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Unnikrishan A, Khalid NK, Rayaroth MP, Thomas S, Nazim A, Aravindakumar CT, Aravind UK. Occurrence and distribution of steroid hormones (estrogen) and other contaminants of emerging concern in a south indian water body. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141124. [PMID: 38211796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Steroid hormones (SHs) are among the important classes of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) whose detection in aquatic environments is vital due to their potential adverse health impacts. Their detection is challenging because of their lower stability in natural conditions and low concentrations. This study reports the presence of steroid hormones in a major river system, the Periyar River, in Kerala (India). Water samples were collected from thirty different river locations in the case of SHs and five locations within these in the case of other CECs. These were subjected to LC-MS/MS and LC-Q-ToF/MS analyses. Five SHs, estriol, estrone, 17 β estradiol, progesterone, and hydroxy progesterone, were separated and targeted using MS techniques. The studies of the water samples confirmed the presence of the first three estrogens in different sampling sites, with estrone present in all the sampling sites. The concentration of estrone was detected in the range from 2 to 15 ng/L. Estriol and estradiol concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 5 ng/L and 1-6 ng/L, respectively. The hormones at some selected sites were continuously monitored for seven months. The chosen areas include the feed water sites for the drinking water treatment plants across the river. The monthly data revealed that estrone is the only SHs detected in all the samples in the selected months. The highest concentration of SH was found in August. Twelve CECs belonging to pharmaceuticals and personal care products were identified and quantified. In addition, 31 other CECs were also identified using non-target analysis. A detailed study of the hormone mapping reported here is the first from any South Indian River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitha Unnikrishan
- School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science & Technology (CUSAT), Kochi, 682022, Kerala, India
| | - Nejumal K Khalid
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Manoj P Rayaroth
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Shiny Thomas
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facilities (SAIFs), Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Akhil Nazim
- Inter University Instrumentation Centre (IUIC), Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Charuvila T Aravindakumar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India; Inter University Instrumentation Centre (IUIC), Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India; Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facilities (SAIFs), Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Usha K Aravind
- School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science & Technology (CUSAT), Kochi, 682022, Kerala, India.
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de Melo MG, Dos Anjos OC, Nunes AP, Farias MADS, Val AL, Chaar JDS, Bataglion GA. Correlation between caffeine and coprostanol in contrasting Amazonian water bodies. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 326:138365. [PMID: 36906004 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of contamination by domestic sewage is relevant in the Amazon region; however, it has neither been well-developed nor accompanied by research or monitoring programs. In this study, caffeine and coprostanol as indicators of sewage were investigated in water samples from Amazonian water bodies that crisscross the city of Manaus (Amazonas state, Brazil) and cover regions with distinct main land uses such as high-density residential, low-density residential, commercial, industrial, and environmental protection areas. Thirty-one water samples were studied based on their dissolved and particulate organic matter (DOM and POM) fractions. Quantitative determination of both caffeine and coprostanol was carried out using LC-MS/MS with APCI in the positive ionization mode. The streams of the urban area of Manaus had the highest concentrations of caffeine (1.47-69.65 μg L-1) and coprostanol (2.88-46.92 μg L-1). Samples from the peri-urban Tarumã-Açu stream and from the streams in the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve showed much lower concentrations of caffeine (20.20-165.78 ng L-1) and coprostanol (31.49-120.44 ng L-1). Samples from the Negro River showed a wider range of concentrations of caffeine (20.59-873.59 ng L-1) and coprostanol (31.72-706.46 ng L-1), with the highest values found in the outfalls of the urban streams. Levels of caffeine and coprostanol were significantly positively correlated in the different organic matter fractions. The coprostanol/(coprostanol + cholestanol) ratio proved to be a more suitable parameter than the coprostanol/cholesterol one in low-density residential areas. Proximity to densely populated areas and the flow of water bodies appear to influence the caffeine and coprostanol concentrations, which was observed in their clustering in the multivariate analysis. The results indicate that caffeine and coprostanol can be detected even in water bodies that receive very low domestic sewage input. Therefore, this study revealed that both caffeine in DOM and coprostanol in POM represent viable alternatives for use in studies and monitoring programs even in remote areas of the Amazon, where microbiological analyses are often unfeasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moacir Guimarães de Melo
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), General Rodrigo Octavio Avenue, 6200, Coroado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Otorvan Conrado Dos Anjos
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), General Rodrigo Octavio Avenue, 6200, Coroado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Andreza Pinheiro Nunes
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), General Rodrigo Octavio Avenue, 6200, Coroado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Dos Santos Farias
- Departamento de Tecnologia Agroindustrial e Socioeconomia Rural (DTAiSeR), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Anhanguera, Km 174, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Luis Val
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Brazilian National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), André Araújo Avenue, 2936, Aleixo, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Jamal da Silva Chaar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), General Rodrigo Octavio Avenue, 6200, Coroado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Giovana Anceski Bataglion
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), General Rodrigo Octavio Avenue, 6200, Coroado, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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Ciślak M, Kruszelnicka I, Zembrzuska J, Ginter-Kramarczyk D. Estrogen pollution of the European aquatic environment: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119413. [PMID: 36470046 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Among the plethora of chemicals released into the environment, much attention is paid to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Natural estrogens, such as estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) are excreted by humans as well as animals, and can enter the environment as a result of discharging domestic sewage and animal waste. These compounds can cause deleterious effects such as feminization, infertility and hermaphroditism in organisms that inhabit water bodies. This study provides an overview of the level of estrogen exposures in surface waters, groundwater and river sediments in European countries. The conducted review shows that estrogen concentrations were within the range of 0.1 ng L - 10 ng /L in the majority of the tested environmental samples. However, the authors of the study point out that there are still many unexplored areas and a limited amount of data that mainly concerns Eastern European countries. The study also analysed the factors that influence the increased emissions of estrogens to the environment, which may be helpful for identifying particularly polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Ciślak
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Department of Water Supply and Bioeconomy, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Wielkopolska, Poland.
| | - Izabela Kruszelnicka
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Department of Water Supply and Bioeconomy, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Wielkopolska, Poland
| | - Joanna Zembrzuska
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan
| | - Dobrochna Ginter-Kramarczyk
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Department of Water Supply and Bioeconomy, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Wielkopolska, Poland
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Vaudreuil MA, Vo Duy S, Munoz G, Sauvé S. Pharmaceutical pollution of hospital effluents and municipal wastewaters of Eastern Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157353. [PMID: 35842153 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of drugs residues in wastewaters of different sources could help better understand contamination pathways, eventually leading to effluent regulation. However, limited data are available for hospital-derived wastewaters. Here, an analytical method based on automated on-line solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (on-line SPE - UPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the quantification of multi-class pharmaceuticals in wastewaters. Filtrate phase and suspended solids (SPM) were both considered to evaluate the distribution of targeted analytes. Experimental design optimization involved testing different chromatographic columns, on-line SPE columns, and loading conditions for the filtrate phase, and different organic solvents and cleanup strategies for suspended solids. The selected methods were validated with suitable limits of detection, recovery, accuracy, and precision. A total of 30 hospital effluents and 6 wastewater treatment plants were sampled to evaluate concentrations in real field-collected samples. Certain pharmaceuticals were quantified at high levels such as caffeine at 670,000 ng/L in hospital wastewaters and hydroxyibuprofen at 49,000 ng/L in WWTP influents. SPM samples also had high contaminant concentrations such as ibuprofen at 31,000 ng/g in hospital effluents, fluoxetine at 529 ng/g in WWTP influents or clarithromycin at 295 ng/g in WWTP effluents. Distribution coefficients (Kd) and particle-associated fractions (Φ) indicate that pharmaceuticals tend to have better affinity to suspended solids in hospital wastewater than in municipal wastewaters. The results also bring arguments for at source treatment of these specific effluents before their introduction into urban wastewater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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5
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Jauković Z, Grujić S, Bujagić IM, Petković A, Laušević M. Steroid-based tracing of sewage-sourced pollution of river water and wastewater treatment efficiency: Dissolved and suspended water phase distribution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157510. [PMID: 35870600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the environmental distribution of steroid compounds and the level of sewage-derived contamination were assessed using sterol ratios in the confluence area of two major rivers in the Serbian capital, where raw sewage is discharged without any treatment. Special attention was paid to steroids partitioning between the dissolved and suspended phases of river and wastewater samples, since steroids tend to easily bind to particulate matter. The efficiency of sterol removal in two wastewater treatment plants in Serbia was also evaluated. Human/animal sterols coprostanol and cholesterol, and phytosterol β-sitosterol were the dominant compounds in all water samples. The sterol abundance pattern in river water was different from that in raw sewage, indicating a more pronounced biogenic input, as well as greater impact of wastewater discharges on the composition of the suspended phase. Severe contamination of the investigated area was determined, with the Danube being more contaminated than the Sava River due to different hydrodynamic conditions leading to significantly higher sterol levels in the suspended particulate matter. It was also shown that the greater part of human/animal sterols and phytosterols present in river water samples (83.0 ± 11.9 % and 87.1 ± 15.2 %) and wastewater samples (92.1 ± 6.8 % and 95.0 ± 5.7 %) was bound to suspended material compared to the dissolved phase, emphasizing the need to consider and analyze both water phases in the tracing of steroid-based environmental pollution in order to obtain a realistic picture of steroid contamination and their fate in the aquatic environment. A high removal rate (>98 %) of coprostanol and cholesterol during wastewater treatment was determined and only the coprostanol/(coprostanol + cholestanol) ratio was found to be sensitive enough to be affected by an improvement in the quality of treated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Jauković
- Innovation Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Grujić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ivana Matić Bujagić
- Academy of Applied Technical Studies Belgrade, Belgrade Polytechnic College, Katarine Ambrozić 3, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anđelka Petković
- Jaroslav Černi Water Institute, Jaroslava Černog 80, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mila Laušević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Zhong R, Zou H, Gao J, Wang T, Bu Q, Wang ZL, Hu M, Wang Z. A critical review on the distribution and ecological risk assessment of steroid hormones in the environment in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147452. [PMID: 33975111 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During past two decades, steroid hormones have raised significant public concerns due to their potential adverse effects on the hormonal functions of aquatic organisms and humans. Considering China being a big producer and consumer of steroid hormones, we summarize the current contamination status of steroid hormones in different environmental compartments in China, and preliminarily assess the associated risks to ecological systems. The results show that steroid hormones are ubiquitously present in Chinese surface waters where estrogens are the most studied steroids compared with androgens, progestogens and glucocorticoids. Estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (17β-E2) and estriol (E3) are generally the dominant steroid estrogens in Chinese surface waters, whereas for the other steroids, androsterone (ADR), epi-androsterone (EADR), progesterone (PGT), cortisol (CRL) and cortisone (CRN) have relatively large contributions. Meanwhile, the investigations for the other environmental media such as particles, sediments, soils and groundwater have been limited, as well as for steroid conjugates and metabolites. The median risk quotients of most steroid hormones in surface waters and sediments are lower than 1, indicating low to moderate risks to local organisms. This review provides a full picture of steroid distribution and ecological risks in China, which may be useful for future monitoring and risk assessment. More studies may focus on the analysis of steroid conjugates, metabolites, solid phase fractions, analytical method development and acute/chronic toxicities in different matrices to pursue a more precise and holistic risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Zhong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Jian Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qingwei Bu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Zhong-Liang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Meng Hu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, No. 55 Wenhua Street, Jinzhong 030600, China
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Chair of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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7
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Recent Advances in Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) for Analysis of Hormones. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9070151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones are active substances that are necessary in the normal functioning of all physiological activities in the body, such as sexual characteristics, metabolism, and mood control. They are also widely used as exogenous chemicals in medical and pharmaceutical applications as treatments and at times growth promoters in animal farming. The vast application of steroid hormones has resulted in them being found in different matrices, such as food, environmental, and biological samples. The presence of hormones in such matrices means that they can easily come into contact with humans and animals as exogenous compounds, resulting in abnormal concentrations that can lead to endocrine disruption. This makes their determination in different matrices a vital part of pollutant management and control. Although advances in analytical instruments are constant, it has been determined that these instruments still require some sample preparation steps to be able to determine the occurrence of pollutants in the complex matrices in which they occur. Advances are still being made in sample preparation to ensure easier, selective, and sensitive analysis of complex matrices. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been termed as advanced solid-phase (SPE) materials for the selective extraction and preconcentration of hormones in complex matrices. This review explores the preparation and application of MIPs for the determination of steroid hormones in different sample types.
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Mirmont E, Bœuf A, Charmel M, Vaslin-Reimann S, Lalère B, Laprévote O, Lardy-Fontan S. Development and implementation of an analytical procedure for the quantification of natural and synthetic steroid hormones in whole surface waters. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1175:122732. [PMID: 33992977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic steroid hormones are chronically released into aquatic spheres. Whereas knowledge on their combined mode of action and the cocktail effect are needed, only few multi-class methods address the challenge of their trace quantification in surface waters. The current study describes a sensitive multi-residue analytical strategy aiming to quantify 23 steroid hormones belonging to androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids and progestogens in whole surface waters. The procedure relies on a two-step solid-phase extraction followed by an ultra-performance liquid chromatography separation coupled to tandem mass spectrometry detection (UPLC-MS/MS). Isotope dilution was implemented when possible in order to ensure the reliability of the measurement. The procedure was optimized toward the reliable quantification of the 23 target compounds at the predicted no-effect concentrations when existing or below the ng L-1 level. Satisfactory absolute global recoveries ≥ 77% were obtained for almost all compounds (21 out of 23) in intermediate precision conditions. Measurement errors were comprised between -27% and +17% for the great majority of compounds (21 out of 23) with standard deviations < 20% in intermediate precision conditions. Despite signal suppression was observed in water samples, satisfactory limits of quantification were achieved, ranging from 0.035 ng L-1 for 17alpha-ethinylestradiol to 1 ng L-1 for 6beta-hydroxycortisol and 6beta-hydroxydexamethasone. Abiotic stability was demonstrated for the great majority of target compounds (22 out of 23) in reference water samples stored at 4 ± 3 °C during 48 h, driving our sampling strategy. To demonstrate its fitness for purpose, the procedure was implemented in a preliminary monitoring survey of Belgian surface waters. As a result, 6 out of 23 target compounds were detected or quantified, showing a contamination by some estrogens and glucocorticoids at levels ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 ng L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mirmont
- Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris, France; UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM, Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - A Bœuf
- Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris, France
| | - M Charmel
- Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris, France
| | - S Vaslin-Reimann
- Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris, France
| | - B Lalère
- Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris, France
| | - O Laprévote
- UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM, Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Service de Biochimie, 24 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - S Lardy-Fontan
- Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris, France.
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Čelić M, Škrbić BD, Insa S, Živančev J, Gros M, Petrović M. Occurrence and assessment of environmental risks of endocrine disrupting compounds in drinking, surface and wastewaters in Serbia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114344. [PMID: 32443213 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study is the first comprehensive monitoring of 13 selected endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in untreated urban and industrial wastewater in Serbia to assess their impact on the Danube River basin and associated freshwaters used as sources for drinking water production in the area. Results showed that natural and synthetic estrogens were present in surface and wastewater at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 64.8 ng L-1. Nevertheless, they were not detected in drinking water. For alkylphenols concentrations ranged from 1.1 to 78.3 ng L-1 in wastewater and from 0.1 to 37.2 ng L-1 in surface water, while in drinking water concentrations varied from 0.4 to 7.9 ng L-1. Bisphenol A (BPA) was the most abundant compound in all water types, with frequencies of detection ranging from 57% in drinking water, to 70% in surface and 84% in wastewater. Potential environmental risks were characterized by calculating the risk quotients (RQs) and the estrogenic activity of EDCs in waste, surface and drinking water samples, as an indicator of their potential detrimental effects. RQ values of estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) were the highest, exceeding the threshold value of 1 in 60% of wastewater samples, while in surface water E1 displayed potential risks in only two samples. Total estrogenic activity (EEQt) surpassed the threshold of 1 ng E2 L-1 in about 67% of wastewater samples, and in 3 surface water samples. In drinking water, EEQt was below 1 ng L-1 in all samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Čelić
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Biljana D Škrbić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, Serbia.
| | - Sara Insa
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Jelena Živančev
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, Serbia
| | - Meritxell Gros
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Mira Petrović
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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Hill M, Hána V, Velíková M, Pařízek A, Kolátorová L, Vítků J, Škodová T, Šimková M, Šimják P, Kancheva R, Koucký M, Kokrdová Z, Adamcová K, Černý A, Hájek Z, Dušková M, Bulant J, Stárka L. A method for determination of one hundred endogenous steroids in human serum by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Physiol Res 2019; 68:179-207. [PMID: 31037947 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid profiling helps various pathologies to be rapidly diagnosed. Results from analyses investigating steroidogenic pathways may be used as a tool for uncovering pathology causations and proposals of new therapeutic approaches. The purpose of this study was to address still underutilized application of the advanced GC-MS/MS platform for the multicomponent quantification of endogenous steroids. We developed and validated a GC-MS/MS method for the quantification of 58 unconjugated steroids and 42 polar conjugates of steroids (after hydrolysis) in human blood. The present method was validated not only for blood of men and non-pregnant women but also for blood of pregnant women and for mixed umbilical cord blood. The spectrum of analytes includes common hormones operating via nuclear receptors as well as other bioactive substances like immunomodulatory and neuroactive steroids. Our present results are comparable with those from our previously published GC-MS method as well as the results of others. The present method was extended for corticoids and 17alpha-hydroxylated 5alpha/ß-reduced pregnanes, which are useful for the investigation of alternative "backdoor" pathway. When comparing the analytical characteristics of the present and previous method, the first exhibit by far higher selectivity, and generally higher sensitivity and better precision particularly for 17alpha-hydroxysteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hill
- Department of Steroid Hormones and Proteohormones, Institute of Endocrinology, Národní 8, 116 94, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Fekadu S, Alemayehu E, Dewil R, Van der Bruggen B. Pharmaceuticals in freshwater aquatic environments: A comparison of the African and European challenge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:324-337. [PMID: 30448654 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of tons of pharmaceutical compounds are annually dispensed and consumed worldwide. Pharmaceuticals are an important class of emerging environmental micropollutants: their presence in water bodies is an increasing environmental concern. The aim of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in freshwater aquatic environments in the African and European context. A literature survey has been performed, resulting in 3024 data points related to environmental occurrence. The concentration levels of 71 pharmaceuticals were assessed. The top ten most frequently detected and quantified compounds in both continents were sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, diclofenac, trimethoprim, ibuprofen, naproxen, paracetamol (acetaminophen), ketoprofen, venlafaxine and clarithromycin. The maximum concentrations of 17β-estradiol, estriol, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, paracetamol, naproxen reported in African aquatic environments were ~3140, ~20,000, ~125, ~100, ~215 and ~171 times higher, respectively, than the concentrations reported in European based studies. The variation in pharmaceutical consumption, partial removal of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment processes, and the direct discharge of livestock animal farm wastewater were identified among the major reasons for the observed differences. Several pharmaceuticals were found in aquatic environments of both continents in concentration levels higher than their ecotoxicity endpoints. In Europe, compounds such as diclofenac, ibuprofen, triclosan, sulfadimidine, carbamazepine and fluoxetine were reported in a concentration higher than the available ecotoxicity endpoints. In Africa, much more compounds reached concentrations more than the ecotoxicity endpoints, including diclofenac, ibuprofen, paracetamol, naproxen, ciprofloxacin, triclosan, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine and fluoxetine, estriol and 17β-estradiol. Details for each therapeutic group are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Fekadu
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems Section, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Jimma University, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ethiopia; Jimma University, Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Alemayehu
- Jimma University, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ethiopia
| | - Raf Dewil
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, J. De Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Bart Van der Bruggen
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems Section, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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Yarahmadi H, Duy SV, Hachad M, Dorner S, Sauvé S, Prévost M. Seasonal variations of steroid hormones released by wastewater treatment plants to river water and sediments: Distribution between particulate and dissolved phases. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:144-155. [PMID: 29660718 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Extensive environmental monitoring was conducted in an urban river impacted by multiple combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharge points. Temporal and spatial distributions of dissolved and particulate steroids (progesterone (Prog), testosterone (Testo), medroxyprogesterone (MDRXY-Prog), levonorgestrel (Levo), norethindrone (Nore), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2)) were investigated in sewage, WWTP effluents, receiving river water and sediments, and in drinking water plant (DWP) intakes. Steroids were detected in both dissolved and particulate phases with mean concentrations from 21ngL-1 to 389ngL-1 in raw sewage and from 10ngL-1 to 296ngL-1 in treated wastewater. The particle-associated steroids represented 0-82% of their total concentration as some steroids like E1 and E3 were detected only in the dissolved phase while MDRXY-Prog (81%), Nore (71%), and EE2 (>75%) were primarily detected in the particulate phase. Particle-associated steroids were detected in spring samples from river water with mean concentrations ranging from 5.4ngL-1 to 35.7ngL-1 compare to 3ngL-1 to 6.8ngL-1 in summer samples. Levels of particle-associated Testo, Nore, E2 and Levo in DWP intakes (406.2-13,149.1ngg-1) were similar to those found in raw sewage (336.6-7628.8ngg-1), indicating their persistence in the suspended phase from discharge points. Total steroids measured in sediments were in the range of 7-1213ngg-1, 5-25ngg-1, and 22-226ngg-1 in autumn, spring, and summer, respectively. Our findings confirm the presence and seasonal variation of a mixture of particle-associated steroids in drinking water sources. The presence of high concentrations of a mixture of particle-associated steroids in DWP intakes highlight the need for highly effective particle-removal processes to eliminate these recalcitrant compounds during drinking water production. Finally, the detected concentrations raise concerns about their potential environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Yarahmadi
- Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, CP 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, succ, Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mounia Hachad
- Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, CP 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Sarah Dorner
- Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, CP 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; Canada Research Chair in Microbial Contaminant Dynamics in Source Waters, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, succ, Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Michèle Prévost
- Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, CP 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, QC, Canada
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Kaur H, Bala M, Bansal G. Reproductive drugs and environmental contamination: quantum, impact assessment and control strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:25822-25839. [PMID: 30039489 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2754-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Industrial and municipal solid wastes, noise, pesticides, fertilizers and vehicular emission are visible pollutants responsible for environmental contamination and ill-effects on health of all living systems. But, environmental contamination due to drugs or medicines used for different purposes in humans and animals goes unseen largely and can affect the health of living system severely. During the last few decades, the usage of drugs has increased drastically, resulting in increased drug load in soil and water. Contraceptive and fertility drugs are extensively and effectively used in humans as well as animals for different purposes. Usage of these reproductive drugs in humans is increased manifold to manage reproductive problems and/or for birth control with changing lifestyles. These drugs are excreted in urine and faeces as metabolite or conjugated forms, leading to contamination of water, milk and animal produce, which are consumed directly by humans as well as animals. These drugs are not eliminated even by water treatment plant. Consumption of such contaminated water, milk, meat and poultry products results in reproductive disorders such as fertility loss in men and increase risk of different types of cancers in humans. Therefore, assessment of impact of environmental contamination by these drugs on living system is of paramount importance. The purpose of this review article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of various research and review reports on different contraceptive and fertility drugs used in human and animals, their occurrence in the environment and their ill-effects on living systems. The approaches to control this invisible menace have also been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, Punjab, India.
| | - Madhu Bala
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Gulshan Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, Punjab, India
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Khalid NK, Devadasan D, Aravind UK, Aravindakumar CT. Screening and quantification of emerging contaminants in Periyar River, Kerala (India) by using high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-Q-ToF-MS). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:370. [PMID: 29855727 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6745-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of emerging contaminants (ECs) in different aquatic systems may contribute to hazardous effects on aquatic organisms and subsequently on human health. In the present work, liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer (LC-Q-ToF-MS) was used to identify and quantify a series of ECs in Periyar River in Aluva region, Kerala, India. The water samples were pre concentrated using solid-phase extraction (SPE) prior to analysis. The compounds were probed in both positive and negative ionization mode using electro spray ionization (ESI). Method validations were performed for linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, and precision (intraday and inter day). The ECs were quantified using standard calibration curve. The identified nine ECs include pharmaceuticals, personal care products, steroids, surfactants, and phthalate. A relatively high concentration was observed in the case of 2-dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (1012 ng/l) and low concentration was observed for lignocaine (4.3 ng/l; since this is below LOQ, the value is only approximate). In addition, we have identified another 28 organic compounds using the technique of non-target analysis out of which seven compounds fall in the category of surfactants. Being the first report on ECs in Periyar River, the data is very important as this river is one of the biggest and important rivers of Kerala having several purification units for drinking water in the province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejumal K Khalid
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - Dineep Devadasan
- Inter University Instrumentation Centre, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - Usha K Aravind
- Advanced Centre of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - Charuvila T Aravindakumar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India.
- Inter University Instrumentation Centre, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India.
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15
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New fluorescent labeling reagent Benzimidazo[2,1-b]quinazoline-12(6H) -one-5-ethylimidazole ester and its application in the analysis of endocrine disrupting compounds in milk by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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de Sousa DNR, Mozeto AA, Carneiro RL, Fadini PS. Spatio-temporal evaluation of emerging contaminants and their partitioning along a Brazilian watershed. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:4607-4620. [PMID: 29192401 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence, partitioning, and spatio-temporal distribution of seven pharmaceuticals for human use, three steroid hormones and one personal care product were determined in surface water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment of Piraí Creek and Jundiaí River (Jundiaí River Basin, São Paulo, Brazil). The maximum average detected concentrations of the compounds in the Piraí River samples were < 30 ng L-1, except for caffeine (222 ng L-1). In Jundiaí River samples, most of the compounds were frequently detected, wherein caffeine had the highest concentration, with maximum average concentrations of 14,050 ng L-1, followed by atenolol (431 ng L-1), ibuprofen (268 ng L-1) and diclofenac (214 ng L-1). Atenolol, propranolol, estrone, and triclosan were the contaminants most frequently detected in sediment and SPM samples. Triclosan had the highest average proportion of SPM as opposed to in the aqueous phase (> 75%). Contaminants with acid functional groups showed, in general, a lower tendency to bind to particulate matter and sediments. In addition, hydrophobicity had an important effect on their environmental partitioning. The spatial distribution of contaminants along the Jundiaí River was mainly affected by the higher concentration of contaminants in water samples collected downstream from a sewage treatment plant (STP). The results obtained here clearly showed the importance of the analysis of some contaminants in the whole water, meaning both dissolved and particulate compartments in the water, and that the partitioning is ruled by a set of parameters associated to the physicochemical characteristics of contaminants and the matrix properties of the studied, which need be considered in an integrated approach to understand the fate of emerging chemical contaminants in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Nara Ribeiro de Sousa
- Environmental Biogeochemistry Laboratory (LBGqA), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Aparecido Mozeto
- Environmental Biogeochemistry Laboratory (LBGqA), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Lajarim Carneiro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Applied Chemometric Group, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Sergio Fadini
- Environmental Biogeochemistry Laboratory (LBGqA), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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17
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Determination of sterols and steroid hormones in surface water and wastewater using liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Recent Advances in the Use of Chemical Markers for Tracing Wastewater Contamination in Aquatic Environment: A Review. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Comtois-Marotte S, Chappuis T, Vo Duy S, Gilbert N, Lajeunesse A, Taktek S, Desrosiers M, Veilleux É, Sauvé S. Analysis of emerging contaminants in water and solid samples using high resolution mass spectrometry with a Q Exactive orbital ion trap and estrogenic activity with YES-assay. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 166:400-411. [PMID: 27705827 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Trace emerging contaminants (ECs) occur in both waste and surface waters that are rich in particulates that have been found to sorb several organic contaminants. An analytical method based on off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis was developed for the detection and quantification of 31 ECs from surface water, wastewater, suspended particulate matter (SPM) as well as sediments. Lyophilized sediments and air-dried SPM were subjected to ultrasonic extraction. Water samples and extracts were then concentrated and cleaned-up by off-line SPE. Quantification was realized using a Q Exactive mass spectrometer in both full scan (FS) and MS2 modes. These two modes were optimized and compared to determine which one was the most suitable for each matrix studied. Yeast estrogen screen assay (YES-assay) adapted from the direct measurement of estrogenic activity without sample extraction was tested on filtered wastewater samples. An endocrine disrupting effect was detected in all effluent samples analyzed with estradiol equivalent concentrations ranging from 4.4 to 720 ng eq E2 L-1 for the WWTP-1 and 6.5-42 ng eq E2 L-1 for the WWTP-2. The analytical methods were also applied on six samples of surface water, the corresponding SPM, the sediments and thirty-nine effluent samples from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) sampled over a period of five months (February to June 2014).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Chappuis
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Gilbert
- Département de chimie, biochimie et physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - André Lajeunesse
- Département de chimie, biochimie et physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Salma Taktek
- Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec, ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Desrosiers
- Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec, ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Éloïse Veilleux
- Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec, ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Avar P, Zrínyi Z, Maász G, Takátsy A, Lovas S, G-Tóth L, Pirger Z. β-Estradiol and ethinyl-estradiol contamination in the rivers of the Carpathian Basin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:11630-11638. [PMID: 26936475 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
17β-Estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2), which are environmental estrogens, have been determined with LC-MS in freshwater. Their sensitive analysis needs derivatization and therefore is very hard to achieve in multiresidue screening. We analyzed samples from all the large and some small rivers (River Danube, Drava, Mur, Sava, Tisza, and Zala) of the Carpathian Basin and from Lake Balaton. Freshwater was extracted on solid phase and derivatized using dansyl chloride. Separation was performed on a Kinetex XB-C18 column. Detection was achieved with a benchtop orbitrap mass spectrometer using targeted MS analysis for quantification. Limits of quantification were 0.05 ng/L (MS1) and 0.1 ng/L (MS/MS) for E2, and 0.001 ng/L (MS1) and 0.2 ng/L (MS/MS) for EE2. River samples contained n.d.-5.2 ng/L E2 and n.d.-0.68 ng/L EE2. Average levels of E2 and EE2 were 0.61 and 0.084 ng/L, respectively, in rivers, water courses, and Lake Balaton together, but not counting city canal water. EE2 was less abundant, but it was still present in almost all of the samples. In beach water samples from Lake Balaton, we measured 0.076-0.233 E2 and n.d.-0.133 EE2. A relative high amount of EE2 was found in river Zala (0.68 ng/L) and in Hévíz-Páhoki canal (0.52 ng/L), which are both in the catchment area of Lake Balaton (Hungary).
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Avar
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.
| | - Zita Zrínyi
- Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Tihany, 8237, Hungary
| | - Gábor Maász
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
- Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Tihany, 8237, Hungary
| | - Anikó Takátsy
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Sándor Lovas
- Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Tihany, 8237, Hungary
| | - László G-Tóth
- Department of Hydrozoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, 8237, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Tihany, 8237, Hungary
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21
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Analysis of 17-β-estradiol and 17-α-ethinylestradiol in biological and environmental matrices — A review. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Faludi T, Balogh C, Serfőző Z, Molnár-Perl I. Analysis of phenolic compounds in the dissolved and suspended phases of Lake Balaton water by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:11966-11974. [PMID: 26006075 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4734-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As a novel approach to characterize the phenolic pollutants of Lake Balaton (Central Europe, western Hungary), 26 endocrine disrupting phenols (chlorophenols, nitrophenols, alkylphenols, triclosan, bisphenol-A) were quantified in dissolved and suspended particulate matter (SPM) phases, alike. Sample collection was performed in the western and eastern basins, at 20 sites in April and October 2014. Solid-phase and ultrasound-assisted extractions to withdraw target phenols from dissolved and suspended phases were employed. Compounds were derivatized with hexamethyldisilazane and trifluoroacetic acid for their quantification as trimethylsilyl derivatives by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In Lake Balaton's dissolved phase, 2-chlorophenol (103-164 ng/L), 4-chlorophenol (407-888 ng/L), 2,4-dichlorophenol (20.2-72.0 ng/L), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (10.4-38.1 ng/L), 2-nitrophenol (31.0-66.5 ng/L), 4-nitrophenol (31.5-94.1 ng/L), and bisphenol-A (20.6-112 ng/L), while in its SPM, 4-chlorophenol (<LOQ-1274 μg/kg, dry matter), 4-nitrophenol (423-714 μg/kg), 4-nonylphenol isomers (1500-2910 μg/kg), and bisphenol-A (250-587 μg/kg) were determined. Since phenolics appear partially or exclusively in the SPM, the analysis of both phases proved to be of primary importance. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Faludi
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, L. Eötvös University, 1518, Budapest 112, P.O. Box 32, Hungary
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23
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The role of derivatization techniques in the analysis of glyphosate and aminomethyl-phosphonic acid by chromatography. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Avar P, Maasz G, Takács P, Lovas S, Zrinyi Z, Svigruha R, Takátsy A, Tóth LG, Pirger Z. HPLC-MS/MS analysis of steroid hormones in environmental water samples. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:123-7. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Avar
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry; University of Pecs; Pécs H-7624 Hungary
| | - G. Maasz
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry; University of Pecs; Pécs H-7624 Hungary
- Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology Balaton Limnological Institute; MTA Centre for Ecological Research; Tihany H-8237 Hungary
| | - P. Takács
- Department of Hydrozoology, Balaton Limnological Institute; MTA Centre for Ecological Research; Tihany H-8237 Hungary
| | - S. Lovas
- Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology Balaton Limnological Institute; MTA Centre for Ecological Research; Tihany H-8237 Hungary
| | - Z. Zrinyi
- Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology Balaton Limnological Institute; MTA Centre for Ecological Research; Tihany H-8237 Hungary
| | - R. Svigruha
- Limnoecology Research Group, Department of Limnology; University of Pannonia; Veszprém H-8200 Hungary
| | - A. Takátsy
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry; University of Pecs; Pécs H-7624 Hungary
| | - L. G. Tóth
- Department of Hydrozoology, Balaton Limnological Institute; MTA Centre for Ecological Research; Tihany H-8237 Hungary
| | - Z. Pirger
- Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology Balaton Limnological Institute; MTA Centre for Ecological Research; Tihany H-8237 Hungary
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25
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The role of alkylsilyl derivatization techniques in the analysis of illicit drugs by gas chromatography. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Identification, quantification and distribution of substituted phenols in the dissolved and suspended phases of water samples by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Derivatization, mass fragmentation and acquisition studies. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Molnár B, Csámpai A, Molnár-Perl I. Hexamethyldisilazane as an Acylation Generator for Perfluorocarboxylic Acids in Quantitative Derivatization of Primary Phenylalkyl Amines Confirmed by GC/MS and Computations. Anal Chem 2014; 87:848-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503786j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Borbála Molnár
- Doctoral School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, 1085, Üllői út 26, Budapest, Hungary
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