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Zhang Z, Zhang N, Li M, Ma X, Qiu Y. Sappanone a alleviates osteoarthritis progression by inhibiting chondrocyte ferroptosis via activating the SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling pathway. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03179-4. [PMID: 38832987 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease that cause pain and disability in adults. Chondrocyte ferroptosis is found to be involved in OA progression. Sappanone A has been found as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidative agent in several diseases. This study aims to investigate the effects of sappanone A on OA progression and chondrocyte ferroptosis. IL-1β-induced chondrocytes and destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM)-induced rats were respectively used as the OA model in vitro and in vivo. The effects of sappanone A on inflammation, extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism, and ferroptosis were determined. Our results showed that in IL-1β-induced chondrocytes, sappanone A suppressed the production of NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, and COX2. Sappanone A also inhibited the expression of MMP3, MMP13, and ADAMTS5, while increasing collagen II expression. Moreover, sappanone A alleviated cytotoxicity and decreased the levels of intracellular ROS, lipid ROS, MDA, and iron, while increasing GSH levels. Additionally, sappanone A increased the protein expression of SLC7A11 and GPX4. Administration of ferroptosis activator reversed the inhibitory effects of sappanone A on IL-1β-induced inflammation and ECM degradation. More importantly, Sappanone A activated the Nrf2 signaling by targeting SIRT1. The inhibition of sappanone A on ferroptosis was greatly eliminated due to the addition of SIRT1 inhibitor. Furthermore, intra-articular injection of sappanone A mitigated cartilage destruction and ferroptosis in DMM-induced OA rats. In conclusion, sappanone A protects against inflammation and ECM degradation in OA via decreasing chondrocyte ferroptosis by activating the SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling. These findings deepen our understanding of chondrocyte ferroptosis in OA and highlight the therapeutic potential of sappanone A for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Nanzhi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xing Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yusheng Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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Liu BH, Xu CZ, Liu Y, Lu ZL, Fu TL, Li GR, Deng Y, Luo GQ, Ding S, Li N, Geng Q. Mitochondrial quality control in human health and disease. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:32. [PMID: 38812059 PMCID: PMC11134732 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00536-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, the most crucial energy-generating organelles in eukaryotic cells, play a pivotal role in regulating energy metabolism. However, their significance extends beyond this, as they are also indispensable in vital life processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, immune responses, and redox balance. In response to various physiological signals or external stimuli, a sophisticated mitochondrial quality control (MQC) mechanism has evolved, encompassing key processes like mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy, which have garnered increasing attention from researchers to unveil their specific molecular mechanisms. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of the primary mechanisms and functions of key regulators involved in major components of MQC. Furthermore, the critical physiological functions regulated by MQC and its diverse roles in the progression of various systemic diseases have been described in detail. We also discuss agonists or antagonists targeting MQC, aiming to explore potential therapeutic and research prospects by enhancing MQC to stabilize mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Hao Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Chen-Zhen Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zi-Long Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ting-Lv Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Guo-Rui Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Guo-Qing Luo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Song Ding
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Qing Geng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Xu H, Yu S, Lin C, Dong D, Xiao J, Ye Y, Wang M. Roles of flavonoids in ischemic heart disease: Cardioprotective effects and mechanisms against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 126:155409. [PMID: 38342018 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoids are extensively present in fruits, vegetables, grains, and medicinal plants. Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (MI/R) comprise a sequence of detrimental incidents following myocardial ischemia. Research indicates that flavonoids have the potential to act as cardioprotective agents against MI/R injuries. Several specific flavonoids, e.g., luteolin, hesperidin, quercetin, kaempferol, and puerarin, have demonstrated cardioprotective activities in animal models. PURPOSE The objective of this review is to identify the cardioprotective flavonoids, investigate their mechanisms of action, and explore their application in myocardial ischemia. METHODS A search of PubMed database and Google Scholar was conducted using keywords "myocardial ischemia" and "flavonoids". Studies published within the last 10 years reporting on the cardioprotective effects of natural flavonoids on animal models were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 55 natural flavonoids were identified and discussed within this review. It can be summarized that flavonoids regulate the following main strategies: antioxidation, anti-inflammation, calcium modulation, mitochondrial protection, ER stress inhibition, anti-apoptosis, ferroptosis inhibition, autophagy modulation, and inhibition of adverse cardiac remodeling. Additionally, the number and position of OH, 3'4'-catechol, C2=C3, and C4=O may play a significant role in the cardioprotective activity of flavonoids. CONCLUSION This review serves as a reference for designing a daily diet to prevent or reduce damages following ischemia and screening of flavonoids for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 508060, PR China
| | - Shenglong Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, PR China
| | - Chunxi Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, PR China
| | - Dingjun Dong
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441000, PR China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo-Ourense, Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Yanbin Ye
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
| | - Mingfu Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 508060, PR China.
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He DW, Liu DZ, Luo XZ, Chen CB, Lu CH, Na N, Huang F. HMGB1-RAGE axis contributes to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via regulation of cardiomyocyte autophagy and apoptosis in diabetic mice. Biol Chem 2024; 405:167-176. [PMID: 37768929 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated with diabetes are more likely to develop myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury (MI/RI) during reperfusion therapy. Both HMGB1 and RAGE play important roles in MI/RI. However, the specific mechanisms of HMGB1 associated with RAGE are not fully clarified in diabetic MI/RI. This study aimed to investigate whether the HMGB1-RAGE axis induces diabetic MI/RI via regulating autophagy and apoptosis. A db/db mouse model of MI/RI was established, where anti-HMGB1 antibody and RAGE inhibitor (FPS-ZM1) were respectively injected after 10 min of reperfusion. The results showed that treatment with anti-HMGB1 significantly reduced the infarct size, serum LDH, and CK-MB level. Similar situations also occurred in mice administrated with FPS-ZM1, though the HMGB1 level was unchanged. Then, we found that treatment with anti-HMGB1 or FPS-ZM1 performed the same effects in suppressing the autophagy and apoptosis, as reflected by the results of lower LAMP2 and LC3B levels, increased Bcl-2 level, reduced BAX and caspase-3 levels. Moreover, the Pink1/Parkin levels were also inhibited at the same time. Collectively, this study indicates that the HMGB1-RAGE axis aggravated diabetic MI/RI via apoptosis and Pink1/Parkin mediated autophagy pathways, and inhibition of HMGB1 or RAGE contributes to alleviating those adverse situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Wei He
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, No.6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - De-Zhao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, No.6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Zhi Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, No.6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Chuan-Bin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, 368 Yihai Avenue, Haikou 570216, Hainan, China
| | - Chuang-Hong Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, No.6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Na Na
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, No.10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, No.6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
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Li G, Fu T, Wang W, Xiong R, Liu B, He R, Xu C, Wang W, Li N, Geng Q. Pretreatment with Kahweol Attenuates Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Improving Mitochondrial Homeostasis in a CaMKKII/AMPK-Dependent Pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2300083. [PMID: 37483173 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE It is well-established that dysregulated mitochondrial homeostasis in macrophages leads to inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue damage, which are essential in the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Kahweol, a natural diterpene extracted from coffee beans, reportedly possesses anti-inflammatory and mitochondrial protective properties. Herein, the study investigates whether Kahweol can alleviate sepsis-induced ALI and explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6J mice are intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 12 h to induce ALI. Pretreatment with kahweol by gavage for 5 days significantly alleviates lung pathological injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress, accompanied by shifting the dynamic process of mitochondria from fission to fusion, enhancing mitophagy, and activating AMPK. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, differentiated THP-1 cells are cultured in a medium containing Kahweol for 12 h prior to LPS exposure, yielding consistent findings with the in vivo results. Moreover, AMPK inhibitors abrogate the above effects, indicating Kahweol acts in an AMPK-dependent manner. Furthermore, the study explores how Kahweol activates AMPK and finds that this process is mediated by CamKK II. CONCLUSION Pretreatment with Kahweol attenuates sepsis-induced acute lung injury via improving mitochondrial homeostasis in a CaMKKII/AMPK-dependent pathway and may be a potential candidate to prevent sepsis-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Tinglv Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Rui Xiong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Bohao Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ruyuan He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Chenzhen Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Qing Geng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
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Qi J, Li L, Yan X, Hua W, Zhou Z. Sappanone A Alleviates the Severity of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1718. [PMID: 37760020 PMCID: PMC10526100 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a major challenge to global health because of its various complications, including cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma, while no effective treatment is available for it. Sappanone A (SA) is a homoisoflavonoid extracted from the heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, the effects of SA on hepatic fibrosis remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of SA on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in mice. To establish a liver fibrosis model, mice were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with CCl4 for 4 weeks. SA (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight) was i.p. injected every other day during the same period. Our data indicated that SA decreased liver injury, fibrotic responses, and inflammation due to CCl4 exposure. Consistently, SA reduced oxidative stress and its-mediated hepatocyte death in fibrotic livers. Of note, SA could not directly affect the activation of hepatic stellate cells. Mechanistically, SA treatment lessened oxidative stress-triggered cell death in hepatocytes after CCl4 exposure. SA down-regulated the expression of M1 macrophage polarization markers (CD86 and iNOS) and up-regulated the expression of M2 macrophage polarization markers (CD163, IL-10, and Arg1) in livers and macrophages. Meanwhile, SA induced the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). However, decreased inflammatory responses and the trend of M2 macrophage polarization provided by SA were substantially abolished by SR202 (a PPARγ inhibitor) treatment in macrophages. Additionally, SA treatment promoted fibrosis regression. Taken together, our findings revealed that treatment with SA alleviated CCl4-induced fibrotic liver in mice through suppression of oxidative stress-mediated hepatocyte death and promotion of M2 macrophage polarization via PPARγ. Thus, SA might pave the way for a new hepatoprotective agent to treat liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, No. 1, Xuefu North Road, University Town, Fuzhou 350122, China;
| | - Lanqian Li
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (L.L.); (W.H.)
| | - Xueqing Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, No. 1, Xuefu North Road, University Town, Fuzhou 350122, China;
| | - Wenxi Hua
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (L.L.); (W.H.)
- Diagnostic Pathology Center, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Zixiong Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (L.L.); (W.H.)
- Diagnostic Pathology Center, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
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Boeing T, Reis Lívero FAD, de Souza P, de Almeida DAT, Donadel G, Lourenço ELB, Gasparotto Junior A. Natural Products as Modulators of Mitochondrial Dysfunctions Associated with Cardiovascular Diseases: Advances and Opportunities. J Med Food 2023; 26:279-298. [PMID: 37186894 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2022.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria have an important role in modulating cell cycle progression, cell survival, and apoptosis. In the adult heart, the cardiac mitochondria have a unique spatial arrangement and occupy nearly one-third the volume of a cardiomyocyte, being highly efficient for converting the products of glucose or fatty acid metabolism into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In cardiomyocytes, the decline of mitochondrial function reduces ATP generation and increases the production of reactive oxygen species, which generates impaired heart function. This is because mitochondria play a key role in maintaining cytosolic calcium concentration and modulation of muscle contraction, as ATP is required to dissociate actin from myosin. Beyond that, mitochondria have a significant role in cardiomyocyte apoptosis because it is evident that patients who have cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have increased mitochondrial DNA damage to the heart and aorta. Many studies have shown that natural products have mitochondria-modulating effects in cardiac diseases, determining them as potential candidates for new medicines. This review outlines the leading plant secondary metabolites and natural compounds derived from microorganisms as modulators of mitochondrial dysfunctions associated with CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaise Boeing
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemical-Pharmaceutical Research Nucleus, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Francislaine Aparecida Dos Reis Lívero
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical Research of Natural Products, Postgraduate Program in Animal Science with Emphasis on Bioactive Products, Paranaense University, Umuarama, Brazil
| | - Priscila de Souza
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemical-Pharmaceutical Research Nucleus, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Danielle Ayr Tavares de Almeida
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology (LaFaC), Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Donadel
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical Research of Natural Products, Postgraduate Program in Animal Science with Emphasis on Bioactive Products, Paranaense University, Umuarama, Brazil
| | - Emerson Luiz Botelho Lourenço
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical Research of Natural Products, Postgraduate Program in Animal Science with Emphasis on Bioactive Products, Paranaense University, Umuarama, Brazil
| | - Arquimedes Gasparotto Junior
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology (LaFaC), Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
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Bai H, Fang Y, Cao H, Xing C, Zhang C, Zhuang Y, Guo X, Li G, Hu M, Hu G, Yang F. Inhibition of the BNIP3/NIX-dependent mitophagy aggravates copper-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in duck renal tubular epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:579-590. [PMID: 36378575 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of copper (Cu) in the organisms could lead to kidney damage by causing mitochondrial dysfunction. Given that mitochondria are one of the targets of Cu poisoning, this study aimed to investigate the role of mitophagy in Cu-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in renal tubular epithelial cells to understand the mechanism of Cu nephrotoxicity. Hence, the cells were treated with different concentrations of Cu sulfate (CuSO4 ) (0, 100, and 200 μM), and mitophagy inhibitor (Cyclosporine A, 0.5 μM) and/or 200 μM CuSO4 in the combination for 12 h. Results showed that Cu caused mitochondrial swelling, vacuoles, and cristae fracture; increased the number of mitochondrial and lysosome fluorescent aggregation points; upregulated the mRNA levels of mitophagy-associated genes (LC3A, LC3B, P62, BNIP3, NIX, OPTN, NDP52, Cyp D LAMP1, and LAMP2) and protein levels of LC3II/LC3I, BNIP3, and NIX, downregulated the mRNA and protein levels of P62; reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ATP content, mitochondrial respiratory control rate (RCR), mitochondrial respiratory control rate (OPR), and the mRNA and protein levels of PGC-1α, TOMM20, and Mfn2, but increased the mRNA and protein levels of Drp1. Besides, cotreatment with Cu and CsA dramatically decreased the level of mitophagy, but increased mitochondrial division, further reduced MMP, ATP content, RCR, and OPR, mitochondrial fusion and thereby reduced mitochondrial biogenesis. Taken together, these data indicated that Cu exposure induced BNIP3/NIX-dependent mitophagy in duck renal tubular epithelial cells, and inhibition of mitophagy aggravated Cu-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Bai
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yukun Fang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huabin Cao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghong Xing
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhuang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Guo
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guyue Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwen Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
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Zhou J, Lu Y, Li Z, Wang Z, Kong W, Zhao J. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in zebrafish and H9c2 cells by reducing excessive mitophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 452:116207. [PMID: 35995203 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX, C27H29NO11), is an anthracycline tumor chemotherapy drug, which has significant side effects on many organs including the heart. In recent years, mitochondrial dysfunction caused by DOX was identified as an important reason for cardiotoxic injury. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is essential for mitochondrial homeostasis in our previous report, however, its role in DOX-caused cardiomyopathy has remained elusive. Herein, DOX treated zebrafish embryos (90 μM) and adult fish (2.5 μM/g) were used to simulate DOX-induced cardiotoxic damage. Histopathological and ultrastructural observations showed that SPC (2.5 μM) significantly ameliorated DOX-induced pericardial edema, myocardial vacuolization and apoptosis. Furthermore, SPC (2.5 μM) can significantly inhibit DOX-induced apoptosis and promote cell proliferation in DOX treated H9c2 cells (1 μM), which is dependent on the restoration of mitochondrial homeostasis, including restored mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial superoxide and ATP levels. We finally confirmed that SPC restored mitochondrial homeostasis through ameliorating DOX-induced excessive mitophagy. Mechanistically, SPC reduced calmodulin (CaM) levels and thus inhibiting Parkin activation and Parkin-dependent mitophagy. These results suggest that reducing the cardiotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs by targeting SPC may be a new solution to rescue chemotherapy injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrun Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Yao Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Zhiliang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Weihua Kong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
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Wang Z, Chen Z, Wang X, Hu Y, Kong J, Lai J, Li T, Hu B, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Liu X, Wang S, Ye S, Zhou Q, Zheng C. Sappanone a prevents diabetic kidney disease by inhibiting kidney inflammation and fibrosis via the NF-κB signaling pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:953004. [PMID: 36052141 PMCID: PMC9426375 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.953004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Low grade of sterile inflammation plays detrimental roles in the progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Sappanone A (SA), a kind of homoisoflavanone isolated from the heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan, exerts anti-inflammatory effects in acute kidney injury. However, whether SA has beneficial effects on diabetic kidney disease remains further exploration. Methods and Results: In the present study, uninephrectomized male mice were treated with Streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg) for five consecutive days to induce diabetes. Next, the diabetic mice were administered orally with SA (10, 20, or 30 mg/kg) or vehicle once per day. Our results showed that STZ treatment significantly enhanced damage in the kidney, as indicated by an increased ratio of kidney weight/body weight, elevated serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), as well as increased 24-h urinary protein excretion, whereas SA-treated mice exhibited a markedly amelioration in these kidney damages. Furthermore, SA attenuated the pathological changes, alleviated fibrotic molecules transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and Collagen-IV (Col-IV) production, decreased inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression in STZ-treated mice. Similarly, in glomerular mesangial cells, SA pretreatment decreased high glucose (HG)-induced proliferation, inflammatory cytokines excretion, and fibrotic molecules expression. Mechanistically, SA decreased the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and restored the expression of total NF-κB inhibitor alpha (IκBα) both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion: Our data suggest that SA may prevent diabetes-induced kidney inflammation and fibrosis by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. Hence, SA can be potential and specific therapeutic value in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhida Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yepeng Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiabin Lai
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tiekun Li
- Nanjing Kingmed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Bibi Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yikai Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianan Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxian Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengyao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shu Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chao Zheng,
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11
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Bai Y, Wu J, Yang Z, Wang X, Zhang D, Ma J. Mitochondrial quality control in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury: new insights into mechanisms and implications. Cell Biol Toxicol 2022; 39:33-51. [PMID: 35951200 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The current effective method for the treatment of myocardial infarction is timely restoration of the blood supply to the ischemic area of the heart. Although reperfusion is essential for reestablishing oxygen and nutrient supplies, it often leads to additional myocardial damage, creating an important clinical dilemma. Reports from long-term studies have confirmed that mitochondrial damage is the critical mechanism in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Mitochondria are dynamic and possess a quality control system that targets mitochondrial quantity and quality by modifying mitochondrial fusion, fission, mitophagy, and biogenesis and protein homeostasis to maintain a healthy mitochondrial network. The system of mitochondrial quality control involves complex molecular machinery that is highly interconnected and associated with pathological changes such as oxidative stress, calcium overload, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Because of the critical role of the mitochondrial quality control systems, many reports have suggested that defects in this system are among the molecular mechanisms underlying myocardial reperfusion injury. In this review, we briefly summarize the important role of the mitochondrial quality control in cardiomyocyte function and focus on the current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms and molecular pathways involved in mitochondrial quality control in cardiac I/R damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No.2 Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjing Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No.2 Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu'an Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No.2 Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongni Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No.2 Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No.2 Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Du J, Li H, Song J, Wang T, Dong Y, Zhan A, Li Y, Liang G. AMPK Activation Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Regulating Drp1-Mediated Mitochondrial Dynamics. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:862204. [PMID: 35860026 PMCID: PMC9289369 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.862204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a salient feature of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI), while the potential mechanism of mitochondrial dynamics disorder remains unclear. This study sought to explore whether activation of Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) could alleviate MIRI by regulating GTPase dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-mediated mitochondrial dynamics. Isolated mouse hearts in a Langendorff perfusion system were subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) treatment, and H9C2 cells were subjected to hypoxia /reoxygenation (H/R) treatment in vitro. The results showed that AICAR, the AMPK activator, could significantly improve the function of left ventricular, decrease arrhythmia incidence and myocardial infarction area of isolated hearts. Meanwhile, AICAR increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content in myocardial homogenate. Mechanistically, AICAR inhibited the phosphorylation of Drp1 at Ser 616 while enhanced phosphorylation of Drp1 at Ser 637. In addition, AICAR reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-ɑ, IL-6, and IL-1β, as well as mitochondrial fission genes Mff and Fis1, while improved the expression of mitochondrial fusion genes Mfn1 and Mfn2. Similar results were also observed in H9C2 cells. AICAR improved mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inhibited mitochondrial damage. To further prove if Drp1 regulated mitochondrial dynamics mediated AMPK protection effect, the mitochondrial fission inhibitor Mdivi-1 was utilized. We found that Mdivi-1 significantly improved MMP, inhibited ROS production, reduced the expression of TNF-a, IL-6, IL-1β, Fis1, and Mff, and improved the expression of Mfn1 and Mfn2. However, the protection effect of Mdivi-1 was not reversed by AMPK inhibitor Compound C. In conclusion, this study confirmed that activation of AMPK exerted the protective effects on MIRI, which were largely dependent on the inhibition of Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxia Du
- Pharmacy Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jingxia Du, ; Gaofeng Liang,
| | - Hongchao Li
- Pathology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jingjing Song
- Pharmacy Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Pharmacy Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yibo Dong
- Pharmacy Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - An Zhan
- Pharmacy Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yan Li
- Pharmacy Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Gaofeng Liang
- Pathology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jingxia Du, ; Gaofeng Liang,
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13
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Zhang M, Zhong H, Cao T, Huang Y, Ji X, Fan GC, Peng T. Gamma-Aminobutyrate Transaminase Protects against Lipid Overload-Triggered Cardiac Injury in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042182. [PMID: 35216295 PMCID: PMC8874535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid overload contributes to cardiac complications of diabetes and obesity. However, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. This study investigates the role of gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase (ABAT), the key enzyme involved in the catabolism of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in lipid overload-induced cardiac injury. Microarray revealed a down-regulation of ABAT mRNA expression in high fat diet (HFD)-fed mouse hearts, which correlated with a reduction in ABAT protein level and its GABA catabolic activity. Transgenic mice with cardiomyocyte-specific ABAT over-expression (Tg-ABAT/tTA) were generated to determine the role of ABAT in lipid overload-induced cardiac injury. Feeding with a HFD to control mice for 4 months reduced ATP production and the mitochondrial DNA copy number, and induced myocardial oxidative stress, hypertrophy, fibrosis and dysfunction. Such pathological effects of HFD were mitigated by ABAT over-expression in Tg-ABAT/tTA mice. In cultured cardiomyocytes, palmitate increased mitochondrial ROS production, depleted ATP production and promoted apoptosis, all of which were attenuated by ABAT over-expression. With the inhibition of ABAT’s GABA catabolic activity, the protective effects of ABAT remained unchanged in palmitate-induced cardiomyocytes. Thus, ABAT protects the mitochondrial function in defending the heart against lipid overload-induced injury through mechanisms independent of its GABA catabolic activity, and may represent a new therapeutic target for lipid overload-induced cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Zhang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (M.Z.); (H.Z.); (T.C.); (Y.H.)
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | - Huiting Zhong
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (M.Z.); (H.Z.); (T.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Ting Cao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (M.Z.); (H.Z.); (T.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yifan Huang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (M.Z.); (H.Z.); (T.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Xiaoyun Ji
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Guo-Chang Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
| | - Tianqing Peng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
- VRLA6-140, 800 Commissioners Road, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-519-6858500-55441
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14
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García-Niño WR, Zazueta C, Buelna-Chontal M, Silva-Palacios A. Mitochondrial Quality Control in Cardiac-Conditioning Strategies against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1123. [PMID: 34832998 PMCID: PMC8620839 DOI: 10.3390/life11111123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the central target of ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning cardioprotective strategies, which consist of either the application of brief intermittent ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) cycles or the administration of pharmacological agents. Such strategies reduce cardiac I/R injury by activating protective signaling pathways that prevent the exacerbated production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, inhibit opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore and reduce apoptosis, maintaining normal mitochondrial function. Cardioprotection also involves the activation of mitochondrial quality control (MQC) processes, which replace defective mitochondria or eliminate mitochondrial debris, preserving the structure and function of the network of these organelles, and consequently ensuring homeostasis and survival of cardiomyocytes. Such processes include mitochondrial biogenesis, fission, fusion, mitophagy and mitochondrial-controlled cell death. This review updates recent advances in MQC mechanisms that are activated in the protection conferred by different cardiac conditioning interventions. Furthermore, the role of extracellular vesicles in mitochondrial protection and turnover of these organelles will be discussed. It is concluded that modulation of MQC mechanisms and recognition of mitochondrial targets could provide a potential and selective therapeutic approach for I/R-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.
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