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Arkhypova V, Soldatkin O, Soldatkin A, Dzyadevych S. Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Enzyme Inhibition Effect. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300214. [PMID: 37639188 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Several electrochemical biosensors based on various enzyme inhibition effects have been designed; their laboratory prototypes have been manufactured and thoroughly investigated. It should be noted that such biosensors are adapted to large-scale production technologies. A number of advantages and disadvantages of developed biosensors based on enzyme inhibition has been discussed. It is important that all developed biosensors are not opposite to traditional analytical methods, but complement them. This is an additional system of quick and early warning about the presence of toxic substances in the environment. Such systems can save time and money in emergencies due to the possibility of quick decision-making on local environmental problems. If necessary, more accurate, but time-consuming and expensive traditional methods could be used for further validation and additional research of samples previously tested by biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentyna Arkhypova
- Department of Biomolecular Electronics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnogo Str., 03143, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Soldatkin
- Department of Biomolecular Electronics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnogo Str., 03143, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alexei Soldatkin
- Department of Biomolecular Electronics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnogo Str., 03143, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University, 4G Glushkova av., 03022, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergei Dzyadevych
- Department of Biomolecular Electronics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnogo Str., 03143, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University, 4G Glushkova av., 03022, Kyiv, Ukraine
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2
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Patel R, Mitra B, Vinchurkar M, Adami A, Patkar R, Giacomozzi F, Lorenzelli L, Baghini MS. Plant pathogenicity and associated/related detection systems. A review. Talanta 2023; 251:123808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ivanov A, Stoikov D, Shafigullina I, Shurpik D, Stoikov I, Evtugyn G. Flow-Through Acetylcholinesterase Sensor with Replaceable Enzyme Reactor. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12090676. [PMID: 36140061 PMCID: PMC9496324 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fast and reliable determination of enzyme inhibitors are of great importance in environmental monitoring and biomedicine because of the high biological activity and toxicity of such species and the necessity of their reliable assessment in many media. In this work, a flow-through biosensor has been developed and produced by 3D printing from poly(lactic acid). Acetylcholinesterase from an electric eel was immobilized on the inner walls of the reactor cell. The concentration of thiocholine formed in enzymatic hydrolysis of the substrate was monitored amperometrically with a screen-printed carbon electrode modified with carbon black particles, pillar[5]arene, electropolymerized Methylene blue and thionine. In the presence of thiocholine, the cathodic current at −0.25 V decreased because of an alternative chemical reaction of the macrocycle. The conditions of enzyme immobilization and signal measurements were optimized and the performance of the biosensor was assessed in the determination of reversible (donepezil, berberine) and irreversible (carbofuran) inhibitors. In the optimal conditions, the flow-through biosensor made it possible to determine 1.0 nM–1.0 μM donepezil, 1.0 μM–1.0 mM berberine and 10 nM to 0.1 μM carbofuran. The AChE biosensor was tested on spiked samples of artificial urine for drugs and peanuts for carbofuran. Possible interference of the sample components was eliminated by dilution of the samples with phosphate buffer. Easy mounting, low cost of replaceable parts of the cell and satisfactory analytical and metrological characteristics made the biosensor a promising future application as a point-of-care or point-of-demand device outside of a chemical laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Ivanov
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(843)-233-74-91
| | - Dmitry Stoikov
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Insiya Shafigullina
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Dmitry Shurpik
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ivan Stoikov
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Gennady Evtugyn
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Chemical Technology Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
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Bhardwaj H, Rajesh, Sumana G. Recent advances in nanomaterials integrated immunosensors for food toxin detection. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:12-33. [PMID: 35068548 PMCID: PMC8758883 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-04999-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
For the management and prevention of many chronic and acute diseases, the rapid quantification of toxicity in food and feed products have become a significant concern. Technology advancements in the area of biosensors, bioelectronics, miniaturization techniques, and microfluidics have shown a significant impact than conventional methods which have given a boost to improve the sensing performance towards food analyte detection. In this article, recent literature of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), worldwide permissible limits, major outbreaks and severe impact on healthy life have been discussed. An improvement achieved in detection range, limit of detection, shelf-life of the biosensor by integrated dimensional nanomaterials such as zero-dimension, one-dimension and two-dimension for AFB1 detection using electrical and optical transduction mechanism has been summarized. A critical overview of the latest trends using paper-based and micro-spotted array integrated with the anisotropic shape of nanomaterials, portable microfluidic devices have also been described together with future perspectives for further advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Bhardwaj
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. KS Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, 110012 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Rajesh
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. KS Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Gajjala Sumana
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. KS Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, 110012 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
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5
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Pohanka M. Inhibitors of Cholinesterases in Pharmacology: the Current Trends. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 20:1532-1542. [PMID: 31656151 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666191018170908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of cholinesterases are a wide group of low molecular weight compounds with a significant role in the current pharmacology. Besides the pharmacological importance, they are also known as toxic compounds like military nerve agents. In the pharmacology, drugs for Alzheimer disease, myasthenia gravis and prophylaxis of poisoning by nerve agents can be mentioned as the relevant applications. Besides this, anti-inflammation and antiphrastic drugs are other pharmacological applications of these inhibitors. This review is focused on a survey of cholinesterase inhibitors with known or expected pharmacological impact and indications of their use. Recent literature with comments is provided here as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Piroozmand F, Mohammadipanah F, Faridbod F. Emerging biosensors in detection of natural products. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2020; 5:293-303. [PMID: 32954023 PMCID: PMC7484522 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products (NPs) are a valuable source in the food, pharmaceutical, agricultural, environmental, and many other industrial sectors. Their beneficial properties along with their potential toxicities make the detection, determination or quantification of NPs essential for their application. The advanced instrumental methods require time-consuming sample preparation and analysis. In contrast, biosensors allow rapid detection of NPs, especially in complex media, and are the preferred choice of detection when speed and high throughput are intended. Here, we review diverse biosensors reported for the detection of NPs. The emerging approaches for improving the efficiency of biosensors, such as microfluidics, nanotechnology, and magnetic beads, are also discussed. The simultaneous use of two detection techniques is suggested as a robust strategy for precise detection of a specific NP with structural complexity in complicated matrices. The parallel detection of a variety of NPs structures or biological activities in a mixture of extract in a single detection phase is among the anticipated future advancements in this field which can be achieved using multisystem biosensors applying multiple flow cells, sensing elements, and detection mechanisms on miniaturized folded chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoozeh Piroozmand
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadipanah
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnoush Faridbod
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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El Alami El Hassani N, Bouchikhi B, El Bari N. Recent development of an electrochemical imprinted sensor for the detection of trace-level of unmetabolized aflatoxin B2 in dairy milk. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Sergeyeva T, Yarynka D, Piletska E, Linnik R, Zaporozhets O, Brovko O, Piletsky S, El'skaya A. Development of a smartphone-based biomimetic sensor for aflatoxin B1 detection using molecularly imprinted polymer membranes. Talanta 2019; 201:204-210. [PMID: 31122412 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel smartphone-based optical biomimetic sensor based on free-standing molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) membranes was developed for rapid and sensitive point-of-care detection of aflatoxin B1. The developed MIP membranes were capable of selective recognition of the target analyte and, at the same time, of generation of a fluorimetric sensor response, which could be registered using the camera of a smartphone and analysed using image analysis. The developed system provides a possibility of synchronous detection of aflatoxin B1 in 96 channels. UV irradiation of aflatoxin B1, selectively bound by the MIP membranes from the analysed samples, initiated fluorescence of aflatoxin B1 with intensity directly proportional to its concentration. The composition of the MIP membranes used as a recognition element was optimised taking into account data of computational modelling. Two functional monomers (2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propansulfonic acid and acrylamide) were identified as optimal for the formation of aflatoxin B1-selective binding sites in the structure of the MIP membranes. Working characteristics of the smartphone-based sensor system were also estimated. The influence of pH and of buffer and NaCl concentrations on the smartphone-based sensor responses were studied. High selectivity of the developed sensor system towards aflatoxin B1 was confirmed in experiments with the close structural analogue of the target analyte - aflatoxin G2, and ochratoxin A. The detection limit for aflatoxin B1 using the smartphone-based sensor systems was found to be 20 ng mL-1 for the sensor based on MIP membranes synthesised with acrylamide as a functional monomer. The storage stability of the recognition elements of the developed sensors was estimated as one year when stored at 22 °C. The possibility to detect the aflatoxin B1 in contaminated food samples was shown. The MIP-membrane-based sensor system provided a convenient point-of-care approach in food safety testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Sergeyeva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 150 Zabolotnogo str., 03680, Kiev, Ukraine.
| | - Daria Yarynka
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 150 Zabolotnogo str., 03680, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Elena Piletska
- University of Leicester, Chemistry Department, College of Science and Engineering, LE1 7RH, Leicester, UK
| | - Rostyslav Linnik
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Department of Chemistry, 64/13 Volodymyrska Street, 01601, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Olga Zaporozhets
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Department of Chemistry, 64/13 Volodymyrska Street, 01601, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Brovko
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 48 Kharkivske Shosse, 02160, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Sergey Piletsky
- University of Leicester, Chemistry Department, College of Science and Engineering, LE1 7RH, Leicester, UK
| | - Anna El'skaya
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 150 Zabolotnogo str., 03680, Kiev, Ukraine
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de Almeida JSFD, Cavalcante SFA, Dolezal R, Kuca K, Musilek K, Jun D, França TCC. Molecular modeling studies on the interactions of aflatoxin B1 and its metabolites with the peripheral anionic site of human acetylcholinesterase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:2041-2048. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1475259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce S. F. D. de Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMDQB), Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Samir F. A. Cavalcante
- Brazilian Army CBRN Defense Institute - IDQBRN, Avenida das Américas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Natural Products Research Institute - IPPN, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Bl. H, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Informatics and Management, Center for Basic and Applied Research, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho, 62, Hradec Králove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology, University of Defense, Trebesska, Hradec Kralové, Czech Republic
| | - Tanos C. C. França
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMDQB), Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Faculty of Informatics and Management, Center for Basic and Applied Research, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho, 62, Hradec Králove, Czech Republic
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Molecular Modeling Studies on the Interactions of Aflatoxin B1 and Its Metabolites with Human Acetylcholinesterase. Part II: Interactions with the Catalytic Anionic Site (CAS). Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100389. [PMID: 30257474 PMCID: PMC6215247 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common type of aflatoxin (AFT) found in nature is aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). This micotoxin is extremely hepatotoxic and carcinogenic to mammals, with acute and chronic effects. It is believed that this could be related to the capacity of AFB1 and its metabolites in inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In a previous work, we performed an inedited theoretical investigation on the binding modes of these molecules on the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of human AChE (HssAChE), revealing that the metabolites can also bind in the PAS in the same way as AFB1. Here, we investigated the binding modes of these compounds on the catalytic anionic site (CAS) of HssAChE to compare the affinity of the metabolites for both binding sites as well as verify which is the preferential one. Our results corroborated with experimental studies pointing to AFB1 and its metabolites as mixed-type inhibitors, and pointed to the residues relevant for the stabilization of these compounds on the CAS of HssAChE.
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Barman SC, Hossain MF, Park JY. Soft surfactant-assisted uniformly dispersed platinum nanoparticles for high performance electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensing platform. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Chen Y, Wang Z, Liu Y, Wang X, Li Y, Ma P, Gu B, Li H. Recent advances in rapid pathogen detection method based on biosensors. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:1021-1037. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Mochamad L, Hermanto B. High-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet-photodiode array detection method for aflatoxin B 1 in cattle feed supplements. Vet World 2017; 10:932-938. [PMID: 28919686 PMCID: PMC5591482 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.932-938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The objective of the current study is to determine the concentration of aflatoxin B1 using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a photodiode array (PDA) detector. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aflatoxin B1 certified reference grade from Trilogy Analytical Laboratory dissolved acetonitrile (ACN) at 10 µg/mL was using standard assessment. HPLC instruments such as ultraviolet-PDA detector used a Shimadzu LC-6AD pump with DGU-20A5 degasser, communication module-20A, and PDA detector SPD-M20A with FRC-10A fraction collector. The HPLC was set isocratic method at 354 nm with a reverse-phase ODS C18 column (LiChrospher® 100 RP-18; diameter, 5 µm) under a 20°C controlled column chamber. Rheodyne® sample loops were performed in 20 µL capacities. The mobile phase was performed at fraction 63:26:11 H2O: methanol:ACN at pH 6.8. A total of 1 kg of feed contained 10% bread crumbs and 30% concentrated, 40% forage, and 20% soybean dregs were using commercials samples. Samples were extracted by ACN and separated with solid phase extraction ODS 1 mL than elution with mobile phase to collect at drying samples performed. The samples were ready to use after added 1 mL mobile phase than injected into the system of HPLC. RESULTS We found that the retention time of aflatoxin B1 was approximately 10.858 min. Linearity of 0.01-0.08 µg/mL aflatoxin B1 dissolved in mobile phase was obtained at R2=0.9. These results demonstrate that these methods can be used to analyze aflatoxin B1 and gain 89-99% recovery. The limit of detection of this assay was obtained at 3.5 × 10-6 µg/mL. CONCLUSION This method was easy to apply and suitable to analyzing at small concentrations of aflatoxin B1 in formulated product of feed cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazuardi Mochamad
- Department of Basic Science, Veterinary Pharmacy Subdivision, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Hermanto
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Airlangga University, Prof. Dr. Moestopo 47, Pacar Kembang, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Recent advances in Nanomaterial-mediated Bio and immune sensors for detection of aflatoxin in food products. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Šárka Štěpánková
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Vorčáková
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Kumar N, Kumar J, Panda S. Enhanced pH sensitivity over the Nernst limit of electrolyte gated a-IGZO thin film transistor using branched polyethylenimine. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26409j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
a-IGZO based EGTFT with 4.6-fold enhanced pH sensitivity of ∼110 mV pH−1 using thin film coating of branched polyethylenimine (BPEI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Kumar
- Materials Science Programme
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur-208016
- India
- Samtel Centre for Display Technologies
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Materials Science Programme
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur-208016
- India
| | - Siddhartha Panda
- Materials Science Programme
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur-208016
- India
- Department of Chemical Engineering
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