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Xu CX, Song P, Yu Z, Wang YH. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy as a powerful method for the analysis of Chinese herbal medicines. Analyst 2023; 149:46-58. [PMID: 37966012 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01466e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) derived from nature have received increasing attention and become more popular. Due to their diverse production processes, complex ingredients, and different storage conditions, it is highly desirable to develop simple, rapid, efficient and trace detection methods to ensure the drug quality. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy has the advantages of being time-saving, non-destructive, usable in aqueous environments, and highly compatible with various biomolecular samples, providing a promising analytical method for CHM. In this review, we outline the major advances in the application of SERS to the identification of raw materials, detection of bioactive constituents, characterization of adulterants, and detection of contaminants. This clearly shows that SERS has strong potential in the quality control of CHM, which greatly promotes the modernization of CHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Xia Xu
- Hangzhou Gongshu Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, NO.57 Sandun Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310011, China
| | - Pei Song
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China.
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Zhou Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Ya-Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
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2
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Mehmood S, Haq F, Kiran M, Shaaban IA, Assiri MA, Haroon M, Yasin M, Farid A, Nawaz A, Akbar MM, El-Bahy ZM. Sustainable remediation of dye-contaminated wastewater using novel cross-linked Hex-CCP-co-PPT microspheres. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139637. [PMID: 37499806 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The presence of dyes in contaminated water poses substantial dangers to the health of both humans and aquatic life. A process called precipitation polymerization was used to create unique cross-linked hexa-chlorocyclotriphosphazene-co-phenolphthalein (Hex-CCP-co-PPT) microspheres for the purpose of this research. Advanced methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential thermogravimetry (DTG) were used to characterise these microspheres. In a simulated solution, the performance of Hex-CCP-co-PPTs as a sorbent for removing MB dye was investigated, and the results showed an unprecedentedly high removal rate of 88.4% for MB. Temperature of 25 °C, a Hex-CCP-co-PPTs dose of 40 mg, an MB concentration of 20 ppm, an MB solution volume of 20 mL, a contact time of 40 min, and a pH of 9 were found to be the optimal experimental conditions. According to the results of the kinetic and adsorption analyses, the PSO and Langmuir adsorption models are the best ones to use. These models favour the chemi-sorption nature and mono-layered adsorption of MB in comparison to Hex-CCP-co-PPTs. Importantly, the thermodynamic analysis demonstrated that the process of removing MB by utilizing Hex-CCP-co-PPTs was endothermic and occurred spontaneously. These findings highlight the potential application of Hex-CCP-co-PPT microspheres in Algal Membrane Bioreactors (AMBRs) for the efficient and sustainable removal of dye from wastewater. This would contribute to the protection of ecosystems as well as the public's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahid Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, KPK, 21300, Pakistan
| | - Fazal Haq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Kiran
- Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim A Shaaban
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Assiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Haroon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turbat, Balochistan, 92600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasin
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Farid
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, Pakistan.
| | - Alam Nawaz
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Majid Majeed Akbar
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Zeinhom M El-Bahy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884, Cairo, Egypt.
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Chen R, Liu F, Zhang C, Wang W, Yang R, Zhao Y, Peng J, Kong W, Huang J. Trends in digital detection for the quality and safety of herbs using infrared and Raman spectroscopy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1128300. [PMID: 37025139 PMCID: PMC10072231 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1128300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Herbs have been used as natural remedies for disease treatment, prevention, and health care. Some herbs with functional properties are also used as food or food additives for culinary purposes. The quality and safety inspection of herbs are influenced by various factors, which need to be assessed in each operation across the whole process of herb production. Traditional analysis methods are time-consuming and laborious, without quick response, which limits industry development and digital detection. Considering the efficiency and accuracy, faster, cheaper, and more environment-friendly techniques are highly needed to complement or replace the conventional chemical analysis methods. Infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy techniques have been applied to the quality control and safety inspection of herbs during the last several decades. In this paper, we generalize the current application using IR and Raman spectroscopy techniques across the whole process, from raw materials to patent herbal products. The challenges and remarks were proposed in the end, which serve as references for improving herb detection based on IR and Raman spectroscopy techniques. Meanwhile, make a path to driving intelligence and automation of herb products factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqin Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chu Zhang
- School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiying Zhao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiyu Peng
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Kong
- College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Huang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Identification and Analysis of Chemical Constituents and Rat Serum Metabolites in Gushuling Using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS Coupled with Novel Informatics UNIFI Platform. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:2894306. [PMID: 35003296 PMCID: PMC8741369 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2894306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gushuling (GSL), a well-known hospital preparation composed of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been widely used in the clinical treatment of osteoporosis (OP) for decades due to its remarkable therapeutic effect. However, the chemical constituents of GSL are still unclear so far, which limits the in-depth study of its pharmacodynamic material basis and further restricts its clinical application. In this study, we developed a strategy for qualitative analysis of the chemical constituents of GSL in vitro and in vivo. Based on the results of ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and the UNIFI informatics platform, the chemical constituents of GSL can be determined quickly and effectively. By comparing the retention time, accurate mass, and fragmentation spectrum of the compounds in GSL, a total of 93 compounds were identified or preliminarily identified, including flavonoids, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, steroids, etc. Among them, nine compounds have been confirmed by standard substances, namely epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, icariin, ecdysterone, calycosin, calycosin-7-glucoside, ononin, and ginsenoside Ro. Fragment patterns and characteristic ions of representative compounds with different chemical structure types were analyzed. At the same time, 20 prototype compounds and 42 metabolites were detected in rat serum. Oxidation, hydration, reduction, dehydration, glutathione S-conjugation, and acetylcysteine conjugation were the main transformation reactions of GSL in rat serum. In this research, the rapid method to characterize the in vitro and in vivo chemical constituents of GSL can not only be used for the standardization and quality control of GSL but also be helpful for further research on its pharmacodynamic material basis.
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Du W, Zhu W, Ge W, Li C. Research on the effect of spleen-invigorating and anti-swelling active ingredients in crude and processed coix seed based on Spectrum - Effects relationship combined with chemometrics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114350. [PMID: 34507270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coix seed (CS) is the dry mature seed kernel of Coix lacrma-jobi L. var. mayuen (Roman.) Stapf, which has the effect of spleen-invigorating and anti-swelling. However, research reports on the main active ingredients of CS were minimal. The purpose of this study was to find the main active ingredients that affect the efficacy of CS to invigorate the spleen and reduce swelling through the spectrum-effect relationship, combined with chemometrics, grey relational analysis (GRA) and entropy method, and to compare the differences between the effects of crude and processed CS. First of all, the HPLC-ELSD method was used to establish the chromatographic fingerprint of CS, and 12 batches of CS samples were analyzed through chemometrics in this study. Then, we studied the effect of spleen-invigorating and anti-swelling in CS. Finally, through grey relational analysis and entropy method, the spectrum-effect relationship between the chromatographic fingerprint and the seven pharmacodynamic effect indexes was studied. The results showed that the main pharmacologically active ingredients were 1,3-Dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol (peak 8), 1,2-dilinoleoyl-3-oleoyl-rac-glycerol (peak 2), 1,3-Dipalmitoyl-2-Linolein (peak 5), 1,2-Dilinoleoyl-3-palmitoyl-rac-glycerol (peak 3), 1,2-Dioleoyl-3-linoleoyl-rac-glycerol (peak 4), and glycerol trioleate (peak 7), and the comprehensive efficacy of bran-fried CS was better than that of raw CS. In summary, we have identified the main active ingredients related to the efficacy of CS. As far as we know, this is the first time that the crude and processed CS spectrum-effect relationship has been established and compared, which provides a theoretical basis for subsequent studies on the material basis and molecular mechanism of CS pharmacodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Du
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 311402, PR China; Research Center of TCM Processing Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 311401, PR China
| | - Weihao Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 311402, PR China
| | - Weihong Ge
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 311402, PR China; Research Center of TCM Processing Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 311401, PR China.
| | - Changyu Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 311401, PR China.
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A smart spectral analysis strategy-based UV and FT-IR spectroscopy fingerprint: Application to quality evaluation of compound liquorice tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 202:114172. [PMID: 34082163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on development of a smart spectral analysis strategy for rapid quality evaluation of complex sample. Firstly, the ultraviolet (UV) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were established. Secondly, the second derivative UV spectral was obtained and showed 7 major absorption peaks, which was the projection of the 3D-spectrum profile. It can perform peak matching like chromatogram, thus, helpful for 3D UV spectrum analysis, qualitatively and quantitatively. The qualitative and quantitative similarity results based on systematic quantified fingerprint method displayed basically a consistency with their hierarchical cluster analysis results. Notably, the quality evaluation of the first proposed FT-IR spectral quantized fingerprints and the good correlation of Pm% with PA (R2 = 0.80296), as well as the excellent quantitative prediction model for liquiritin, glycyrrhizinic acid and sodium benzoate all indicated the promising of FT-IR spectral quantized fingerprint in quantitative analysis and QC of compound liquorice tablets. Finally, an integrated evaluate strategy was developed by mean algorithm to reduce the error caused by single technique. 54 samples integrally had a good quality consistency as their quality ranged grade 1-5. This study illustrated that the smart data analysis strategy based on spectral fingerprint has potential to enhance existing methodologies for further rapid and integrated studies evaluating the quality of herbal medicine and its related products.
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Junaedi EC, Lestari K, Muchtaridi M. Infrared spectroscopy technique for quantification of compounds in plant-based medicine and supplement. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2021; 12:1-7. [PMID: 33532347 PMCID: PMC7832193 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_96_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Quality control of plant-based medicine and supplements must be carried out to ensure uniformity in quality and safety in their use, resulting in the need for effective and accurate analytical methods. Infrared spectroscopy is a method of qualitative and quantitative analysis that is fast, time-saving, cost-effective,accurate, and nondestructive. This method has been applied for quantitative analysis of compounds in complex matrices such as plant-based medicine and supplements supported by chemometrics techniques. The success of infrared spectroscopy applications for quantitative analysis of phytochemicals and adulterants content in plant-based medicine and supplement can happen by several factors. This article highlights the effect of spectral preprocessing and variable selection on quantitative analysis of phytochemical and adulterant in plant-based medicine and supplements using infrared spectroscopy. Literature search was conducted with PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct by selecting quantitative analysis research on plant-based medicines and supplements that utilize spectral preprocessing techniques and variable selection in processing data analysis. The preprocessing spectra and variables selection can affect the accuracy and precision of infrared spectroscopy methods. The variable selection can be done using the wavenumber point technique, the wavenumber interval, or a combination thereof. Variable selection is more commonly used for near-infrared data than for IR data. The optimization of the preprocessing spectra and variables selection technique will be useful in increasing the ability of infrared spectroscopy in predicting compound levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effan Cahyati Junaedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Langensari, Indonesia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Langensari, Indonesia
| | - Keri Lestari
- Department of Pharmacology and Clincal Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Langensari, Indonesia
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Langensari, Indonesia
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Chemometric Analysis of Low-field 1H NMR Spectra for Unveiling Adulteration of Slimming Dietary Supplements by Pharmaceutical Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051193. [PMID: 32155779 PMCID: PMC7179456 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent introduction of compact or low-field (LF) NMR spectrometers that use permanent magnets, giving rise to proton (1H) NMR frequencies between 40 and 80 MHz, have opened up new areas of application. The two main limitations of the technique are its insensitivity and poor spectral resolution. However, this study demonstrates that the chemometric treatment of LF 1H NMR spectral data is suitable for unveiling medicines as adulterants of slimming dietary supplements (DS). To this aim, 66 DS were analyzed with LF 1H NMR after quick and easy sample preparation. A first PLS-DA model built with the LF 1H NMR spectra from forty DS belonging to two classes of weight-loss DS (non-adulterated, and sibutramine or phenolphthalein-adulterated) led to the classification of 13 newly purchased test samples as natural, adulterated or borderline. This classification was further refined when the model was made from the same 40 DS now considered as representing three classes of DS (non-adulterated, sibutramine-adulterated, and phenolphthalein-adulterated). The adulterant (sibutramine or phenolphthalein) was correctly predicted as confirmed by the examination of the 1H NMR spectra. A limitation of the chemometric approach is discussed with the example of two atypical weight-loss DS containing fluoxetine or raspberry ketone.
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Discovering the Major Antitussive, Expectorant, and Anti-Inflammatory Bioactive Constituents in Tussilago Farfara L. Based on the Spectrum-Effect Relationship Combined with Chemometrics. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030620. [PMID: 32023945 PMCID: PMC7037795 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Farfarae Flos (FF) is the dried flower bud of Tussilago farfara L, which has antitussive, expectorant, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, little research on the main active composition of FF has been reported. The purpose of this study is to find the main active compounds responsible for the three pharmacological effects (i.e., antitussive, expectorant, and anti-inflammatory effects) of Farfarae Flos, based on the spectrum–effect relationship combined with chemometrics. First, this study uses the UPLC-QDA method to establish the chromatography fingerprint of Farfarae Flos, which is combined with chemometrics to analyze 18 batches of samples. Then, we study the antitussive, expectorant, and anti-inflammatory effects of Farfarae Flos. Finally, the spectrum–effect relationship between the fingerprint and the three pharmacological effects are studied by grey correlation analysis and partial least squares regression. The results show that four, four, and three main active constituents were found for the antitussive, expectorant, and anti-inflammatory pharmacological effects, respectively. In conclusion, we found the main active compounds corresponding to the main pharmacodynamic effects of Farfarae Flos. To our knowledge, this is the first time that spectrum–effect relationships in FF have been established using both raw and processed samples, which provides an experimental basis for further studies on the pharmacodynamic material basis of Farfarae Flos, as well as providing reference for the comprehensive evaluation of Farfarae Flos quality and the development of substitute resources.
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Razuc M, Grafia A, Gallo L, Ramírez-Rigo MV, Romañach RJ. Near-infrared spectroscopic applications in pharmaceutical particle technology. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:1565-1589. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1641510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Razuc
- Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - A. Grafia
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)- CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - L. Gallo
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)- CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - M. V. Ramírez-Rigo
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)- CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - R. J. Romañach
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Structured Organic Particulate Systems, University of Puerto Rico – Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
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Simmler C, Graham JG, Chen SN, Pauli GF. Integrated analytical assets aid botanical authenticity and adulteration management. Fitoterapia 2018; 129:401-414. [PMID: 29175549 PMCID: PMC5963993 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews and develops a perspective for the meaning of authenticity in the context of quality assessment of botanical materials and the challenges associated with discerning adulterations vs. contaminations vs. impurities. Authentic botanicals are by definition non-adulterated, a mutually exclusive relationship that is confirmed through the application of a multilayered set of analytical methods designed to validate the (chemo)taxonomic identity of a botanical and certify that it is devoid of any adulteration. In practice, the ever-increasing sophistication in the process of intentional adulteration, as well as the growing number of botanicals entering the market, altogether necessitate a constant adaptation and reinforcement of authentication methods with new approaches, especially new technologies. This article summarizes the set of analytical methods - classical and contemporary - that can be employed in the authentication of botanicals. Particular emphasis is placed on the application of untargeted metabolomics and chemometrics. An NMR-based untargeted metabolomic model is proposed as a rapid, systematic, and complementary screening for the discrimination of authentic vs. potentially adulterated botanicals. Such analytical model can help advance the evaluation of botanical integrity in natural product research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Simmler
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), United States; UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - James G Graham
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), United States; UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Guido F Pauli
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), United States; UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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12
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A strategy to identify and quantify closely related adulterant herbal materials by mass spectrometry-based partial least squares regression. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 977:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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13
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Ding G, Wang Y, Liu A, Hou Y, Zhang T, Bai G, Liu C. From chemical markers to quality markers: an integrated approach of UPLC/Q-TOF, NIRS, and chemometrics for the quality assessment of honeysuckle buds. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28152d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We built a set of integrated strategies to improve the chemical markers for Q-markers in Chinese herbal medicines quality management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- People's Republic of China
| | - Aina Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- People's Republic of China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research
- Tianjin 300193
- People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- People's Republic of China
| | - Changxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery and Pharmacokinetics
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research
- Tianjin 300193
- People's Republic of China
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14
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Assessing saffron (Crocus sativus L.) adulteration with plant-derived adulterants by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics. Talanta 2016; 162:558-566. [PMID: 27837871 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Saffron, the dried red stigmas of the plant Crocus sativus L., is well-known as one of the most important and expensive spices worldwide. It is thus highly susceptible to fraudulent practices that employ, among others, plant-derived adulterants. This study presents an application of diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and chemometric techniques for evaluating adulteration of saffron with six characteristic adulterants of plant origin, i.e. C. sativus stamens, calendula, safflower, turmeric, buddleja, and gardenia. The proposed method involved a three-step process for the detection of adulteration as well as for the identification and quantification of adulterants. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to perform authentication of saffron based on mid-infrared fingerprints (4000-600cm-1), resulting in 99% correct classification of pure saffron and saffron adulterated at 5-20% (w/w) levels. Adulterant identification in positive samples was performed with high sensitivity and specificity by a six-class PLS-DA model, with spectroscopic data from the region 2000-600cm-1. Subsequently, partial least squares (PLS) regression models were built for the quantification of each adulterant. By using synergy interval PLS (siPLS) for variable selection, models with improved performance were developed, with detection limits ranging from 1.0% to 3.1% (w/w). The results obtained illustrate that this strategy based on DRIFTS has the potential to complement existing methodologies for the rapid and cost-effective assessment of typical saffron frauds.
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Clustering and diagnostic modelling of slimming aids based on chromatographic and mass spectrometric fingerprints. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:230-242. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Mudge EM, Betz JM, Brown PN. The Importance of Method Selection in Determining Product Integrity for Nutrition Research. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:390-8. [PMID: 26980823 PMCID: PMC4785475 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.010611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The American Herbal Products Association estimates that there as many as 3000 plant species in commerce. The FDA estimates that there are about 85,000 dietary supplement products in the marketplace. The pace of product innovation far exceeds that of analytical methods development and validation, with new ingredients, matrixes, and combinations resulting in an analytical community that has been unable to keep up. This has led to a lack of validated analytical methods for dietary supplements and to inappropriate method selection where methods do exist. Only after rigorous validation procedures to ensure that methods are fit for purpose should they be used in a routine setting to verify product authenticity and quality. By following systematic procedures and establishing performance requirements for analytical methods before method development and validation, methods can be developed that are both valid and fit for purpose. This review summarizes advances in method selection, development, and validation regarding herbal supplement analysis and provides several documented examples of inappropriate method selection and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Mudge
- Centre for Applied Research and Innovation, British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, Canada; and
| | | | - Paula N Brown
- Centre for Applied Research and Innovation, British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, Canada; and
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Hachem R, Assemat G, Martins N, Balayssac S, Gilard V, Martino R, Malet-Martino M. Proton NMR for detection, identification and quantification of adulterants in 160 herbal food supplements marketed for weight loss. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 124:34-47. [PMID: 26928212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
One hundred and sixty food supplements (FS) marketed for weight loss and mainly purchased on the Internet were analyzed. All the FS were claimed as 100% natural containing only natural compounds, plant extracts and/or vitamins and the presence of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) was never mentioned. (1)H NMR spectroscopy was used for detecting the presence of adulterants and for their identification and quantification. Mass spectrometry was used as a complementary method for supporting their identification. Among the 164 samples considered because capsules from 5 different blisters of the same FS were analyzed, 56% were tainted with six API. Forty three contained sibutramine as single adulterant (26%), 9 phenolphthalein (6%) and 23 a mixture of these API (14%) that were both withdrawn from the market several years ago because of toxicity concerns. Sildenafil was found in 12 samples, either as a single adulterant (n=5) or in combination with sibutramine (n=3), phenolphthalein (n=3) and both sibutramine and phenolphthalein (n=1). Fluoxetine was present in 4 formulations, alone (n=3) or in combination with sibutramine and orlistat (n=1). At last, lorcaserine was detected in one FS. The content of sibutramine per dosage unit was comprised between 0.1 and 22 mg and that of phenolphthalein between 0.05 and 56 mg. The study also highlights poor manufacturing practices as evidenced for instance by the variability of API in capsules from different blisters of the same box. This paper demonstrates the need for more effective quality control of weight loss FS and the efficiency of (1)H NMR spectroscopy for the detection of tainted FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Hachem
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Gaëtan Assemat
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Martins
- Service commun de spectrométrie de masse, Université de Toulouse, UPS, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Stéphane Balayssac
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Gilard
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Robert Martino
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Myriam Malet-Martino
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France.
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Guo Y, Lv B, Wang J, Liu Y, Sun S, Xiao Y, Lu L, Xiang L, Yang Y, Qu L, Meng Q. Analysis of Chuanxiong Rhizoma and its active components by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 153:550-559. [PMID: 26439523 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As complicated mixture systems, active components of Chuanxiong Rhizoma are very difficult to identify and discriminate. In this paper, the macroscopic IR fingerprint method including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), the second derivative infrared spectroscopy (SD-IR) and two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy (2DCOS-IR), was applied to study and identify Chuanxiong raw materials and its different segmented production of HPD-100 macroporous resin. Chuanxiong Rhizoma is rich in sucrose. In the FT-IR spectra, water eluate is more similar to sucrose than the powder and the decoction. Their second derivative spectra amplified the differences and revealed the potentially characteristic IR absorption bands and combined with the correlation coefficient, concluding that 50% ethanol eluate had more ligustilide than other eluates. Finally, it can be found from 2DCOS-IR spectra that proteins were extracted by ethanol from Chuanxiong decoction by HPD-100 macroporous resin. It was demonstrated that the above three-step infrared spectroscopy could be applicable for quick, non-destructive and effective analysis and identification of very complicated and similar mixture systems of traditional Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Guo
- School of Chinese Pharmacology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Beiran Lv
- School of Chinese Pharmacology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jingjuan Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Suqin Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yao Xiao
- School of Chinese Pharmacology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Lina Lu
- School of Chinese Pharmacology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Li Xiang
- School of Chinese Pharmacology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yanfang Yang
- School of Chinese Pharmacology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Lei Qu
- School of Chinese Pharmacology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
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Guo Y, Wang J, Lu L, Sun S, Liu Y, Xiao Y, Qin Y, Xiao L, Wen H, Qu L. Application of mid-infrared spectroscopy in analyzing different segmented production of Angelica by AB-8 macroporous resin. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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