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Khruengsai S, Sivapornnukul P, Janta R, Phonrung N, Sripahco T, Meesang W, Aiyathiti C, Prabamroong T, Mahatheeranont S, Pripdeevech P, Poshyachinda S, Pongpiachan S. Seasonal and height dynamics of volatile organic compounds in rubber plantation: Impacts on ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:173984. [PMID: 38897456 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Rubber trees emit a range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes, as part of their natural metabolism. These VOCs can significantly influence air quality through photochemical reactions that produce ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). This study examines the impact of VOCs detected in a rubber tree plantation in Northeastern Thailand on air quality, highlighting their role in atmospheric reactions that lead to the formation of ozone and SOAs. VOCs were collected at varying heights and seasons using Tenax-TA tubes paired with an atmospheric sampler pump and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In total, 100 VOCs were identified, including alkanes, alkenes, terpenes, aromatics, and oxygenated VOCs. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) revealed distinct seasonal VOC profiles, with hydrocarbons, peaking in summer and terpenes in the rainy season. The Linear Mixed-Effects (LME) model indicates that VOC concentrations are more influenced by seasonal changes than by sampling heights. Secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP) and ozone formation potential (OFP) of selected VOC species were also determined. The total SOAP ranged from 67.24 μg/m3 in summer to 17.87 μg/m3 in winter, while the total OFP ranged from 377.87 μg/m3 in summer to 139.39 μg/m3 in winter. Additionally, positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis identified four main VOC sources: gasoline combustion (18.3 %), microbial activity (38.6 %), monoterpene emissions during latex production (15.0 %), and industrial sources (28.1 %). These findings provide essential information for managing air pollution in rubber tree plantations. By adopting focused air quality management strategies, plantation operators can mitigate the adverse effects of VOCs, promoting a healthier and more sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarunpron Khruengsai
- National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization), Chiang Mai, Thailand.
| | - Pavaret Sivapornnukul
- Center of Excellence in Systems Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Radshadaporn Janta
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Narumon Phonrung
- National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization), Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Teerapong Sripahco
- National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization), Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Winai Meesang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Udon Thani Rajabhat University, Udon Thani, Thailand
| | - Chatchaval Aiyathiti
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thayukorn Prabamroong
- Climate Change, Mitigation and Adaptation Research Unit, Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand
| | - Sugunya Mahatheeranont
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Research Center on Chemistry for Development of Health Promoting Products from Northern Resources, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Patcharee Pripdeevech
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand; Center of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS), Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Saran Poshyachinda
- National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization), Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siwatt Pongpiachan
- National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization), Chiang Mai, Thailand; Graduate School of Social Development and Management Strategy National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), Bangkok, Thailand.
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Hejna A, Kosmela P, Olszewski A, Zedler Ł, Formela K, Skórczewska K, Piasecki A, Marć M, Barczewski R, Barczewski M. Management of ground tire rubber waste by incorporation into polyurethane-based composite foams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:17591-17616. [PMID: 36701051 PMCID: PMC10923751 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25387-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rapid economic growth implicated the developing multiple industry sectors, including the automotive branch, increasing waste generation since recycling and utilization methods have not been established simultaneously. A very severe threat is the generation of enormous amounts of post-consumer tires considered burdensome waste, e.g., due to the substantial emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Therefore, it is essential to develop novel, environmentally friendly methods for their utilization, which would hinder their environmental impacts. One of the most promising approaches is shredding, resulting in the generation of ground tire rubber (GTR), which can be introduced into polymeric materials as filler. The presented work is related to the thermomechanical treatment of GTR in a twin-screw extruder with zinc borate, whose incorporation is aimed to enhance shear forces within the extruder barrel. Modified GTR was introduced into flexible polyurethane (PU) foams, and the impact of modification parameters on the cellular structure, static and dynamic mechanical performance, thermal stability, as well as thermal insulation, and acoustic properties was investigated. Emissions of VOCs from applied fillers and prepared composites were monitored and evaluated. Depending on the treatment parameters, beneficial changes in foams' cellular structure were noted, which enhanced their thermal insulation performance, mechanical strength, and thermal stability. It was proven that the proposed method of GTR thermomechanical treatment assisted by zinc borate particles might benefit the performance of flexible PU foamed composites and hinder VOC emissions, which could broaden the application range of GTR and provide novel ways for its efficient utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Hejna
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965, Poznań, Poland.
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Paulina Kosmela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Olszewski
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Łukasz Zedler
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-326, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Adam Piasecki
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 24, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mariusz Marć
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Roman Barczewski
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 24, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
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van Vorstenbosch R, Mommers A, Pachen D, van Schooten FJ, Smolinska A. The optimization and comparison of two high-throughput faecal headspace sampling platforms: the microchamber/thermal extractor and hi-capacity sorptive extraction probes (HiSorb). J Breath Res 2024; 18:026007. [PMID: 38237170 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ad2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Disease detection and monitoring using volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is becoming increasingly popular. For a variety of (gastrointestinal) diseases the microbiome should be considered. As its output is to large extent volatile, faecal volatilomics carries great potential. One technical limitation is that current faecal headspace analysis requires specialized instrumentation which is costly and typically does not work in harmony with thermal desorption units often utilized in e.g. exhaled breath studies. This lack of harmonization hinders uptake of such analyses by the Volatilomics community. Therefore, this study optimized and compared two recently harmonized faecal headspace sampling platforms:High-capacity Sorptive extraction (HiSorb) probesand theMicrochamber thermal extractor (Microchamber). Statistical design of experiment was applied to find optimal sampling conditions by maximizing reproducibility, the number of VOCs detected, and between subject variation. To foster general applicability those factors were defined using semi-targeted as well as untargeted metabolic profiles. HiSorb probes were found to result in a faster sampling procedure, higher number of detected VOCs, and higher stability. The headspace collection using the Microchamber resulted in a lower number of detected VOCs, longer sampling times and decreased stability despite a smaller number of interfering VOCs and no background signals. Based on the observed profiles, recommendations are provided on pre-processing and study design when using either one of both platforms. Both can be used to perform faecal headspace collection, but altogether HiSorb is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert van Vorstenbosch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Mommers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle Pachen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Smolinska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Wang L, Cheng Y, Wu C, Luo F, Lin Z, Naidu R. Rapid on-site detection of underground petroleum pipeline leaks and risk assessment using portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and solid phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1696:463980. [PMID: 37060855 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Locating underground pipeline leaks can be challenging due to their hidden nature and variable terrain conditions. To sample soil gas, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was employed, and a portable gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to detect the presence and concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbon volatile organic compounds (pH-VOCs), including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). We optimized the extraction method through benchtop studies using SPME. The appropriate fibre materials and exposure time were selected for each BTEX compound. Before applying SPME, we preconditioned the soil vapour samples by keeping the temperature at around 4 °C and using ethanol as a desorbing agent and moisture filters to minimize the impact of moisture. To conduct this optimisation, airbags were applied to condition the soil vapour samples and SPME sampling. By conditioning the samples using this method, we were able to improve analytical efficiency and accuracy while minimizing environmental impacts, resulting in more reliable research data in the field. The study employed portable GC/MS data to assess the concentration distribution of BTEX in soil vapour samples obtained from 1.5 m below the ground surface at 10 subsurface vapour monitoring locations at the leak site. After optimization, the detection limits of BTEX were almost 100 µg/m3, and the measurement repeatabilities were approximately 5% and 15% for BTEX standards in the laboratory and soil vapour samples in the field, respectively. The soil vapour samples showed a hotspot region with high BTEX concentrations, reaching 30 mg/m3, indicating a diesel return pipeline leak caused by a gasket failure in a flange. The prompt detection of the leak source was critical in minimizing environmental impact and worker safety hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Ying Cheng
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Cuiqin Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fang Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fjian 350108, China
| | - Zhenyu Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fjian 350108, China
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Rungreungthanapol T, Homma C, Akagi KI, Tanaka M, Kikuchi J, Tomizawa H, Sugizaki Y, Isobayashi A, Hayamizu Y, Okochi M. Volatile Organic Compound Detection by Graphene Field-Effect Transistors Functionalized with Fly Olfactory Receptor Mimetic Peptides. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4556-4563. [PMID: 36802525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
An olfactory receptor mimetic peptide-modified graphene field-effect transistor (gFET) is a promising solution to overcome the principal challenge of low specificity graphene-based sensors for volatile organic compound (VOC) sensing. Herein, peptides mimicking a fruit fly olfactory receptor, OR19a, were designed by a high-throughput analysis method that combines a peptide array and gas chromatography for the sensitive and selective gFET detection of the signature citrus VOC, limonene. The peptide probe was bifunctionalized via linkage of a graphene-binding peptide to facilitate one-step self-assembly on the sensor surface. The limonene-specific peptide probe successfully achieved highly sensitive and selective detection of limonene by gFET, with a detection range of 8-1000 pM, while achieving facile sensor functionalization. Taken together, our target-specific peptide selection and functionalization strategy of a gFET sensor demonstrates advancement of a precise VOC detection system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharatorn Rungreungthanapol
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Chishu Homma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Akagi
- Environmental Metabolic Analysis Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.,Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Jun Kikuchi
- Environmental Metabolic Analysis Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Tomizawa
- Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, 1, Komukai-Toshiba-Cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 212-8583, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sugizaki
- Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, 1, Komukai-Toshiba-Cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 212-8583, Japan
| | - Atsunobu Isobayashi
- Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, 1, Komukai-Toshiba-Cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 212-8583, Japan
| | - Yuhei Hayamizu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Mina Okochi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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Zhang JD, Le MN, Hill KJ, Cooper AA, Stuetz RM, Donald WA. Identifying robust and reliable volatile organic compounds in human sebum for biomarker discovery. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1233:340506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Huang H, Wang Z, Dai C, Guo J, Zhang X. Volatile organic compounds emission in the rubber products manufacturing processes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113485. [PMID: 35577006 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission from rubber products manufacture processes, mixing, shaping and vulcanization were investigated in four rubber products factories in China. The source emission air was passively sampled by pre-vacuumized stainless steel canister and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-flame ionization detection (GC/MS-FID). The species profile of 107 VOCs in the emission processes were obtained. We calculated the photochemical ozone formation potential (OFP) and carcinogenic risk (CR) of the VOCs for each manufacture process. The results showed that mixing process mainly released dichloromethane (14.53%), carbon disulfide (CS2) (6.88%), styrene (5.72%), 4-methyl-2-pentanone (5.22%) and naphthalene (3.69%) for solvents used and raw rubber degradation in the process. The C6-C8 alkanes, especially heptane and isomers of heptane (44.71%), were dominated in shaping process. The major species released from vulcanization process were carbon disulfide (29.72%), naphthalene (8.17%), acetone (7.73%) and dichloromethane (4.26%). VOCs emitted from vulcanization process had the highest OFP, which contributed by naphthalene, m/p-xylene, o-xylene and carbon disulfide. VOCs emission from mixing process had the highest CR, and 1,2-dibromoethane, 1,2-dichlorethane and 1,3-butadiene were the main contributors to CR. We also estimated the total VOCs emissions into the atmosphere from tires manufacturing in China, which were 7.58 × 105 t in 2018 and contributed about 9% of total industry processes VOCs emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimei Huang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhangwei Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Chunhao Dai
- Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 430106, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Recent Progress in Gas Sensor Based on Nanomaterials. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13060919. [PMID: 35744533 PMCID: PMC9229305 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials-based gas sensors have great potential for substance detection. This paper first outlines the research of gas sensors composed of various dimensional nanomaterials. Secondly, nanomaterials may become the development direction of a new generation of gas sensors due to their high sensing efficiency, good detection capability and high sensitivity. Through their excellent characteristics, gas sensors also show high responsiveness and sensing ability, which also plays an increasingly important role in the field of electronic skin. We also reviewed the physical sensors formed from nanomaterials in terms of the methods used, the characteristics of each type of sensor, and the advantages and contributions of each study. According to the different kinds of signals they sense, we especially reviewed research on gas sensors composed of different nanomaterials. We also reviewed the different mechanisms, research processes, and advantages of the different ways of constituting gas sensors after sensing signals. According to the techniques used in each study, we reviewed the differences and advantages between traditional and modern methods in detail. We compared and analyzed the main characteristics of gas sensors with various dimensions of nanomaterials. Finally, we summarized and proposed the development direction of gas sensors based on various dimensions of nanomaterials.
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Chen X, Zhang B, Wang D, Chen L, Du Z, Wu Y. Traceability of VOCs in tire inner liner by chromatography-mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:9685-9692. [PMID: 34499301 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many parts of the vehicle cabin generate volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and some are hazardous and/or odorous to humans. In this study, VOCs in the inner liner of automobile spare tire, including raw rubbers and resins, were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with an extracting method of static headspace sampling (SHS). The results demonstrated that the sources of VOCs can be traced back to raw rubbers and resins: alkylphenol resins can release a large amount of 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene and 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethyl-3-heptene; chlorobutyl rubber (CIIR) contained 3-methyl-pentane, and methyl-cyclopentane, and these VOCs are odorous. When alkylphenol resin and natural rubber (NR) with low VOCs were used to replace the corresponding resin and NR in the initial formulation, the total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) in the inner liner could be reduced. We expected that the information gained from this work could provide a basic reference for the manufacture of environmental-friendly tire products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Beijing on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Boyu Zhang
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- The Key Laboratory of Beijing on Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Danling Wang
- Zhong Ce Rubber Group Co., Ltd., Zhejiang, 310014, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Chen
- Zhong Ce Rubber Group Co., Ltd., Zhejiang, 310014, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenxia Du
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Beijing on Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Youping Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Beijing on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Ground Tire Rubber Modified by Elastomers via Low-Temperature Extrusion Process: Physico-Mechanical Properties and Volatile Organic Emission Assessment. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030546. [PMID: 35160532 PMCID: PMC8839703 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, low-temperature extrusion of ground tire rubber was performed as a pro-ecological waste tires recycling method. During this process, ground tire rubber was modified with constant content of dicumyl peroxide and a variable amount of elastomer (in the range: 2.5–15 phr). During the studies, three types of elastomers were used: styrene-butadiene rubber, styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene grafted with maleic anhydride and ethylene-octene copolymer. Energy consumption measurements, curing characteristics, physico-mechanical properties and volatile organic compounds emitted from modified reclaimed GTR were determined. The VOCs emission profile was investigated using a passive sampling technique, miniature emission chambers system and static headspace analysis and subsequently quantitative or qualitative analysis by gas chromatography. The VOCs analysis showed that in the studied conditions the most emitted volatile compounds are dicumyl peroxide decomposition by-products, such as: α-methylstyrene, acetophenone, α-cumyl alcohol, methyl cumyl ether, while the detection level of benzothiazole (devulcanization “marker”) was very low. Moreover, it was found that the mechanical properties of the obtained materials significantly improved with a higher content of styrene-butadiene rubber and styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene grafted with maleic anhydride while the opposite trend was observed for ethylene-octene copolymer content.
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GTR/Thermoplastics Blends: How Do Interfacial Interactions Govern Processing and Physico-Mechanical Properties? MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030841. [PMID: 35160790 PMCID: PMC8836762 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, GTR/thermoplastics blends (in ratio 50/50 and 75/25 wt.%) were prepared by melt-compounding in an internal mixer. During research, trans-polyoctenamer rubber (TOR), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), ethylene-octene copolymer (EOC), and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), were used in their thermoplastic phase. Microstructure and processing-performance property interrelationships of the studied materials were investigated by: atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), rubber process analyzer (RPA), Mooney viscometer, plastometer, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile tests and swelling behavior. In blends of thermoplastics with a high content of GTR (50 and 75 wt.%), the thermoplastic modifier type had a significant impact on the processing behavior and microstructure of blends. In terms of the physico-mechanical properties, the GTR/thermoplastics ratio affected elongation at break, hardness, and density, while its effect on tensile strength was negligible. DSC analysis showed that thermoplastics, as modifiers of GTR, should be considered as binders and not plasticizers, as reflected in the almost constant glass-transition temperature of the blends. RPA measurements indicated higher values of G* and η* for GTR-rich blends. SEM showed a rubber-like interfacial break, while AFM confirmed interfacial contact between GTR and thermoplastics.
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12
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Processing, Performance Properties, and Storage Stability of Ground Tire Rubber Modified by Dicumyl Peroxide and Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13224014. [PMID: 34833313 PMCID: PMC8621922 DOI: 10.3390/polym13224014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, ground tire rubber was modified with dicumyl peroxide and a variable content (in the range of 0–15 phr) of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers characterized by different vinyl acetate contents (in the range of 18–39 wt.%). Modification of ground tire rubber was performed via an auto-thermal extrusion process in which heat was generated during internal shearing of the material inside the extruder barrel. The processing, performance properties, and storage stability of modified reclaimed ground tire rubber were evaluated based on specific mechanical energy, infrared camera images, an oscillating disc rheometer, tensile tests, equilibrium swelling, gas chromatography combined with a flame ionization detector, and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. It was found that the developed formulas of modified GTR allowed the preparation of materials characterized by tensile strengths in the range of 2.6–9.3 MPa and elongation at break in the range of 78–225%. Moreover, the prepared materials showed good storage stability for at least three months and satisfied processability with commercial rubbers (natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber).
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13
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Yumoto M, Kawata Y, Abe T, Matsuyama T, Wada S. Non-destructive mid-IR spectroscopy with quantum cascade laser can detect ethylene gas dynamics of apple cultivar 'Fuji' in real time. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20695. [PMID: 34667237 PMCID: PMC8526585 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Many plants, including fruits and vegetables, release biogenic gases containing various volatile organic compounds such as ethylene (C2H4), which is a gaseous phytohormone. Non-destructive and in-situ gas sampling technology to detect trace C2H4 released from plants in real time would be attractive for visualising the ageing, ripening, and defence reactions of plants. In this study, we developed a C2H4 detection system with a detection limit of 0.8 ppb (3σ) using laser absorption spectroscopy. The C2H4 detection system consists of a mid-infrared quantum cascade laser oscillated at 10.5 µm, a multi-pass gas cell, a mid-IR photodetector, and a gas sampling system. Using non-destructive and in-situ gas sampling, while maintaining the internal pressure of the multi-pass gas cell at low pressure, the change in trace C2H4 concentration released from apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) can be observed in real time. We succeeded in observing C2H4 concentration changes with a time resolution of 1 s, while changing the atmospheric gas and surface temperature of apples from the ‘Fuji’ cultivar. This technique allows the visualisation of detailed C2H4 dynamics in plant environmental response, which may be promising for further progress in plant physiology, agriculture, and food science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Yumoto
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Kawata
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Abe
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,TOPCON CORPORATION, 75-1 Hasunuma-cho, Itabashi, Tokyo, 174-8580, Japan
| | - Tomoki Matsuyama
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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14
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Jang HW, Yu JM, Kim MK. Aroma analyses of fermented soybean paste (
doenjang
) using descriptive sensory analysis and μ‐chamber/thermal extractor combined with thermal desorber–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J SENS STUD 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hae Won Jang
- Deparment of Food Science and Biotechnology Sungshin Women's University‐Mia Woonjung Green Campus Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Myung Yu
- Korea Food Research Institute Iseo‐myeon Republic of Korea
| | - Mina K. Kim
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Obesity Research Center Jeonbuk National University Jeonju‐si Republic of Korea
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15
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Shi W, Huo X, Tian Y, Lu X, Yang L, Zhou Q, Wang X, Yu Q. Development of membrane inlet photoionization ion trap mass spectrometer for trace VOCs analysis. Talanta 2021; 230:122352. [PMID: 33934800 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
With the development of instrumental miniaturization, the portable mass spectrometer is becoming a new tool for on-site rapid analysis of environmental samples. Membrane inlet (MI) and photoionization (PI) are two commonly used sampling and ionization techniques, respectively, as they both exhibit detection selectivity for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this paper, a membrane inlet photoionization ion trap mass spectrometer was developed for the direct analysis of VOCs in gaseous samples. With the new structure and timing design, various operation modes were proposed and tested. In particular, the use of pulse carrier gas can integrate the appropriate pressure conditions required by each module, thus improving the efficiency of analyte transport, ionization, and mass analysis. The detection limit of sub-ppb was obtained, and the response time can be greatly reduced by increasing the sample flow rate. Furthermore, the capability of selective enrichment for organic analytes was also realized by using a special accumulation mode with a modified sequence, which is easy to operate because no additional devices are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Shi
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xinming Huo
- Division of Life Science & Health, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xinqiong Lu
- Shenzhen Chin Instrument Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Lili Yang
- Measurement Technology and Instrumentation Key Lab of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066004, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Quan Yu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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16
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Cao L, Yang C, Li A, Wang P, Zhang Y, Dong Z. Flue gas composition of waste rubber modified asphalt (WRMA) and effect of deodorants on hazardous constituents and WRMA. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123814. [PMID: 33264912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Waste rubber modified asphalt (WRMA) produces hazardous flue gas during preparation, which severely pollutes the environment and endangers the health of construction personnel. This paper designed an asphalt flue gas generation with a collection device and proposed the extraction methods of solid, liquid, and gas components separately. Deodorant was incorporated into WRMA to alleviate the negativity of detrimental pollutant emissions. Then, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, electrochemical sensing technology, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and waste rubber extraction test were combined to explore the main compositions of asphalt flue gas and illustrate the effect of deodorants on hazardous flue gas and WRMA. Results reveal that the main hazardous constituents are sulfur-containing organics, benzene homologs, and H2S in the WRMA flue gas. Deodorants can improve the stability of waste rubber in WRMA, inhibit the degradation of waste rubber, reduce the release concentration of H2S, enhance the oxidation resistance of sulfur-containing groups, and further promote the aging resistance of WRMA to realize deodorization and environmental protection. Therefore, the addition of deodorants can alleviate the release of hazardous flue gas from WRMA, which is conducive to the popularization and application of WRMA in pavement engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Cao
- School of Transportation Science & Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Huanghe Road 73#, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China.
| | - Chen Yang
- School of Transportation Science & Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Huanghe Road 73#, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China.
| | - Ao Li
- School of Transportation Science & Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Huanghe Road 73#, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Transportation Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Fengming Road, Lingang Development Zone, Licheng District, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Expressway Group CO., LTD, Pudong Road 1658#, Changchun Economic and Technological Development Zone, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| | - Zejiao Dong
- School of Transportation Science & Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Huanghe Road 73#, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China.
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17
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Jagirani MS, Soylak M. Review: Microextraction Technique Based New Trends in Food Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:968-999. [PMID: 33253048 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1846491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Food chemistry is the study and classification of the quality and origin of foods. The identification of definite biomarkers and the determination of residue contaminants such as toxins, pesticides, metals, human and veterinary drugs, which are a very common source of food-borne diseases. The food analysis is continuously demanding the improvement of more robust, sensitive, highly efficient, and economically beneficial analytical approaches to promise the traceability, safety, and quality of foods in the acquiescence with the consumers and legislation demands. The traditional methods have been used at the starting of the 20th century based on wet chemical methods. Now it existing the powerful analytical techniques used in food analysis and safety. This development has led to substantial enhancements in the analytical accuracy, precision, sensitivity, selectivity, thereby mounting the applied range of food applications. In the present decade, microextraction (micro-scale extraction) pays more attention due to its futures such as low consumption of solvent and sample, throughput analysis easy to operate, greener, robotics, and miniaturization, different adsorbents have been used in the microextraction process with unique nature recognized with wide range applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Saqaf Jagirani
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Mustafa Soylak
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Technology Research and Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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18
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Zedler Ł, Burger P, Wang S, Formela K. Ground Tire Rubber Modified by Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer: Processing, Physico-Mechanical Properties, Volatile Organic Compounds Emission and Recycling Possibility. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13204669. [PMID: 33092105 PMCID: PMC7594032 DOI: 10.3390/ma13204669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ground tire rubber (GTR) was reclaimed and modified with 10 phr of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer via low-temperature extrusion process. Processing, physico-mechanical properties, volatile organic compounds emission, and recycling possibility were investigated. In order to better understand the impact of used modifiers, their efficiency was compared with trans-polyoctenamer, which is an additive that is commercially dedicated to waste rubber recycling. The results showed that a relatively small amount of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer improves the mechanical properties of modified reclaimed GTR and also allows further recycling by multiple processing without the deterioration of performance after three cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Zedler
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80–233 Gdańsk, Poland; (Ł.Z.); (P.B.)
| | - Paulina Burger
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80–233 Gdańsk, Poland; (Ł.Z.); (P.B.)
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80–233 Gdańsk, Poland; (Ł.Z.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Purge-assisted and temperature-controlled headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for determination of six common phthalate esters in aqueous samples. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Hussain D, Raza Naqvi ST, Ashiq MN, Najam-ul-Haq M. Analytical sample preparation by electrospun solid phase microextraction sorbents. Talanta 2020; 208:120413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Auguste D, Miller SL. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions From Heated Synthetic Hair: A Pilot Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2020; 14:1178630219890876. [PMID: 32063708 PMCID: PMC6990612 DOI: 10.1177/1178630219890876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted from a variety of household and personal care products. Many VOCs are known to be potentially toxic or carcinogenic. Synthetic hair is used in hair-styling practices, including practices in African American communities that involve singeing or heating the synthetic hair. The research questions that we sought to answer were as follows: Are VOCs emitted from singed or heated synthetic hair? If so, what are the VOC species and relative masses identified in singed or heated synthetic hair? We tested samples from 2 sources of singed and heated synthetic hair in a microchamber; one source was flame-retardant synthetic hair and the other source was non-flame-retardant synthetic hair. Our findings confirmed that VOCs are emitted from singed or heated synthetic hair for both types of sources. For flame-retardant synthetic hair, we identified and measured mass for species that included acetone, acetonitrile, 2-butanone, benzene, chloromethane, chloroethane, and 1,2-dichloroethane. For non-flame-retardant synthetic hair, we identified and measured mass for species that included acetone, acetonitrile, chloromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, and 2-propanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Auguste
- ATLAS Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Shelly L Miller
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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22
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Guo MZ, Shao L, Chen X, Li HJ, Wang L, Pan YJ, Tang DQ. Assay of dried blood spot from finger prick for sodium valproate via ink auxiliary headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1601:335-339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Solvent-free high-throughput analysis of herbicides in environmental water. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1071:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Zedler Ł, Kowalkowska-Zedler D, Vahabi H, Saeb MR, Colom X, Cañavate J, Wang S, Formela K. Preliminary Investigation on Auto-Thermal Extrusion of Ground Tire Rubber. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2090. [PMID: 31261729 PMCID: PMC6651236 DOI: 10.3390/ma12132090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ground tire rubber (GTR) was processed using an auto-thermal extrusion as a prerequisite to green reclaiming of waste rubbers. The reclaimed GTR underwent a series of tests: thermogravimetric analysis combined with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and static headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SHS-GC-MS) in order to evaluate the impact of barrel heating conditions (with/without external barrel heating) on the reclaiming process of GTR. Moreover, samples were cured to assess the impact of reclaiming heating conditions on curing characteristics and physico-mechanical properties. Detailed analysis of the results indicated that the application of auto-thermal extrusion is a promising approach for the sustainable development of reclaiming technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Zedler
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Daria Kowalkowska-Zedler
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 57070 Metz, France
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 57070 Metz, France
- Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, 16765-654 Teheran, Iran
| | - Xavier Colom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech, Carrer de Colom, 1, 08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Cañavate
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech, Carrer de Colom, 1, 08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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25
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Heynderickx PM. Dynamic headspace analysis using online measurements: Modeling of average and initial concentration. Talanta 2019; 198:573-584. [PMID: 30876601 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic headspace sampling is an important technique for the analysis of consumer products, the study of biological samples and environmental water analyses. This paper shows the influence of experimental conditions, such as the sampling time, sampling flow rate, headspace volume, liquid volume and Henry coefficient on the measured average concentration values. A corresponding closed expression as function of these variables is introduced in order to quantify the deviation of the initial headspace concentration. The proposed bi-exponential function embeds different current existing models for recovery calculation in dynamic sampling analyses in one single expression. A fully automated and user-friendly Excel® file to investigate or to model the dynamic headspace sampling results is added to everyone's easy use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe M Heynderickx
- Center for Environmental and Energy Research (CEER) - Engineering of Materials via Catalysis and Characterization, Ghent University Global Campus, 119 Songdomunhwa-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Technology (BW24), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 653 Coupure Links, Ghent B-9000, Belgium.
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26
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Kamarulzaman NH, Le-Minh N, Fisher RM, Stuetz RM. Quantification of VOCs and the development of odour wheels for rubber processing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:154-168. [PMID: 30543968 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of rubber variations (clonal, seasonal, and pre-treatment) were investigated to assess changes in the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted during rubber processing. VOC emissions from 14 different rubber types were evaluated by headspace micro-chamber (μ-TEC) extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Headspace extracted at 120 °C, which is equivalent to the drying temperature during rubber processing, revealed a significant number of odorants in terms of concentrations as well as odorant type. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) such as acetic, propanoic, butanoic, pentanoic and hexanoic acids, were frequently detected at concentrations greater than their odour detection thresholds. Other odorous compounds including trimethylamine, p-cresol, butanone, indole, and phenol, were also detected. Emissions collected at ambient conditions represent odorants released during material storage (or maturation) and were dominated by benzene derivatives followed by ketones, aldehydes, esters, and acids. Emission composition during storage appeared to be governed by specific rubber properties such as protein and rubber moisture content. Seasonal variations revealed greater impacts on the concentration of VOCs for all studied clones, compared to pre-treatment variations, suggesting that the VOCs composition was seasonally dependent and may represents the 'potential' emissions from rubber as they are processed. A combination of sensorial and analytical measurements were used to produce odour wheels which may be used as tool to identify key malodours in onsite rubber processing. The linking of odours and odorants can facilitate communication between receptors (the public) and plant operators inorder to minimise odour impact and develop effective abatement and on-site management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor H Kamarulzaman
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Technology and Engineering Division, Malaysian Rubber Board, 50450 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nhat Le-Minh
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ruth M Fisher
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Richard M Stuetz
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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27
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Zedler Ł, Klein M, Saeb MR, Colom X, Cañavate J, Formela K. Synergistic Effects of Bitumen Plasticization and Microwave Treatment on Short-Term Devulcanization of Ground Tire Rubber. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1265. [PMID: 30961190 PMCID: PMC6401752 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ground tire rubber (GTR) was mechano-chemically modified with road bitumen 160/220 and subsequently treated using a microwave radiation. The combined impact of bitumen 160/220 content and microwave treatment on short-term devulcanization of GTR was studied by thermal camera, wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WD-XRF), static headspace, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SHS-GC-MS), thermogravimetric analysis combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR), oscillating disc rheometer and static mechanical properties measurements. The obtained results showed that bitumen plasticizer prevents oxidation of GTR during microwave treatment and simultaneously improves processing and thermal stability of obtained reclaimed rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Zedler
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12., 80⁻233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Marek Klein
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, 16765-654 Teheran, Iran.
| | - Xavier Colom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech, Carrer de Colom, 1, 08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Javier Cañavate
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech, Carrer de Colom, 1, 08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12., 80⁻233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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