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Jirasko V, Lends A, Lakomek N, Fogeron M, Weber ME, Malär AA, Penzel S, Bartenschlager R, Meier BH, Böckmann A. Dimer Organization of Membrane‐Associated NS5A of Hepatitis C Virus as Determined by Highly Sensitive
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H‐Detected Solid‐State NMR. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alons Lends
- Physical Chemistry ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Marie‐Laure Fogeron
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Labex Ecofect UMR 5086 CNRS Université de Lyon 1 7 passage du Vercors 69367 Lyon France
| | | | | | | | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases Molecular Virology Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 345 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) Heidelberg partner site Heidelberg Germany
| | - Beat H. Meier
- Physical Chemistry ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Labex Ecofect UMR 5086 CNRS Université de Lyon 1 7 passage du Vercors 69367 Lyon France
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2
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Jirasko V, Lends A, Lakomek N, Fogeron M, Weber ME, Malär AA, Penzel S, Bartenschlager R, Meier BH, Böckmann A. Dimer Organization of Membrane-Associated NS5A of Hepatitis C Virus as Determined by Highly Sensitive 1 H-Detected Solid-State NMR. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5339-5347. [PMID: 33205864 PMCID: PMC7986703 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) is a membrane-associated protein involved in multiple steps of the viral life cycle. Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) targeting NS5A are a cornerstone of antiviral therapy, but the mode-of-action of these drugs is poorly understood. This is due to the lack of information on the membrane-bound NS5A structure. Herein, we present the structural model of an NS5A AH-linker-D1 protein reconstituted as proteoliposomes. We use highly sensitive proton-detected solid-state NMR methods suitable to study samples generated through synthetic biology approaches. Spectra analyses disclose that both the AH membrane anchor and the linker are highly flexible. Paramagnetic relaxation enhancements (PRE) reveal that the dimer organization in lipids requires a new type of NS5A self-interaction not reflected in previous crystal structures. In conclusion, we provide the first characterization of NS5A AH-linker-D1 in a lipidic environment shedding light onto the mode-of-action of clinically used NS5A inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alons Lends
- Physical ChemistryETH Zurich8093ZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Marie‐Laure Fogeron
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural BiochemistryLabex EcofectUMR 5086 CNRSUniversité de Lyon 17 passage du Vercors69367LyonFrance
| | | | | | | | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious DiseasesMolecular VirologyHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 34569120HeidelbergGermany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)Heidelberg partner siteHeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Anja Böckmann
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural BiochemistryLabex EcofectUMR 5086 CNRSUniversité de Lyon 17 passage du Vercors69367LyonFrance
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Jirasko V, Lakomek N, Penzel S, Fogeron M, Bartenschlager R, Meier BH, Böckmann A. Proton-Detected Solid-State NMR of the Cell-Free Synthesized α-Helical Transmembrane Protein NS4B from Hepatitis C Virus. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1453-1460. [PMID: 31850615 PMCID: PMC7318649 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proton-detected 100 kHz magic-angle-spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR is an emerging analysis method for proteins with only hundreds of microgram quantities, and thus allows structural investigation of eukaryotic membrane proteins. This is the case for the cell-free synthesized hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural membrane protein 4B (NS4B). We demonstrate NS4B sample optimization using fast reconstitution schemes that enable lipid-environment screening directly by NMR. 2D spectra and relaxation properties guide the choice of the best sample preparation to record 2D 1 H-detected 1 H,15 N and 3D 1 H,13 C,15 N correlation experiments with linewidths and sensitivity suitable to initiate sequential assignments. Amino-acid-selectively labeled NS4B can be readily obtained using cell-free synthesis, opening the door to combinatorial labeling approaches which should enable structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlastimil Jirasko
- ETH ZürichPhysical ChemistryVladimir-Prelog Weg 28093ZürichSwitzerland
| | | | - Susanne Penzel
- ETH ZürichPhysical ChemistryVladimir-Prelog Weg 28093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Marie‐Laure Fogeron
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des ProteinesMMSBLabex EcofectUMR 5086 CNRSUniversité de Lyon7 passage du Vercors69367LyonFrance
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious DiseasesMolecular VirologyHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 34569120HeidelbergGermany
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (Germany)Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Im Neuenheimer Feld 24269120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Beat H. Meier
- ETH ZürichPhysical ChemistryVladimir-Prelog Weg 28093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des ProteinesMMSBLabex EcofectUMR 5086 CNRSUniversité de Lyon7 passage du Vercors69367LyonFrance
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Lacabanne D, Lends A, Danis C, Kunert B, Fogeron ML, Jirasko V, Chuilon C, Lecoq L, Orelle C, Chaptal V, Falson P, Jault JM, Meier BH, Böckmann A. Gradient reconstitution of membrane proteins for solid-state NMR studies. J Biomol NMR 2017; 69:81-91. [PMID: 28900789 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-017-0135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We here adapted the GRecon method used in electron microscopy studies for membrane protein reconstitution to the needs of solid-state NMR sample preparation. We followed in detail the reconstitution of the ABC transporter BmrA by dialysis as a reference, and established optimal reconstitution conditions using the combined sucrose/cyclodextrin/lipid gradient characterizing GRecon. We established conditions under which quantitative reconstitution of active protein at low lipid-to-protein ratios can be obtained, and also how to upscale these conditions in order to produce adequate amounts for NMR. NMR spectra recorded on a sample produced by GRecon showed a highly similar fingerprint as those recorded previously on samples reconstituted by dialysis. GRecon sample preparation presents a gain in time of nearly an order of magnitude for reconstitution, and shall represent a valuable alternative in solid-state NMR membrane protein sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Lacabanne
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Alons Lends
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Clément Danis
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Britta Kunert
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Laure Fogeron
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Vlastimil Jirasko
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claire Chuilon
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Lauriane Lecoq
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Cédric Orelle
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Chaptal
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Falson
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Michel Jault
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Beat H Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université de Lyon, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France.
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Fogeron ML, Jirasko V, Penzel S, Paul D, Montserret R, Danis C, Lacabanne D, Badillo A, Gouttenoire J, Moradpour D, Bartenschlager R, Penin F, Meier BH, Böckmann A. Cell-free expression, purification, and membrane reconstitution for NMR studies of the nonstructural protein 4B from hepatitis C virus. J Biomol NMR 2016; 65:87-98. [PMID: 27233794 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-016-0040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe the expression of the hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 4B (NS4B), which is an integral membrane protein, in a wheat germ cell-free system, the subsequent purification and characterization of NS4B and its insertion into proteoliposomes in amounts sufficient for multidimensional solid-state NMR spectroscopy. First spectra of the isotopically [(2)H,(13)C,(15)N]-labeled protein are shown to yield narrow (13)C resonance lines and a proper, predominantly α-helical fold. Clean residue-selective leucine, isoleucine and threonine-labeling is demonstrated. These results evidence the suitability of the wheat germ-produced integral membrane protein NS4B for solid-state NMR. Still, the proton linewidth under fast magic angle spinning is broader than expected for a perfect sample and possible causes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Fogeron
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Vlastimil Jirasko
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Penzel
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Paul
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Montserret
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Clément Danis
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Denis Lacabanne
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Aurélie Badillo
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
- Recombinant Protein Unit, RD-Biotech, 3 rue Henri Baigue, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Jérôme Gouttenoire
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Darius Moradpour
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - François Penin
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Beat H Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France.
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Isken O, Langerwisch U, Jirasko V, Rehders D, Redecke L, Ramanathan H, Lindenbach BD, Bartenschlager R, Tautz N. Correction: A Conserved NS3 Surface Patch Orchestrates NS2 Protease Stimulation, NS5A Hyperphosphorylation and HCV Genome Replication. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005394. [PMID: 26745726 PMCID: PMC4706451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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7
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Fogeron ML, Paul D, Jirasko V, Montserret R, Lacabanne D, Molle J, Badillo A, Boukadida C, Georgeault S, Roingeard P, Martin A, Bartenschlager R, Penin F, Böckmann A. Functional expression, purification, characterization, and membrane reconstitution of non-structural protein 2 from hepatitis C virus. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 116:1-6. [PMID: 26325423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Non-structural protein 2 (NS2) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an integral membrane protein that contains a cysteine protease and that plays a central organizing role in assembly of infectious progeny virions. While the crystal structure of the protease domain has been solved, the NS2 full-length form remains biochemically and structurally uncharacterized because recombinant NS2 could not be prepared in sufficient quantities from cell-based systems. We show here that functional NS2 in the context of the NS2-NS3pro precursor protein, ensuring NS2-NS3 cleavage, can be efficiently expressed by using a wheat germ cell-free expression system. In this same system, we subsequently successfully produce and purify milligram amounts of a detergent-solubilized form of full-length NS2 exhibiting the expected secondary structure content. Furthermore, immuno-electron microscopy analyses of reconstituted proteoliposomes demonstrate NS2 association with model membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Fogeron
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - David Paul
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vlastimil Jirasko
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Montserret
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Denis Lacabanne
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jennifer Molle
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Aurélie Badillo
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; RD-Biotech, Recombinant Protein Unit, Besançon, France
| | - Célia Boukadida
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, CNRS UMR 3569, Université Paris Diderot - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Georgeault
- Plate-Forme RIO des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université François Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- Plate-Forme RIO des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université François Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM U966, Universite François Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Annette Martin
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, CNRS UMR 3569, Université Paris Diderot - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - François Penin
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Isken O, Langerwisch U, Jirasko V, Rehders D, Redecke L, Ramanathan H, Lindenbach BD, Bartenschlager R, Tautz N. A conserved NS3 surface patch orchestrates NS2 protease stimulation, NS5A hyperphosphorylation and HCV genome replication. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004736. [PMID: 25774920 PMCID: PMC4361677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of liver disease worldwide. The HCV RNA genome is translated into a single polyprotein. Most of the cleavage sites in the non-structural (NS) polyprotein region are processed by the NS3/NS4A serine protease. The vital NS2-NS3 cleavage is catalyzed by the NS2 autoprotease. For efficient processing at the NS2/NS3 site, the NS2 cysteine protease depends on the NS3 serine protease domain. Despite its importance for the viral life cycle, the molecular details of the NS2 autoprotease activation by NS3 are poorly understood. Here, we report the identification of a conserved hydrophobic NS3 surface patch that is essential for NS2 protease activation. One residue within this surface region is also critical for RNA replication and NS5A hyperphosphorylation, two processes known to depend on functional replicase assembly. This dual function of the NS3 surface patch prompted us to reinvestigate the impact of the NS2-NS3 cleavage on NS5A hyperphosphorylation. Interestingly, NS2-NS3 cleavage turned out to be a prerequisite for NS5A hyperphosphorylation, indicating that this cleavage has to occur prior to replicase assembly. Based on our data, we propose a sequential cascade of molecular events: in uncleaved NS2-NS3, the hydrophobic NS3 surface patch promotes NS2 protease stimulation; upon NS2-NS3 cleavage, this surface region becomes available for functional replicase assembly. This model explains why efficient NS2-3 cleavage is pivotal for HCV RNA replication. According to our model, the hydrophobic surface patch on NS3 represents a module critically involved in the temporal coordination of HCV replicase assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Isken
- Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Vlastimil Jirasko
- Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Rehders
- Joint Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation of the University of Hamburg and the University of Lübeck, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Redecke
- Joint Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation of the University of Hamburg and the University of Lübeck, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harish Ramanathan
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Brett D. Lindenbach
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Tautz
- Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Fogeron ML, Badillo A, Jirasko V, Gouttenoire J, Paul D, Lancien L, Moradpour D, Bartenschlager R, Meier BH, Penin F, Böckmann A. Wheat germ cell-free expression: Two detergents with a low critical micelle concentration allow for production of soluble HCV membrane proteins. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 105:39-46. [PMID: 25306874 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins are notoriously difficult to express in a soluble form. Here, we use wheat germ cell-free expression in the presence of various detergents to produce the non-structural membrane proteins 2, 4B and 5A of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). We show that lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol (MNG-3) and dodecyl octaethylene glycol ether (C12E8) detergents can yield essentially soluble membrane proteins at detergent concentrations that do not inhibit the cell-free reaction. This finding can be explained by the low critical micelle concentration (CMC) of these detergents, which keeps the monomer concentrations low while at the same time providing the necessary excess of detergent concentration above CMC required for full target protein solubilization. We estimate that a tenfold excess of detergent micelles with respect to the protein concentration is sufficient for solubilization, a number that we propose as a guideline for detergent screening assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Fogeron
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Aurélie Badillo
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France; RD-Biotech, Recombinant Protein Unit, 3 rue Henri Baigue, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Vlastimil Jirasko
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jérôme Gouttenoire
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Paul
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Loick Lancien
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Darius Moradpour
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beat H Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - François Penin
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France.
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France.
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10
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Jirasko V, Montserret R, Lee JY, Gouttenoire J, Moradpour D, Penin F, Bartenschlager R. Structural and functional studies of nonstructural protein 2 of the hepatitis C virus reveal its key role as organizer of virion assembly. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001233. [PMID: 21187906 PMCID: PMC3002993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-structural protein 2 (NS2) plays an important role in hepatitis C virus (HCV) assembly, but neither the exact contribution of this protein to the assembly process nor its complete structure are known. In this study we used a combination of genetic, biochemical and structural methods to decipher the role of NS2 in infectious virus particle formation. A large panel of NS2 mutations targeting the N-terminal membrane binding region was generated. They were selected based on a membrane topology model that we established by determining the NMR structures of N-terminal NS2 transmembrane segments. Mutants affected in virion assembly, but not RNA replication, were selected for pseudoreversion in cell culture. Rescue mutations restoring virus assembly to various degrees emerged in E2, p7, NS3 and NS2 itself arguing for an interaction between these proteins. To confirm this assumption we developed a fully functional JFH1 genome expressing an N-terminally tagged NS2 demonstrating efficient pull-down of NS2 with p7, E2 and NS3 and, to a lower extent, NS5A. Several of the mutations blocking virus assembly disrupted some of these interactions that were restored to various degrees by those pseudoreversions that also restored assembly. Immunofluorescence analyses revealed a time-dependent NS2 colocalization with E2 at sites close to lipid droplets (LDs) together with NS3 and NS5A. Importantly, NS2 of a mutant defective in assembly abrogates NS2 colocalization around LDs with E2 and NS3, which is restored by a pseudoreversion in p7, whereas NS5A is recruited to LDs in an NS2-independent manner. In conclusion, our results suggest that NS2 orchestrates HCV particle formation by participation in multiple protein-protein interactions required for their recruitment to assembly sites in close proximity of LDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlastimil Jirasko
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Welbourn S, Jirasko V, Breton V, Reiss S, Penin F, Bartenschlager R, Pause A. Investigation of a role for lysine residues in non-structural proteins 2 and 2/3 of the hepatitis C virus for their degradation and virus assembly. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1071-1080. [PMID: 19264595 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.009944-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that both uncleaved, enzymitically inactive NS2/3 and cleaved NS2 proteins are rapidly degraded upon expression in cells, phenomena described to be blocked by the addition of proteasome inhibitors. As this degradation and its regulation potentially constitute an important strategy of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) to regulate the levels of its non-structural proteins, we further investigated the turnover of these proteins in relevant RNA replication systems. A lysine-mutagenesis approach was used in an effort to prevent protein degradation and determine any effect on various steps of the viral replication cycle. We show that, while NS2-lysine mutagenesis of protease-inactive NS2/3 results in a partial stabilization of this protein, the increased NS2/3 levels do not rescue the inability of NS2/3 protease inactive replicons to replicate, suggesting that uncleaved NS2/3 is unable to functionally replace NS3 in RNA replication. Furthermore, we show that the cleaved NS2 protein is rapidly degraded in several transient and stable RNA replicon systems and that NS2 from several different genotypes also has a short half-life, highlighting the potential importance of the regulation of NS2 levels for the viral life cycle. However, in contrast to uncleaved NS2/3, neither ubiquitin nor proteasomal degradation appear to be significantly involved in NS2 degradation. Finally, although NS2 lysine-to-arginine mutagenesis does not affect this protein's levels in a JFH-1 cell culture infection system, several of these residues are identified to be involved in virion assembly, further substantiating the importance of regions of this protein for production of infectious virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Welbourn
- Goodman Cancer Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Vlastimil Jirasko
- Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Valérie Breton
- Goodman Cancer Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Simon Reiss
- Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francois Penin
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, IFR128 BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arnim Pause
- Goodman Cancer Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
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Jirasko V, Montserret R, Appel N, Janvier A, Eustachi L, Brohm C, Steinmann E, Pietschmann T, Penin F, Bartenschlager R. Structural and functional characterization of nonstructural protein 2 for its role in hepatitis C virus assembly. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:28546-62. [PMID: 18644781 PMCID: PMC2661407 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803981200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a flavivirus replicating in the cytoplasm of infected cells. The HCV genome is a single-stranded RNA encoding a polyprotein that is cleaved by cellular and viral proteases into 10 different products. While the structural proteins core protein, envelope protein 1 (E1) and E2 build up the virus particle, most nonstructural (NS) proteins are required for RNA replication. One of the least studied proteins is NS2, which is composed of a C-terminal cytosolic protease domain and a highly hydrophobic N-terminal domain. It is assumed that the latter is composed of three trans-membrane segments (TMS) that tightly attach NS2 to intracellular membranes. Taking advantage of a system to study HCV assembly in a hepatoma cell line, in this study we performed a detailed characterization of NS2 with respect to its role for virus particle assembly. In agreement with an earlier report ( Jones, C. T., Murray, C. L., Eastman, D. K., Tassello, J., and Rice, C. M. (2007) J. Virol. 81, 8374-8383 ), we demonstrate that the protease domain, but not its enzymatic activity, is required for infectious virus production. We also show that serine residue 168 in NS2, implicated in the phosphorylation and stability of this protein, is dispensable for virion formation. In addition, we determined the NMR structure of the first TMS of NS2 and show that the N-terminal segment (amino acids 3-11) forms a putative flexible helical element connected to a stable alpha-helix (amino acids 12-21) that includes an absolutely conserved helix side in genotype 1b. By using this structure as well as the amino acid conservation as a guide for a functional study, we determined the contribution of individual amino acid residues in TMS1 for HCV assembly. We identified several residues that are critical for virion formation, most notably a central glycine residue at position 10 of TMS1. Finally, we demonstrate that mutations in NS2 blocking HCV assembly can be rescued by trans-complementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlastimil Jirasko
- Department of Molecular
Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany and Institut de Biologie et
Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, IFR128
BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Roland Montserret
- Department of Molecular
Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany and Institut de Biologie et
Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, IFR128
BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Nicole Appel
- Department of Molecular
Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany and Institut de Biologie et
Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, IFR128
BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Anne Janvier
- Department of Molecular
Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany and Institut de Biologie et
Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, IFR128
BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Leah Eustachi
- Department of Molecular
Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany and Institut de Biologie et
Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, IFR128
BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Christiane Brohm
- Department of Molecular
Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany and Institut de Biologie et
Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, IFR128
BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular
Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany and Institut de Biologie et
Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, IFR128
BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Department of Molecular
Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany and Institut de Biologie et
Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, IFR128
BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Francois Penin
- Department of Molecular
Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany and Institut de Biologie et
Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, IFR128
BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Molecular
Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany and Institut de Biologie et
Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, IFR128
BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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