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Zavatski S, Dubkov S, Gromov D, Bandarenka H. Comparative Study of SERS-Spectra of NQ21 Peptide on Silver Particles and in Gold-Coated "Nanovoids". BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:895. [PMID: 37754129 PMCID: PMC10526949 DOI: 10.3390/bios13090895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The NQ21 peptide has relatively recently attracted attention in the biomedical sphere due to its prospects for facilitating the engineering of the HIV1 vaccine and ELISA test. Today, there is still a need for a reliable and fast methodology that reveals the secondary structure of this analyte at the low concentrations conventionally used in vaccines and immunological assays. The present research determined the differences between the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of NQ21 peptide molecules adsorbed on solid SERS-active substrates depending on their geometry and composition. The ultimate goal of our research was to propose an algorithm and SERS-active material for structural analysis of peptides. Phosphate buffer solutions of the 30 µg/mL NQ21 peptide at different pH levels were used for the SERS measurements, with silver particles on mesoporous silicon and gold-coated "nanovoids" in macroporous silicon. The SERS analysis of the NQ21 peptide was carried out by collecting the SERS spectra maps. The map assessment with an originally developed algorithm resulted in defining the effect of the substrate on the secondary structure of the analyte molecules. Silver particles are recommended for peptide detection if it is not urgent to precisely reveal all the characteristic bands, because they provide greater enhancement but are accompanied by analyte destruction. If the goal is to carefully study the secondary structure and composition of the peptide, it is better to use SERS-active gold-coated "nanovoids". Objective results can be obtained by collecting at least three 15 × 15 maps of the SERS spectra of a given peptide on substrates from different batches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei Zavatski
- Applied Plasmonic Laboratory, Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, 220013 Minsk, Belarus;
| | - Sergey Dubkov
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Technologies, National Research University of Electronic Technology, Moscow 124498, Russia; (S.D.)
| | - Dmitry Gromov
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Technologies, National Research University of Electronic Technology, Moscow 124498, Russia; (S.D.)
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Hanna Bandarenka
- Applied Plasmonic Laboratory, Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, 220013 Minsk, Belarus;
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2
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Ilyas A, Dyussupova A, Sultangaziyev A, Shevchenko Y, Filchakova O, Bukasov R. SERS immuno- and apta-assays in biosensing/bio-detection: Performance comparison, clinical applications, challenges. Talanta 2023; 265:124818. [PMID: 37453393 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy is increasingly used as a sensitive bioanalytical tool for detection of variety of analytes ranging from viruses and bacteria to cancer biomarkers and toxins, etc. This comprehensive review describes principles of operation and compares the performance of immunoassays and aptamer assays with Surface Enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection to each other and to some other bioassay methods, including ELISA and fluorescence assays. Both immuno- and aptamer-based assays are categorized into assay on solid substrates, assays with magnetic nanoparticles and assays in laminar flow or/and strip assays. The best performing and recent examples of assays in each category are described in the text and illustrated in the figures. The average performance, particularly, limit of detection (LOD) for each of those methods reflected in 9 tables of the manuscript and average LODs are calculated and compared. We found out that, on average, there is some advantage in terms of LOD for SERS immunoassays (0.5 pM median LOD of 88 papers) vs SERS aptamer-based assays (1.7 pM median LOD of 51 papers). We also tabulated and analyzed the clinical performance of SERS immune and aptamer assays, where selectivity, specificity, and accuracy are reported, we summarized the best examples. We also reviewed challenges to SERS bioassay performance and real-life application, including non-specific protein binding, nanoparticle aggregation, limited nanotag stability, sometimes, relatively long time to results, etc. The proposed solutions to those challenges are also discussed in the review. Overall, this review may be interesting not only to bioanalytical chemist, but to medical and life science researchers who are interested in improvement of bioanalyte detection and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Ilyas
- Department of Chemistry, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - Yegor Shevchenko
- Department of Chemistry, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Olena Filchakova
- Department of Biology, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Rostislav Bukasov
- Department of Chemistry, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
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3
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El-Naka MA, El-Dissouky A, Ali GY, Ebrahim S, Shokry A. Fluorescent garlic-capped Ag nanoparticles as dual sensors for the detection of acetone and acrylamide. RSC Adv 2022; 12:34095-34106. [PMID: 36505681 PMCID: PMC9703298 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06789g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to protect human health from the adverse impacts of acrylamide and acetone, simple analytical processes are required to detect low concentrations of acrylamide and acetone. Dual functional garlic-capped silver nanoparticles (G-Ag NPs) have been used as fluorescent sensors for acrylamide and acetone. This technique depends on the quenching of the photoluminescence (PL) intensity of G-Ag NPs with the interaction of either acrylamide or acetone. This fluorescent probe presented high selectivity toward acrylamide with a wide linear response of 0.01-6 mM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.9 μM. Moreover, this probe also acted as a selective and sensitive fluorescent sensor for the detection of acetone in the range of 0.1-17 mM with LOD of 55 μM. The applicability of G-Ag NPs as a proposed sensor for acrylamide was evaluated using a potato chips sample with a recovery percentage of 102.4%. Acetone concentration is also quantified in human urine samples and the recoveries ranged from 98.8 to 101.7%. Repeatability and reproducibility studies for acrylamide and acetone offered relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.9% and 1.5%, and 0.77% and 1.1%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Ahmed El-Naka
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria UniversityP.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia21321AlexandriaEgypt
| | - A. El-Dissouky
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria UniversityP.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia21321AlexandriaEgypt
| | - G. Y. Ali
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria UniversityP.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia21321AlexandriaEgypt
| | - Shaker Ebrahim
- Department of Materials Science, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria UniversityP.O. Box 832AlexandriaEgypt
| | - Azza Shokry
- Department of Materials Science, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria UniversityP.O. Box 832AlexandriaEgypt
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Chang Y, Ma X, Sun T, Liu L, Hao Y. Electrochemical detection of kinase by converting homogeneous analysis into heterogeneous assay through avidin-biotin interaction. Talanta 2021; 234:122649. [PMID: 34364458 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the classical heterogeneous electrochemical assay, phosphorylation of peptide substrate is usually performed on the solid-liquid surface. However, immobilization of probe on the solid surface may limit the interaction between the reaction site of probe and the active center of kinase due to the steric hindrance effect. In this work, we proposed a heterogeneous electrochemical method for kinase detection, in which the probe is immobilization-free during the phosphorylation reaction. A biotinylated peptide was used as the kinase substrate. After phosphorylation, the biotinylated phosphopeptide was captured by the neutravidin (NA)-modified electrode through the avidin-biotin interaction. The phosphate groups on the electrode surface were then recognized by the conjugates preformed between biotinylated Phos-tag™ (Bio-tag-Phos) and ferrocene (Fc)-capped NA-modified gold nanoparticle (Fc-AuNP-NA). The method integrates the advantages of homogeneous reaction and heterogeneous detection with high simplicity, sensitivity and specificity. The strategy can be applied to design other heterogeneous biosensors without the immobilization of probe during the enzyme catalyzed reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan, 455000, People's Republic of China; School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan, 476000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan, 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan, 455000, People's Republic of China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan, 476000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanqiang Hao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan, 476000, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Ma H, Han XX, Zhao B. Enhanced Raman spectroscopic analysis of protein post-translational modifications. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Phosphorylation-Dependent SERS Readout for Activity Assay of Protein Kinase A in Cell Extracts. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030575. [PMID: 32235706 PMCID: PMC7153394 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are key regulators of cell function, the abnormal activity of which may induce several human diseases, including cancers. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop a sensitive and reliable method for assaying protein kinase activities in real biological samples. Here, we report the phosphorylation-dependent surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) readout of spermine-functionalized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for protein kinase A (PKA) activity assay in cell extracts. In this assay, the presence of PKA would phosphorylate and alter the net charge states of Raman dye-labeled substrate peptides, and the resulting anionic products could absorb onto the AgNPs with cationic surface charge through electrostatic attraction. Meanwhile, the Raman signals of dyes labeled on peptides were strongly enhanced by the aggregated AgNPs with interparticle hot spots formed in assay buffer. The SERS readout was directly proportional to the PKA activity in a wide range of 0.0001-0.5 U·μL-1 with a detection limit as low as 0.00003 U·μL-1. Moreover, the proposed SERS-based assay for the PKA activity was successfully applied to monitoring the activity and inhibition of PKA in real biological samples, particularly in cell extracts, which would be beneficial for kinase-related disease diagnostics and inhibitor screening.
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Luan Z, Zhao L, Liu C, Song W, He P, Zhang X. Detection of casein kinase II by aggregation-induced emission. Talanta 2019; 201:450-454. [PMID: 31122448 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel aggregation-induced emission (AIE) probe comprised of a hydrophilic protein kinase specific peptide and a hydrophobic tetraphenylethene (TPE) unit was synthesized through click reaction. The prepared TPE-peptide probe could be completely degraded by carboxypeptidase Y (CPY) to release hydrophobic TPE part, which aggregated in buffer solution and showed strong TPE emission. In the presence of casein kinase (CKII), the phosphorylation of peptide prevented the complete degradation by CPY producing the nonemissive probe. Thus, the developed probe can be used to detect CKII homogeneously and conveniently. This detection process can be finished within 1.5 h with high sensitivity (0.05 mU/μL) and good selectivity. The developed method can also be used to screen protein kinase inhibitor even in a complex biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhu Luan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Weiling Song
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Peng He
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Xiaoru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
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8
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Jung H, Choi Y, Lee D, Seo JK, Kee JM. Distinct phosphorylation and dephosphorylation dynamics of protein arginine kinases revealed by fluorescent activity probes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7482-7485. [PMID: 31184653 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03285a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein arginine (Arg) phosphorylation regulates stress responses and virulence in bacteria. With fluorescent activity probes, we show that McsB, a protein Arg kinase, can dephosphorylate phosphoarginine (pArg) residues to produce ATP from ADP, implicating the dynamic control of protein pArg levels by the kinase even without a phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyoung Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - Yigun Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - Donghee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - Jeong Kon Seo
- UNIST Central Research Facilities (UCRF), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Jung-Min Kee
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
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Hu S, Gao Y, Wu Y, Guo X, Ying Y, Wen Y, Yang H. Raman tracking the activity of urease in saliva for healthcare. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 129:24-28. [PMID: 30682685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The detection of urease activity in the oral cavity is considered to be an efficient way to prevent dental caries and also to screen for helicobacter pylori infection. Herein, a rapid surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) method is proposed to determine the activity of urease by using inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) stabilized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs@IP6) as an efficient SERS-active substrate. The determination was achieved by monitoring the SERS peak intensity of urea at 1003 cm-1. With urease increase, the response of urea at 1003 cm-1 decreases gradually, indicating the two has good correlation. A linear relationship between the absolute value of signal drop and urease concentration is observed in a range from 2.35 to 37.5 μg/mL. In addition, the rapid SERS method was used to evaluate the activity of urease in real sample of saliva without any pretreatment, exhibiting a promising potential for biomedical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Hu
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Yun Gao
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Yiping Wu
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ye Ying
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ying Wen
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Haifeng Yang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
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Jung H, Shin SH, Kee J. Recent Updates on ProteinN‐Phosphoramidate Hydrolases. Chembiochem 2018; 20:623-633. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hoyoung Jung
- Department of ChemistryUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 South Korea
| | - Son Hye Shin
- Department of ChemistryUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 South Korea
| | - Jung‐Min Kee
- Department of ChemistryUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 South Korea
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Du S, Yu C, Tang L, Lu L. Applications of SERS in the Detection of Stress-Related Substances. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E757. [PMID: 30257510 PMCID: PMC6215319 DOI: 10.3390/nano8100757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of biotic and abiotic stresses continually attack plants and animals, which adversely affect their growth, development, reproduction, and yield realization. To survive under stress conditions, highly sophisticated and efficient tolerance mechanisms have been evolved to adapt to stresses, which consist of the variation of effector molecules playing vital roles in physiological regulation. The development of a sensitive, facile, and rapid analytical methods for stress factors and effector molecules detection is significant for gaining deeper insight into the tolerance mechanisms. As a nondestructive analysis technique, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has unique advantages regarding its biosensing applications. It not only provides specific fingerprint spectra of the target molecules, conformation, and structure, but also has universal capacity for simultaneous detection and imaging of targets owing to the narrow width of the Raman vibrational bands. Herein, recent progress on biotic and abiotic stresses, tolerance mechanisms and effector molecules is summarized. Moreover, the development and promising future trends of SERS detection for stress-related substances combined with nanomaterials as substrates and SERS tags are discussed. This comprehensive and critical review might shed light on a new perspective for SERS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of Shandong Normal University, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Chundi Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Lin Tang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of Shandong Normal University, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Lixia Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of Shandong Normal University, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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