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Chen H, Wang X, Lv M, She Y, Zhang Z, Cao X. Preparation of metal-organic framework @molecularly imprinted polymers for extracting N-nitrosamines in salted vegetables. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1231:123942. [PMID: 38007915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the novel metal-organic framework @molecularly imprinted polymers were prepared and applied in extracting N-nitrosamines from salted vegetables. The imprinted polymers were coated on the surface of MIL-101 using multi-dummy template molecules (5-nonanol, benzhydrol and N-formylpyrrolidine). The characterization and adsorbing experiments showed that the hybrid imprinted polymers presented spherical particles with typically core-shell structure, and exhibited high adsorption capacity (maximum capacity: 46.85 mg/g) and fast equilibrium rate (only 5 min) for N-nitrosamines. Various parameters (sample loading solvent, pH, washing solvent, elution solvent and elution volume) affecting solid-phase extraction were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the solid-phase extraction process based on the hybrid polymers combined with high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection method was established and applied to analyze N-nitrosamines in different salted vegetables. The results showed that the developed method produced the linear relationship between the peak areas versus the N-nitrosamines concentrations of 0.2-10 µg/g with limit of detections from 20.6 to 76.1 ng/g. The spiked recovery of N-nitrosamines in the salted vegetable samples was in the range of 66-100.5 % with relative standard deviation from 0.1 to 3.4 %. Those results demonstrated that the established method was sensitive and efficient for directly enriching and analyzing trace N-nitrosamines in salted vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Chen
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Meijin Lv
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Yongxin She
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Ziping Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Cao
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China.
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2
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Zhou H, Huang Q, Wu X, Zhan B, Chen D, Lei M, Zhang H. Rapid and selective determination of 9 nitrosamines in biological samples using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:2249-2254. [PMID: 35670188 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00468b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive, selective and convenient method for the simultaneous determination of 9 nitrosamines (NAs) in biological samples was developed using isotope dilution ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTRAP-MS). Multiple reaction monitoring-information dependent acquisition-enhanced product ion (MRM-IDA-EPI) scan mode was performed to eliminate false positive results, and the whole detection procedure was characterized by less time consuming and simple sample preparation. 9 NAs were separated through a T3 column with the gradient elution of acetonitrile and water, and detected by UPLC-QTRAP-MS with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source in the positive mode. The quantitative analysis was carried out via the isotope internal standard method with a matrix calibration curve. Under the optimized conditions, good linearity for the 9 NAs was achieved in the range of 0.2-20 μg L-1 with correlation coefficients (r) higher than ≥0.9991, and the limits of detection and limits of quantitation were 0.02-0.1 μg L-1 (S/N = 3) and 0.06-0.3 μg L-1 (S/N = 10), respectively. Satisfactory recoveries ranging from 79.4% to 108.0% were obtained, and the precision of the proposed method, indicated by the relative standard deviations (RSDs), was 2.3-12.9%. The matrix effect study showed that NDMA, NMOR and NMEA presented a matrix suppression effect, NDPHA displayed a matrix enhancement effect, and the matrix effects of the other 5 analytes could be ignored. Real application of the developed method in 13 urine and 24 plasma samples demonstrated that NDBA, NPIP and NPYR occurred in both urine and plasma samples with the concentration of 0.038-0.60 μg L-1, while other NAs were not detected. Such a method was sensitive and selective, and could be applied to the rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of the 9 NAs in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Quzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Quzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Xianglun Wu
- Quzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Bindong Zhan
- Quzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Dongyang Chen
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China.
| | - Meikang Lei
- The Comprehensive Technology and Service Center of Quzhou Customs, Quzhou 324003, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China.
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Barzegar F, Kamankesh M, Mohammadi A. Recent Development in Formation, Toxic Effects, Human Health and Analytical Techniques of Food Contaminants. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1929303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Barzegar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Kamankesh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sweeney CL, Park Y, Shea DA, Kim JS. N-nitrosoethylenethiourea formation at environmentally-relevant concentrations of ethylenethiourea in a pooled groundwater sample. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:143300. [PMID: 33243502 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
N-nitroso compounds form from the interaction between nitrosatable precursors and nitrite under acidic conditions. A majority of N-nitroso compounds tested show evidence of carcinogenicity in animal models. Formation of N-nitroso compounds may occur from exposure to precursors in drinking water, but the extent of formation depends on a number of factors, including concentration of substrates, presence of catalysts and inhibitors, and pH. The objective of this study was to examine these factors in pesticide-associated N-nitroso (PANN) compound formation in drinking water. In preliminary screening experiments, nine nitrosatable pesticides and degradation products were individually reacted at environmentally-relevant concentrations (≤ 20 μg L--1) with sodium nitrite (NaNO2) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) in ultra-pure water. Only ethylenethiourea (ETU) showed evidence of PANN compound formation in initial experiments and was further tested for N-nitrosoethylenethiourea (N-ETU) formation in a pooled groundwater sample (comprised of five tap water samples combined into one homogenous sample) collected from an agricultural region of Prince Edward Island in Canada, where nitrate contamination is a known concern. Evidence of N-ETU formation in the groundwater sample was observed within 30 min at concentrations 7.5, 10, and 20 μg L-1. Analysis of target compounds and semi-target PANN compounds was performed using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution orbital ion trap mass spectrometry. These preliminary experiments serve to inform about potential PANN compound formation in groundwater. The results of this study suggest that ETU is capable of forming potentially carcinogenic N-ETU in water containing nitrite/nitrate at trace concentrations under acidic conditions. Thus, these findings suggest that N-ETU formation may be a concern for individuals exposed to low concentrations of ETU in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Sweeney
- Health and Environments Research Centre (HERC) Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Yuri Park
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Faculty of Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Dreenan A Shea
- Department of Chemistry, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- Health and Environments Research Centre (HERC) Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Abbott T, Kor-Bicakci G, Islam MS, Eskicioglu C. A Review on the Fate of Legacy and Alternative Antimicrobials and Their Metabolites during Wastewater and Sludge Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239241. [PMID: 33287448 PMCID: PMC7729486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial compounds are used in a broad range of personal care, consumer and healthcare products and are frequently encountered in modern life. The use of these compounds is being reexamined as their safety, effectiveness and necessity are increasingly being questioned by regulators and consumers alike. Wastewater often contains significant amounts of these chemicals, much of which ends up being released into the environment as existing wastewater and sludge treatment processes are simply not designed to treat many of these contaminants. Furthermore, many biotic and abiotic processes during wastewater treatment can generate significant quantities of potentially toxic and persistent antimicrobial metabolites and byproducts, many of which may be even more concerning than their parent antimicrobials. This review article explores the occurrence and fate of two of the most common legacy antimicrobials, triclosan and triclocarban, their metabolites/byproducts during wastewater and sludge treatment and their potential impacts on the environment. This article also explores the fate and transformation of emerging alternative antimicrobials and addresses some of the growing concerns regarding these compounds. This is becoming increasingly important as consumers and regulators alike shift away from legacy antimicrobials to alternative chemicals which may have similar environmental and human health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Abbott
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Gokce Kor-Bicakci
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohammad S. Islam
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Cigdem Eskicioglu
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-250-807-8544 (C.E)
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Yahaya A, Babatunde D, Olaniyan LW, Agboola O. Application of chromatographic techniques in the analysis of total nitrosamines in water. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03447. [PMID: 32154411 PMCID: PMC7056657 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of ozone, chloramine and chlorine dioxide for water treatment results in the formation N-nitrosamines in the treated water. These groups of chemicals and other nitrogen-containing compounds have been described as disinfection by-products (DBPs) which are known for their toxicity. Nitrosamines are a potential source of nitric oxide (NO) which can bind with metals present in the sample matrix leading to formation of metal - nitrosyl complexes and dissolved metals have the potential to increase the total nitrosamines in water. This phenomenon has not received the desired attention and determination of metal-nitrosyl complexes lack standard analytical technique. Chromatography linked to various detectors is the commonest of the techniques for nitrosamine analysis but it is beset with reduced sensitivity as a result of inappropriate choice of the column. Incidentally, chromatographic techniques have not been really adapted for the analysis of metal-nitrosyl complexes. Therefore, there is need for the survey of existing techniques vis-à-vis metal-nitrosamine analysis and to suggest possible areas for method optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrazaq Yahaya
- Department of Chemistry, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Science, Faculty of Science, Arcadia Campus, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Lamidi W.B. Olaniyan
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Oluranti Agboola
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
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Ji Y, Guo R, Lee SF, Li SFY. Rapid determination of trace level N-nitrosamine precursors in secondary-treated wastewater by using two dimensional-ion chromatography. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 368:452-458. [PMID: 30708347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, drinking water treatment involves large usage of chloramines making control of N-nitrosamines formation very challenging. Detecting and removing N-nitrosamine precursors in water is the most effective method to reduce N-nitrosamine formation. Therefore, it is essential to develop methods to detect N-nitrosamine precursors. In this paper, a method based on two-dimensional ion chromatography (2D-IC) is presented for detecting the trace levels of N-nitrosamines precursors, including dimethylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, methylethylamine, morpholine and piperidine, in relatively short time with minimized sample preparation. The 2D-IC method exhibits better sensitivity for analytes suffering from matrix interference, by eliminating interfering sample matrix ions, than conventional one-dimensional (1D) IC. Detection limits of the six amines were within the range of 0.035 μg/L to 0.1 μg/L. Excellent linearity was achieved for all the target amines with the method developed. The proposed method in this study was applied in the analysis of real wastewater samples. High recoveries ranging from 91.7 to 109.8% and relative standard deviation of less than 5.3% were obtained. The fully automated and simple method shows high selectivity against interfering metal ions and low detection limits, making routine detection of N-nitrosamines precursors practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Rui Guo
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Soon Fatt Lee
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Singapore CMD Application and Training Center, 739256, Singapore
| | - Sam Fong Yau Li
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore.
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8
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An D, Chen Y, Gu B, Westerhoff P, Hanigan D, Herckes P, Fischer N, Donovan S, Croue JP, Atkinson A. Lower molecular weight fractions of PolyDADMAC coagulants disproportionately contribute to N-nitrosodimethylamine formation during water treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 150:466-472. [PMID: 30576897 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a chloramine disinfection by-product, and its formation in drinking waters can increase due to the addition of cationic polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC). PolyDADMAC is a cationic polymer added as a coagulant or coagulant aid to enhance turbidity removal during sedimentation and filtration. This paper answers two central questions to understanding the nature of the NDMA precursors in polyDADMAC. First, what is the reactivity of different molecular weight (MW) fractions of polyDADMAC with chloramines? NDMA formation potential (NDMAFP) and kinetic experiments with chloramines were conducted for non-fractionated (raw) and size-excluded fractions (<3K, 3-10K, and >10K Da.) of polyDADMAC. The lower MW fraction (<3K Da.) of polyDADMAC solutions was responsible for forming 64 ± 6% of the NDMA, despite containing only 8.7 and 9.8% of the carbon or nitrogen present in the bulk polymer. The chloramine demand kinetics of the lowest MW fraction were also >2× faster than the higher MW fractions. Therefore, in a water treatment application the lower MW polyDADMAC likely contributes to most of the NDMA attributed to the use of polyDADMAC. The second question was: can 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) be used to characterize the molecular structures in polyDADMAC that react with chloramines? A peak for 1H NMR dimethylamine (DMA), a known low MW NDMA precursor, was found in a commercial polyDADMAC solution and decreased upon chloramination. The estimated DMA alone could not account for the observed NDMAFP, indicating the presence of other low MW precursors. Diffusion order spectroscopy (DOSY) NMR also showed multiple lower MW organics in polyDADMAC that change upon chloramination, including a 1.5× decrease in MW, suggesting chloramines cleave CC or CN bonds. These reactions may produce intermediates responsible for NDMA formation. Polymer manufacturers could use NMR to synthesize polyDADMAC with less DMA and other low MW compounds that produce NDMA upon chloramination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong An
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Yanan Chen
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Bin Gu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5306, USA
| | - David Hanigan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0258, USA
| | - Pierre Herckes
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA
| | - Natalia Fischer
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5306, USA
| | - Samantha Donovan
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA
| | - Jean Philippe Croue
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ariel Atkinson
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5306, USA
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Wang Y, Hua L, Jiang J, Xie Y, Hou K, Li Q, Wu C, Li H. High-pressure photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with dynamic purge-injection for rapid analysis of volatile metabolites in urine. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1008:74-81. [PMID: 29420946 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule metabolites are widely used as biomarkers in the research field of metabolomics for disease diagnosis and exposure assessment. As a readily available biofluid containing plenty of volatile organic metabolites (VOMs), urine is ideal for non-invasive metabolomic analysis; however, there is still lack of rapid analysis method for VOMs in urine. Here we report a kind of rapid method for urine analysis by employing high-pressure photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPPI-TOFMS) combined with dynamic purge-injection. Various types of metabolites, such as ketones, alcohols, acids, sulfides, pyrroles and amines were detected directly by simple acidification or alkalization of urines. It is noteworthy that nitrogen-containing compounds, especially polar amines, could be ultrasensitively measured without any derivatization. The analytical capability of the direct HPPI-MS technique was demonstrated by analyzing five valuable metabolites, i.e., toluene, 2,5-dimethylpyrrole, trimethlyamine, styrene, and p-xylene, which exhibited relatively low limits of detection, wide linear range and satisfactory repeatability. Being highly sensitive and humidity-friendly, the whole analytical procedure is easily operated in less than 6 min. Interestingly, a new biomarker 2,5-dimethylpyrrole was exclusively found in the smoker's urine sample besides toluene. The work presents a novel tool for rapid nontarget disease biomarkers screening or target monitoring of specific compounds through the investigation of volatile metabolites in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Hua
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jichun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyun Li
- Department of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Xue R, Donovan A, Zhang H, Ma Y, Adams C, Yang J, Hua B, Inniss E, Eichholz T, Shi H. Simultaneous removal of ammonia and N-nitrosamine precursors from high ammonia water by zeolite and powdered activated carbon. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 64:82-91. [PMID: 29478664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
When adding sufficient chlorine to achieve breakpoint chlorination to source water containing high concentration of ammonia during drinking water treatment, high concentrations of disinfection by-products (DBPs) may form. If N-nitrosamine precursors are present, highly toxic N-nitrosamines, primarily N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), may also form. Removing their precursors before disinfection should be a more effective way to minimize these DBPs formation. In this study, zeolites and activated carbon were examined for ammonia and N-nitrosamine precursor removal when incorporated into drinking water treatment processes. The test results indicate that Mordenite zeolite can remove ammonia and five of seven N-nitrosamine precursors efficiently by single step adsorption test. The practical applicability was evaluated by simulation of typical drinking water treatment processes using six-gang stirring system. The Mordenite zeolite was applied at the steps of lime softening, alum coagulation, and alum coagulation with powdered activated carbon (PAC) sorption. While the lime softening process resulted in poor zeolite performance, alum coagulation did not impact ammonia and N-nitrosamine precursor removal. During alum coagulation, more than 67% ammonia and 70%-100% N-nitrosamine precursors were removed by Mordenite zeolite (except 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole (DMAI) and 4-dimethylaminoantipyrine (DMAP)). PAC effectively removed DMAI and DMAP when added during alum coagulation. A combination of the zeolite and PAC selected efficiently removed ammonia and all tested seven N-nitrosamine precursors (dimethylamine (DMA), ethylmethylamine (EMA), diethylamine (DEA), dipropylamine (DPA), trimethylamine (TMA), DMAP, and DMAI) during the alum coagulation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runmiao Xue
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA; Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and Single Molecule Monitoring (CS(3)M), Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.
| | - Ariel Donovan
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA; Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and Single Molecule Monitoring (CS(3)M), Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Haiting Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA; Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and Single Molecule Monitoring (CS(3)M), Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Yinfa Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA; Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and Single Molecule Monitoring (CS(3)M), Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Craig Adams
- Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and Single Molecule Monitoring (CS(3)M), Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA; Department of Civil Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - John Yang
- Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and Single Molecule Monitoring (CS(3)M), Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA; Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO 65101, USA
| | - Bin Hua
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO 65101, USA
| | - Enos Inniss
- Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and Single Molecule Monitoring (CS(3)M), Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Todd Eichholz
- Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Jefferson City, MO 65102, USA
| | - Honglan Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA; Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and Single Molecule Monitoring (CS(3)M), Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.
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11
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Li J, Zhu M. Separation and determination of polyurethane amine catalysts in polyether polyols by using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS on a reversed-phase/cation-exchange mixed-mode column. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:831-838. [PMID: 29193805 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A simple, selective, and accurate ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method was established and validated for the efficient separation and quantification of polyurethane amine catalysts in polyether polyols. Amine catalysts were primarily separated in polyether polyol-based sample by solid-phase extraction, and further baseline separated on a reversed-phase/cation-exchange mixed-mode column (SiELC Primesep™ 200) using 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid/acetonitrile as a mobile phase in gradient elution mode at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. High-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis in electrospray ionization positive mode allowed the identification as N,N'-bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea, N-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl]-N-methyl-1,3-propanediamine, and N,N,N',N'-tetramethyldipropylenetriamine. The method was validated and presented good linearity for all the analytes in blank matrices within the concentration range of 0.20-5.0 or 0.1-2.0 μg/mL with the correlation coefficients (R2 ) ranging from 0.986 to 0.997. Method recovery ranged within 81-105% at all three levels (80, 100, and 120% of the original amount) with relative standard deviations of 1.0-6.2%. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.007-0.051 μg/mL. Good precision was obtained with relative standard deviation below 3.2 and 0.72% for peak area and retention time of three amines, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiao Li
- Analytical and Physical Testing Center, Huntsman Chemistry R&D Center (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Marcel Zhu
- Analytical and Physical Testing Center, Huntsman Chemistry R&D Center (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
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Han L, Hou D, Ma C, Fu N, Liu J, Feng F, Liu W, Zheng F. Simultaneous determination of eight short-chain aliphatic amines in drug substances by HPLC with diode array detection after derivatization with halonitrobenzenes. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3074-3085. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Desheng Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Congyu Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Na Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Feng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
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Kodamatani H, Iwaya Y, Saga M, Saito K, Fujioka T, Yamazaki S, Kanzaki R, Tomiyasu T. Ultra-sensitive HPLC-photochemical reaction-luminol chemiluminescence method for the measurement of secondary amines after nitrosation. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 952:50-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Briones RM, Sarmah AK, Padhye LP. A global perspective on the use, occurrence, fate and effects of anti-diabetic drug metformin in natural and engineered ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:1007-1020. [PMID: 27473659 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is the most commonly used anti-diabetic drug in the world. When consumed, this unmetabolised pharmaceutical compound is excreted by the body and eventually enters the environment through a variety of pathways. Based on its high consumption and excretion rates, high concentrations of metformin have been detected in influents of wastewater treatment plants. Metformin and its transformation product, guanylurea, are also expected to be present in other aquatic environments based on their physico-chemical properties. Not surprisingly, guanylurea has also been detected in surface water, groundwater, and drinking water. Available information on ecotoxicological effects of metformin suggests that metformin is a potential endocrine disruptor and thus further emphasising the threat this drug could pose to our environment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of metformin and critically discusses available literature data with respect to its global use/demand, occurrence, fate and ecotoxicity in treatment facilities equipped with conventional and advanced treatment technologies, and its degradation/removal mechanisms. Final section highlights the existing knowledge gaps regarding its ultimate fate under the natural and engineered ecosystems and identifies some important research areas requiring urgent attention from regulatory makers and scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena M Briones
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ajit K Sarmah
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Kamentsev MY, Moskvin LN, Malinina Y, Yakimova NM, Kuchumova ID. Determination of alkylamines in aqueous media by capillary electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934816090100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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West DM, Wu Q, Donovan A, Shi H, Ma Y, Jiang H, Wang J. N-nitrosamine formation by monochloramine, free chlorine, and peracetic acid disinfection with presence of amine precursors in drinking water system. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 153:521-527. [PMID: 27037659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the formation of eight N-nitrosamines, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosomethylamine, N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine, N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine, N-Nitrosopiperidine, N-Nitrosopyrrolidine, N-Nitrosomorpholine, were systematically evaluated with respect to seven N-nitrosamine precursors (dimethylamine, trimethylamine, 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole, 4-dimethylaminoantipyrine, ethylmethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine) and three disinfectants (monochloramine, free chlorine, peracetic acid) under variable dosages, exposure times, and pH in a drinking water system. Without the presence of the seven selected N-nitrosamine precursors N-nitrosamine formation was not observed under any tested condition except very low levels of N-Nitrosopyrrolidine under some conditions. With selected N-nitrosamine precursors present N-nitrosamines formed at different levels under different conditions. The highest N-nitrosamine formation was NDMA with a maximum concentration of 1180 ng/L by monochloramine disinfection with precursors present; much lower levels of N-nitrosamines were formed by free chlorine disinfection; and no detectable level of N-nitrosamines were observed by peracetic acid disinfection except low level of N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine under some conditions. NDMA formation was not affected by pH while four other N-nitrosamine formations were slightly affected by sample pH tested between 7 and 9, with formation decreasing with increasing pH. Monochloramine exposure time study displayed fast formation of N-nitrosamines, largely formed in four hours of exposure and maximized after seven days. This was a systematic study on the N-nitrosamine formation with the seven major N-nitrosamine precursors presence and absence under different conditions, including peracetic acid disinfection which has not been studied elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M West
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA; Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and Single Molecule Monitoring (CS(3)M), USA
| | - Qihua Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA; Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and Single Molecule Monitoring (CS(3)M), USA
| | - Ariel Donovan
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA; Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and Single Molecule Monitoring (CS(3)M), USA
| | - Honglan Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA; Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and Single Molecule Monitoring (CS(3)M), USA.
| | - Yinfa Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA; Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and Single Molecule Monitoring (CS(3)M), USA
| | - Hua Jiang
- Water and Sewer Department, City of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
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