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Lorenc-Koci E, Górny M, Chwatko G, Kamińska K, Iciek M, Rogóż Z. The effect of phencyclidine-mediated blockade of NMDA receptors in the early postnatal period on glutathione and sulfur amino acid levels in the rat brain as a potential causative factor of schizophrenia-like behavior in adulthood. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:863-877. [PMID: 38904712 PMCID: PMC11294273 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phencyclidine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, is frequently used to model behavioral and neurochemical changes correlated with schizophrenia in laboratory animals. The present study aimed to examine the effects of repeated administration of phencyclidine during early postnatal development on the contents of glutathione and sulfur-containing amino acids, as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the brain of 12-day-old rats, and schizophrenia-like symptoms in adulthood. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley pups were administered phencyclidine (10 mg/kg) or saline subcutaneously on the postnatal days p2, p6, p9 and p12. In 12-day-old pups, 4 h after the last dose of phencyclidine, the levels of glutathione, cysteine, methionine, and homocysteine, and the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) were measured in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. In 70-72-day-old rats, schizophrenia-like symptoms were assessed using behavioral tests. RESULTS Biochemical data showed that perinatal phencyclidine treatment significantly reduced glutathione and cysteine levels in all brain structures studied, methionine was diminished in the striatum, and homocysteine in both the frontal cortex and striatum. GR activity was increased in the frontal cortex while SODactivity was decreased in the hippocampus. Behaviorally, perinatal phencyclidine induced long-term deficits in social and cognitive function and a decrease in locomotor activity assessed as the time of walking. Finally, perinatal treatment with phencyclidine resulted in a significant reduction in body weight gain over time. CONCLUSION Our research provides further evidence for the usefulness of the phencyclidine-induced neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia for studying the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków, 31-343, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Górny
- The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika Street, Kraków, 31-034, Poland
| | - Grażyna Chwatko
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Łódź, 163 Pomorska Street, Łódź, 90-236, Poland
| | - Kinga Kamińska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków, 31-343, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Iciek
- The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika Street, Kraków, 31-034, Poland
| | - Zofia Rogóż
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków, 31-343, Poland
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Luo C, Chen X, Li P, Huang C. A Photoelectrochemical Sensor Based on DNA Bio-Dots-Induced Aggregation of AuNPs for Methionine Detection. Molecules 2023; 28:7740. [PMID: 38067471 PMCID: PMC10707855 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on DNA bio-dots-induced aggregation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), a methionine (Met) photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor with CS-GSH-CuNCs/TiO2 NPs as the photoelectric conversion element and AuNPs as the specific recognition element was constructed. First, a TiO2 NPs/ITO electrode and CS-GSH-CuNCs were prepared, and then the CS-GSH-CuNCs/TiO2 NPs/ITO photosensitive electrode was obtained by self-assembly. Next, DNA bio-dots were modified to the upper surface of the electrode using a coupling reaction to assemble the DNA bio-dots/CS-GSH-CuNCs/TiO2 NPs electrode. Amino-rich DNA bio-dots were used to induce the aggregation of AuNPs on the electrode surface via Au-N interactions and prepare the AuNPs/DNA bio-dots/CS-GSH-CuNCs/TiO2 NPs electrode. Due to the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between CS-GSH-CuNCs and AuNPs, the complexation chance of electron-hole (e--h+) pair in CS-GSH-CuNCs increased, which, in turn, led to a decrease in photocurrent intensity. When Met was present, AuNPs aggregated on the electrode surface were shed and bound to Met since the Au-S interaction is stronger than the Au-N interaction, resulting in the recovery of the photocurrent signal. Under optimal conditions, the photocurrent intensity of the PEC sensor showed good linearity with the logarithm of Met concentration in the range of 25.0 nmol/L-10.0 μmol/L with the limit of detection (LOD) of 5.1 nmol/L (S/N = 3, n = 10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Luo
- Xingzhi College, Zhejiang Normal University, Lanxi 321100, China;
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Xiaoxiao Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Pu Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Chaobiao Huang
- Xingzhi College, Zhejiang Normal University, Lanxi 321100, China;
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.C.); (P.L.)
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Li H, Wang Q, Shi L, Li T. Sensitively detecting endogenous homocysteine in human serum and cardiomyocytes with a specific fluorescent probe. Analyst 2023; 148:5935-5941. [PMID: 37850493 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01430d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The elevated level of homocysteine (Hcy) in circulating blood is generally regarded as a risk factor for a variety of diseases including acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but there is no clear answer to whether circulating Hcy can be used for AMI diagnosis. To address it, here we have designed a tetraazacycle-based fluorescent probe for sensitive detection of endogenous Hcy in AMI patients' serum and cardiomyocytes, showing a perfect selectivity over other biothiols (e.g. Cys and GSH). It mainly relies on the formation of a stable six-membered ring structure when this probe responds to Hcy, which is accompanied by a weakening of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) that induces a sharp increase in the fluorescence emission. In this way, Hcy can be probed in biofluids with high sensitivity. We then employed this fluorescent sensor to statistically analyze the levels of Hcy in human circulating blood, indicating a big difference between AMI patients and the healthy participants. To tell whether such a difference is applicable to AMI diagnosis, we further compare the expression levels of Hcy in cardiomyocytes and other tissue cells. It reveals a lower level of endogenous Hcy in cardiomyocytes, implying no direct relationship between the elevated Hcy and cardiomyocyte damage. This observation suggests that Hcy in circulating blood cannot be utilized as a potential biomarker for AMI diagnosis, although it is proven as a risk factor for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Qiwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Lili Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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Yang Z, Zhu S, Wang X, Chen C, Huang D, Feng J. Nitric oxide modulates folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism and mitochondrial energy levels of peaches during cold storage. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1184736. [PMID: 37215226 PMCID: PMC10196066 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1184736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism (FOCM) is closely associated with postharvest preservation. This study investigated the effects of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on FOCM, storage quality, energy metabolism, and mitochondrial membrane integrity in cold-storage peach fruit. In this experiment, peaches were soaked with 1.5 mmol L-1S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) as NO donor, and the negative treatment (NT) solution containing 5 μmol L-1 carboxy-PTIO (c-PTIO, NO scavenger), 200 μmol L-1 NG-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, NO synthase-like enzyme inhibitor), and 200 μmol L-1 sodium tungstate dihydrate (nitrate reductase inhibitor) and stored at 0°C. The results showed that NO decreased the activity of S-adenosylmethionine synthase and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and increased the activity of methionine sulfoxide reductase A, as well as the content of N5-methyl-THF, the ratio of tetrahydrofolate (THF), homocysteine, methionine, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), and SAM to S-adenosylhomocysteine compared with the control, indicating that NO effectively increased FOCM flux by affecting the activity of FOCM enzymes. Meanwhile, NO increased the activities of H+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, cytochrome c oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase, and the contents of adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate, and maintained high energy charge in peaches during storage. NO retarded the increase in mitochondrial permeability transition, reactive oxygen species content, and the decrease in mitochondrial membrane fluidity, membrane potential, and swelling. NT treatment exhibited the opposite results. In conclusion, these results suggested that NO could induce the accumulation of folate and FOCM flux and maintain mitochondrial energy levels, which might be responsible for maintaining the quality of peaches during cold storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Crops, Department of Horticulture, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Shuhua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Crops, Department of Horticulture, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Crops, Department of Horticulture, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Changbao Chen
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Dandan Huang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Jianrong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Crops, Department of Horticulture, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Simple, fast and reliable CE method for simultaneous determination of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin in human urine. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7729. [PMID: 35545693 PMCID: PMC9095712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11747-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, fast, and accurate capillary zone electrophoresis method has been developed for the determination of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. This method uses liquid–liquid extraction. Therefore, it is characterized by a very simple procedure of sample preparation but at the same time satisfactory precision and accuracy. The extraction process of the same urine sample was repeated three times. The extraction protocol was performed each time for 15 min with 1 mL of dichloromethane and chloroform mixture in a 3:1 volume ratio. A 0.1 mol/L phosphate-borate buffer (pH 8.40) was selected as the background electrolyte. UV detection was performed at 288 nm. The separation was carried out at a voltage of 16 kV, at a temperature of 25 °C. Experimentally evaluated LOQ values for ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin were 0.2 nmol/mL urine and 0.05 nmol/mL urine, respectively. For both analytes the calibration curves exhibited linearity over the entire tested concentration range of 1–6 nmol/mL urine. The precision of the method did not exceed 15%, and the recovery was in the range of 85–115%. The developed and validated procedure was applied to analyze human urine for the content of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin.
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Jiang C, Xiao D, Yang P, Tao W, Song Z, He H. Simple and fast detection of homocysteine by cucurbit[7]uril fluorescent probe based on competitive strategy. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The Influence of UV Varnishes on the Content of Cysteine and Methionine in Women Nail Plates-Chromatographic Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212447. [PMID: 34830329 PMCID: PMC8625047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this work was to determine if the use of hybrid nail polishes causes changes in concentration of the most important sulfur amino acids that build nail plate structures, cysteine and methionine. We found that the average contents of cysteine and methionine in studied samples before the use of hybrid manicure were 1275.3 ± 145.9 nmol mg−1 and 111.7 ± 23.8 nmol mg−1, respectively. After six months of hybrid manicure use, the average amount of these sulfur amino acids in studied samples were 22.1% and 36.5% lower in the case of cysteine and methionine, respectively. The average amounts of cysteine and methionine in nail plate samples after the use of hybrid manicures were 992.4 ± 96.2 nmol mg−1 and 70.9 ± 14.8 nmol mg−1, respectively. We also confirmed that in studied women the application of UV light varnishes reduced the thickness of the nail plate, from 0.50 ± 0.12 mm before to 0.46 ± 0.12 mm after the use of the hybrid manicure.
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Chang L, Lin F, Cheng K, Li J, Sun X, Figeys D, Jiang J, Ye Y, Liu J. A simultaneous identification and quantification strategy for determination of sulfhydryl-containing metabolites in normal- and high-fat diet hamsters using stable isotope labeling combined with LC-MS. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1184:339016. [PMID: 34625243 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing metabolites are related to several physiologic disorders and metabolic diseases. In this study, a simultaneous identification and quantification strategy in one batch for determination of sulfhydryl-containing metabolites was developed using stable isotope labeling combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SIL-LC-MS). In the proposed method, a pair of isotope labeling reagents, D0/D5-N-ethylmaleimide (D0/D5-NEM), was used to derivatize sulfhydryl-containing metabolites in blood and plasma of normal- and high-fat-diet (NFD and HFD) hamsters for reduced (-SH) and total (-SH, -S-S-, S-glutathionylated proteins) analysis. Quality control (QC) samples and test samples were prepared for LC-MS analysis. First, both QC samples and stable isotope labeled internal standards were used to monitor the status of the instrument and ensure the reliability of the analysis. Subsequently, an inhouse database containing 45 sulfhydryl-containing metabolites was established by MS1 based on QC samples. Then, qualitatively differential sulfhydryl-containing metabolites were found by MS2 between the NFD and HFD hamsters of the test samples, including 3 in reduced and 8 in total analysis of blood samples, and 2 in reduced and 2 in total analysis of plasma samples. Next, in quantitative analysis, satisfied linearities for 6 sulfhydryl-containing metabolites were obtained with the correlation coefficient (R2) > 0.99 and absolute quantification was carried out. The results showed that glutathione and cysteine have different concentrations in blood and plasma of hamsters. Finally, the correlation of sulfhydryl-containing metabolites with blood lipid and oxidative stress levels was determined, which provided insight into the hyperlipidemia-related oxidative stress. Taken together, the developed method of simultaneous identification with the inhouse database and MS2 and quantification with standards in one batch provides a promising strategy for the analysis of sulfhydryl-containing metabolites in biological samples, which may promote the in-depth investigation on sulfhydryl-containing metabolites and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Feifei Lin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Kai Cheng
- SIMM-University of Ottawa Joint Research Center in Systems and Personalized Pharmacology and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jiaomeng Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Xiaochu Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Daniel Figeys
- SIMM-University of Ottawa Joint Research Center in Systems and Personalized Pharmacology and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jianlan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
| | - Yang Ye
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
| | - Jia Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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The Use of Single Drop Microextraction and Field Amplified Sample Injection for CZE Determination of Homocysteine Thiolactone in Urine. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185687. [PMID: 34577158 PMCID: PMC8468900 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Two cheap, simple and reproducible methods for the electrophoretic determination of homocysteine thiolactone (HTL) in human urine have been developed and validated. The first method utilizes off-line single drop microextraction (SDME), whereas the second one uses off-line SDME in combination with field amplified sample injection (FASI). The off-line SDME protocol consists of the following steps: urine dilution with 0.2 mol/L, pH 8.2 phosphate buffer (1:2, v/v), chloroform addition, drop formation and extraction of HTL. The pre-concentration of HTL inside a separation capillary was performed by FASI. For sample separation, the 0.1 mol/L pH 4.75 phosphate buffer served as the background electrolyte, and HTL was detected at 240 nm. A standard fused-silica capillary (effective length 55.5 cm, 75 μm id) and a separation voltage of 21 kV (~99 μA) were used. Electrophoretic separation was completed within 7 min, whereas the LOD and LOQ for HTL were 0.04 and 0.1 μmol/L urine, respectively. The calibration curve in urine was linear in the range of 0.1–0.5 μmol/L, with R2 = 0.9991. The relative standard deviation of the points of the calibration curve varied from 2.4% to 14.9%. The intra- and inter-day precision and recovery were 6.4–10.2% (average 6.0% and 6.7%) and 94.9–102.7% (average 99.7% and 99.5%), respectively. The analytical procedure was successfully applied to the analysis of spiked urine samples obtained from apparently healthy volunteers.
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Song Z, Jiang C, Wang F, Yu L, Ye S, Dramou P, He H. Nanozyme based on graphene oxide modified with Fe 3O 4, CuO, and cucurbit[6]uril for colorimetric determination of homocysteine. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:207. [PMID: 34047863 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04868-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A nanozyme based on graphene oxide modified with Fe3O4 NPs, CuO NPs, and cucurbit[6]uril has been successfully fabricated by a simple sonochemical technique. By employing CB[6] as a specific binding pocket and Fe3O4@CuO-GO as a peroxidase mimic, this novel nanozyme (BN I) is equipped with molecular recognition ability and enhanced peroxidase-like activity. On the basis of the inhibition effect of homocysteine (Hcy) towards the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) catalyzed by BN I, a simple colorimetric method is established for the sensitive and selective determination of Hcy. This proposed method displays a good linear response in the range 5-200 μM with a detection limit of 1.8 μM. In the practical assay of human plasma samples, the relative standard deviations (RSD) are lower than 11% and the recoveries are between 98.0 and 104.9%. In the assay of human urine samples, the RSD are below 9.0% and the recoveries range from 94.0 to 103.5%. The colorimetric method presented offers a convenient and accurate way for the determination of biomarkers in point-of-care testing (POCT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaorui Song
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Chenrui Jiang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Fangqi Wang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Lili Yu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Sijing Ye
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Pierre Dramou
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211100, China.
| | - Hua He
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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Jakubowski H. Proteomic exploration of cystathionine β-synthase deficiency: implications for the clinic. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 17:751-765. [PMID: 33320032 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1865160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Homocystinuria due to cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency, the most frequent inborn error of sulfur amino acid metabolism, is characterized biochemically by severely elevated homocysteine (Hcy) and related metabolites, such as Hcy-thiolactone and N-Hcy-protein. CBS deficiency reduces life span and causes pathological abnormalities affecting most organ systems in the human body, including the cardiovascular (thrombosis, stroke), skeletal/connective tissue (osteoporosis, thin/non-elastic skin, thin hair), and central nervous systems (mental retardation, seizures), as well as the liver (fatty changes), and the eye (ectopia lentis, myopia). Molecular basis of these abnormalities were largely unknown and available treatments remain ineffective. Areas covered: Proteomic and transcriptomic studies over the past decade or so, have significantly contributed to our understanding of mechanisms by which the CBS enzyme deficiency leads to clinical manifestations associated with it. Expert opinion: Recent findings, discussed in this review, highlight the involvement of dysregulated proteostasis in pathologies associated with CBS deficiency, including thromboembolism, stroke, neurologic impairment, connective tissue/collagen abnormalities, hair defects, and hepatic toxicity. To ameliorate these pathologies, pharmacological, enzyme replacement, and gene transfer therapies are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań, Poland.,Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health , Newark, NJ USA
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Abstract
The cyclization reaction between ortho-phthalaldehyde and l-homocysteine coincides with the generation of a pronounced positive CD signal at approximately 335 nm. Under identical conditions, other amino acids including cysteine produce very weak CD responses. This unusual substrate specificity allows accurate chiroptical analysis of the enantiomeric composition of homocysteine samples in the presence of cysteine without the need for time-consuming chromatographic separation. This significantly simplifies and speeds up ee determination at reduced solvent waste production.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yushra Thanzeel
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - Lily S Zandi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Alterations in the Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in the Neurodevelopmental Rat Model of Schizophrenia Induced by Glutathione Deficiency during Early Postnatal Life. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060538. [PMID: 32575563 PMCID: PMC7346228 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), a glutathione (GSH) synthesis inhibitor, and GBR 12909, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, administered alone or in combination to Sprague-Dawley rats during early postnatal development (p5-p16), on the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LP) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione disulfide reductase (GR) in peripheral tissues (liver, kidney) and selected brain structures (prefrontal cortex, PFC; hippocampus, HIP; and striatum, STR) of 16-day-old rats. The studied parameters were analyzed with reference to the content of GSH and sulfur amino acids, methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys) described in our previous study. This analysis showed that treatment with a BSO + GBR 12909 combination caused significant decreases in the lipid peroxidation levels in the PFC and HIP, in spite of there being no changes in ROS. The reduction of lipid peroxidation indicates a weakening of the oxidative power of the cells, and a shift in balance in favor of reducing processes. Such changes in cellular redox signaling in the PFC and HIP during early postnatal development may result in functional changes in adulthood.
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Simultaneous Quantification of Methionine-Related Metabolites and Co-factors in IPEC-J2 and PIEC Cells by LC–MS/MS. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03852-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Purgat K, Olejarz P, Kośka I, Głowacki R, Kubalczyk P. Determination of homocysteine thiolactone in human urine by capillary zone electrophoresis and single drop microextraction. Anal Biochem 2020; 596:113640. [PMID: 32092290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple, fast, sensitive and reproducible capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method with single drop microextraction (SDME) for determination of homocysteine thiolactone (HTL) in human urine has been developed and validated. The method is characterized by good precision, high accuracy, short analysis time and low consumption of reagents. The procedure consists only of few steps: urine sample centrifugation, dilution with phosphate buffer and methanol, chloroform addition onto the top of donor phase, on-line SDME in CE system, sample separation by CZE and ultraviolet detection of HTL at 240 nm. The background electrolyte was 0.1 M pH 4.75 phosphate buffer. Effective separation was achieved within 6.04 min under the separation voltage of 24 kV (~110 μA). The LOQ and LOD for HTL were 50 and 25 nM urine, respectively. The calibration curve in urine showed linearity in the range of 50-200 nM, with R2 0.9995. The intra- and inter-day precision and recovery were 4.0-14.5% (average 8.7% and 9.3%) and 92.7-115.5% (average 103.6% and 104.8%), respectively. The procedure was successfully applied to analysis of urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystian Purgat
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Poland
| | - Patrycja Olejarz
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Poland
| | - Izabella Kośka
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Poland; University of Lodz, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Poland
| | - Rafał Głowacki
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Poland
| | - Paweł Kubalczyk
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Poland.
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Górny M, Wnuk A, Kamińska A, Kamińska K, Chwatko G, Bilska-Wilkosz A, Iciek M, Kajta M, Rogóż Z, Lorenc-Koci E. Glutathione Deficiency and Alterations in the Sulfur Amino Acid Homeostasis during Early Postnatal Development as Potential Triggering Factors for Schizophrenia-Like Behavior in Adult Rats. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234253. [PMID: 31766654 PMCID: PMC6930621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired glutathione (GSH) synthesis and dopaminergic transmission are important factors in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Our research aimed to assess the effects of l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), a GSH synthesis inhibitor, and GBR 12909, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, administered alone or in combination, to Sprague–Dawley rats during early postnatal development (p5–p16), on the levels of GSH, sulfur amino acids, global DNA methylation, and schizophrenia-like behavior. GSH, methionine (Met), homocysteine (Hcy), and cysteine (Cys) contents were determined in the liver, kidney, and in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP) of 16-day-old rats. DNA methylation in the PFC and HIP and schizophrenia-like behavior were assessed in adulthood (p90–p93). BSO caused the tissue-dependent decreases in GSH content and alterations in Met, Hcy, and Cys levels in the peripheral tissues and in the PFC and HIP. The changes in these parameters were accompanied by alterations in the global DNA methylation in the studied brain structures. Parallel to changes in the global DNA methylation, deficits in the social behaviors and cognitive functions were observed in adulthood. Only BSO + GBR 12909-treated rats exhibited behavioral alterations resembling positive symptoms in schizophrenia patients. Our results suggest the usefulness of this neurodevelopmental model for research on the pathomechanism of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Górny
- The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika Street, 31–034 Kraków, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.-W.); (M.I.)
| | - Agnieszka Wnuk
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31–343 Kraków, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Adrianna Kamińska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Łódź, 163 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Łódź, Poland; (A.K.); (G.C.)
| | - Kinga Kamińska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31–343 Kraków, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Grażyna Chwatko
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Łódź, 163 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Łódź, Poland; (A.K.); (G.C.)
| | - Anna Bilska-Wilkosz
- The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika Street, 31–034 Kraków, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.-W.); (M.I.)
| | - Małgorzata Iciek
- The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika Street, 31–034 Kraków, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.-W.); (M.I.)
| | - Małgorzata Kajta
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31–343 Kraków, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Zofia Rogóż
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31–343 Kraków, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31–343 Kraków, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.K.); (Z.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-126-623-272
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Application of Butylamine as a Conjugative Reagent to On-Column Derivatization for the Determination of Antioxidant Amino Acids in Brain Tissue, Plasma, and Urine Samples. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133340. [PMID: 31284671 PMCID: PMC6651812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Antioxidants are involved in body protection mechanisms against reactive oxygen species. Amino acids such as glutathione (GSH) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) are known to be involved in providing protection against oxidative lethality. A quick and simple method for the determination of NAC and GSH in various biological matrices such as urine, plasma, and homogenates of brain tissues has been developed and described in this work. (2) The assay is based on reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with spectrofluorimetric detection and on-column derivatization. Butylamine and o-phthaldialdehyde have been used as derivatization reagents. Since o-phthaldialdehyde constitutes a part of the mobile phase, the derivatization reaction and chromatographic separation occur simultaneously. (3) Linearity in the detector response for NAC in human urine was observed in the range of 5–200 nmol mL−1, and NAC and GSH in the brain tissue homogenates were observed in the range of 0.5–5 nmol mL−1 and 0.5–15 nmol mL−1, respectively. Human plasma linearity ranges covered 0.25–5.00 nmol mL−1 and 0.5–15 nmol mL−1 for NAC and GSH, respectively. The LODs for NAC and GSH were 0.01 and 0.02 nmol mL−1 while the LOQs were 0.02 and 0.05 nmol mL−1, respectively. The usefulness of the proposed method was proven through its application to real samples.
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Borowczyk K, Olejarz P, Chwatko G. Application of simultaneous separation and derivatization for the determination of α-lipoic acid in urine samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with spectrofluorimetric detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4576. [PMID: 31069825 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To help to clarify therapeutic functions of lipoic acid (LA) in biochemical and clinical practice we have elaborated a fast, simple and accurate HPLC method enabling determination of LA in human urine. The proposed analytical approach includes reduction of LA with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine and simultaneous separation and derivatization of the analyte with butylamine and o-phthaldialdehyde followed by spectrofluorimetric detection at λex = 340 nm and λem = 440 nm. The assay was performed using gradient elution and the mobile phase containing 0.0025 mol L-1 o-phthaldialdehyde in 0.0025 mol L-1 NaOH and acetonitrile. Linearity of the detector response for LA was observed in the range of 0.3-8 μmol L-1 . Limits of detection and quantification for LA in urine samples were 0.02 and 0.03 μmol L-1 , respectively. The total analysis time, including sample work-up, was <20 min. The analytical procedure was successfully applied to analysis of real urine samples delivered from six healthy volunteers who received a single 100 mg dose of LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Borowczyk
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Patrycja Olejarz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Grażyna Chwatko
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Zhou W, Wang Y, Yang F, Dong Q, Wang H, Hu N. Rapid Determination of Amino Acids of Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Using HPLC-FLD-MS/MS and a Highly Selective and Sensitive Pre-Column Derivatization Method. Molecules 2019; 24:E1665. [PMID: 31035340 PMCID: PMC6539371 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are indispensable components of living organisms. The high amino acid content in Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. fruit distinguishes it from other berry plants and is of great significance to its nutritional value. Herein, using 10-ethyl-acridine-3-sulfonyl chloride as a fluorescent pre-column labeling reagent, a method for the efficient and rapid determination of amino acid content in N. tangutorum by pre-column fluorescence derivatization and on-line mass spectrometry was established and further validated. The limits of detection (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) were between 0.13 and 1.13 nmol/L, with a linear coefficient greater than 0.997 and a relative standard deviation between 1.37% and 2.64%. In addition, the method required a short analysis time, separating 19 amino acids within 20 min. Subsequently, the method was used to analyze the amino acid content of Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. from tissues retrieved from seven regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. was shown to contain a large amount of amino acids, with the total content and main amino acid varying between the different tissues. This research supports the nutritional evaluation, quality control, and development and utilization of Nitraria tangutorum Bobr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
| | - Yuwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
| | - Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
| | - Qi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China.
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Xining 810008, China.
| | - Honglun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China.
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Xining 810008, China.
| | - Na Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China.
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Xining 810008, China.
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A photoelectrochemical sensing strategy based on single-layer MoS 2 modified electrode for methionine detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 165:94-100. [PMID: 30522065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
MoS2, a typical transition metal disulfide, is widely used in the photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor construction. In general, MoS2 based PEC sensor are "signal-on" strategies. Surprisingly, we discovered that the PEC response of MoS2 was quenched by methionine greatly. Based on this discovery, a reduction PEC sensing strategy utilized MoS2 modified electrode for methionine detection was fabricated for the first time. Experimental factors, such as, bias potential, volume of MoS2 and pH were studied. Under optimized conditions, the decreased intensity of the photocurrent signal was proportional to the logarithmic value of methionine concentrations from 0.1 nM to 1 μM with the detection limit of 0.03 nM. Moreover, this method exhibited good performance of excellent selectivity. And it showed potential applications in the practical determination of methionine in real-life sample. This strategy not only expands the PEC detection method but also provides a simple, rapid response, good selectivity and high sensitivity way to detect methionine.
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Borowczyk K, Suliburska J, Jakubowski H. Demethylation of methionine and keratin damage in human hair. Amino Acids 2018; 50:537-546. [PMID: 29480334 PMCID: PMC5917003 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Growing human head hair contains a history of keratin and provides a unique model for studies of protein damage. Here, we examined mechanism of homocysteine (Hcy) accumulation and keratin damage in human hair. We found that the content of Hcy-keratin increased along the hair fiber, with levels 5-10-fold higher levels in older sections at the hair's tip than in younger sections at hair's base. The accumulation of Hcy led to a complete loss of keratin solubility in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The increase in Hcy-keratin was accompanied by a decrease in methionine-keratin. Levels of Hcy-keratin were correlated with hair copper and iron in older hair. These relationships were recapitulated in model experiments in vitro, in which Hcy generation from Met exhibited a similar dependence on copper or iron. Taken together, these findings suggest that Hcy-keratin accumulation is due to copper/iron-catalyzed demethylation of methionine residues and contributes to keratin damage in human hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Borowczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.,Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Łódź, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Joanna Suliburska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-632, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-632, Poznań, Poland.
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Song Y, Xu C, Kuroki H, Liao Y, Tsunoda M. Recent trends in analytical methods for the determination of amino acids in biological samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:35-49. [PMID: 28927726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are widely distributed in biological fluids and involved in many biological processes, such as the synthesis of proteins, fatty acids, and ketone bodies. The altered levels of amino acids in biological fluids have been found to be closely related to several diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, liver disease, and cancer. Therefore, the development of analytical methods to measure amino acid concentrations in biological samples can contribute to research on the physiological actions of amino acids and the prediction, diagnosis and understanding of diseases. This review describes the analytical methods reported in 2012-2016 that utilized liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis coupled with ultraviolet, fluorescence, mass spectrometry, and electrochemical detection. Additionally, the relationship between amino acid concentrations and several diseases is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Biological Resources, Minister of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Biological Resources, Minister of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hiroshi Kuroki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Yiyi Liao
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Biological Resources, Minister of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Makoto Tsunoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
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