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Blickenstorfer Y, Jirasko V, Tanno A, Dräger S, Hoven D, Löhle J, Leuch S, Mamedava Y, Müller SL, Leuzinger K, Osthoff M, Vörös J. Iodide based electrochemical gold quantification method for lateral flow assays. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 262:116524. [PMID: 38971036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The lateral flow assay (LFA) is an ideal technology for at-home medical diagnostic tests due to its ease of use, cost-effectiveness, and rapid results. Despite these advantages, only few LFAs, such as the pregnancy and COVID-19 tests, have been translated from the laboratory to the homes of patients. To date, the medical applicability of LFAs is limited by the fact that they only provide yes/no answers unless combined with optical readers that are too expensive for at-home applications. Furthermore, LFAs are unable to compete with the state-of-the-art technologies in centralized laboratories in terms of detection limits. To address those shortcomings, we have developed an electrochemical readout procedure to enable quantitative and sensitive LFAs. This technique is based on a voltage-triggered in-situ dissolution of gold nanoparticles, the conventional label used to visualize target-specific signals on the test line in LFAs. Following the dissolution, the amount of gold is measured by electroplating onto an electrode and subsequent electrochemical quantification of the deposited gold. The measured current has a low noise, which achieves superior detection limits compared to optical techniques where background light scattering is limiting the readout performance. In addition, the hardware for the readout was developed to demonstrate translatability towards low-cost electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Blickenstorfer
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Hemetron Ag, Thalwil, Switzerland
| | - Vlastimil Jirasko
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Hemetron Ag, Thalwil, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Tanno
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Hemetron Ag, Thalwil, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Dräger
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Darius Hoven
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Josephine Löhle
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Hemetron Ag, Thalwil, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Leuch
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Sereina Livia Müller
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karoline Leuzinger
- Clinical Virology, Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Osthoff
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - János Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Saprudin MH, Jiwanti PK, Saprudin D, Sanjaya AR, Putri YMTA, Einaga Y, Ivandini TA. Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to acetic acid on a Cu-Au modified boron-doped diamond electrode with a flow-cell system. RSC Adv 2023; 13:22061-22069. [PMID: 37483677 PMCID: PMC10360371 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03836j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Boron-doped diamond (BDD) was modified with copper and gold particles by using an electrodeposition technique to improve its catalytic effect on CO2 reduction in a flow system. The system was optimized based on the production of formic acid by the electroreduction process. At the optimum applied potential of -1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and flow rate of 50 mL min-1, the copper-gold-modified BDD produced formic acid at the highest rate of 4.88 mol m-2 s-1 and a concentration of 15.93 ppm, while acetic acid was produced with a rate of 0.11 mol m-2 s-1 and a concentration of 0.47 ppm. An advantage of the flow system using the modified BDD was that it was found to accelerate the production rate of acetic acid as well as to decrease the reduction potential of CO2. Furthermore, better stability of the metal particles was observed when using mixed copper-gold modification on the BDD surface than single modification by either metal. The results indicated that a flow system is suitable to be employed for electroreduction of CO2 using the bimetal-modified BDD electrodes, especially with copper and gold as the modifying particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millati H Saprudin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia Kampus UI Depok Jakarta 16424 Indonesia
| | - Prastika K Jiwanti
- Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga Surabaya 60115 Indonesia
| | - Deden Saprudin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University Jl. Tanjung Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor 16680 Indonesia
| | - Afiten R Sanjaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia Kampus UI Depok Jakarta 16424 Indonesia
| | - Yulia M T A Putri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia Kampus UI Depok Jakarta 16424 Indonesia
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Tribidasari A Ivandini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia Kampus UI Depok Jakarta 16424 Indonesia
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Chen P, Zhou M, Chen X, Xiong S, Su Y, Zhou H, Peng J, Xiong Y. Quantum dot bead-based competitive immunochromatographic assay for enterotoxin aureus A detection in pasteurized milk. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4938-4945. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Gunlazuardi J, Kurniawan AD, Jiwanti PK, Einaga Y, Ivandini TA. Core-shell copper-gold nanoparticles modified at the boron-doped diamond electrode for oxygen sensors. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:726-733. [PMID: 35107103 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01942b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic copper-gold (Cu@Au) nanoparticles were synthesized and utilised to modify boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. Nanorod particles with a diameter size of around 10 nm and a length of around 20 nm were successfully synthesized. These nanoparticles were then attached to the BDD surface by using allylamine as the bridge. Comparison among the BDD modified with Cu@Au and individual gold nanoparticles showed that Cu@Au nanoparticles created around 3 times higher gold coverage on the BDD surface than normal gold nanoparticles. It was also found that the use of allylamine as the bridge can attach more gold than copper nanoparticles. Moreover, around two times higher current responses of oxygen reduction reaction were observed at Cu@Au-modified BDD. Good linearity in a concentration range from 2 to 9 ppm could be achieved with a sensitivity of 0.0138 mA ppm-1 and limit detection of 1.98 ppm. An application of the modified BDD for a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) sensor using Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UICC Y-181 as the biosensing agent was also demonstrated with glucose solutions as the solution model. Sensitivity equivalent to 17.4 μA mM-1 BOD could be achieved. The system showed good stability with an RSD of 3.45% in 10 measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarnuzi Gunlazuardi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (FMIPA), Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia.
| | - Anghel D Kurniawan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (FMIPA), Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia.
| | - Prastika K Jiwanti
- Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Hiyoshi 3-14-1, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Tribidasari A Ivandini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (FMIPA), Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia.
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Xu Y, Xiong C, Gao C, Li Y, Bian C, Xia S. Cathodically Pretreated AuNPs-BDD Electrode for Detection of Hexavalent Chromium. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11121095. [PMID: 33322298 PMCID: PMC7763467 DOI: 10.3390/mi11121095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) has strong oxidizing properties and can result in strong carcinogenic effects on human bodies. Therefore, it is necessary to detect hexavalent chromium sensitively and accurately. This article proposes the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)–boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode for the direct determination of chromium with a green and simple detection process by cathodic stripping voltammetry. Gold nanoparticles are used to enhance the detection performance toward Cr (VI). The effect of different pretreatment methods on electrode modification has been studied, and the detection parameters have been optimized. With the optimized conditions, the AuNPs–BDD electrode presents a good linear behavior in a Cr (VI) concentration range of 10 to 1000 μg/L. A low limit of detection of 1.19 μg/L is achieved. The detection process is simple and environmentally friendly. The sensor has been tested for the detection of Cr (VI) in a real water sample with satisfactory results, which indicates potential application of the AuNPs–BDD electrode for the sensitive and onsite detection of Cr (VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.X.); (C.X.); (C.G.); (Y.L.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenyu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.X.); (C.X.); (C.G.); (Y.L.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chengyao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.X.); (C.X.); (C.G.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.X.); (C.X.); (C.G.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chao Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.X.); (C.X.); (C.G.); (Y.L.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (S.X.)
| | - Shanhong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.X.); (C.X.); (C.G.); (Y.L.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (S.X.)
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Perspectives of characterization and bioconjugation of gold nanoparticles and their application in lateral flow immunosensing. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 10:878-902. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00771-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Al-Hossainy AF, Abd-Elmageed A, Ibrahim AT. Synthesis, structural and optical properties of gold nanoparticle-graphene-selenocysteine composite bismuth ultrathin film electrode and its application to Pb(II) and Cd(II) determination. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Li Z, Zhao F, Tang T, Wang M, Yu X, Wang R, Li Y, Xu Y, Tang L, Wang L, Zhou H, Jiang Y, Cui W, Qiao X. Development of a Colloidal Gold Immunochromatographic Strip Assay for Rapid Detection of Bovine Rotavirus. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:393-401. [PMID: 31596683 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine rotavirus (BRV) is one of main pathogens responsible for diarrhea, fever, and vomiting. In this study, we developed a colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip for detecting BRV according to the principle of double-antibody sandwich. The monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) were prepared and purified. On the strip, the purified mAbs labeled with the colloidal gold were used as the detector, and the goat anti-mouse antibodies and purified pAbs were coated on the nitrocellulose membranes as the control line and the test line, respectively. We optimized different reaction conditions, including the amount of mAbs, the pH of colloidal gold solution, coating solution, blocking solution, sample pad treatment solution, antibody concentration in control line, and antibody concentration in detection line. In specificity assay, the strip had high specificity in detecting BRV. No cross-reaction was observed in detecting other viruses. The detection sensitivity of the strip was found to be 1 × 103 TCID50/0.1 mL. Two hundred twenty clinical samples were detected with the strip compared to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. No false-negative or false-positive results were found, and the results obtained by the two methods were similar. In conclusion, we developed a novel immunochromatographic strip to rapidly detect BRV. The strip developed exhibited high sensitivity and specificity for BRV detection. It could be a rapid, convenient, and effective method for the rapid diagnosis of BRV infection in the fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxue Li
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Feipeng Zhao
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruichong Wang
- Heilongjiang Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Radiological Protection, Harbin, China
| | - Yijing Li
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yigang Xu
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lijie Tang
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Wang
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wen Cui
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyuan Qiao
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Assaat LD, Saepudin E, Soejoedono RD, Adji RS, Poetri ON, Ivandini TA. Production of a polyclonal antibody against acrylamide for immunochromatographic detection of acrylamide using strip tests. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6:366-375. [PMID: 31583234 PMCID: PMC6760498 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To produce, purify, and characterize a polyclonal antibody against acrylamide (anti-AA) for an application to immunochromatographic strip tests for AA. Materials and Methods Polyclonal anti-AA was prepared by injecting N-acryloxysuccinimideconjugated bovine serum albumin hapten-antigen into New Zealand white rabbits. The antibody was purified using protein A, characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and conjugated with gold nanoparticles (AuNP). The conjugated antibody was then characterized using UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Immunochromatographic strip tests were performed using sample pads, conjugated pads, test zones, control zones, and absorbent pads. Strip tests were finally validated using standard AA solutions followed by the application of various concentrations of coffee samples. Results Using SDS-PAGE, the purified anti-AA antibody was resolved at 50 and 25 kDa, indicating the presence of heavy and light chains, respectively. The conjugation of anti-AA with AuNP was confirmed using wavelength shifts in UV-Vis and FTIR spectra, and TEM analyses revealed increased diameters of AuNPs after conjugation. The immunochromatographic strip test was sensitive to 1 mgml-1 standard AA. Various concentrations of coffee samples resulted in red color differences in the test zone. High and low coffee concentrations produced thick and thin red lines, respectively. Conclusion Purified anti-AA can be conjugated with AuNP to produce strip tests for detecting AA in coffee samples. The present immunochromatographic strip tests quantitatively showed increasing intensities of red lines with increasing AA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusiani Dewi Assaat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Indonesia University, Depok, Indonesia.,Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Endang Saepudin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Indonesia University, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Retno Damayanti Soejoedono
- Department of Animal Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agriculture University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | - Okti Nadia Poetri
- Department of Animal Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agriculture University, Bogor, Indonesia
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Ivandini TA, Einaga Y. Polycrystalline boron-doped diamond electrodes for electrocatalytic and electrosynthetic applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:1338-1347. [PMID: 28008432 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08681k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes are recognized as being superior to other electrode materials due to their outstanding chemical and dimensional stability, their exceptionally low background current, the extremely wide potential window for water electrolysis that they have, and their excellent biocompatibility. However, whereas these properties have been utilized in the rapid development of electroanalytical applications, very few studies have been done in relation to their applications in electrocatalysis or electrosynthesis. In this report, following on from reports of the electrosynthesis of various products through anodic and cathodic reactions using BDD electrodes, the potential use of these electrodes in electrosynthesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tribidasari A Ivandini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Jakarta 16-4424, Indonesia
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Hiyoshi 3-14-1, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan. and JST-ACCEL, Hiyoshi 3-14-1, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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Umam K, Saepudin E, Ivandini TA. Preparation of hemoglobin-modified boron-doped diamond for acrylamide biosensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/188/1/012006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Fachrurrazie, Ivandini TA, Wibowo W. Preparation of glucose sensors using gold nanoparticles modified diamond electrode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/188/1/012046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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