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Vitku J, Varausova A, Skodova T, Kolatorova L, Vosatkova M, Vcelak J, Vrbikova J, Simkova M, Svojtkova M. The Role of 11-Oxygenated Androgens and Endocrine Disruptors in Androgen Excess Disorders in Women. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9691. [PMID: 39273637 PMCID: PMC11395667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and idiopathic hirsutism (IH) are androgen excess disorders requiring the determination of classic androgen levels for diagnosis. 11-oxygenated androgens have high androgenic potential, yet their clinical value in those disorders is not clear. Additionally, the role of endocrine disruptors (EDs), particularly in IH, remains understudied. We analyzed 25 steroids and 18 EDs in plasma samples from women with IH, PCOS, and controls using LC-MS/MS. Cytokine levels and metabolic parameters were assessed. Comparisons included non-obese women with PCOS (n = 10), women with IH (n = 12) and controls (n = 20), and non-obese versus obese women with PCOS (n = 9). Higher levels of 11-oxygenated androgens were observed in women with PCOS compared to those with IH, but not controls. Conversely, 11-oxygenated androgen levels were lower in women with IH compared to controls. Cytokine levels did not differ between women with IH and controls. Bisphenol A (BPA) levels were higher in obese women with PCOS compared to non-obese women with PCOS. Bisphenol S occurrence was higher in women with PCOS (90%) compared to controls (65%) and IH (50%). Significant correlations were found between androgens (11-ketotestosterone, androstenedione, testosterone) and insulin and HOMA-IR, as well as between immunomodulatory 7-oxygenated metabolites of DHEA and nine interleukins. Our data confirms that PCOS is a multiendocrine gland disorder. Higher BPA levels in obese women might exacerbate metabolic abnormalities. IH was not confirmed as an inflammatory state, and no differences in BPA levels suggest BPA does not play a role in IH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Vitku
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anezka Varausova
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Skodova
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kolatorova
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michala Vosatkova
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Vcelak
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Vrbikova
- Department of Clinical Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Simkova
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Svojtkova
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic
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Meter B, Kratochvíl L, Starostová Z, Kučera T, Kubička L. Complex ontogeny of sexual size dimorphism in a female-larger gecko: Implications of determinate growth for lizard body size and life-history evolution. Evol Dev 2024; 26:e12490. [PMID: 39129398 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Ectothermic vertebrates such as reptiles were assumed to be indeterminate growers, which means that there is no terminal point in time or size for growth in their lifetime. In recent years, evidence for the determinate nature of growth in lizards has accumulated, necessitating a re-examination of models of their ontogeny and evolution of sexual size dimorphism (SSD). In the female-larger gecko Paroedura vazimba, we monitored post-embryonic growth over a period of 15 months. After hatching, females grew faster than males but also reached their final body size, that is, closed growth of their vertebrae, earlier than males. The closure of bone growth in females correlates with the onset of reproductive maturation. We compared this pattern with the previously minutely studied, male-larger species Paroedura picta, where we documented determinate growth as well. We propose a model to explain the evolutionary switches in the direction of SSD in lizards based on bipotential effects of ovarian hormones on growth. In this model, male growth is assumed to require no male-specific growth modifier, such as sex-limited hormonal regulators, while growth is feminized by ovarian hormones in females. Low levels of ovarian hormones can promote bone growth, but high levels associated with maturation of the reproductive organs promote senescence of bone growth plates and thus cessation of bone growth. We suggest that models on growth, life-history and evolution of body size in many lizards should acknowledge their determinate nature of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Meter
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Starostová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kučera
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kubička
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Wang K, Zhang X, Chen F, Ni Y, Cai Z, Ding J, Chen S, Shu C, Ding L. LC-MS/MS methods for simultaneous determination of youkenafil and its metabolite M1 in human seminal plasma and plasma: Application to evaluate the acute effect of youkenafil on semen quality and its pharmacokinetics in human. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1237:124105. [PMID: 38552594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Youkenafil is a novel Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor used for treating erectile dysfunction. N-desethyl compound of youkenafil (M1) is its main active metabolite. In this study, two methods were developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of youkenafil and M1 by HPLC-MS/MS in human matrices including seminal plasma and plasma, in which the multiple reaction monitoring and electrospray ionization in positive mode were adopted, and the deuterated youkenafil (youkenafil-d5) was selected as the internal standard. The collected semen sample was kept at room temperature for approximately 30 min until fully liquefied. The volume of the liquefied semen was measured and then divided into two parts. One part was centrifuged to obtain the seminal plasma for the content detection of youkenafil and M1, while the other part was used for routine semen analysis. The chromatographic separation was accomplished with the column of Poroshell 120 EC-C18 (5 × 2.1 mm, 2.7 μm, Agilent). Protein precipitation with methanol was used for the pretreatment of seminal plasma and plasma. The intra-run and inter-run precisions were less than 6.4 % (relative standard deviation) and accuracies were all within -4.7 %-6.8 % (relative error) in both matrices. All other validated bioanalytical parameters were within the acceptance criteria set by the FDA. The methods were successfully applied to different clinical studies of youkenafil. In the clinical study of the acute effect of youkenafil on semen quality in healthy males, the content of youkenafil in seminal plasma was extremely low. Concentrations of youkenafil and M1 in seminal plasma were lower than those in plasma, at 20.7 % and 4.49 % of the plasma concentration, respectively. There was no significant acute effect of youkenafil on semen quality. In the pharmacokinetic study of youkenafil after single dose-escalation administration, the exposure to youkenafil and M1 was non-linear with the dose in the range of 100-400 mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xinrui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; Nanjing Clinical Tech. Laboratories Inc., Nanjing 211000, China
| | - Fengqin Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, China
| | - Yufeng Ni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, China
| | - Zhengwen Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; Nanjing Clinical Tech. Laboratories Inc., Nanjing 211000, China
| | - Juefang Ding
- Nanjing Jiening Pharmaceutical Technology Co., LTD, Nanjing 211000, China
| | - Shaochun Chen
- Nanjing Clinical Tech. Laboratories Inc., Nanjing 211000, China
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Yu S, You J, Shi X, Zou X, Lu Z, Wang Y, Tan J, Sun Z, Li Z, Ji Z, Song C. Rapid Analysis of Estrogens in Meat Samples by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection. J Fluoresc 2024; 34:425-436. [PMID: 37284963 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel reagent named 4-(N-methyl-1,3-dioxo-benzoisoquinolin-6-yl-oxy)benzene sulfonyl chloride (MBIOBS-Cl) for the determination of estrogens in food samples by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection has been developed. Estrogens could be easily labeled by MBIOBS-Cl in Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution at pH 10.0. The complete labeling reaction for estrogens could be accomplished within five minutes, the corresponding derivatives exhibited strong fluorescence with the maximum excitation and emission wavelengths at 249 nm and 443 nm, respectively. The derivatization conditions, such as the molar ratio of reagent to estrogens, derivatization time, pH, temperature, and buffers were optimized. Derivatives were sufficiently stable to be efficiently analyzed by HPLC with a reversed-phase Agilent ZORBAX 300SB-C18 column with a good baseline resolution. Excellent linear correlations were obtained for all estrogen derivatives with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9998. Ultrasonic-Assisted extraction was used to optimize the extraction of estrogens from meat samples with a recovery higher than 82%. The detection limits (LOD, S/N = 3) of the method ranged from 0.95 to 3.3 μg· kg-1. The established method, which is fast, simple, inexpensive, and environment friendly, can be successfully applied for the detection of four steroidal estrogens from meat samples with little matrix interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiqiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinmao You
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China.
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinxin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaocong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangkun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Zan Li
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuihua Song
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China
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Vitku J, Skodova T, Varausova A, Gadus L, Michnova L, Horackova L, Kolatorova L, Simkova M, Heracek J. Endocrine Disruptors and Estrogens in Human Prostatic Tissue. Physiol Res 2023; 72:S411-S422. [PMID: 38116777 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are ubiquitous substances both in the environment and everyday products that interfere with the hormonal system. Growing evidence demonstrates their adverse effects on the organism, including the reproductive system and the prostate, owing to their (anti)estrogenic or antiandrogenic effects. Since EDs can interact with steroid hormone actions on-site, understanding the levels of intraprostatic EDs in conjunction with steroids may hold particular significance. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for determining estrogens, various groups of EDs (bisphenols, parabens, oxybenzone and nonylphenol) and phytoestrogens in their unconjugated and conjugated forms in prostate tissue by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and subsequently analyze 20 human prostate tissue samples. The method enabled 20 compounds to be analyzed: estrogens (estrone, estradiol, estriol), bisphenols (bisphenol A- BPA, BPS, BPF, BPAF, BPAP, BPZ, BPP), parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, benzyl- paraben), oxybenzone, nonylphenol and phytoestrogens (daidzein, genistein, equol) with LLOQs between 0.017-2.86 pg/mg of tissue. The most frequently detected EDs in prostate tissues were propylparaben (conjugated and unconjugated forms in 100 % of tissues), methylparaben (unconjugated in 45 % and conjugated in 100 %), ethylparaben (unconjugated in 25 % and conjugated in 100 % BPA (unconjugated in 35 % and conjugated in 60 % and oxybenzone (both forms in 45 % To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study detecting EDs, phytoestrogens and estriol conjugate (E3C) in the prostate. E3C was the most abundant estrogen in prostatic tissue. This highlights the need for further explorations into estrogen metabolism within the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vitku
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Sarkar D, Midha P, Shanti SS, Singh SK. A comprehensive review on the decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209)-induced male reproductive toxicity: Evidences from rodent studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165938. [PMID: 37541514 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), are employed in various manufactured products to prevent fires, slow down their spread and reduce the resulting damages. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), an example of PBDEs, accounts for approximately 82 % of the total production of PBDEs. BDE-209 is a thyroid hormone (TH)-disrupting chemical owing to its structural similarity with TH. Currently, increase in the level of BDE-209 in biological samples has become a major issue because of its widespread use. BDE-209 causes male reproductive toxicity mainly via impairment of steroidogenesis, generation of oxidative stress (OS) and interference with germ cell dynamics. Further, exposure to this chemical can affect metabolic status, sperm concentration, epigenetic regulation of various developmental genes and integrity of blood-testis barrier in murine testis. However, the possible adverse effects of BDE-209 and its mechanism of action on the male reproductive health have not yet been critically evaluated. Hence, the present review article, with the help of available literature, aims to elucidate the reproductive toxicity of BDE-209 in relation to thyroid dysfunction in rodents. Further, several crucial pathways have been also highlighted in order to strengthen our knowledge on BDE-209-induced male reproductive toxicity. Data were extracted from scientific articles available in PubMed, Web of Science, and other databases. A thorough understanding of the risk assessment of BDE-209 exposure and mechanisms of its action is crucial for greater awareness of the potential threat of this BFR to preserve male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarshi Sarkar
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO-Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Parul Midha
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO-Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Shashanka Sekhar Shanti
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO-Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Shio Kumar Singh
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Molina-López AM, Bujalance-Reyes F, Ayala-Soldado N, Mora-Medina R, Lora-Benítez A, Moyano-Salvago R. An Overview of the Health Effects of Bisphenol A from a One Health Perspective. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2439. [PMID: 37570248 PMCID: PMC10417040 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical compound, considered as an "emerging pollutant", that appears ubiquitously, contaminating the environment and food. It is an endocrine disruptor, found in a multitude of consumer products, as it is a constituent of polycarbonate used in the manufacture of plastics and epoxy resins. Many studies have evaluated the effects of BPA, using a wide range of doses and animal models. In this work, we carried out a review of relevant research related to the effects of BPA on health, through studies performed at different doses, in different animal models, and in human monitoring studies. Numerous effects of BPA on health have been described; in different animal species, it has been reported that it interferes with fertility in both females and males and causes alterations in their offspring, as well as being associated with an increase in hormone-dependent pathologies. Similarly, exposure to BPA has been related to other diseases of great relevance in public health such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, or neurodevelopmental disorders. Its ubiquity and nonmonotonic behavior, triggering effects at exposure levels considered "safe", make it especially relevant when both animal and human populations are constantly and inadvertently exposed to this compound. Its effects at low exposure levels make it essential to establish safe exposure levels, and research into the effects of BPA must continue and be focused from a "One Health" perspective to take into account all the factors that could intervene in the development of a disease in any exposed organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Molina-López
- Departamento Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Unidad de Investigación Competitiva Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes desde la Perspectiva de Una Salud ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Darwin, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Francisca Bujalance-Reyes
- Departamento Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Darwin, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain; (F.B.-R.); (R.M.-M.); (A.L.-B.)
| | - Nahúm Ayala-Soldado
- Departamento Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Darwin, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain; (F.B.-R.); (R.M.-M.); (A.L.-B.)
| | - Rafael Mora-Medina
- Departamento Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Darwin, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain; (F.B.-R.); (R.M.-M.); (A.L.-B.)
| | - Antonio Lora-Benítez
- Departamento Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Darwin, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain; (F.B.-R.); (R.M.-M.); (A.L.-B.)
| | - Rosario Moyano-Salvago
- Departamento Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Unidad de Investigación Competitiva Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes desde la Perspectiva de Una Salud ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Darwin, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain;
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Olesti E, Boccard J, Rahban R, Girel S, Moskaleva NE, Zufferey F, Rossier MF, Nef S, Rudaz S, González-Ruiz V. Low-polarity untargeted metabolomic profiling as a tool to gain insight into seminal fluid. Metabolomics 2023; 19:53. [PMID: 37271779 PMCID: PMC10239740 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A decrease in sperm cell count has been observed along the last several decades, especially in the most developed regions of the world. The use of metabolomics to study the composition of the seminal fluid is a promising approach to gain access to the molecular mechanisms underlying this fact. OBJECTIVES In the present work, we aimed at relating metabolomic profiles of young healthy men to their semen quality parameters obtained from conventional microscopic analysis. METHODS An untargeted metabolomics approach focusing on low- to mid-polarity compounds was used to analyze a subset of seminal fluid samples from a cohort of over 2700 young healthy men. RESULTS Our results show that a broad metabolic profiling comprising several families of compounds (including acyl-carnitines, steroids, and other lipids) can contribute to effectively distinguish samples provided by individuals exhibiting low or high absolute sperm counts. CONCLUSION A number of metabolites involved in sexual development and function, signaling, and energy metabolism were highlighted as being distinctive of samples coming from either group, proving untargeted metabolomics as a promising tool to better understand the pathophysiological processes responsible for male fertility impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulalia Olesti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rita Rahban
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sergey Girel
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Natalia E Moskaleva
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Fanny Zufferey
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland
- Service of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, Central Institute of Hospitals, Hospital of Valais, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Michel F Rossier
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland
- Service of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, Central Institute of Hospitals, Hospital of Valais, Sion, Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Nef
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Víctor González-Ruiz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
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Vitku J, Horackova L, Kolatorova L, Duskova M, Skodova T, Simkova M. Derivatized versus non-derivatized LC-MS/MS techniques for the analysis of estrogens and estrogen-like endocrine disruptors in human plasma. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 260:115083. [PMID: 37269613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenols, parabens, alkylphenols and triclosan are anthropogenic substances with a phenolic group that have been introduced to the environment in recent decades. As they possess hormone-like effects, they have been termed endocrine disruptors (EDs), and can interfere with steroid pathways in organisms. To evaluate the potential impact of EDs on steroid biosynthesis and metabolism, sensitive and robust methods enabling the concurrent measurement of EDs and steroids in plasma are needed. Of crucial importance is the analysis of unconjugated EDs, which possess biological activity. The aim of the study was to develop and validate LC-MS/MS methods with and without a derivatization step for the analysis of unconjugated steroids (estrone-E1, estradiol-E2, estriol-E3, aldosterone-ALDO) and different groups of EDs (bisphenols, parabens, nonylphenol-NP and triclosan-TCS), and compare these methods on a set of 24 human plasma samples using Passing-Bablok regression analysis. Both methods were validated according to FDA and EMA guidelines. The method with dansyl chloride derivatization allowed 17 compounds to be measured: estrogens (E1, E2, E3), bisphenols (bisphenol A-BPA, BPS, BPF, BPAF, BPAP, BPZ, BPP), parabens (methylparaben-MP, ethylparaben-EP, propylparaben-PP, butylparaben-BP, benzylparaben-BenzylP), TCS and NP, with lower limits of quantification (LLOQs) between 4 and 125 pg/mL. The method without derivatization enabled 15 compounds to be analyzed: estrogens (E1, E2, E3), ALDO, bisphenols (BPA, BPS, BPF, BPAF, BPAP, BPZ), parabens (MP, EP, PP, BP, BenzylP) with LLOQs between 2 and 63 pg/mL, and NP and BPP in semiquantitative mode. Adding 6 mM ammonium fluoride post column into mobile phases in the method without derivatization achieved similar or even better LLOQs than the method with the derivatization step. The uniqueness of the methods lies in the simultaneous determination of different classes of unconjugated (bioactive) fraction of EDs together with selected steroids (estrogens + ALDO in the method without derivatization), which provides a useful tool for evaluating the relationships between EDs and steroid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vitku
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - L Horackova
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic; University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Natural Compounds, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Kolatorova
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Duskova
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - T Skodova
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Simkova
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic; University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Natural Compounds, Prague, Czech Republic
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Milić N, Milanović M, Drljača J, Sudji J, Milošević N. Challenges in the Analytical Preparation of a Biological Matrix in Analyses of Endocrine-Disrupting Bisphenols. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10040226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are xenobiotics presented in a variety of everyday products that may disrupt the normal activity of hormones. Exposure to bisphenol A as EDC at trace and ultra-trace levels is associated with adverse health effects, and children are recognized as the most vulnerable group to EDCs exposure. In this review, a summary is presented of up-to-date sample preparation methods and instrumental techniques applied for the detection and quantification of bisphenol A and its structural analogues in various biological matrices. Biological matrices such as blood, cell-free blood products, urine, saliva, breast milk, cordial blood, amniotic and semen fluids, as well as sweat and hair, are very complex; therefore, the detection and later quantification of bisphenols at low levels present a real analytical challenge. The most popular analytical approaches include gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and their enhanced reliability and sensitivity finally allow the separation and detection of bisphenols in biological samples, even as ultra-traces. Liquid/liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) are still the most common methods for their extraction from biological matrices. However, many modern and environmentally safe microextraction techniques are currently under development. The complexity of biological matrices and low concentrations of analytes are the main issues for the limited identification, as well as understanding the adverse health effects caused by chronical and ubiquitous exposure to bisphenols and its analogues.
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11
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Yuan T. Sample multiplexing for increasing throughput for quantification of estrogens in serum by LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:439-445. [PMID: 36370203 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens are involved in many physiological processes in vivo. The accurate and rapid quantification of estrogens is required for the diagnosis and prognosis of estrogen-related diseases. To achieve high-volume assays, we developed and validated a sample-multiplexing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of serum estrogens including estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). A total of 100 μL serum samples were extracted using ethyl acetate. After derivatization with either dansyl chloride or pyridine-3-sulfonyl chloride, derivatized samples were combined. Then we performed the second liquid-liquid extraction using hexane to purify the mixture. Finally, the reconstitution solutions were injected into LC-MS/MS. In addition, the proposed LC-MS/MS method was validated according to FDA and CLSI guidelines. Within a single run (7 min), this sample-multiplexing LC-MS/MS method could simultaneously analyze E1, E2, and E3 in 2 serum samples. Meanwhile, the method demonstrated satisfactory analytical characteristics including accuracy (87.7-110.3%), linearity (2-1000 pg/mL, R2 > 0.99), precision (intra-assay CV, 1.7-8.7%; inter-assay CV, 1.9-9.4%), and negligible interference and carry-over effect as well as acceptable matrix effect. In conclusion, this sample-multiplexing LC-MS/MS method has achieved a doubled-throughput assay for simultaneous quantification of E1, E2, and E3 without compromising analytical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Yuan
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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12
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Hadley JB, Kelher MR, D’Alessandro A, Gamboni F, Hansen K, Coleman J, Jones K, Cohen M, Moore EE, Banerjee A, Silliman CC. A pilot study of the metabolic profiles of apheresis platelets modified by donor age and sex and in vitro short-term incubation with sex hormones. Transfusion 2022; 62:2596-2608. [PMID: 36309927 PMCID: PMC9837799 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelets are part of innate immunity and comprise the cellular portion of hemostasis. Platelets express sex hormone receptors on their plasma membrane and sex hormones can alter their function in vitro. Little is known about how age and sex may affect platelet biology; thus, we hypothesized that platelets from males and females have different metabolomic profiles, which may be altered by age and in vitro treatment with sex hormones. METHODS Day 1 apheresis platelets were drawn from five 18-53-year-old, premenopausal younger females (YF), five ≥54-year-old, postmenopausal, older females (OF), five 18-44-year-old younger males (YM), and four ≥45-year-old older males (OM). Platelets were normalized to a standard concentration and metabolomics analyses were completed. Unsupervised statistical analyses and hierarchical clustering with principal component analyses were completed. RESULTS Platelets from OM had (1) elevated mono-, di- and tri-carboxylates, (2) increased levels of free fatty acids, acyl-carnitines, and free amino acids, and (3) increased purine breakdown and deamination products. In vitro incubation with sex hormones only affected platelets from OM donors with trends towards increased ATP and other high-energy purines and decreases in L-proline and other amino acids. CONCLUSION Platelets from OM's versus YF, OF, and YM have a different metabolome implying increased energy metabolism, more free fatty acids, acylcarnitines, and amino acids, and increased breakdown of purines and deamination products. However, only platelets from OM were affected by sex hormones in vitro. Platelets from OM are metabolically distinct, which may impart functional differences when transfused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie B. Hadley
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Marguerite R. Kelher
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Fabia Gamboni
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kirk Hansen
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Julia Coleman
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenneth Jones
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Oklahoma School of Medicine, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Mitchell Cohen
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ernest E. Moore
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christopher C. Silliman
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, Colorado, USA,The Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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13
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COVID-19, Vaccination, and Female Fertility in the Czech Republic. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810909. [PMID: 36142820 PMCID: PMC9501189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The fast-track process to approve vaccines against COVID-19 has raised questions about their safety, especially in relation to fertility. Over the last 2 years, studies have appeared monitoring female fertility, especially from assisted reproduction centers or in animal experiments. However, studies monitoring healthy populations are still limited. The aim of our study was to monitor the relevant parameters of female fertility (sex and other steroids, LH, FSH, SHBG, Antimüllerian hormone and antral follicle count) before and then 2-4 months after the third dose of vaccination against COVID-19 in a group of 25 healthy fertile woman. In addition, anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anti-SARS-CoV-2S antibodies were determined. We did not observe significant changes in the measured parameters before and after the third dose of vaccination. By comparing levels of the analytes with antibodies indicating a prior COVID-19 infection, we found that women who had experienced the disease had statistically lower levels of estrone, estradiol, SHBG and 5α-dihydroprogesterone, and conversely, higher levels of androgen active dehydroepiandrosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Our results confirm that vaccination does not affect female fertility, and that what fertile women should be worried about is not vaccination, but rather COVID-19 infection itself.
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Hadley JB, Kelher MR, Coleman JR, Kelly KK, Dumont LJ, Esparza O, Banerjee A, Cohen MJ, Jones K, Silliman CC. Hormones, age, and sex affect platelet responsiveness in vitro. Transfusion 2022; 62:1882-1893. [PMID: 35929193 PMCID: PMC9464702 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female sex confers a survival advantage following severe injury in the setting of trauma-induced coagulopathy, with female platelets having heightened responsiveness likely due to estrogen. The effects of testosterone on platelet biology are unknown, and platelets express both estradiol and androgen receptors on the plasma membrane. We hypothesize testosterone decreases platelet responses in vitro, and there are baseline differences in platelet function and metabolism stratified by sex/age. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Apheresis platelets were collected from: older males (OM) ≥45 years, younger males (YM) <45 years, older females (OF) ≥54 years, and younger females (YF) <54 years, and testosterone and estradiol were measured. Platelets were incubated with testosterone (5.31 ng/ml), estradiol (105 pg/ml) or vehicle and stimulated with buffer, adenosine diphosphate (20 μM), platelet activating factor (2 μM), or thrombin (0.3 U/ml). Aggregation, CD62P surface expression, fibrinogen receptor surface expression, and platelet mitochondrial metabolism were measured. RESULTS Testosterone significantly inhibited aggregation in OF and OM (p < .05), inhibited CD41a expression in YF, YM, and OM (p < .05), and affected a few of the baseline amounts of CD62P surface expression but not platelet activation to platelet-activating factor and adenosine diphosphate, and variably changed platelet metabolism. DISCUSSION Platelets have sex- and age-specific aggregation, receptor expression, and metabolism. Testosterone decreases platelet function dependent on the stimulus, age, and sex. Similarly, platelet metabolism has varying responses to sex hormones with baseline metabolic differences dependent upon sex and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie B Hadley
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Marguerite R Kelher
- The Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Julia R Coleman
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Larry J Dumont
- Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, Colorado, USA
- The Department of Pathology School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Orlando Esparza
- The Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mitchell J Cohen
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenneth Jones
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Oklahoma School of Medicine, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Christopher C Silliman
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- The Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, Colorado, USA
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15
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Castillo LY, Ríos-Carrillo J, González-Orozco JC, Camacho-Arroyo I, Morin JP, Zepeda RC, Roldán-Roldán G. Juvenile Exposure to BPA Alters the Estrous Cycle and Differentially Increases Anxiety-like Behavior and Brain Gene Expression in Adult Male and Female Rats. TOXICS 2022; 10:513. [PMID: 36136478 PMCID: PMC9505797 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10090513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) in murine models has been reported to affect social behavior and increase anxiety. However, there is little information about the effects of BPA exposure during puberty, a period in which sex hormones influence the maturation and differentiation of the brain. In this work, we evaluated the effect of BPA administration during the juvenile stage (PND 21-50) on anxiety in male and female rats. Newly weaned Wistar rats were treated with BPA (0, 50, or 500 µg/kg/day) for 30 days. To compare the intra- and inter-sex behavioral profiles, rats were evaluated using four different anxiety models: the Open field test (OFT), the Elevated plus maze (EPM), the Light-dark box test (LDBT), and the Defensive burying test (DBT). Males exhibited a clear-cut anxious profile at both doses in all four tests, while no clear behavioral effect of BPA exposure was observed in female rats. The latter showed an altered estrous cycle that initiated earlier in life and had a shorter duration, with the estrous phase predominating. Moreover, the expression of ESR1, ESR2, GABRA1, GRIN1, GR, MR, and AR genes increased in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of male rats treated with 50 µg/kg, but not in females. Our results indicate that BPA consistently induces a higher anxiety profile in male than in female rats, as evidenced predominantly by an increase in passive-coping behaviors and changes in brain gene expression, highlighting the importance of sex in peripubertal behavioral toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Yesenia Castillo
- Behavioral Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Comprehensive Biomedicine and Health Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Veracruzana University, Xalapa 91190, Mexico
| | - Jorge Ríos-Carrillo
- Behavioral Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos González-Orozco
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Jean-Pascal Morin
- Behavioral Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Rossana C. Zepeda
- Comprehensive Biomedicine and Health Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Veracruzana University, Xalapa 91190, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Roldán-Roldán
- Behavioral Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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Šimková M, Kolátorová L, Drašar P, Vítků J. An LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of 32 steroids in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1201-1202:123294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Tarafdar A, Sirohi R, Balakumaran PA, Reshmy R, Madhavan A, Sindhu R, Binod P, Kumar Y, Kumar D, Sim SJ. The hazardous threat of Bisphenol A: Toxicity, detection and remediation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127097. [PMID: 34488101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (or BPA) is a toxic endocrine disrupting chemical that is released into the environment through modern manufacturing practices. BPA can disrupt the production, function and activity of endogenous hormones causing irregularity in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal glands and also the pituitary-adrenal function. BPA has immuno-suppression activity and can downregulate T cells and antioxidant genes. The genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of BPA is paramount and therefore, there is an immediate need to properly detect and remediate its influence. In this review, we discuss the toxic effects of BPA on different metabolic systems in the human body, followed by its mechanism of action. Various novel detection techniques (LC-MS, GC-MS, capillary electrophoresis, immunoassay and sensors) involving a pretreatment step (liquid-liquid microextraction and molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction) have also been detailed. Mechanisms of various remediation strategies, including biodegradation using native enzymes, membrane separation processes, photocatalytic oxidation, use of nanosorbents and thermal degradation has been detailed. An overview of the global regulations pertaining to BPA has been presented. More investigations are required on the efficiency of integrated remediation technologies rather than standalone methods for BPA removal. The effect of processing operations on BPA in food matrices is also warranted to restrict its transport into food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayon Tarafdar
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Palanisamy Athiyaman Balakumaran
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India
| | - R Reshmy
- Department of Chemistry, Bishop Moore College, Mavelikkara 690110, Kerela, India
| | - Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum 695014, Kerela, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Yogesh Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology and Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat 131028, Haryana, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology and Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat 131028, Haryana, India
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
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Maršálek P, Kovaříková S, Lueerssen F, Večerek V. Determination of bisphenol A in commercial cat food marketed in the Czech Republic. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:160-167. [PMID: 34013813 PMCID: PMC10812174 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211013745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most widely used synthetic compounds on the planet. It is used in the synthesis of polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins and other polymer materials. Owing to its excellent chemical and physical properties, it is used to produce food and beverage containers or the linings for metal products. BPA has been mentioned as a possible cause of feline hyperthyroidism. Cat food is considered one of the main sources of BPA intake. The purpose of this study was to evaluate BPA concentration in various types of commercial cat food available in the Czech Republic. METHODS In total, 172 samples prepared from 86 different types of commercial cat food were assessed. The concentration of BPA was measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Measurable concentration of BPA was found in all samples (range 0.065-131 ng/g), with the highest concentration (mean ± SD) of BPA in canned food (24.6 ± 34.8 ng/g). When comparing BPA concentration in food trays (1.58 ± 0.974 ng/g), pouches (0.591 ± 0.592 ng/g) and dry food (1.18 ± 0.518 ng/g), concentrations of BPA in food trays and dry food were significantly higher (P <0.01) compared with pouches. Comparing BPA concentrations in canned food of different manufacturers, statistically significant differences were found as well. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The highest concentrations of BPA were found in cans. Thus, cans represent the highest possibility of exposure to BPA in comparison with other types of commercial feline food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Maršálek
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Kovaříková
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Friedrich Lueerssen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Večerek
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Bisphenol A Release from Dental Composites and Resin-Modified Glass Ionomers under Two Polymerization Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010046. [PMID: 35012066 PMCID: PMC8747459 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA)-based monomers are commonly contained in dental resin-based materials. As BPA is an endocrine disruptor, its long-term release from restorative composites and resin-modified glass ionomers (RM-GICs) under two polymerization conditions was measured in this study. Specimens of two conventional composites containing BPA-based monomers, two “BPA-free” composites, and two RM-GICs were polymerized from one side for 20 s at 1300 mW/cm2 or for 5 s at 3000 mW/cm2. The amounts of BPA released in artificial saliva and methanol after 1, 4, 9, 16, 35, 65, 130, and 260 days were measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The highest amounts of BPA were released from conventional composites, followed by RM-GICs, while the least was released from “BPA-free” composites. Amounts of released BPA were significantly higher in methanol and decreased gradually after the first day. Fast polymerization (5 s at 3000 mW/cm2) resulted in a significantly higher release of BPA after 1 day, but the effect of polymerization conditions was not significant overall. In conclusion, fast polymerization increased the initial release of BPA, but the released amounts were significantly lower than the current tolerable daily intake (4 μg/kg body weight/day) even in methanol, representing the worst-case scenario of BPA release.
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Release of Bisphenol A from Milled and 3D-Printed Dental Polycarbonate Materials. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195868. [PMID: 34640263 PMCID: PMC8510194 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polycarbonates are polymers of bisphenol A (BPA), a well-known endocrine disruptor. This study evaluated the release of BPA from polycarbonate crowns that were (1) milled from Temp Premium Flexible (ZPF, Zirkonzahn, Italy) or Tizian Blank Polycarbonate (TBP, Schütz Dental, Germany), or (2) 3D-printed (Makrolon 2805, Covestro, Germany). Commercial prefabricated polycarbonate crowns (3M, USA) and milled poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) crowns (Temp Basic, Zirkonzahn, Italy) were included for comparison. The crowns were stored at 37 °C in artificial saliva (AS) or methanol, which represented the worst-case scenario of BPA release. Extracts were collected after 1 day, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months. BPA concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The amounts of released BPA were expressed in micrograms per gram of material (μg/g). After 1 day, the highest amounts of BPA were measured from milled polycarbonates, TBP (methanol: 32.2 ± 3.8 μg/g, AS: 7.1 ± 0.9 μg/g) and ZPF (methanol 22.8 ± 7.7 μg/g, AS: 0.3 ± 0.03 μg/g), followed by 3D-printed crowns (methanol: 11.1 ± 2.3 μg/g, AS: 0.1 ± 0.1 μg/g) and prefabricated crowns (methanol: 8.0 ± 1.6 μg/g, AS: 0.07 ± 0.02 μg/g). Between 1 week and 3 months, the average daily release of BPA in methanol and AS decreased below 2 μg/g and 0.6 μg/g, respectively. No BPA was released from PMMA in AS, and the cumulative amount released in methanol was 0.2 ± 0.06 μg/g. In conclusion, polycarbonates could be a relevant source of BPA, but the current tolerable daily intake of BPA (4 μg/kg body weight) should not be exceeded.
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Šimková M, Vítků J, Kolátorová L, Vrbíková J, Vosátková M, Včelák J, Dušková M. Endocrine disruptors, obesity, and cytokines - how relevant are they to PCOS? Physiol Res 2021; 69:S279-S293. [PMID: 33094626 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As environmental and genetic components contribute to the PCOS expression, we compared levels of endocrine disruptors, steroid hormones, cytokines, and metabolic parameters in twenty healthy, nine normal-weight PCOS women, and ten obese PCOS women. Steroid hormones, bisphenols (BPA, BPS, BPF, BPAF) and parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, benzyl-parabens) were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Differences between the groups were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated for the individual parameters relationship. Significantly higher levels of BPA, anti-Müllerain hormone, lutropine, lutropine/folitropine ratio, testosterone, androstenedione, 7beta-OH-epiandrosterone, and cytokines (IL-6, VEGF, PDGF-bb), were found in normal-weight PCOS women compared to controls. Between normal-weight and obese PCOS women, there were no differences in hormonal, but in metabolic parameters. Obese PCOS women had significantly higher insulin resistance, fatty-liver index, triglycerides, cytokines (IL-2, IL-13, IFN-gamma). In healthy, but not in PCOS, women, there was a positive correlation of BPA with testosterone, SHBG with lutropine, and folitropine, while testosterone negatively correlated with SHBG. In obese women with PCOS, insulin resistance negatively correlated with SHBG and estradiol. No differences were observed in the paraben exposure. Levels of BPA were higher in PCOS women, indicating its role in the etiology. Obesity significantly worsens the symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Šimková
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic. ,
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Song Y, Feng XS. Sample Preparation and Analytical Methods for Steroid Hormones in Environmental and Food Samples: An Update Since 2012. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:69-87. [PMID: 34152888 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1936446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones (SHs) have been widely used over the past few decades as both human and veterinary drugs to prevent or treat infectious diseases and anti-inflammatory benefits in clinical. Unfortunately, their residues in foodstuffs and environmental samples can produce adverse effects on human and animal life such as disrupting the endocrine system. For these reasons, sensitive, simple and efficient methods have been developed for the determination of these compounds in various matrices. This critical review summarized the articles published in the period from 2012 to 2019 and can be used to help researchers to understand development of the sample pretreatment protocols and analytical methods used to detect SHs. The developed extraction and purification techniques used for steroids in different samples, such as cloud point extraction, solid phase extraction based on different novel materials, microextraction methods, QuEChERS and other methods are summarized and discussed. Analytical methods used to quantify these compounds, such as different chromatography methods, electrochemical methods, as well as other methods, are illustrated and compared. We focused on the latest advances in SHs pretreatment, and the application of new technologies in SHs analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Guo C, Zhao X, Jin J, Wang L, Tan D, Chen J, Ni Y. The dose effect of dansyl chloride on the derivative products of bisphenols and its application for the determination of bisphenols in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3052-3060. [PMID: 34101988 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to bisphenols has rarely been reported. The most important challenges in this regard are the sensitivity and accuracy of the analytical methods employed. Dansyl chloride derivatization prior to high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry has been prevalently employed to improve sensitivity. However, the dose effect of the derivatization reagent on the reaction products is not well understood, especially for reactants with two or more active groups. This study investigated the mass ratio of dansyl chloride to bisphenols and found the mass ratio played a vital role in changing the composition of derivatives; further, the optimal ratio for obtaining di-substituted derivatives was confirmed. Under optimal conditions, solid-phase extraction followed by dansyl chloride derivatization coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to detect eight bisphenols in human serum samples. The method detection limits of the eight bisphenols were 0.025-0.28 ng/mL, and the recoveries were 72.9-121.7% by spiking bisphenols (2, 5, and 20 ng/mL) into bovine serum. The detection frequencies of bisphenol A and bisphenol F in 73 serum samples obtained from children from Guangzhou were 41.1% and 71.2%, respectively, while the detection frequencies of other bisphenols were below 20%. The concentrations of bisphenol A and bisphenol F were < 0.28-8.0 ng/mL and < 0.028-7.6 ng/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xueqin Zhao
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jing Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Longxing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Dongqin Tan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yuwen Ni
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
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Gély CA, Huesca A, Picard-Hagen N, Toutain PL, Berrebi A, Gauderat G, Gayrard V, Lacroix MZ. A new LC/MS method for specific determination of human systemic exposure to bisphenol A, F and S through their metabolites: Application to cord blood samples. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 151:106429. [PMID: 33636497 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to restriction of the use of BPA, several structural analogues such as BPS and BPF have been proposed for its replacement in many consumer products. This has increased the prevalence of BPS and BPF in urine from tested cohorts. However, these substitutes have similar endocrine disrupting properties to BPA, particularly on reproductive and metabolic functions, which suggests that fetal exposure to these analogues could be of concern for human health. Bisphenols (BPs) are mainly metabolized to glucuronides (BP-Gs), which are considered as inactive but provide a relevant marker of fetal exposure during pregnancy. In most instances, these metabolites are indirectly quantified after hydrolysis and measurement of the corresponding native BPs, which may lead to bias due to spurious BPs contamination during blood collection and/or analyses. We have developed a new method for direct quantification of BP-Gs, which has the advantage of not being affected by errors related to the presence of BPs. First, BP-Gs were extracted from plasma by anion exchange solid phase extraction. They were then labelled with dansyl chloride, using experimentally-optimized incubation conditions, after which the dansyl derivatives were injected into an on-line SPE-UHPLC/MS/MS system. The performance of the method, in terms of sensitivity, precision and accuracy, was evaluated in plasma over a concentration range of 0.05-5 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day CV% precision were lower than 20% with accuracies ranging from 93% to 115%. The limit of quantification was set at 0.05 ng/mL. The method was then applied to measure BP-Gs in forty-four cord plasma samples. Although no BPF-G was found, BPA-G and BPS-G was determined in almost half of the cord plasma samples with concentration ranges nd-0.089 ng/mL and nd-0.586 ng/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Gély
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France; ToxAlim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - A Huesca
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France.
| | - N Picard-Hagen
- ToxAlim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - P L Toutain
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - A Berrebi
- Hôpital Paule de Viguier, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, CHU Toulouse, F-31059 Toulouse, France.
| | - G Gauderat
- ToxAlim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - V Gayrard
- ToxAlim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - M Z Lacroix
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France.
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Zhang H, Meng Z, Ye T, Liu T, Li J, Ma F, Gu R, Zhu X, Wu Z, Dou G, Gan H. An UPLC-MS/MS method to monitor Estriol injection and comparison of pharmacokinetic characteristics after irradiation. RADIATION MEDICINE AND PROTECTION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Fighting Bisphenol A-Induced Male Infertility: The Power of Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020289. [PMID: 33671960 PMCID: PMC7919053 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a well-known endocrine disruptor present in epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics, negatively disturbs the male reproductive system affecting male fertility. In vivo studies showed that BPA exposure has deleterious effects on spermatogenesis by disturbing the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis and inducing oxidative stress in testis. This compound seems to disrupt hormone signalling even at low concentrations, modifying the levels of inhibin B, oestradiol, and testosterone. The adverse effects on seminal parameters are mainly supported by studies based on urinary BPA concentration, showing a negative association between BPA levels and sperm concentration, motility, and sperm DNA damage. Recent studies explored potential approaches to treat or prevent BPA-induced testicular toxicity and male infertility. Since the effect of BPA on testicular cells and spermatozoa is associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen species, most of the pharmacological approaches are based on the use of natural or synthetic antioxidants. In this review, we briefly describe the effects of BPA on male reproductive health and discuss the use of antioxidants to prevent or revert the BPA-induced toxicity and infertility in men.
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Kovaříková S, Maršálek P, Habánová M, Konvalinová J. Serum concentration of bisphenol A in elderly cats and its association with clinicopathological findings. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:105-114. [PMID: 32538247 PMCID: PMC10741350 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20932260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bisphenol A (BPA) has been mentioned as a possible factor contributing to feline hyperthyroidism. Nevertheless, there are no previous studies reporting on the concentration of BPA in feline serum and its association with thyroid function. The objectives of this study were to measure serum BPA concentration in cats aged ⩾7 years, considered as healthy by their owners, and to compare the results with clinicopathological findings. METHODS Sixty-nine cats aged ⩾7 years considered as healthy by their owners were enrolled in the study. The concentration of BPA in feline serum was measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In all cats, signalment, living environment, diet history, and the results of haematological and biochemical analysis, including thyroxine levels, were available. RESULTS The mean serum BPA concentration in feline serum was 1.06 ± 0.908 ng/ml. Significant correlation was found between BPA concentration and haemoglobin (r = 0.3397; P = 0.0043), haematocrit (r = 0.3245; P = 0.0065) and the number of red blood cells (r = 0.2916; P = 0.0151), concentration of total protein (r = 0.2383; P = 0.0486), concentration of calcium (r = 0.3915; P = 0.0009) and level of bilirubin (r = 0.3848; P = 0.0011). No other significant correlations were found. Significant differences (P <0.01) were found between mature (1.28 ± 0.994 ng/ml) and geriatric cats (0.420 ± 0.240 ng/ml), between strictly indoor cats (1.27 ± 0.992 ng/ml) and cats with outdoor access (0.660 ± 0.529 ng/ml), and between cats fed canned food (1.23 ± 0.935 ng/ml) and cats fed non-canned food (0.774 ± 0.795 ng/ml). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Measurable serum BPA levels were found in all examined samples. The age of the cats was revealed as a significant factor affecting BPA concentration and mature cats had the highest levels. A significantly higher concentration of BPA was found in cats living strictly indoors and in cats fed canned food. No association was found between BPA and thyroid function. Further studies are needed that focus on hyperthyroid cats for better evaluation of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Kovaříková
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and
Public Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology,
University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - Petr Maršálek
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and
Public Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology,
University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - Monika Habánová
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and
Public Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology,
University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - Jarmila Konvalinová
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and
Public Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology,
University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech
Republic
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Gomez-Gomez A, Montero-San-Martin B, Haro N, Pozo OJ. Nail Melatonin Content: A Suitable Non-Invasive Marker of Melatonin Production. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E921. [PMID: 33477696 PMCID: PMC7831915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin plays multiple physiological roles in the human body. Evaluation of melatonin production by the determination of urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in 24-h samples has important drawbacks which hinder the successful evaluation of melatonin production in large cohorts. Here, we evaluated the potential of nail analysis for estimating melatonin production. Firstly, mass spectrometry methodology for the determination of melatonin in nails was optimized and successfully validated. The method was found to be linear in the range 6.5-830 fg/mg with intraday and interday accuracy in the range 100-104 %, precision below 15 % and a LOD of 3.5 fg/mg. Secondly, nail melatonin concentrations from 84 volunteers (age 5-96) were determined. The expected correlation between melatonin and age was obtained (correlation coefficient -0.615; p < 0.001). Additionally, we showed that fingernails are preferable to toenails to determine nail melatonin content. Finally, fingernails collected for 180 days after melatonin administration (two volunteers, 1.9 mg/night during 5 days) were analyzed. Nail melatonin concentrations immediately rose after administration and went back to pre-administration values after ≈100 days in both volunteers. Our results suggest that melatonin determination in nails is a suitable non-invasive tool for the estimation of global melatonin production. Due to the easy collection and storage of nails, the long-term information obtained and the multiple functions of melatonin, nail melatonin content might complement dim light melatonin onset, which is commonly measured from plasma/saliva samples, paving the way for melatonin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Gomez-Gomez
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, Institut de l’Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.-G.); (N.H.)
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Noemí Haro
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, Institut de l’Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.-G.); (N.H.)
| | - Oscar J. Pozo
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, Institut de l’Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.-G.); (N.H.)
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Ma W, Wan S, Lin C, Lin X, Xie Z. Towards online specific recognition and sensitive analysis of bisphenol A by using AuNPs@aptamer hybrid-silica affinity monolithic column with LC-MS. Talanta 2020; 219:121275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Wu M, Miao E, Xu W, Xu W, Hu Y, Zhan J, Zhou H. Determination of estrogens by solid-phase quadruplex stable isotope dansylation coupled with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry in environmental samples. Talanta 2020; 219:121272. [PMID: 32887162 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens distribute widely in the environment as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which have to be monitored to evaluate their environmental impact. Aim to improve the analytical throughput of liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), a quadruplex stable isotope dansylation method was developed, with which three real samples could be quantitatively analyzed in one injection. As the estrogens were at trace level in complex matrices, magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) was applied to enrich these analytes and remove the interfaces. By integrating MSPE and quadruplex stable isotope dansylation, a solid-phase quadruplex labeling method was developed for the LC-HRMS analysis of estrogen analogues. For the tested seven estrogens, the developed method showed low detection limits (0.1-0.5 ng/L for pond water and 0.01-0.05 μg/kg for poultry manure), good precision (RSD < 5.5%) and accuracy (96.8-108.3%). The method was applied in the determination of estrogens in environmental samples, and the results revealed that all the tested estrogens were present in the estuary water (unquantifiable to 71.2 ng/L) and chicken manure (undetectable to 25.43 μg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghuo Wu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China.
| | - Enming Miao
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Wenxue Xu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Weiping Xu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Yufeng Hu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Jingjing Zhan
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China.
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DUŠKOVÁ M, KOLÁTOROVÁ L, ŠIMKOVÁ M, ŠRÁMKOVÁ M, MALÍKOVÁ M, HORÁČKOVÁ L, VÍTKŮ J, STÁRKA L. Steroid Diagnostics of 21st Century in the Light of Their New Roles and Analytical Tools. Physiol Res 2020; 69:S193-S203. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The determination of steroid hormones and subsequent interpretation of results is accompanied by a range of difficulties. The amount of information that current technology can provide on the circulating concentrations of more than a hundred various steroid compounds can lead to problems with interpretation. The aim of this study is to help provide orientation in this maze of data on steroid hormones. First we focus on specific aspects arising from the pre-analytical phase of steroid determination that need to be considered when planning sampling, whether for diagnostics or research. Then, we provide a brief summary of the characteristics and diagnostic relevance of several steroid hormones and/or their metabolites: pregnenolone, 17α-hydroxy-pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, hydroxyderivatives of dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, estrone, estradiol, estriol, cortisol, cortisone, which in our institute are determined with validated LC-MS/MS methods. For these steroids, we also provide newly calculated reference values in fertile women according to the phase of their menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. DUŠKOVÁ
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
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Xiao Z, Wang R, Suo D, Li T, Su X. Trace analysis of bisphenol A and its analogues in eggs by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2020; 327:126882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Šimková M, Tichý A, Dušková M, Bradna P. Dental composites - a low-dose source of bisphenol A? Physiol Res 2020; 69:S295-S304. [PMID: 33094627 PMCID: PMC8603723 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental composite materials often contain monomers with bisphenol A (BPA) structure in their molecules, e.g. bisphenol-A glycidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA). In this study, it was examined whether dental restorative composites could be a low-dose source of BPA or alternative bisphenols, which are known to have endocrine-disrupting effects. Bis-GMA-containing composites Charisma Classic (CC) and Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative (FU) and "BPA-free" Charisma Diamond (CD) and Admira Fusion (AF) were examined. Specimens (diameter 6 mm, height 2 mm, n=5) were light-cured from one side for 20 s and stored at 37 °C in methanol which was periodically changed over 130 days to determine the kinetics of BPA release. BPA concentrations were measured using a dansyl chloride derivatization method with liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry detection. The amounts of BPA were expressed in nanograms per gram of composite (ng/g). BPA release from Bis-GMA-containing CC and FU was significantly higher compared to "BPA-free" CD and AF. The highest 1-day release was detected with FU (15.4+/-0.8 ng/g), followed by CC (9.1+/-1.1 ng/g), AF (2.1+/-1.3 ng/g), and CD (1.6+/-0.8 ng/g), and the release gradually decreased over the examined period. Detected values were several orders of magnitude below the tolerable daily intake (4 microg/kg body weight/day). Alternative bisphenols were not detected. BPA was released even from "BPA-free" composites, although in significantly lower amounts than from Bis-GMA-containing composites. Despite incubation in methanol, detected amounts of BPA were substantially lower than current limits suggesting that dental composites should not pose a health risk if adequately polymerized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Šimková
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic. , Institute of Dental Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Nouri MZ, Kroll KJ, Webb M, Denslow ND. Quantification of steroid hormones in low volume plasma and tissue homogenates of fish using LC-MS/MS. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 296:113543. [PMID: 32598883 PMCID: PMC7447131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of steroid hormones in fish is an important step for toxicology and endocrinology studies. Among the hormone analysis techniques, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has widely been used for measuring hormones in various biological samples. Despite all improvements in the technique, detection of several hormones in a low volume of serum or plasma is still challenging. We developed a robust method for simultaneous quantification of 14 steroid hormones including corticosterone, cortisol, 11-ketotestosterone, progesterone, testosterone, 17OH-progesterone, aldosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, ethinylestradiol, levonorgestrel and equilin from volumes as low as 10 µL serum or plasma in a short run by LC-MS/MS. The lowest limit of detection in 10 µL serum was 0.012 ng/mL measured for cortisol, progesterone, testosterone, 17OH-progesterone and estrone. Use of high (25 times more) serum volume improved detection limit of hormones by 2-40 times. The method was compared with the radioimmunoassay technique in which testosterone and 17β-estradiol were highly correlated with R2 of 0.95 and 0.96, respectively. We validated the method by measuring four selected hormones, in low and high plasma volumes of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). In addition, we developed a method to quantify hormones in whole body fish homogenates of small fish and compared the values to plasma concentrations, using fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Calculated concentrations of the hormones in plasma were consistent with those in the homogenate and 11-ketotestosterone and 17β-estradiol were significantly different in males and females. The ability to measure hormones from whole body homogenates was further evaluated in two model small fish species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and juvenile silverside (Menidia beryllina). These results suggest that whole tissue homogenate is a reliable alternative for hormone quantification when sufficient plasma is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Zaman Nouri
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
| | - Kevin J Kroll
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Molly Webb
- USFWS, Bozeman Fish Technology Center, Bozeman, MT 59517, United States
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
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Xiong L, Pei J, Wu X, Liang C, Guo X, Bao P, Chu M, Yao X, Yan P. Multi-residue Determination of Bisphenol Compounds in Feed Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Dispersive Solid-Phase Extract Followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detector. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Luque-Córdoba D, López-Bascón MA, Priego-Capote F. Development of a quantitative method for determination of steroids in human plasma by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2020; 220:121415. [PMID: 32928427 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroids are involved in biological functions that encompass from the complete sexual development of individuals up to the deregulation of metabolic pathways leading to some pathologies. Steroids are present in blood at low concentration levels from pg mL-1 to ng mL-1. For this reason, a high sensitive and selective method based on gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS/MS) is here proposed to quantify either androgens (androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, dihydrotestosterone and testosterone), estrogens (estrone and estradiol) and a progestogen (progesterone) in human plasma. The sample preparation steps, protein precipitation and solid phase extraction, were optimized to ensure the sample matrix removal and to extract steroids with high efficiency. The NCI-MS/MS detection approach was compared with that based on electron impact to evaluate the incidence of the ionization source in the determination of steroids. The quantification limits for determination of these analytes were in a range from 10 pg mL-1 to 5 ng mL-1, with a high sensitivity for estrogens, typically found at low concentrations. The proposed method was tested for the determination of steroids in male blood samples, in which 6 out of 7 steroids were detected and quantified to report concentration values in agreement with those described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Luque-Córdoba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Nanochemistry University Instititue (IUNAN), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - M A López-Bascón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Nanochemistry University Instititue (IUNAN), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - F Priego-Capote
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Nanochemistry University Instititue (IUNAN), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
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Xiong X, Li D, Du Z, Xiong C, Jiang H. Magnetic solid-phase extraction modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe method combined with pre-column derivatization and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for determination of estrogens and estrogen mimics in pork and chicken samples. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1622:461137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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38
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Bonfoh SI, Li D, Xiong X, Du Z, Xiong C, Jiang H. Novel PEP-PAN@PSF rods extraction of EDCs in environmental water, sediment, and fish homogenate followed by pre-column derivatization and UHPLC-MS/MS detection. Talanta 2020; 210:120661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Combination of solid-phase extraction with microextraction techniques followed by HPLC for simultaneous determination of 2-methylimidazole and 4-methylimidazole in beverages. Food Chem 2020; 305:125389. [PMID: 31520918 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive analytical method for the monitoring 2-methylimidazole and 4-methylimidazole (2-MI and 4-MI) is desirable due to their carcinogenic property. Here, we propose a highly sensitive method basing on the combination of solid-phase extraction and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction techniques followed by high-performance liquid chromatography to simultaneously determine 2-MI and 4-MI in beverages. Dansyl chloride was used as a derivatizing reagent. Microextraction parameters were optimized by Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology. Results show that derivatization led to significant improvements in chromatographic behavior for 2-MI and 4-MI due to increased hydrophobicity. The method shows good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9985), satisfactory precision (%RSD ≤ 8.3%) and low limit of quantification (20 ng/mL), and was successfully applied to determine 2-MI and 4-MI in carbonated drinks, beers and energy drinks, achieving satisfactory recoveries (85-101%). This method provides a potential for routine analysis of 2-MI and 4-MI at the nanogram per milliliter level in beverages.
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Wiraagni IA, Mohd MA, bin Abd Rashid R, Haron DEBM. Validation of a simple extraction procedure for bisphenol A identification from human plasma. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221774. [PMID: 31581189 PMCID: PMC6776257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The general population is exposed to bisphenol A (BPA) orally, parenterally, transdermally, and environmentally as a result of the use of BPA in food packaging, plastics, and personal care products. The majority of the population nowadays (91-99%) has detectable levels of BPA inside their body. In this study, we successfully performed an inexpensive, rapid, and simple protein precipitation procedure for extraction of BPA from human plasma, followed by analysis by LC-MS/MS. This method was specifically developed for handling large numbers of samples with minimum cost and volume of sample. The developed method was accurate, precise, and reproducible for quantification of BPA from human plasma samples in the concentration range of 10-2000 ng/mL. The method was performed on samples from 150 healthy volunteers who were enrolled in the study. The mean of observed BPA level was 2.22 ± 9.91 ng/mL. Higher BPA levels were observed for females compare to that of males (p-value = 0.002), the BPA levels were higher in participants 33 years of age and older compared to those less than 33 years of age (p-value = 0.000), then the BPA levels higher in subjects with tap water as source of drinking (p-value = 0.005). This method may be valuable for general risk assessment of BPA for a large and varied population because of its efficiency and economical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idha Arfianti Wiraagni
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Medicolegal, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mustafa Ali Mohd
- Shimadzu‐UM Center for Xenobiotics Studies (SUCXeS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rusdi bin Abd Rashid
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Denver N, Khan S, Homer NZM, MacLean MR, Andrew R. Current strategies for quantification of estrogens in clinical research. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 192:105373. [PMID: 31112747 PMCID: PMC6726893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens and their bioactive metabolites play key roles in regulating diverse processes in health and disease. In particular, estrogens and estrogenic metabolites have shown both protective and non-protective effects on disease pathobiology, implicating the importance of this steroid pathway in disease diagnostics and monitoring. All estrogens circulate in a wide range of concentrations, which in some patient cohorts can be extremely low. However, elevated levels of estradiol are reported in disease. For example, in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) elevated levels have been reported in men and postmenopausal women. Conventional immunoassay techniques have come under scrutiny, with their selectivity, accuracy and precision coming into question. Analytical methodologies such as gas and liquid chromatography coupled to single and tandem mass spectrometric approaches (GC-MS, GC-MS/MS, LC-MS and LC-MS/MS) have been developed to quantify endogenous estrogens and in some cases their bioactive metabolites in biological fluids such as urine, serum, plasma and saliva. Liquid-liquid or solid-phase extraction approaches are favoured with derivatization remaining a necessity for detection in lower volumes of sample. The limits of quantitation of individual assays vary but are commonly in the range of 0.5-5 pg/mL for estrone and estradiol, with limits for their bioactive metabolites being higher. This review provides an overview of current approaches for measurement of unconjugated estrogens in biological matrices by MS, highlighting the advances in this field and the challenges remaining for routine use in the clinical and research environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Denver
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Shazia Khan
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4TJ.
| | - Natalie Z M Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Margaret R MacLean
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruth Andrew
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4TJ.
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42
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Denver N, Khan S, Stasinopoulos I, Church C, Homer NZ, MacLean MR, Andrew R. Derivatization enhances analysis of estrogens and their bioactive metabolites in human plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1054:84-94. [PMID: 30712596 PMCID: PMC6363983 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens regulate many diverse biological processes in health and disease. They circulate at a wide range of concentrations in females generating several active metabolites (hydroxy and methoxyestrogens). The metabolites are assumed to be present in much lower levels and are thought to contribute to diseases such as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Estrogen metabolites are challenging to quantify in plasma and currently available immunoassays are non-specific. Here we have developed and validated a novel assay to simultaneously quantify parent estrogens and their metabolites by mass spectrometry (MS). Estrogens were extracted from human plasma using solid phase extraction and derivatized using 1-(5-fluoro-2, 4-dinitrophenyl)-4-methylpiperazine (PPZ) before quaternization by methylation ("MPPZ"). MPPZ derivatives were separated and quantified by liquid chromatography tandem MS (LC-MS/MS) in positive electrospray ionization mode, using a QTrap 6500 + coupled to a Shimadzu Nexera X2. Separation was achieved using an ACE Excel 2 C18-PFP column (2 μm, 2.1 mm × 150 mm). The limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.43-2.17 pg on column with a linear range from 2 or 10 - 2000 pg mL-1. Intra and inter-day precision and accuracy were acceptable (<20% at LOQ and <15% above). These derivatives demonstrated minimal degradation upon short-term storage at 15 °C (<20%) and longer term at -20 °C (<20%). Using this approach, estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) were detected in plasma (0.5 mL) from healthy women and those with PAH but downstream metabolites 16-hydroxy-E1, 16-hydroxy-E2, 2-methoxy-E1 and 4-methoxy-E1 were only detected in plasma from diseased patients. These findings will next be tested robustly in large patient cohorts. This novel LC-MS/MS analysis of estrogens and their bioactive metabolites, using MPPZ derivatization, opens doors for the simultaneous analysis of a panel of estrogens in human plasma, across the endogenous range of concentrations encountered in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Denver
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Shazia Khan
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Ioannis Stasinopoulos
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Colin Church
- Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Agamemnon St, Clydebank, G81 4DY, United Kingdom.
| | - Natalie Zm Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Margaret R MacLean
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruth Andrew
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
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Shan W, Yao K, Wen K, Shao B. Development of low matrix effects method for the analysis of bisphenol A and bisphenol S in aquatic products by immunoaffinity purification. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1109:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Cariati F, D'Uonno N, Borrillo F, Iervolino S, Galdiero G, Tomaiuolo R. "Bisphenol a: an emerging threat to male fertility". Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2019; 17:6. [PMID: 30660193 PMCID: PMC6339693 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-018-0447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the factors causing male infertility, one of the most debated is the exposure to environmental contaminants. Recently, the chemical compound Bisphenol A (BPA) has drawn attention from the reproductive science community, due to its ubiquitous presence in day-to-day life. Its toxic action appears to mainly affect the male reproductive system, directly impacting male fertility. MAIN: The purpose of this review is to investigate current research data on BPA, providing an overview of the findings obtained from studies in animal and human models, as well as on its supposed mechanisms of action. CONCLUSION A clear understanding of BPA action mechanisms, as well as the presumed risks deriving from its exposure, is becoming crucial to preserve male fertility. The development and validation of methodologies to detect BPA toxic effects on reproductive organs can provide greater awareness of the potential threat that this chemical represents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cariati
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, 5 -, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a r.l., Naples, Italy.
- KronosDNA s.r.l., Spin-off Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Nadja D'Uonno
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a r.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Borrillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, 5 -, 80131, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a r.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Iervolino
- KronosDNA s.r.l., Spin-off Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giacomo Galdiero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rossella Tomaiuolo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, 5 -, 80131, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a r.l., Naples, Italy
- KronosDNA s.r.l., Spin-off Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Bicikova M, Macova L, Kolatorova L, Hill M, Novotny J, Jandova D, Starka L. Physiological changes after spa treatment - a focus on endocrinology. Physiol Res 2018; 67:S525-S530. [PMID: 30484679 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper presents the results of our effort to reveal objective parameters for evaluation of the spa treatment for patients with anxiety-depressive disorders. The study was based on our previous experience with neuroactive steroids and neurosteroids, which play a crucial role in the psychological well-being of patients by maintaining balance of the organism. A total number of 94 steroids were determinated in a group of 70 female patients diagnosed with anxiety-depressive disorders. Patients underwent a month spa treatment while maintaining unchanged medication dosing with SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors). The other investigated factors contributing to improving the health of treated subjects were amino-acid homocysteine and serotonin. The blood samples were collected at the beginning and the end of the spa treatment. Serotonin in all patients increased by a relative 23 % (results given as relative differences in percent), while homocysteine decreased by 17.1 %. Statistically significant increases were found in 21 steroids, which indicate activation of the adrenal cortex. It can be assumed, that the overall improvement in the mental condition of patients, which was proved by questionnaire from Knobloch and Hausner, the increase in immune suppressive substances and anti-autoimmune responses, will maintain for a longer time after the spa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bicikova
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Adamcová K, Kolátorová L, Škodová T, Šimková M, Pařízek A, Stárka L, Dušková M. Steroid hormone levels in the peripartum period - differences caused by fetal sex and delivery type. Physiol Res 2018; 67:S489-S497. [PMID: 30484675 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Progesterone, estrogens, androgens and glucocorticoids all play important roles during pregnancy, from implantation to delivery. Focusing on selected steroid hormones in the peripartum period, we defined reference ranges measured using LS-MS/MS, and assessed relationships with maternal age, pregnancy weight gain, delivery type, and fetal sex. Samples were taken from 142 healthy women with physiological gravidity at the 37th week, during the first period of labor, and from newborn mixed cord blood. We found higher cortisol and 17-OH-pregnenolone plasma levels in mothers at the 37th week that carried male fetuses (p=0.03), but no significant differences in any studied hormones in newborns of different sex. Neither maternal age nor weight gain nor newborn birth weight had any relationships to any of the studied hormones. However, there were differences depending on vaginal versus planned cesarean section deliveries. In women carrying a male fetus we found significantly higher levels of 17-OH-pregnenolone, progesterone, cortisol, corticosterone and significantly lower levels of estradiol in those undergoing spontaneous vaginal delivery. However, we found no significant differences in the cord blood of newborn males from either delivery type. We established reference ranges for our analysis methods, which should be useful for further studies as well as in standard clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Adamcová
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Faculty of Medicine and General Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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VITKU J, KOLATOROVA L, FRANEKOVA L, BLAHOS J, SIMKOVA M, DUSKOVA M, SKODOVA T, STARKA L. Endocrine Disruptors of the Bisphenol and Paraben Families and Bone Metabolism. Physiol Res 2018; 67:S455-S464. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
After menopause, when estrogen levels decrease, there is room for the activity of anthropogenic substances with estrogenic properties – endocrine disruptors (EDs) – that can interfere with bone remodeling and changes in calcium-phosphate metabolism. Selected unconjugated EDs of the bisphenol group – BPA, BPS, BPF, BPAF, and the paraben family – methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, and benzyl-parabens – were measured by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the plasma of 24 postmenopausal women. Parameters of calcium-phosphate metabolism and bone mineral density were assessed. Osteoporosis was classified in 14 women, and 10 women were put into the control group. The impact of EDs on calcium-phosphate metabolism was evaluated by multiple linear regressions. In women with osteoporosis, concentrations of BPA ranged from the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) – 104 pg/ml and methyl paraben (MP) from LLOQ – 1120 pg/ml. The alternative bisphenols BPS, BPF and BPAF were all under the LLOQ. Except for MP, no further parabens were detected in the majority of samples. The multiple linear regression model found a positive association of BPA (β=0.07, p<0.05) on calcium (Ca) concentrations. Furthermore, MP (β=-0.232, p<0.05) was negatively associated with C-terminal telopeptide. These preliminary results suggest that these EDs may have effects on calcium-phosphate metabolism.
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Domonkos E, Borbélyová V, Kolátorová L, Chlupáčová T, Ostatníková D, Hodosy J, Stárka L, Celec P. Sex differences in the effect of prenatal testosterone exposure on steroid hormone production in adult rats. Physiol Res 2018; 66:S367-S374. [PMID: 28948821 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal hyperandrogenism during pregnancy might have metabolic and endocrine consequences on the offspring as shown for the polycystic ovary syndrome. Despite numerous experiments, the impact of prenatal hyperandrogenic environment on postnatal sex steroid milieu is not yet clear. In this study, we investigated the effect of prenatal testosterone excess on postnatal concentrations of luteinizing hormone, corticosterone and steroid hormones including testosterone, pregnenolone, progesterone, estradiol and 7beta-hydroxy-epiandrosterone in the offspring of both sexes. Pregnant rats were injected daily with either testosterone propionate or vehicle from gestational day 14 until parturition. The hormones were evaluated in plasma of the adult offspring. As expected, females had lower testosterone and higher pregnenolone, progesterone and estradiol in comparison to males. In addition, corticosterone was higher in females than in males, and it was further elevated by prenatal testosterone treatment. In males, prenatal testosterone exposure resulted in higher 7beta-hydroxy-epiandrosterone in comparison to control group. None of the other analyzed hormones were affected by prenatal testosterone. In conclusion, our results did not show major effects on sex hormone production or luteinizing hormone release in adult rats resulting from testosterone excess during their fetal development. However, maternal hyperandrogenism seems to partially affect steroid biosynthesis in sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Domonkos
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Smy L, Straseski JA. Measuring estrogens in women, men, and children: Recent advances 2012-2017. Clin Biochem 2018; 62:11-23. [PMID: 29800559 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of estrogens is important for diagnosing and monitoring the health of women, men, and children. For example, for postmenopausal women or women undergoing treatment for breast cancer with aromatase inhibitors, the measurement of extremely low concentrations of estrogens in serum, especially estradiol, is problematic but essential for proper medical care. Achieving superb analytical sensitivity and specificity has been and continues to be a challenge for the clinical laboratory, but is a challenge that is being taken seriously. Focusing on publications from 2012 to 2017, this review will provide an overview of recent research in the development of methods to accurately and precisely measure estrogens, including a variety of estrogen metabolites. Additionally, the latest in clinical research involving estrogen measurement in women, men, and children will be presented to provide an update on the association of estrogens with diseases or conditions such as breast cancer, precocious puberty, infertility, and pregnancy. This research update will provide context as to why estrogen measurement is important and why laboratories are working hard to support the recommendations made by the Endocrine Society regarding estrogen measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Smy
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Joely A Straseski
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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Thoene M, Rytel L, Nowicka N, Wojtkiewicz J. The state of bisphenol research in the lesser developed countries of the EU: a mini-review. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:371-380. [PMID: 30090587 PMCID: PMC6062254 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00064f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol compounds are a class of chemical epoxy resins that are found throughout the world in food packaging, thermal paper products, dental materials, and more. These compounds were deemed to be safe until recently, when some studies noticed adverse effects at very low doses, due to the fact that bisphenol acts as an endocrine disruptor. Over the last ten years, studies have been performed to detect bisphenols (especially BPA) in serum and blood samples throughout the world. Essentially, the majority of the earth's population seems to have significantly measurable levels of bisphenol in their blood plasma or urine. However, the majority of the population is unaware that a potential danger may exist. The purpose of this mini-review is to report upon the state of bisphenol research in the lesser developed member-states of the European Union and to increase awareness of the exposure level and possible adverse health effects of this endocrine disruptor. The results show that only three of the most newly admitted members of the European Union have published research concerning the health effects and/or environmental exposure of EU citizens to bisphenol compounds. Those countries were Slovenia, Poland and the Czech Republic. The rest of the surveyed member-states had little or no published research in relation to bisphenol compounds. Furthermore, even the three nations referred to above still lagged far behind the more advanced EU member-states. The lack of research could translate into a lack of awareness amongst the citizenry of nearly half of the EU, and may be unnecessarily putting those EU citizens at an increased risk of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Thoene
- Department of Medical Biology , Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Żołnierska 14C str. , 10-561 Olsztyn , Poland . ; Tel: +(89) 524 61 16
| | - Liliana Rytel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Warmia and Mazury , OczapowskiegoStr 15 , 10-718 , Olsztyn , Poland .
| | - Natalia Nowicka
- Department of Pathophysiology , Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Warmia and Mazury , Olsztyn , Poland . ;
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology , Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Warmia and Mazury , Olsztyn , Poland . ;
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