panel of primary human hepatocyte (PHH) donors to aid in the quantification of toxicodynamic interindividual variability to derive safety uncertainty factors. METHODS High-throughput transcriptomics of over 8,000 samples in total was performed covering a panel of 50 individual PHH donors upon 8 to 24 h exposure to broad concentration ranges of four different toxicological relevant stimuli: tunicamycin for the unfolded protein response (UPR), diethyl maleate for the oxidative stress response (OSR), cisplatin for the DNA damage response (DDR), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF α ) for NF- κ B signaling. Using a population mixed-effect framework, the distribution of benchmark concentrations (BMCs) and maximum fold change were modeled to evaluate the influence of PHH donor panel size on the correct estimation of interindividual variability for the various stimuli. RESULTS Transcriptome mapping allowed the investigation of the interindividual variability in concentration-dependent stress response activation, where the average of BMCs had a maximum difference of 864-, 13-, 13-, and 259-fold between different PHHs for UPR, OSR, DDR, and NF- κ B signaling-related genes, respectively. Population modeling revealed that small PHH panel sizes systematically underestimated the variance and gave low probabilities in estimating the correct human population variance. Estimated toxicodynamic variability factors of stress response activation in PHHs based on this dataset ranged between 1.6 and 6.3. DISCUSSION Overall, by combining high-throughput transcriptomics and population modeling, improved understanding of interindividual variability in chemical-induced activation of toxicity relevant stress pathways across the human population using a large panel of plated cryopreserved PHHs was established, thereby contributing toward increasing the confidence of in vitro-based prediction of adverse responses, in particular hepatotoxicity. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11891.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Niemeijer
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Shuai Fu
- Simcyp Division, CERTARA, Sheffield, UK
| | - Suzanna Huppelschoten
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Bouwman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Richard S. Paules
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Tsai HHD, Ford LC, Chen Z, Dickey AN, Wright FA, Rusyn I. Risk-based prioritization of PFAS using phenotypic and transcriptomic data from human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes. ALTEX 2024; 41:363-381. [PMID: 38429992 PMCID: PMC11305846 DOI: 10.14573/altex.2311031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are chemicals with important applications; they are persistent in the environment and may pose human health hazards. Regulatory agencies are considering restrictions and bans of PFAS; however, little data exists for informed decisions. Several prioritization strategies were proposed for evaluation of potential hazards of PFAS. Structure-based grouping could expedite the selection of PFAS for testing; still, the hypothesis that structure-effect relationships exist for PFAS requires confirmation. We tested 26 structurally diverse PFAS from 8 groups using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes, and tested concentration-response effects on cell function and gene expression. Few phenotypic effects were observed in hepatocytes, but negative chronotropy was observed in cardiomyocytes for 8 PFAS. Substance- and cell type-dependent transcriptomic changes were more prominent but lacked substantial group-specific effects. In hepatocytes, we found upregulation of stress-related and extracellular matrix organization pathways, and down-regulation of fat metabolism. In cardiomyocytes, contractility-related pathways were most affected. We derived phenotypic and transcriptomic points of departure and compared them to predicted PFAS exposures. Conservative estimates for bioactivity and exposure were used to derive a bioactivity-to-exposure ratio (BER) for each PFAS; 23 of 26 PFAS had BER > 1. Overall, these data suggest that structure-based PFAS grouping may not be sufficient to predict their biological effects. Testing of individual PFAS may be needed for scientifically-supported decision-making. Our proposed strategy of using two human cell types and considering phenotypic and transcriptomic effects, combined with dose-response analysis and calculation of BER, may be used for PFAS prioritization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Hsuan D Tsai
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lucie C Ford
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Zunwei Chen
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Current address: Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allison N Dickey
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Fred A Wright
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College Station, TX, USA
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Statistics and Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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9
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Lin HC, Rusyn I, Chiu WA. Assessing proarrhythmic potential of environmental chemicals using a high throughput in vitro-in silico model with human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. ALTEX 2024; 41:37-49. [PMID: 37921411 PMCID: PMC10898275 DOI: 10.14573/altex.2306231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
QT prolongation and the potentially fatal arrhythmia Torsades de Pointes are common causes for withdrawing or restricting drugs; however, little is known about similar liabilities of environmental chemicals. Current in vitro-in silico models for testing proarrhythmic liabilities, using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM), provide an opportunity to address this data gap. These methods are still low- to medium-throughput and not suitable for testing the tens of thousands of chemicals in commerce. We hypothesized that combining high-throughput population- based in vitro testing in hiPSC-CMs with a fully in silico data analysis workflow can offer sensitive and specific predictions of proarrhythmic potential. We calibrated the model with a published hiPSC-CM dataset of drugs known to be positive or negative for proarrhythmia and tested its performance using internal cross-validation and external validation. Additionally, we used computational down-sampling to examine three study designs for hiPSC-CM data: one replicate of one donor, five replicates of one donor, and one replicate of a population of five donors. We found that the population of five donors had the best performance for predicting proarrhythmic potential. The resulting model was then applied to predict the proarrhythmic potential of environmental chemicals, additionally characterizing risk through margin of exposure (MOE) calculations. Out of over 900 environmental chemicals tested, over 150 were predicted to have proarrhythmic potential, but only seven chemicals had a MOE < 1. We conclude that a high-throughput in vitro-in silico approach using population-based hiPSC-CM testing provides a reasonable strategy to screen environmental chemicals for proarrhythmic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Chieh Lin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Xu D, Wang Y, Sun L, Luo Z, Luo Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y. Living Anisotropic Structural Color Hydrogels for Cardiotoxicity Screening. ACS NANO 2023; 17:15180-15188. [PMID: 37459507 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Environmental toxins can result in serious and fatal damage in the human heart, while the development of a viable stratagem for assessing the effects of environmental toxins on human cardiac tissue is still a challenge. Herein, we present a heart-on-a-chip based on human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) cultured living anisotropic structural color hydrogels for cardiotoxicity screening. Such anisotropic structural color hydrogels with a conductive parallel carbon nanotube (CNT) upper layer, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) interlayer, and inverse opal bottom layer were fabricated by a sandwich replicating approach. The inverse opal structure endowed the anisotropic hydrogels with stable structural color property, while the parallel and conductive CNTs could induce the hiPSC-CMs to grow in a directional manner with consistent autonomous beating. Notably, the resultant hiPSC-CM-cultured hydrogel exhibited synchronous shifts in structural color, responding to contraction and relaxation of hiPSC-CMs, offering a visual platform for monitoring cell activity. Given these features, the hiPSC-CM-cultured living anisotropic structural color hydrogels were integrated into a heart-on-a-chip, which provided a superior cardiotoxicity screening platform for environmental toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lingyu Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhiqiang Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yongan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Southeast University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518071, China
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11
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To KT, Kleinstreuer N, Vasiliou V, Hogberg HT. New approach methodologies to address population variability and susceptibility. Hum Genomics 2023; 17:56. [PMID: 37381067 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-023-00502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- NIH/NIEHS/DTT/NICEATM, RTP, Morrisville, NC, 27709, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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12
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Paul KC, Krolewski RC, Lucumi Moreno E, Blank J, Holton KM, Ahfeldt T, Furlong M, Yu Y, Cockburn M, Thompson LK, Kreymerman A, Ricci-Blair EM, Li YJ, Patel HB, Lee RT, Bronstein J, Rubin LL, Khurana V, Ritz B. A pesticide and iPSC dopaminergic neuron screen identifies and classifies Parkinson-relevant pesticides. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2803. [PMID: 37193692 PMCID: PMC10188516 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease with etiology rooted in genetic vulnerability and environmental factors. Here we combine quantitative epidemiologic study of pesticide exposures and PD with toxicity screening in dopaminergic neurons derived from PD patient induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to identify Parkinson's-relevant pesticides. Agricultural records enable investigation of 288 specific pesticides and PD risk in a comprehensive, pesticide-wide association study. We associate long-term exposure to 53 pesticides with PD and identify co-exposure profiles. We then employ a live-cell imaging screening paradigm exposing dopaminergic neurons to 39 PD-associated pesticides. We find that 10 pesticides are directly toxic to these neurons. Further, we analyze pesticides typically used in combinations in cotton farming, demonstrating that co-exposures result in greater toxicity than any single pesticide. We find trifluralin is a driver of toxicity to dopaminergic neurons and leads to mitochondrial dysfunction. Our paradigm may prove useful to mechanistically dissect pesticide exposures implicated in PD risk and guide agricultural policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly C Paul
- Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Richard C Krolewski
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Edinson Lucumi Moreno
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Kristina M Holton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tim Ahfeldt
- Recursion Pharmaceuticals, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa Furlong
- University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yu Yu
- UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Myles Cockburn
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laura K Thompson
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Kreymerman
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Yu Jun Li
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Heer B Patel
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Richard T Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jeff Bronstein
- Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lee L Rubin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Vikram Khurana
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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13
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Hann SY, Cui H, Esworthy T, Zhang LG. 4D Thermo-Responsive Smart hiPSC-CM Cardiac Construct for Myocardial Cell Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:1809-1821. [PMID: 37051312 PMCID: PMC10083182 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s402855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose 4D fabrication techniques have been utilized for advanced biomedical therapeutics due to their ability to create dynamic constructs that can transform into desired shapes on demand. The internal structure of the human cardiovascular system is complex, where the contracting heart has a highly curved surface that changes shape with the heart's dynamic beating motion. Hence, 4D architectures that adjust their shapes as required are a good candidate to readily deliver cardiac cells into the damaged heart and/or to serve as self-morphing tissue scaffolds/patches for healing cardiac diseases. In this proof-of-concept in vitro study, a two-in-one 4D smart cardiac construct that integrates the functions of minimally invasive cell vehicles and in situ tissue patches was developed for repairing damaged myocardial tissue. Methods For this purpose, a series of thermo-responsive 4D structures with different shapes and sizes were fabricated via the combination of fused deposition modeling (FDM)-printing and stamping molding. The thermo-responsive 4D constructs were firstly optimized to exhibit their shape transformation behavior at the designated temperature for convenient control. After which, the mechanical properties, shape recovery rate, and shape recovery speed of the 4D constructs at different temperatures were thoroughly evaluated. Also, the proliferation and functional prototype of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) on the 4D constructs were quantified and evaluated using F-actin staining and immunostaining. Results Our results showed that the 4D constructs possessed the desirable capability of shape-changing from spherical carriers to unfolded patches at human body temperature and exhibited excellent biocompatibility. Moreover, myocardial maturation in vitro with a uniform and printing pattern-specific cell distribution was observed on the surface of the unfolded 4D constructs. Conclusion We successfully developed a 4D smart cardiac construct that integrates the functions of minimally invasive cell vehicles and in situ tissue patches for repairing damaged myocardial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yun Hann
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Haitao Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Timothy Esworthy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Correspondence: Lijie Grace Zhang, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall 3590, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA, Tel +1 202 994 2479, Fax +1 202 994 0238, Email
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14
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Varshavsky JR, Rayasam SDG, Sass JB, Axelrad DA, Cranor CF, Hattis D, Hauser R, Koman PD, Marquez EC, Morello-Frosch R, Oksas C, Patton S, Robinson JF, Sathyanarayana S, Shepard PM, Woodruff TJ. Current practice and recommendations for advancing how human variability and susceptibility are considered in chemical risk assessment. Environ Health 2023; 21:133. [PMID: 36635753 PMCID: PMC9835253 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-022-00940-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A key element of risk assessment is accounting for the full range of variability in response to environmental exposures. Default dose-response methods typically assume a 10-fold difference in response to chemical exposures between average (healthy) and susceptible humans, despite evidence of wider variability. Experts and authoritative bodies support using advanced techniques to better account for human variability due to factors such as in utero or early life exposure and exposure to multiple environmental, social, and economic stressors.This review describes: 1) sources of human variability and susceptibility in dose-response assessment, 2) existing US frameworks for addressing response variability in risk assessment; 3) key scientific inadequacies necessitating updated methods; 4) improved approaches and opportunities for better use of science; and 5) specific and quantitative recommendations to address evidence and policy needs.Current default adjustment factors do not sufficiently capture human variability in dose-response and thus are inadequate to protect the entire population. Susceptible groups are not appropriately protected under current regulatory guidelines. Emerging tools and data sources that better account for human variability and susceptibility include probabilistic methods, genetically diverse in vivo and in vitro models, and the use of human data to capture underlying risk and/or assess combined effects from chemical and non-chemical stressors.We recommend using updated methods and data to improve consideration of human variability and susceptibility in risk assessment, including the use of increased default human variability factors and separate adjustment factors for capturing age/life stage of development and exposure to multiple chemical and non-chemical stressors. Updated methods would result in greater transparency and protection for susceptible groups, including children, infants, people who are pregnant or nursing, people with disabilities, and those burdened by additional environmental exposures and/or social factors such as poverty and racism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Varshavsky
- Department of Health Sciences and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Swati D G Rayasam
- Department of Obstetrics, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Carl F Cranor
- Department of Philosophy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Dale Hattis
- The George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patricia D Koman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Rachel Morello-Frosch
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Oksas
- University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Joshua F Robinson
- Department of Obstetrics, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Tracey J Woodruff
- Department of Obstetrics, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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15
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Kato Y, Lim AY, Sakolish C, Valdiviezo A, Moyer HL, Hewitt P, Bajaj P, Han G, Rusyn I. Analysis of reproducibility and robustness of OrganoPlate® 2-lane 96, a liver microphysiological system for studies of pharmacokinetics and toxicological assessment of drugs. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 85:105464. [PMID: 36057418 PMCID: PMC10015056 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Establishing the functionality, reproducibility, robustness, and reliability of microphysiological systems is a critical need for adoption of these technologies. A high throughput microphysiological system for liver studies was recently proposed in which induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes (iHeps) and non-parenchymal cells (endothelial cells and THP-1 cells differentiated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate into macrophage-like cells) were co-cultured in OrganoPlate® 2-lane 96 devices. The goal of this study was to evaluate this platform using additional cell types and conditions and characterize its utility and reproducibility. Primary human hepatocytes or iHeps, with and without non-parenchymal cells, were cultured for up to 17 days. Image-based cell viability, albumin and urea secretion into culture media, CYP3A4 activity and drug metabolism were assessed. The iHeps co-cultured with non-parenchymal cells demonstrated stable cell viability and function up to 17 days; however, variability was appreciable both within and among studies. The iHeps in monoculture did not form clusters and lost viability and function over time. The primary human hepatocytes in monoculture also exhibited low cell viability and hepatic function. Metabolism of various drugs was most efficient when iHeps were co-cultured with non-parenchymal cells. Overall, we found that the OrganoPlate® 2-lane 96 device, when used with iHeps and non-parenchymal cells, is a functional liver microphysiological model; however, the high-throughput nature of this model is somewhat dampened by the need for replicates to compensate for high variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kato
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Alicia Y Lim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Courtney Sakolish
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Alan Valdiviezo
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Haley L Moyer
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Philip Hewitt
- Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Merck Healthcare KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Piyush Bajaj
- Global Investigative Toxicology, Preclinical Safety, Sanofi USA, MA 01701, USA
| | - Gang Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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16
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Jang S, Ford LC, Rusyn I, Chiu WA. Cumulative Risk Meets Inter-Individual Variability: Probabilistic Concentration Addition of Complex Mixture Exposures in a Population-Based Human In Vitro Model. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10100549. [PMID: 36287830 PMCID: PMC9611413 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Although humans are continuously exposed to complex chemical mixtures in the environment, it has been extremely challenging to investigate the resulting cumulative risks and impacts. Recent studies proposed the use of “new approach methods,” in particular in vitro assays, for hazard and dose−response evaluation of mixtures. We previously found, using five human cell-based assays, that concentration addition (CA), the usual default approach to calculate cumulative risk, is mostly accurate to within an order of magnitude. Here, we extend these findings to further investigate how cell-based data can be used to quantify inter-individual variability in CA. Utilizing data from testing 42 Superfund priority chemicals separately and in 8 defined mixtures in a human cell-based population-wide in vitro model, we applied CA to predict effective concentrations for cytotoxicity for each individual, for “typical” (median) and “sensitive” (first percentile) members of the population, and for the median-to-sensitive individual ratio (defined as the toxicodynamic variability factor, TDVF). We quantified the accuracy of CA with the Loewe Additivity Index (LAI). We found that LAI varies more between different mixtures than between different individuals, and that predictions of the population median are generally more accurate than predictions for the “sensitive” individual or the TDVF. Moreover, LAI values were generally <1, indicating that the mixtures were more potent than predicted by CA. Together with our previous studies, we posit that new approach methods data from human cell-based in vitro assays, including multiple phenotypes in diverse cell types and studies in a population-wide model, can fill critical data gaps in cumulative risk assessment, but more sophisticated models of in vitro mixture additivity and bioavailability may be needed. In the meantime, because simple CA models may underestimate potency by an order of magnitude or more, either whole-mixture testing in vitro or, alternatively, more stringent benchmarks of cumulative risk indices (e.g., lower hazard index) may be needed to ensure public health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Jang
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Lucie C. Ford
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(979)-845-4106
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17
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Challenges and opportunities for the next generation of cardiovascular tissue engineering. Nat Methods 2022; 19:1064-1071. [PMID: 36064773 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-022-01591-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Engineered cardiac tissues derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells offer unique opportunities for patient-specific disease modeling, drug discovery and cardiac repair. Since the first engineered hearts were introduced over two decades ago, human induced pluripotent stem cell-based three-dimensional cardiac organoids and heart-on-a-chip systems have now become mainstays in basic cardiovascular research as valuable platforms for investigating fundamental human pathophysiology and development. However, major obstacles remain to be addressed before the field can truly advance toward commercial and clinical translation. Here we provide a snapshot of the state-of-the-art methods in cardiac tissue engineering, with a focus on in vitro models of the human heart. Looking ahead, we discuss major challenges and opportunities in the field and suggest strategies for enabling broad acceptance of engineered cardiac tissues as models of cardiac pathophysiology and testbeds for the development of therapies.
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18
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Carberry CK, Ferguson SS, Beltran AS, Fry RC, Rager JE. Using liver models generated from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for evaluating chemical-induced modifications and disease across liver developmental stages. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 83:105412. [PMID: 35688329 PMCID: PMC9296547 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a pivotal organ regulating critical developmental stages of fetal metabolism and detoxification. Though numerous studies have evaluated links between prenatal/perinatal exposures and adverse health outcomes in the developing fetus, the central role of liver to health disruptions resulting from these exposures remains understudied, especially concerning early development and later-in-life health outcomes. While numerous in vitro methods for evaluating liver toxicity have been established, the use of iPSC-derived hepatocytes appears to be particularly well suited to contribute to this critical research gap due to their potential to model a diverse range of disease phenotypes and different stages of liver development. The following key aspects are reviewed: (1) an introduction to developmental liver toxicity; (2) an introduction to embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell models; (3) methods and challenges for deriving liver cells from stem cells; and (4) applications for iPSC-derived hepatocytes to evaluate liver developmental stages and their associated responses to insults. We conclude that iPSC-derived hepatocytes have great potential for informing liver toxicity and underlying disease mechanisms via the generation of patient-specific iPSCs; implementing large-scale drug and chemical screening; evaluating general biological responses as a potential surrogate target cell; and evaluating inter-individual disease susceptibility and response variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste K Carberry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; The Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephen S Ferguson
- Biomolecular Screening Branch, National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Adriana S Beltran
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca C Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; The Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Julia E Rager
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; The Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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19
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Kowalczewski A, Sakolish C, Hoang P, Liu X, Jacquir S, Rusyn I, Ma Z. Integrating nonlinear analysis and machine learning for human induced pluripotent stem cell-based drug cardiotoxicity testing. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 16:732-743. [PMID: 35621199 PMCID: PMC9719611 DOI: 10.1002/term.3325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing recent advances in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology, nonlinear analysis and machine learning we can create novel tools to evaluate drug-induced cardiotoxicity on human cardiomyocytes. With cardiovascular disease remaining the leading cause of death globally it has become imperative to create effective and modern tools to test the efficacy and toxicity of drugs to combat heart disease. The calcium transient signals recorded from hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are highly complex and dynamic with great degrees of response characteristics to various drug treatments. However, traditional linear methods often fail to capture the subtle variation in these signals generated by hiPSC-CMs. In this work, we integrated nonlinear analysis, dimensionality reduction techniques and machine learning algorithms for better classifying the contractile signals from hiPSC-CMs in response to different drug exposure. By utilizing extracted parameters from a commercially available high-throughput testing platform, we were able to distinguish the groups with drug treatment from baseline controls, determine the drug exposure relative to IC50 values, and classify the drugs by its unique cardiac responses. By incorporating nonlinear parameters computed by phase space reconstruction, we were able to improve our machine learning algorithm's ability to predict cardiotoxic levels and drug classifications. We also visualized the effects of drug treatment and dosages with dimensionality reduction techniques, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE). We have shown that integration of nonlinear analysis and artificial intelligence has proven to be a powerful tool for analyzing cardiotoxicity and classifying toxic compounds through their mechanistic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kowalczewski
- Department of Biomedical & Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, USA,BioInspired Syracuse Institute for Materials and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, USA
| | - Courtney Sakolish
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Plansky Hoang
- Department of Biomedical & Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, USA,BioInspired Syracuse Institute for Materials and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, USA
| | - Xiyuan Liu
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, USA
| | - Sabir Jacquir
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Zhen Ma
- Department of Biomedical & Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, USA,BioInspired Syracuse Institute for Materials and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, USA,Corresponding author Zhen Ma, PhD. Syracuse University ()
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20
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House JS, Grimm FA, Klaren WD, Dalzell A, Kuchi S, Zhang SD, Lenz K, Boogaard PJ, Ketelslegers HB, Gant TW, Rusyn I, Wright FA. Grouping of UVCB substances with dose-response transcriptomics data from human cell-based assays. ALTEX 2022; 39:388–404. [PMID: 35288757 PMCID: PMC9344966 DOI: 10.14573/altex.2107051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The application of in vitro biological assays as new approach methodologies (NAMs) to support grouping of UVCB (unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products, and biological materials) substances has recently been demonstrated. In addition to cell-based phenotyping as NAMs, in vitro transcriptomic profiling is used to gain deeper mechanistic understanding of biological responses to chemicals and to support grouping and read-across. However, the value of gene expression profiling for characterizing complex substances like UVCBs has not been explored. Using 141 petroleum substance extracts, we performed dose-response transcriptomic profiling in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and endothelial cells, as well as cell lines MCF7 and A375. The goal was to determine whether transcriptomic data can be used to group these UVCBs and to further characterize the molecular basis for in vitro biological responses. We found distinct transcriptional responses for petroleum substances by manufacturing class. Pathway enrichment informed interpretation of effects of substances and UVCB petroleum-class. Transcriptional activity was strongly correlated with concentration of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC), especially in iPSC-derived hepatocytes. Supervised analysis using transcriptomics, alone or in combination with bioactivity data collected on these same substances/cells, suggest that transcriptomics data provide useful mechanistic information, but only modest additional value for grouping. Overall, these results further demonstrate the value of NAMs for grouping of UVCBs, identify informative cell lines, and provide data that could be used for justifying selection of substances for further testing that may be required for registration.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S House
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Biostatistics & Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Fabian A Grimm
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - William D Klaren
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,current address: ToxStrategies, Inc., Asheville, NC, USA
| | - Abigail Dalzell
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Harwell Science Campus, Oxon, UK
| | - Srikeerthana Kuchi
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Ulster University, L/Derry, Northern Ireland, UK.,current address: MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Shu-Dong Zhang
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Ulster University, L/Derry, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Klaus Lenz
- SYNCOM Forschungs und Entwicklungsberatung GmbH, Ganderkesee, Germany
| | | | | | - Timothy W Gant
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Harwell Science Campus, Oxon, UK
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Fred A Wright
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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21
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Model systems and organisms for addressing inter- and intra-species variability in risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 132:105197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Luo YS, Chen Z, Hsieh NH, Lin TE. Chemical and biological assessments of environmental mixtures: A review of current trends, advances, and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128658. [PMID: 35290896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Considering the chemical complexity and toxicity data gaps of environmental mixtures, most studies evaluate the chemical risk individually. However, humans are usually exposed to a cocktail of chemicals in real life. Mixture health assessment remains to be a research area having significant knowledge gaps. Characterization of chemical composition and bioactivity/toxicity are the two critical aspects of mixture health assessments. This review seeks to introduce the recent progress and tools for the chemical and biological characterization of environmental mixtures. The state-of-the-art techniques include the sampling, extraction, rapid detection methods, and the in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches to generate the toxicity data of an environmental mixture. Application of these novel methods, or new approach methodologies (NAMs), has increased the throughput of generating chemical and toxicity data for mixtures and thus refined the mixture health assessment. Combined with computational methods, the chemical and biological information would shed light on identifying the bioactive/toxic components in an environmental mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Syuan Luo
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Zunwei Chen
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nan-Hung Hsieh
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology and Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Tzu-En Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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23
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Daley MC, Mende U, Choi BR, McMullen PD, Coulombe KLK. Beyond pharmaceuticals: Fit-for-purpose new approach methodologies for environmental cardiotoxicity testing. ALTEX 2022; 40:103-116. [PMID: 35648122 PMCID: PMC10502740 DOI: 10.14573/altex.2109131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors play a substantial role in determining cardiovascular health, but data informing the risks presented by environmental toxicants is insufficient. In vitro new approach methodologies (NAMs) offer a promising approach with which to address the limitations of traditional in vivo and in vitro assays for assessing cardiotoxicity. Driven largely by the needs of pharmaceutical toxicity testing, considerable progress in developing NAMs for cardiotoxicity analysis has already been made. As the scientific and regulatory interest in NAMs for environmental chemicals continues to grow, a thorough understanding of the unique features of environmental cardiotoxicants and their associated cardiotoxicities is needed. Here, we review the key characteristics of as well as important regulatory and biological considerations for fit-for-purpose NAMs for environmental cardiotoxicity. By emphasizing the challenges and opportunities presented by NAMs for environmental cardiotoxicity we hope to accelerate their development, acceptance, and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Daley
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ulrike Mende
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Bum-Rak Choi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Kareen L K Coulombe
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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24
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Shi M, Dong Y, Bouwmeester H, Rietjens IMCM, Strikwold M. In vitro-in silico-based prediction of inter-individual and inter-ethnic variations in the dose-dependent cardiotoxicity of R- and S-methadone in humans. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2361-2380. [PMID: 35604418 PMCID: PMC9217890 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03309-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
New approach methodologies predicting human cardiotoxicity are of interest to support or even replace in vivo-based drug safety testing. The present study presents an in vitro–in silico approach to predict the effect of inter-individual and inter-ethnic kinetic variations in the cardiotoxicity of R- and S-methadone in the Caucasian and the Chinese population. In vitro cardiotoxicity data, and metabolic data obtained from two approaches, using either individual human liver microsomes or recombinant cytochrome P450 enzymes (rCYPs), were integrated with physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models and Monte Carlo simulations to predict inter-individual and inter-ethnic variations in methadone-induced cardiotoxicity. Chemical specific adjustment factors were defined and used to derive dose–response curves for the sensitive individuals. Our simulations indicated that Chinese are more sensitive towards methadone-induced cardiotoxicity with Margin of Safety values being generally two-fold lower than those for Caucasians for both methadone enantiomers. Individual PBK models using microsomes and PBK models using rCYPs combined with Monte Carlo simulations predicted similar inter-individual and inter-ethnic variations in methadone-induced cardiotoxicity. The present study illustrates how inter-individual and inter-ethnic variations in cardiotoxicity can be predicted by combining in vitro toxicity and metabolic data, PBK modelling and Monte Carlo simulations. The novel methodology can be used to enhance cardiac safety evaluations and risk assessment of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoying Shi
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Yumeng Dong
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Strikwold
- Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, 8901 BV, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
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25
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Rusyn I, Chiu WA. Decision-Making with New Approach Methodologies: Time to Replace Default Uncertainty Factors with Data. Toxicol Sci 2022; 189:148-149. [PMID: 35404442 PMCID: PMC9801706 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rusyn
- To whom correspondence should be addressed.Fax: 979-847-8981. E-mail:
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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26
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Thomas D, Cunningham NJ, Shenoy S, Wu JC. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells in cardiovascular research: current approaches in cardiac differentiation, maturation strategies, and scalable production. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:20-36. [PMID: 33757124 PMCID: PMC8932155 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Manifestations of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in a patient or a population differ based on inherent biological makeup, lifestyle, and exposure to environmental risk factors. These variables mean that therapeutic interventions may not provide the same benefit to every patient. In the context of CVDs, human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) offer an opportunity to model CVDs in a patient-specific manner. From a pharmacological perspective, iPSC-CM models can serve as go/no-go tests to evaluate drug safety. To develop personalized therapies for early diagnosis and treatment, human-relevant disease models are essential. Hence, to implement and leverage the utility of iPSC-CMs for large-scale treatment or drug discovery, it is critical to (i) carefully evaluate the relevant limitations of iPSC-CM differentiations, (ii) establish quality standards for defining the state of cell maturity, and (iii) employ techniques that allow scalability and throughput with minimal batch-to-batch variability. In this review, we briefly describe progress made with iPSC-CMs in disease modelling and pharmacological testing, as well as current iPSC-CM maturation techniques. Finally, we discuss current platforms for large-scale manufacturing of iPSC-CMs that will enable high-throughput drug screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Thomas
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA
| | - Nathan J Cunningham
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA
| | - Sushma Shenoy
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA
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27
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A tiered approach to population-based in vitro testing for cardiotoxicity: Balancing estimates of potency and variability. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2022; 114:107154. [PMID: 34999233 PMCID: PMC8930538 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2022.107154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Population-wide in vitro studies for characterization of cardiotoxicity hazard, risk, and population variability show that human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) are a powerful and high-throughput testing platform for drugs and environmental chemicals alike. However, studies in multiple donor-derived hiPSC-CMs, across large libraries of chemicals tested in concentration-response are technically complex, and study design optimization is needed to determine sufficient and fit-for-purpose population size considerations. Therefore, we tested a hypothesis that a computational down-sampling analysis based on the data from hiPSC-CM screening of 136 diverse compounds in a population of 43 non-diseased donors, including multiple replicates of the "standard" donor hiPSC-CMs, will inform optimal study designs depending on the decision context (hazard, risk and/or inter-individual variability in cardiotoxicity). Through 50 independent random subsamples of 5, 10, or 20 donors, we estimated accuracy and precision for quantifying potency, inter-individual variability, and QT prolongation risk; the results were compared to the full 43-donor cohort. We found that for potency and clinical risk of QT prolongation, a cohort of 5 randomly-selected unique donors provides accurate and precise estimates. Larger cohort sizes afforded marginal improvements, and 5 replicates of a single donor performed worse. For estimating inter-individual variability, cohorts of at least 20 donors are needed, with smaller populations on average showing bias towards underestimation in population variance. Collectively, this study shows that a variable-size hiPSC-CM-based population-wide in vitro model can be used in a number of decision scenarios for identifying cardiotoxic hazards of drugs and environmental chemicals in the population context.
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28
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Chen Z, Jang S, Kaihatu JM, Zhou YH, Wright FA, Chiu WA, Rusyn I. Potential Human Health Hazard of Post-Hurricane Harvey Sediments in Galveston Bay and Houston Ship Channel: A Case Study of Using In Vitro Bioactivity Data to Inform Risk Management Decisions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:13378. [PMID: 34948986 PMCID: PMC8702027 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural and anthropogenic disasters may be associated with redistribution of chemical contaminants in the environment; however, current methods for assessing hazards and risks of complex mixtures are not suitable for disaster response. This study investigated the suitability of in vitro toxicity testing methods as a rapid means of identifying areas of potential human health concern. We used sediment samples (n = 46) from Galveston Bay and the Houston Ship Channel (GB/HSC) areas after hurricane Harvey, a disaster event that led to broad redistribution of chemically-contaminated sediments, including deposition of the sediment on shore due to flooding. Samples were extracted with cyclohexane and dimethyl sulfoxide and screened in a compendium of human primary or induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cell lines from different tissues (hepatocytes, neuronal, cardiomyocytes, and endothelial) to test for concentration-dependent effects on various functional and cytotoxicity phenotypes (n = 34). Bioactivity data were used to map areas of potential concern and the results compared to the data on concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the same samples. We found that setting remediation goals based on reducing bioactivity is protective of both "known" risks associated with PAHs and "unknown" risks associated with bioactivity, but the converse was not true for remediation based on PAH risks alone. Overall, we found that in vitro bioactivity can be used as a comprehensive indicator of potential hazards and is an example of a new approach method (NAM) to inform risk management decisions on site cleanup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunwei Chen
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Z.C.); (S.J.); (W.A.C.)
| | - Suji Jang
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Z.C.); (S.J.); (W.A.C.)
| | - James M. Kaihatu
- Civil & Environmental Engineering and Ocean Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Yi-Hui Zhou
- Biological Sciences and Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (Y.-H.Z.); (F.A.W.)
| | - Fred A. Wright
- Biological Sciences and Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (Y.-H.Z.); (F.A.W.)
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Z.C.); (S.J.); (W.A.C.)
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Z.C.); (S.J.); (W.A.C.)
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29
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Burnett SD, Karmakar M, Murphy WJ, Chiu WA, Rusyn I. A new approach method for characterizing inter-species toxicodynamic variability. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:1020-1039. [PMID: 34427174 PMCID: PMC8530970 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1966861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inter-species differences in toxicodynamics are often a critical source of uncertainty in safety evaluations and typically dealt with using default adjustment factors. In vitro studies that use cells from different species demonstrated some success for estimating the relationships between life span and/or body weight and sensitivity to cytotoxicity; however, no apparent investigation evaluated the utility of these models for risk assessment. It was hypothesized that an in vitro model using dermal fibroblasts derived from diverse species and individuals might be utilized to inform the extent of inter-species and inter-individual variability in toxicodynamics. To test this hypothesis and characterize both inter-species and inter-individual variability in cytotoxicity, concentration-response cytotoxicity screening of 40 chemicals in primary dermal fibroblasts from 68 individuals of 54 diverse species was conducted. Chemicals examined included drugs, environmental pollutants, and food/flavor/fragrance agents; most of these were previously assessed either in vivo or in vitro for inter-species or inter-individual variation. Species included humans, the typical preclinical species and representatives from other orders of mammals and birds. Data demonstrated that both inter-species and inter-individual components of variability contribute to the observed differences in sensitivity to cell death. Further, it was found that the magnitude of the observed inter-species and inter-individual differences was chemical-dependent. This study contributes to the paradigm shift in risk assessment from reliance on in vivo toxicity testing to higher-throughput in vitro or alternative approaches, extending the strategy to replace use of default adjustment factors with experimental characterization of toxicodynamic inter-individual variability and to also address toxicodynamic inter-species variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D. Burnett
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Moumita Karmakar
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - William J. Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
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30
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Chatterjee N, Zhang X. CRISPR approach in environmental chemical screening focusing on population variability. J Toxicol Sci 2021; 46:499-507. [PMID: 34719552 DOI: 10.2131/jts.46.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A significant barrier to include population variability in risk assessment is our incomplete understanding of inter-individual variability and the differential susceptibility to environmental exposures induced adverse outcomes. By combining genome editing tools with the population diversity model, this article intended to highlight a potential strategy to identify and characterize the inter-individual variability factors, the determinant gene anchoring to a particular phenotype. The goal could be achieved by integrating the perturbed CRISPR-based unbiased functional genomics screening, genome-wide or a focused subset of genes, in a population-based in vitro model system (such as the lymphoblastoid cell lines, LCL, available from HapMap and 1000 Genomes project). Then data can be translated to genetic variability and individual (or subpopulation) susceptibility by incorporating ethnicity and corresponding genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with functional genomics screening results. This approach can provide complementary data for next-generation risk assessment, in particular, for environmental stressors. The current paper outlined the previous work conducted with a population-based in vitro model system, perturbed CRISPR-based functional toxicogenomic screening of environmental chemicals, and finally, the potential strategies to combine these two platforms with their opportunities and challenges to achieve a mechanistic understanding of population variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Chatterjee
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China.,INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Portugal
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China
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31
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Environmental Alterations during Embryonic Development: Studying the Impact of Stressors on Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101564. [PMID: 34680959 PMCID: PMC8536136 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) sauch as diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular diseases are rising rapidly in all countries world-wide. Environmental maternal factors (e.g., diet, oxidative stress, drugs and many others), maternal illnesses and other stressors can predispose the newborn to develop diseases during different stages of life. The connection between environmental factors and NCDs was formulated by David Barker and colleagues as the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis. In this review, we describe the DOHaD concept and the effects of several environmental stressors on the health of the progeny, providing both animal and human evidence. We focus on cardiovascular diseases which represent the leading cause of death worldwide. The purpose of this review is to discuss how in vitro studies with pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), such as embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (ESC, iPSC), can underpin the research on non-genetic heart conditions. The PSCs could provide a tool to recapitulate aspects of embryonic development “in a dish”, studying the effects of environmental exposure during cardiomyocyte (CM) differentiation and maturation, establishing a link to molecular mechanism and epigenetics.
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32
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Burnett SD, Blanchette AD, Chiu WA, Rusyn I. Cardiotoxicity Hazard and Risk Characterization of ToxCast Chemicals Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes from Multiple Donors. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2110-2124. [PMID: 34448577 PMCID: PMC8762671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Heart disease remains a significant human health burden worldwide with a significant fraction of morbidity attributable to environmental exposures. However, the extent to which the thousands of chemicals in commerce and the environment may contribute to heart disease morbidity is largely unknown, because in contrast to pharmaceuticals, environmental chemicals are seldom tested for potential cardiotoxicity. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes have become an informative in vitro model for cardiotoxicity testing of drugs with the availability of cells from multiple individuals allowing in vitro testing of population variability. In this study, we hypothesized that a panel of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes from healthy human donors can be used to screen for the potential cardiotoxicity hazard and risk of environmental chemicals. We conducted concentration-response testing of 1029 chemicals (drugs, pesticides, flame retardants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), plasticizers, industrial chemicals, food/flavor/fragrance agents, etc.) in iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes from 5 donors. We used kinetic calcium flux and high-content imaging to derive quantitative measures as inputs into Bayesian population concentration-response modeling of the effects of each chemical. We found that many environmental chemicals pose a hazard to human cardiomyocytes in vitro with more than half of all chemicals eliciting positive or negative chronotropic or arrhythmogenic effects. However, most of the tested environmental chemicals for which human exposure and high-throughput toxicokinetics data were available had wide margins of exposure and, thus, do not appear to pose a significant human health risk in a general population. Still, relatively narrow margins of exposure (<100) were estimated for some perfuoroalkyl substances and phthalates, raising concerns that cumulative exposures may pose a cardiotoxicity risk. Collectively, this study demonstrated the value of using a population-based human in vitro model for rapid, high-throughput hazard and risk characterization of chemicals for which little to no cardiotoxicity data are available from guideline studies in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D. Burnett
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Alexander D. Blanchette
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
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33
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Blanchette AD, Burnett SD, Grimm FA, Rusyn I, Chiu WA. A Bayesian Method for Population-wide Cardiotoxicity Hazard and Risk Characterization Using an In Vitro Human Model. Toxicol Sci 2021; 178:391-403. [PMID: 33078833 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes are an established model for testing potential chemical hazards. Interindividual variability in toxicodynamic sensitivity has also been demonstrated in vitro; however, quantitative characterization of the population-wide variability has not been fully explored. We sought to develop a method to address this gap by combining a population-based iPSC-derived cardiomyocyte model with Bayesian concentration-response modeling. A total of 136 compounds, including 54 pharmaceuticals and 82 environmental chemicals, were tested in iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes from 43 nondiseased humans. Hierarchical Bayesian population concentration-response modeling was conducted for 5 phenotypes reflecting cardiomyocyte function or viability. Toxicodynamic variability was quantified through the derivation of chemical- and phenotype-specific variability factors. Toxicokinetic modeling was used for probabilistic in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation to derive population-wide margins of safety for pharmaceuticals and margins of exposure for environmental chemicals. Pharmaceuticals were found to be active across all phenotypes. Over half of tested environmental chemicals showed activity in at least one phenotype, most commonly positive chronotropy. Toxicodynamic variability factor estimates for the functional phenotypes were greater than those for cell viability, usually exceeding the generally assumed default of approximately 3. Population variability-based margins of safety for pharmaceuticals were correctly predicted to be relatively narrow, including some below 10; however, margins of exposure for environmental chemicals, based on population exposure estimates, generally exceeded 1000, suggesting they pose little risk at current general population exposures even to sensitive subpopulations. Overall, this study demonstrates how a high-throughput, human population-based, in vitro-in silico model can be used to characterize toxicodynamic population variability in cardiotoxic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Blanchette
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458
| | - Sarah D Burnett
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458
| | - Fabian A Grimm
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458
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Gähwiler EKN, Motta SE, Martin M, Nugraha B, Hoerstrup SP, Emmert MY. Human iPSCs and Genome Editing Technologies for Precision Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:639699. [PMID: 34262897 PMCID: PMC8273765 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.639699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) originate from the reprogramming of adult somatic cells using four Yamanaka transcription factors. Since their discovery, the stem cell (SC) field achieved significant milestones and opened several gateways in the area of disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. In parallel, the emergence of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) revolutionized the field of genome engineering, allowing the generation of genetically modified cell lines and achieving a precise genome recombination or random insertions/deletions, usefully translated for wider applications. Cardiovascular diseases represent a constantly increasing societal concern, with limited understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. The ability of iPSCs to differentiate into multiple cell types combined with CRISPR-Cas9 technology could enable the systematic investigation of pathophysiological mechanisms or drug screening for potential therapeutics. Furthermore, these technologies can provide a cellular platform for cardiovascular tissue engineering (TE) approaches by modulating the expression or inhibition of targeted proteins, thereby creating the possibility to engineer new cell lines and/or fine-tune biomimetic scaffolds. This review will focus on the application of iPSCs, CRISPR-Cas9, and a combination thereof to the field of cardiovascular TE. In particular, the clinical translatability of such technologies will be discussed ranging from disease modeling to drug screening and TE applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K. N. Gähwiler
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah E. Motta
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wyss Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcy Martin
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Bramasta Nugraha
- Molecular Parasitology Lab, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simon P. Hoerstrup
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wyss Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Y. Emmert
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wyss Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Human Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Models as a Missing Link in Drug Discovery and Development. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060525. [PMID: 34070895 PMCID: PMC8230131 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), have the potential to accelerate the drug discovery and development process. In this review, by analyzing each stage of the drug discovery and development process, we identified the active role of hPSC-derived in vitro models in phenotypic screening, target-based screening, target validation, toxicology evaluation, precision medicine, clinical trial in a dish, and post-clinical studies. Patient-derived or genome-edited PSCs can generate valid in vitro models for dissecting disease mechanisms, discovering novel drug targets, screening drug candidates, and preclinically and post-clinically evaluating drug safety and efficacy. With the advances in modern biotechnologies and developmental biology, hPSC-derived in vitro models will hopefully improve the cost-effectiveness and the success rate of drug discovery and development.
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Cell surface markers for immunophenotyping human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1023-1039. [PMID: 33928456 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) self-renew and represent a potentially unlimited source for the production of cardiomyocytes (CMs) suitable for studies of human cardiac development, drug discovery, cardiotoxicity testing, and disease modelling and for cell-based therapies. However, most cardiac differentiation protocols yield mixed cultures of atrial-, ventricular-, and pacemaker-like cells at various stages of development, as well as non-CMs. The proportions and maturation states of these cell types result from disparities among differentiation protocols and time of cultivation, as well as hPSC reprogramming inconsistencies and genetic background variations. The reproducible use of hPSC-CMs for research and therapy is therefore limited by issues of cell population heterogeneity and functional states of maturation. A validated method that overcomes issues of cell heterogeneity is immunophenotyping coupled with live cell sorting, an approach that relies on accessible surface markers restricted to the desired cell type(s). Here we review current progress in unravelling heterogeneity in hPSC-cardiac cultures and in the identification of surface markers suitable for defining cardiac identity, subtype specificity, and maturation states.
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Burnett SD, Blanchette AD, Chiu WA, Rusyn I. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes as an in vitro model in toxicology: strengths and weaknesses for hazard identification and risk characterization. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:887-902. [PMID: 33612039 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1894122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes is one of the most widely used cell-based models that resulted from the discovery of how non-embryonic stem cells can be differentiated into multiple cell types. In just one decade, iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes went from a research lab to widespread use in biomedical research and preclinical safety evaluation for drugs and other chemicals. AREAS COVERED This manuscript reviews data on toxicology applications of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. We detail the outcome of a systematic literature search on their use (i) in hazard assessment for cardiotoxicity liabilities, (ii) for risk characterization, (iii) as models for population variability, and (iv) in studies of personalized medicine and disease. EXPERT OPINION iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes are useful to increase the accuracy, precision, and efficiency of cardiotoxicity hazard identification for both drugs and non-pharmaceuticals, with recent efforts beginning to demonstrate their utility for risk characterization. Notable limitations include the needs to improve the maturation of cells in culture, to better understand their potential use identifying structural cardiotoxicity, and for additional case studies involving population-wide and disease-specific risk characterization. Ultimately, the greatest future benefits are likely for non-pharmaceutical chemicals, filling a critical gap where no routine testing for cardiotoxicity is currently performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Burnett
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Alexander D Blanchette
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Lam CK, Wu JC. Clinical Trial in a Dish: Using Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Identify Risks of Drug-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1019-1031. [PMID: 33472401 PMCID: PMC11006431 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced cardiotoxicity is a significant clinical issue, with many drugs in the market being labeled with warnings on cardiovascular adverse effects. Treatments are often prematurely halted when cardiotoxicity is observed, which limits their therapeutic potential. Moreover, cardiotoxicity is a major reason for abandonment during drug development, reducing available treatment options for diseases and creating a significant financial burden and disincentive for drug developers. Thus, it is important to minimize the cardiotoxic effects of medications that are in use or in development. To this end, identifying patients at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular adverse effects for the drug of interest may be an effective strategy. The discovery of human induced pluripotent stem cells has enabled researchers to generate relevant cell types that retain a patient's own genome and examine patient-specific disease mechanisms, paving the way for precision medicine. Combined with the rapid development of pharmacogenomic analysis, the ability of induced pluripotent stem cell-derivatives to recapitulate patient-specific drug responses provides a powerful platform to identify subsets of patients who are particularly vulnerable to drug-induced cardiotoxicity. In this review, we will discuss the current use of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells in identifying populations who are at risk to drug-induced cardiotoxicity and their potential applications in future precision medicine practice. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Keung Lam
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Joseph C. Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Thomas D, Shenoy S, Sayed N. Building Multi-Dimensional Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Based Model Platforms to Assess Cardiotoxicity in Cancer Therapies. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:607364. [PMID: 33679396 PMCID: PMC7930625 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.607364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) complications have contributed significantly toward poor survival of cancer patients worldwide. These complications that result in myocardial and vascular damage lead to long-term multisystemic disorders. In some patient cohorts, the progression from acute to symptomatic CVD state may be accelerated due to exacerbation of underlying comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes and hypertension. In such situations, cardio-oncologists are often left with a clinical predicament in finding the optimal therapeutic balance to minimize cardiovascular risks and maximize the benefits in treating cancer. Hence, prognostically there is an urgent need for cost-effective, rapid, sensitive and patient-specific screening platform to allow risk-adapted decision making to prevent cancer therapy related cardiotoxicity. In recent years, momentous progress has been made toward the successful derivation of human cardiovascular cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This technology has not only provided deeper mechanistic insights into basic cardiovascular biology but has also seamlessly integrated within the drug screening and discovery programs for early efficacy and safety evaluation. In this review, we discuss how iPSC-derived cardiovascular cells have been utilized for testing oncotherapeutics to pre-determine patient predisposition to cardiovascular toxicity. Lastly, we highlight the convergence of tissue engineering technologies and precision medicine that can enable patient-specific cardiotoxicity prognosis and treatment on a multi-organ level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Thomas
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Sushma Shenoy
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Nazish Sayed
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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Luo YS, Chen Z, Blanchette AD, Zhou YH, Wright FA, Baker ES, Chiu WA, Rusyn I. Relationships between constituents of energy drinks and beating parameters in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-Derived cardiomyocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 149:111979. [PMID: 33450301 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.111979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of energy drinks has been associated with adverse cardiovascular effects; however, little is known about the ingredients that may contribute to these effects. We therefore characterized the chemical profiles and in vitro effects of energy drinks and their ingredients on human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes, and identified the putative active ingredients using a multivariate prediction model. Energy drinks from 17 widely-available over-the-counter brands were evaluated in this study. The concentrations of six common ingredients (caffeine, taurine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, adenine, and L-methionine) were quantified by coupling liquid chromatography with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for the acquisition of LC-MS/MS spectra. In addition, untargeted analyses for each beverage were performed with a platform combining LC, ion mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry (LC-IMS-MS) measurements. Approximately 300 features were observed across samples in the untargeted studies, and of these ~100 were identified. In vitro effects of energy drinks and some of their ingredients were then tested in iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Data on the beat rate (positive and negative chronotropy), ion channel function (QT prolongation), and cytotoxicity were collected in a dilution series. We found that some of the energy drinks elicited adverse effects on the cardiomyocytes with the most common being an increase in the beat rate, while QT prolongation was also observed at the lowest concentrations. Finally, concentration addition modeling using quantitative data from the 6 common ingredients and multivariate prediction modeling was used to determine potential ingredients responsible for the adverse effects on the cardiomyocytes. These analyses suggested theophylline, adenine, and azelate as possibly contributing to the in vitro effects of energy drinks on QT prolongation in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Syuan Luo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Zunwei Chen
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Alexander D Blanchette
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yi-Hui Zhou
- Departments of Statistics and Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Fred A Wright
- Departments of Statistics and Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Erin S Baker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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41
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Microelectrode Arrays: A Valuable Tool to Analyze Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Stem Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77052-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Krishna S, Berridge B, Kleinstreuer N. High-Throughput Screening to Identify Chemical Cardiotoxic Potential. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 34:566-583. [PMID: 33346635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) disease is one of the most prevalent public health concerns, and mounting evidence supports the contribution of environmental chemicals to CV disease burden. In this study, we performed cardiotoxicity profiling for the Tox21 chemical library by focusing on high-throughput screening (HTS) assays whose targets are associated with adverse events related to CV failure modes. Our objective was to develop new hypotheses around environmental chemicals of potential interest for adverse CV outcomes using Tox21/ToxCast HTS data. Molecular and cellular events linked to six failure modes of CV toxicity were cross-referenced with 1399 Tox21/ToxCast assays to identify cardio-relevant bioactivity signatures. The resulting 40 targets, measured in 314 assays, were integrated via a ToxPi visualization tool and ranking system to prioritize 1138 chemicals based upon formal integration across multiple domains of information. Filtering was performed based on cytotoxicity and generalized cell stress endpoints to try and isolate chemicals with effects specific to CV biology, and bioactivity- and structure-based clustering identified subgroups of chemicals preferentially affecting targets such as ion channels and vascular tissue biology. Our approach identified drugs with known cardiotoxic effects, such as estrogenic modulators like clomiphene and raloxifene, anti-arrhythmic drugs like amiodarone and haloperidol, and antipsychotic drugs like chlorpromazine. Several classes of environmental chemicals such as organotins, bisphenol-like chemicals, pesticides, and quaternary ammonium compounds demonstrated strong bioactivity against CV targets; these were compared to existing data in the literature (e.g., from cardiomyocytes, animal data, or human epidemiological studies) and prioritized for further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagun Krishna
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 530 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27560, United States
| | - Brian Berridge
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 530 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27560, United States
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 530 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27560, United States
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Pang L, Liu Z, Wei F, Cai C, Yang X. Improving cardiotoxicity prediction in cancer treatment: integration of conventional circulating biomarkers and novel exploratory tools. Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:791-805. [PMID: 33219404 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02952-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Early detection strategies and improvements in cancer treatment have dramatically reduced the cancer mortality rate in the United States (US). However, cardiovascular (CV) side effects of cancer therapy are frequent among the 17 million cancer survivors in the US today, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality among cancer survivors. Circulating biomarkers are ideal for detecting and monitoring CV side effects of cancer therapy. Here, we summarize the current state of clinical studies on conventional serum and plasma CVD biomarkers to detect and prevent cardiac injury during cancer treatment. We also review how novel exploratory tools such as genetic testing, human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, Omics technologies, and artificial intelligence can elucidate underlying molecular and genetic mechanisms of CV injury and to improve predicting cancer therapy-related cardiotoxicity (CTRC). Current regulatory requirements for biomarker qualifications are also addressed. We present generally applicable lessons learned from published studies, particularly on how to improve reproducibility. The combination of conventional circulating biomarkers and novel exploratory tools will pave the way for precision medicine and improve the clinical practice of prediction, detection, and management of CTRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Pang
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
| | - Zhichao Liu
- Division of Bioinformation and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Feng Wei
- Department of Structural Heart Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengzhong Cai
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Xi Yang
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Office of Cardiology, Hematology, Endocrinology, & Nephrology, Office of New Drug, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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44
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Pang L. Toxicity testing in the era of induced pluripotent stem cells: A perspective regarding the use of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes for cardiac safety evaluation. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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45
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Truong KM, Feng W, Pessah IN. Ryanodine Receptor Type 2: A Molecular Target for Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane- and Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene-Mediated Cardiotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2020; 178:159-172. [PMID: 32894766 PMCID: PMC7850024 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolite dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene (DDE) are ubiquitously found in the environment and linked to cardiovascular diseases-with a majority of the work focused on hypertension. Studies investigating whether DDx can interact with molecular targets on cardiac tissue to directly affect cardiac function are lacking. Therefore, we investigated whether o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDE, or p,p'-DDE (DDx, collectively) can directly alter the function of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) by assessing their effect(s) on hiPSC-CMs Ca2+ dynamics. DDx (0.1-10 µM) affected hiPSC-CMs synchronous Ca2+ oscillation frequency in a concentration-dependent manner, with p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE also decreasing Ca2+ stores. HEK-RyR2 cells cultured under antibiotic selection to induce expression of wild-type mouse ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2) are used to further investigate whether DDx alters hiPSC-CMs Ca2+ dynamics through engagement with RyR2, a protein critical for cardiac muscle excitation-contraction coupling (ECC). Acute treatment with 10 µM DDx failed to induce Ca2+ release in HEK293-RyR2, whereas pretreatment with DDx (0.1-10 µM) for 12- or 24-h significantly decreased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores in HEK-RyR2 cells challenged with caffeine (1 mM), an RyR agonist. [3H]ryanodine-binding analysis using murine cardiac RyR2 homogenates further confirmed that all DDx isomers (10 µM) can directly engage with RyR2 to favor an open (leaky) confirmation, whereas only the DDT isomers (10 µM) modestly (≤10%) inhibited SERCA2a activity. The data demonstrate that DDx increases heart rate and depletes Ca2+ stores in human cardiomyocytes through a mechanism that impairs RyR2 function and Ca2+ dynamics. IMPACT STATEMENT DDT/DDE interactions with RyR2 alter cardiomyocyte Ca2+ dynamics that may contribute to adverse cardiovascular outcomes associated with exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Truong
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270
| | - Isaac N Pessah
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616. E-mail:
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Grimm FA, Klaren WD, Li X, Lehmler HJ, Karmakar M, Robertson LW, Chiu WA, Rusyn I. Cardiovascular Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Their Major Metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:77008. [PMID: 32701041 PMCID: PMC7377239 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenobiotic metabolism is complex, and accounting for bioactivation and detoxification processes of chemicals remains among the most challenging aspects for decision making with in vitro new approach methods data. OBJECTIVES Considering the physiological relevance of human organotypic culture models and their utility for high-throughput screening, we hypothesized that multidimensional chemical-biological profiling of chemicals and their major metabolites is a sensible alternative for the toxicological characterization of parent molecules vs. metabolites in vitro. METHODS In this study, we tested 25 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) [PCB 3, 11, 52, 126, 136, and 153 and their relevant metabolites (hydroxylated, methoxylated, sulfated, and quinone)] in concentration-response (10 nM-100μM) for effects in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) and endothelial cells (ECs) (iPSC-derived and HUVECs). Functional phenotypic end points included effects on beating parameters and intracellular Ca2+ flux in CMs and inhibition of tubulogenesis in ECs. High-content imaging was used to evaluate cytotoxicity, mitochondrial integrity, and oxidative stress. RESULTS Data integration of a total of 19 physicochemical descriptors and 36 in vitro phenotypes revealed that chlorination status and metabolite class are strong predictors of the in vitro cardiovascular effects of PCBs. Oxidation of PCBs, especially to di-hydroxylated and quinone metabolites, was associated with the most pronounced effects, whereas sulfation and methoxylation of PCBs resulted in diminished bioactivity. DISCUSSION Risk characterization analysis showed that although in vitro derived effective concentrations exceeded the levels measured in the general population, risks cannot be ruled out due to the potential for population variability in susceptibility and the need to fill data gaps using read-across approaches. This study demonstrated a strategy for how in vitro data can be used to characterize human health risks from PCBs and their metabolites. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A. Grimm
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - William D. Klaren
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Moumita Karmakar
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Larry W. Robertson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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47
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Chen Z, Liu Y, Wright FA, Chiu WA, Rusyn I. Rapid hazard characterization of environmental chemicals using a compendium of human cell lines from different organs. ALTEX 2020; 37:623-638. [PMID: 32521033 PMCID: PMC7941183 DOI: 10.14573/altex.2002291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lack of adequate toxicity data for the vast majority of chemicals in the environment has spurred the development of new approach methodologies (NAMs). This study aimed to develop a practical high-throughput in vitro model for rapidly evaluating potential hazards of chemicals using a small number of human cells. Forty-two compounds were tested using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cells (hepatocytes, neurons, cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells), and a primary endothelial cell line. Both functional and cytotoxicity endpoints were evaluated using high-content imaging. Concentration-response was used to derive points-of-departure (POD). PODs were integrated with ToxPi and used as surrogate NAM-based PODs for risk characterization. We found chemical class-specific similarity among the chemicals tested; metal salts exhibited the highest overall bioactivity. We also observed cell type-specific patterns among classes of chemicals, indicating the ability of the proposed in vitro model to recognize effects on different cell types. Compared to available NAM datasets, such as ToxCast/Tox21 and chemical structure-based descriptors, we found that the data from the five-cell-type model was as good or even better in assigning compounds to chemical classes. Additionally, the PODs from this model performed well as a conservative surrogate for regulatory in vivo PODs and were less likely to underestimate in vivo potency and potential risk compared to other NAM-based PODs. In summary, we demonstrate the potential of this in vitro screening model to inform rapid risk-based decision-making through ranking, clustering, and assessment of both hazard and risks of diverse environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunwei Chen
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yizhong Liu
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Fred A. Wright
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Departments of Statistics and Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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48
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Kussauer S, David R, Lemcke H. hiPSCs Derived Cardiac Cells for Drug and Toxicity Screening and Disease Modeling: What Micro- Electrode-Array Analyses Can Tell Us. Cells 2019; 8:E1331. [PMID: 31661896 PMCID: PMC6912416 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CM) have been intensively used in drug development and disease modeling. Since iPSC-cardiomyocyte (CM) was first generated, their characterization has become a major focus of research. Multi-/micro-electrode array (MEA) systems provide a non-invasive user-friendly platform for detailed electrophysiological analysis of iPSC cardiomyocytes including drug testing to identify potential targets and the assessment of proarrhythmic risk. Here, we provide a systematical overview about the physiological and technical background of micro-electrode array measurements of iPSC-CM. We introduce the similarities and differences between action- and field potential and the advantages and drawbacks of MEA technology. In addition, we present current studies focusing on proarrhythmic side effects of novel and established compounds combining MEA systems and iPSC-CM. MEA technology will help to open a new gateway for novel therapies in cardiovascular diseases while reducing animal experiments at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Kussauer
- Department Cardiac Surgery, Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Robert David
- Department Cardiac Surgery, Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Heiko Lemcke
- Department Cardiac Surgery, Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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