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Amir Hamzah K, Turner N, Nichols D, Ney LJ. Advances in targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine quantification in biological matrices: A systematic review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024. [PMID: 38958096 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography paired with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is the gold standard in measurement of endocannabinoid concentrations in biomatrices. We conducted a systematic review of literature to identify advances in targeted LC-MS/MS methods in the period 2017-2024. We found that LC-MS/MS methods for endocannabinoid quantification are relatively consistent both across time and across biomatrices. Recent advances have primarily been in three areas: (1) sample preparation techniques, specific to the chosen biomatrix; (2) the range of biomatrices tested, recently favoring blood matrices; and (3) the breadth of endocannabinoid and endocannabinoid-like analytes incorporated into assays. This review provides a summary of the recent literature and a guide for researchers looking to establish the best methods for quantifying endocannabinoids in a range of biomatrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalisa Amir Hamzah
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Department of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Natalie Turner
- The Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Luke J Ney
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Department of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
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2
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McWhirter M, Bugarcic A, Steel A, Schloss J. Endocannabinoid levels in female-sexed individuals with diagnosed depression: a systematic review. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:350. [PMID: 38886733 PMCID: PMC11181673 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-024-03168-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent mental health disorder with females experiencing higher rates of depression (11.6%), anxiety (15.7%) and physiological distress (14.5%) than males. Recently, the Endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been proposed to be a key contributing factor in the pathogenesis and symptom severity of MDD due to its role in neurotransmitter production, inflammatory response and even regulation of the female reproductive cycle. This review critically evaluates evidence regarding ECS levels in female-sexed individuals with depressive disorders to further understand ECS role. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic literature review of available research published prior to April 2022 was identified using PubMed (U.S. National Library of Medicine), CINAHL (EBSCO), Web of Science, AMED and Scopus (Elsevier). Studies were included if they reported ECS analysis of female-sexed individuals with depression and were excluded if they did not differentiate results between sexes, assessed mental health conditions other than depression, tested efficacy of endocannabinoid/n-acylethanolamine/cannabis or marijuana administration and that were unable to be translated. Critical appraisal of each included study was undertaken using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool for Systematic Reviews. RESULTS The 894 located citations were screened for duplicates (n = 357) and eligibility by title and abstract (n = 501). The full text of 33 studies were reviewed, and 7 studies were determined eligible for inclusion. These studies indicated that depressed female-sexed individuals have altered levels of ECS however no significant pattern was identified due to variability of study outcomes and measures, limiting overall interpretation. DISCUSSION This review suggests potential involvement of ECS in underlying mechanisms of MDD in female sexed-individuals, however no pattern was able to be determined. A major contributor to the inability to attain reliable and valid understanding of the ECS levels in female-sexed individuals with depression was the inconsistency of depression screening tools, inclusion criteria's and analysis methods used to measure eCBs. Future studies need to implement more standardised methodology to gain a deeper understanding of ECS in female-sexed individuals with depressive disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION : This review was submitted to PROSPERO for approval in April 2022 (Registration #CRD42022324212).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan McWhirter
- National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine, Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia.
| | - Andrea Bugarcic
- National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine, Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Amie Steel
- ACCRIM, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Janet Schloss
- National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine, Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
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3
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Bergunde L, Steudte-Schmiedgen S, Karl M, Jaramillo I, Gao W, von Soest T, Garthus-Niegel S. Stability and inter-family associations of hair endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamines across the perinatal period in mothers, fathers, and children. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9459. [PMID: 38658668 PMCID: PMC11043453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Analysis of endocannabinoids (ECs) and N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) in hair is assumed to retrospectively assess long-term EC/NAE concentrations. To inform their use, this study investigated stability of EC/NAE hair concentrations in mothers, fathers, and their children across the perinatal period as well as associations between family members. In a prospective cohort study, EC (AEA, 1-AG/2-AG) and NAE (SEA, PEA, OEA) levels were quantified in hair samples taken four times in mothers (n = 336) and their partners (n = 225) from pregnancy to two years postpartum and in offspring (n = 319) from shortly after birth to two years postpartum. Across the perinatal period, maternal and paternal hair ECs/NAEs showed poor multiple-test consistency (16-36%) and variable relative stability, as well as inconsistent absolute stability for mothers. Regarding children, hair ECs/NAEs evidenced poor multiple-test consistency (4-19%), no absolute stability, and either no or variable relative stability. Hair ECs/NAEs showed small to medium significant associations across the perinatal period within couples and parent-child dyads. Findings suggest hair ECs/NAEs during the perinatal period possess variable stability in adults, albeit more stability in fathers than mothers in this time. This highlights the need to further investigate factors associated with changes in hair ECs/NAEs across time. The first two years of life may be a dynamic phase for the endocannabinoid system in children, potentially characterized by complex within-family correspondence that requires further systematic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bergunde
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - S Steudte-Schmiedgen
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Karl
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - I Jaramillo
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - W Gao
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - T von Soest
- Department of Psychology, PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - S Garthus-Niegel
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Systems Medicine (ISM), Faculty of Medicine, Medical School Hamburg MSH, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Childhood and Families, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Horsch A, Garthus-Niegel S, Ayers S, Chandra P, Hartmann K, Vaisbuch E, Lalor J. Childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder: definition, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2024; 230:S1116-S1127. [PMID: 38233316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2023.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Psychological birth trauma and childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder represent a substantial burden of disease with 6.6 million mothers and 1.7 million fathers or co-parents affected by childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder worldwide each year. There is mounting evidence to indicate that parents who develop childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder do so as a direct consequence of a traumatic childbirth experience. High-risk groups, such as those who experience preterm birth, stillbirth, or preeclampsia, have higher prevalence rates. The main risks include antenatal factors (eg, depression in pregnancy, fear of childbirth, poor health or complications in pregnancy, history of trauma or sexual abuse, or mental health problems), perinatal factors (eg, negative subjective birth experience, operative birth, obstetrical complications, and severe maternal morbidity, as well as maternal near misses, lack of support, dissociation), and postpartum factors (eg, depression, postpartum physical complications, and poor coping and stress). The link between birth events and childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder provides a valuable opportunity to prevent traumatic childbirths and childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder from occurring in the first place. Childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder is an extremely distressing mental disorder and has a substantial negative impact on those who give birth, fathers or co-parents, and, potentially, the whole family. Still, a traumatic childbirth experience and childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder remain largely unrecognized in maternity services and are not routinely screened for during pregnancy and the postpartum period. In fact, there are gaps in the evidence on how, when, and who to screen. Similarly, there is a lack of evidence on how best to treat those affected. Primary prevention efforts (eg, screening for antenatal risk factors, use of trauma-informed care) are aimed at preventing a traumatic childbirth experience and childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder in the first place by eliminating or reducing risk factors for childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Secondary prevention approaches (eg, trauma-focused psychological therapies, early psychological interventions) aim to identify those who have had a traumatic childbirth experience and to intervene to prevent the development of childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Tertiary prevention (eg, trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) seeks to ensure that people with childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder are identified and treated to recovery so that childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder does not become chronic. Adequate prevention, screening, and intervention could alleviate a considerable amount of suffering in affected families. In light of the available research on the impact of childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder on families, it is important to develop and evaluate assessment, prevention, and treatment interventions that target the birthing person, the couple dyad, the parent-infant dyad, and the family as a whole. Further research should focus on the inclusion of couples in different constellations and, more generally, on the inclusion of more diverse populations in diverse settings. The paucity of national and international policy guidance on the prevention, care, and treatment of psychological birth trauma and the lack of formal psychological birth trauma services and training, highlight the need to engage with service managers and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Horsch
- Institute of Higher Education and Research in Healthcare, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department Woman-mother-child, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne.
| | - Susan Garthus-Niegel
- Institute for Systems Medicine (ISM), Faculty of Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of Childhood and Families, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Susan Ayers
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, School of Health and Psychological Sciences, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Prabha Chandra
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Edi Vaisbuch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joan Lalor
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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Hitzler M, Matits L, Gumpp AM, Bach AM, Ziegenhain U, Gao W, Kolassa IT, Behnke A. Longitudinal course of endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines in hair of mothers and their children in the first year postpartum: investigating the relevance of maternal childhood maltreatment experiences. Psychol Med 2023; 53:7446-7457. [PMID: 37198936 PMCID: PMC10719681 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723001204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment (CM) exerts long-lasting psychological and biological alterations in affected individuals and might also affect the endocannabinoid (eCB) system which modulates inflammation and the endocrine stress response. Here, we investigated the eCB system of women with and without CM and their infants using hair samples representing eCB levels accumulated during the last trimester of pregnancy and 10-12 months postpartum. METHODS CM exposure was assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. At both timepoints, 3 cm hair strands were collected from mothers and children (N = 170 resp. 150) to measure anandamide (AEA), 2/1-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG/1-AG), stearoylethanolamide (SEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA), and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). RESULTS Maternal hair levels of 2-AG/1-AG increased and SEA levels decreased from late pregnancy to one year postpartum. Maternal CM was associated with lower SEA levels in late pregnancy, but not one year later. In the children's hair, levels of 2-AG/1-AG increased while levels of SEA, OEA, and PEA decreased from late pregnancy to one year later. Maternal CM was not consistently associated with the eCB levels measured in children's hair. CONCLUSIONS We provide first evidence for longitudinal change in the eCB system of mothers and infants from pregnancy to one year later. While maternal CM influenced the maternal eCB system, we found no consistent intergenerational effects on early regulation of the eCB system in children. Longitudinal research on the importance of the eCB system for the course and immunoregulation of pregnancy as well as for the children's development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hitzler
- Clinical and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lynn Matits
- Clinical and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anja M. Gumpp
- Clinical and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexandra M. Bach
- Clinical and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ute Ziegenhain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Biopsychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Iris-Tatjana Kolassa
- Clinical and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Behnke
- Clinical and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Gao W, Kirschbaum C. Determination of nicotine and cotinine in human hair using online solid phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and their relation to hair cortisol and cortisone. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 157:106347. [PMID: 37586273 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is one of the critical public health threats all over the world. Since nicotine and its metabolite cotinine have been routinely used as the biomarkers to estimate the exposure to tobacco smoking, hair nicotine and cotinine analyses can provide of a retrospective index of nicotine and cotinine integrated over extended periods of several months prior to hair sampling to estimate the long-term exposure to tobacco smoking. Since the relationship between tobacco smoking and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is implicated in both stress response and nicotine addiction, better understanding of the association between hair nicotine, cotinine levels and hair cortisol, cortisone levels is an important prerequisite toward more adequate use of this method in future research. We here presented an online solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for quantification of long-term integrated nicotine and cotinine in human hair. This method was applied to the analysis of hair nicotine and cotinine in 40 participants of smokers and nonsmokers (mean ± SD age: 46.25 ± 11.92 years; 40 % male) and the investigation of their association with hair cortisol and cortisone. Methanol together with glass tube was used for hair nicotine and cotinine extraction during the incubation time of 18-h. The limits of quantification were 1 pg/mg for nicotine as well as 0.1 pg/mg for cotinine. The inter- and intra-day coefficients of variation were below 15 %. The method recovery ranged between 90 % and 104 %. Group-level analyses revealed that smokers exhibited higher hair nicotine and cotinine levels compared to nonsmokers. Hair nicotine and cotinine levels showed significant positive associations with hair cortisol and cortisone levels in smokers (nicotine and cortisol: Spearman's ρ = 0.619, p = 0.005; cotinine and cortisol: Spearman's ρ = 0.468, p = 0.043; nicotine and cortisone: Spearman's ρ = 0.773, p = 0.000; cotinine and cortisone: Spearman's ρ = 0.531, p = 0.016), but not in nonsmokers. The presented online SPE LC-MS/MS method provides a simply and highly specific analytical strategy for the detection of nicotine and cotinine concentrations in human hair for the retrospective assessment of cumulative long-term nicotine and cotinine exposure. Furthermore, hair nicotine, cotinine levels correlate with hair cortisol, cortisone levels in smokers other than nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China; Faculty of Psychology, Chair of Biological Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- Faculty of Psychology, Chair of Biological Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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7
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Bergunde L, Karl M, Schälicke S, Weise V, Mack JT, von Soest T, Gao W, Weidner K, Garthus-Niegel S, Steudte-Schmiedgen S. Childbirth-related posttraumatic stress symptoms - examining associations with hair endocannabinoid concentrations during pregnancy and lifetime trauma. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:335. [PMID: 37907467 PMCID: PMC10618290 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has linked alterations of the endocannabinoid system with trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Childbirth-related PTSD symptoms (CB-PTSS) affect about every eighth woman and can negatively influence the entire family. While aetiological models of CB-PTSD include psychological risk factors such as maternal trauma history and negative subjective birth experience (SBE), they lack biological risk indicators. We investigated whether lifetime trauma and CB-PTSS were associated with long-term endocannabinoid concentrations during pregnancy. Further, we tested endocannabinoids as mediators between lifetime trauma and CB-PTSS and whether SBE moderated such mediational paths. Within the prospective cohort study DREAMHAIR, 263 expectant mothers completed trauma assessments and provided hair samples for quantification of long-term endocannabinoid levels (anandamide [AEA], 2-arachidonoylglycerol [1-AG/2-AG], and N-acyl-ethanolamides [NAE]) prior to their anticipated birth date. Two months postpartum, CB-PTSS and SBE were measured. Regression models controlling for relevant confounders showed no association between lifetime trauma and hair endocannabinoids during pregnancy, yet higher number of lifetime trauma events and lower hair AEA were significantly associated with CB-PTSS, with the latter finding not remaining significant when Bonferroni corrections due to multiple testing were applied. While hair AEA did not mediate the association between lifetime trauma and CB-PTSS, the effect of lower hair AEA on CB-PTSS was stronger upon negative SBE. Results suggest greater lifetime trauma and reduced maternal hair AEA during pregnancy may be associated with increased risk for CB-PTSS, particularly upon negative SBE. Findings confirm lifetime trauma as a CB-PTSS risk factor and add important preliminary insights on the role of endocannabinoid ligand alterations and SBE in CB-PTSS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Bergunde
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Marlene Karl
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sarah Schälicke
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Victoria Weise
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Judith T Mack
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tilmann von Soest
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wei Gao
- Institute of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kerstin Weidner
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susan Garthus-Niegel
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Systems Medicine (ISM), Faculty of Medicine, Medical School Hamburg MSH, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Childhood and Families, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Susann Steudte-Schmiedgen
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Woźniczka K, Konieczyński P, Plenis A, Bączek T, Roszkowska A. SPME as a green sample-preparation technique for the monitoring of phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids in complex matrices. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1117-1134. [PMID: 38024858 PMCID: PMC10657972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS), particularly its signaling pathways and ligands, has garnered considerable interest in recent years. Along with clinical work investigating the ECS' functions, including its role in the development of neurological and inflammatory conditions, much research has focused on developing analytical protocols enabling the precise monitoring of the levels and metabolism of the most potent ECS ligands: exogenous phytocannabinoids (PCs) and endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids, ECs). Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is an advanced, non-exhaustive sample-preparation technique that facilitates the precise and efficient isolation of trace amounts of analytes, thus making it appealing for the analysis of PCs and ECs in complex matrices of plant and animal/human origin. In this paper, we review recent forensic medicine and toxicological studies wherein SPME has been applied to monitor levels of PCs and ECs in complex matrices, determine their effects on organism physiology, and assess their role in the development of several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Woźniczka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Konieczyński
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Alina Plenis
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Roszkowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Ney LJ, Cooper J, Lam GN, Moffitt K, Nichols DS, Mayo LM, Lipp OV. Hair endocannabinoids predict physiological fear conditioning and salivary endocannabinoids predict subjective stress reactivity in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 154:106296. [PMID: 37216738 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of substantial preclinical evidence, the endogenous cannabinoid system has been proposed to be closely involved in stress reactivity and extinction of fear. Existing human research supports this proposal to some extent, but existing studies have used only a narrow range of tools and biomatrices to measure endocannabinoids during stress and fear experiments. In the present study we collected hair and saliva samples from 99 healthy participants who completed a fear conditioning and intrusive memory task. Subjective, physiological and biological stress reactivity to a trauma film, which later served as unconditional stimulus during fear conditioning, was also measured. We found that salivary endocannabinoid concentrations predicted subjective responses to stress, but not cortisol stress reactivity, and replicated previous findings demonstrating a sex dimorphism in hair and salivary endocannabinoid levels. Hair 2-arachidonoyl glycerol levels were significantly associated with better retention of safety learning during extinction and renewal phases of fear conditioning, while hair concentrations of oleoylethanolamide and palmitoylethanolamide were associated with overall physiological arousal, but not conditional learning, during fear conditioning. This study is the first to test the relationship between hair and salivary endocannabinoids and these important psychological processes. Our results suggest that these measures may serve as biomarkers of dysregulation in human fear memory and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Ney
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Jack Cooper
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gia Nhi Lam
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kaylee Moffitt
- Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David S Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Leah M Mayo
- Department of Psychiatry, Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research, and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Ottmar V Lipp
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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10
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Roszkowska A, Klejbor I, Bogusiewicz J, Plenis A, Bojko B, Kowalik K, Moryś J, Bączek T. Monitoring of age- and gender-related alterations of endocannabinoid levels in selected brain regions with the use of SPME probes. Metabolomics 2023; 19:40. [PMID: 37043024 PMCID: PMC10097736 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The endocannabinoid system consists of different types of receptors, enzymes and endocannabinoids (ECs), which are involved in several physiological processes, but also play important role in the development and progression of central nervous system disorders. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to apply precise and sensitive methodology for monitoring of four ECs, namely anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), N-arachidonoyl dopamine (NADA), 2-arachidonyl glyceryl ether (2-AGe) in selected brain regions of female and male rats at different stages of development (young, adult and old). METHODS Biocompatible solid-phase microextraction (SPME) probes were introduced into the intact (non-homogenized) brain structures for isolation of four ECs, and the extracts were subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis. Two chemometric approaches, namely hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied to provide more information about the levels of 2-AG and AEA in different brain structures. RESULTS 2-AG and AEA were extracted and could be quantified in each brain region; the level of 2-AG was significantly higher in comparison to the level of AEA. Two highly unstable ECs, NADA and 2-AGe, were captured by SPME probes from intact brain samples for the first time. CONCLUSION SPME probes were able to isolate highly unstable endogenous compounds from intact tissue, and provided new tools for precise analysis of the level and distribution of ECs in different brain regions. Monitoring of ECs in brain samples is important not only in physiological conditions, but also may contribute to better understanding of the functioning of the endocannabinoid system in various disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Roszkowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Ilona Klejbor
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Joanna Bogusiewicz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alina Plenis
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kowalik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Janusz Moryś
- Department of Normal Anatomy, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Barba SV, Kirschbaum C, Gao W. Endocannabinoid and perceived stress: Association analysis of endocannabinoid levels in hair versus levels in plasma and urine. Biol Psychol 2023; 178:108541. [PMID: 36918140 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is considered to play a role in a wide range of functions, including stress. Hair analysis of endocannabinoids presents a promising methodological advancement for the retrospective assessment of long-term cumulative endocannabinoid secretion. Despite promising pilot study results suggesting the usefulness of hair endocannabinoid assessments, it remains unclear whether hair endocannabinoid levels mirror systemic endocannabinoid levels accurately. Two independent studies were conducted to investigate to what extent hair endocannabinoid and N-Acylethanolamine levels reflect the systemic levels retrospectively. Endocannabinoid and N-Acylethanolamine levels were measured in 3 cm and 1 cm hair segments respectively, and compared with the averaged levels in multiple plasma samples collected during three months (Study I), and in multiple 24-hour urine samples collected over a month (Study II). In addition, the Perceived Stress Scale was used to assess the perceived stress throughout the studies. Against our hypothesis, no association was found between the endocannabinoid or N-Acylethanolamine levels in hair and plasma or urine. However, hair palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA), and stearoylethanolamide (SEA) levels were positively correlated with perceived stress in Study I. The current findings suggest that hair endocannabinoid or N-Acylethanolamine levels might not accurately reflect the levels of peripheral circulating endocannabinoid or N-Acylethanolamine. Nevertheless, hair N-Acylethanolamine levels might emerge as a useful strategy in the study of some psychological phenotypes, such as stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Valdivieso Barba
- Faculty of Psychology, Chair of Biological Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- Faculty of Psychology, Chair of Biological Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wei Gao
- Faculty of Psychology, Chair of Biological Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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12
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Walther A, Kirschbaum C, Wehrli S, Rothe N, Penz M, Wekenborg M, Gao W. Depressive symptoms are negatively associated with hair N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) levels: A cross-lagged panel analysis of four annual assessment waves examining hair endocannabinoids and cortisol. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 121:110658. [PMID: 36252885 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is increasingly being recognized as key regulatory system coupled with the glucocorticoid system implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, prior studies examining the ECS in MDD have been inconclusive, of small sample size or of cross-sectional nature limiting interpretation of causal inferences or time-dependent effects. METHODS In a prospective community-based cohort study including 128 individuals (women: 108), depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) as well as hair cortisol and endocannabinoids were measured annually over four years (T1-T4). Cortisol, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA), and 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol/1-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG/1-AG) were extracted from 3 cm hair segments reflecting cumulative concentrations of the last three months prior sampling. RESULTS Cross-sectional group comparisons at baseline revealed reduced AEA and cortisol levels in the group with a positive MDD screening compared to individuals with low depressive symptomatology (both p < .05). Cross-lagged panel models showed that AEA levels at T2 were negatively associated with depressive symptoms at T3 (p < .05). Also, depressive symptoms at T3 were negatively associated with AEA levels at T4 (p < .01). The direction of association was reversed for 2-AG/1-AG, as 2-AG/1-AG levels at T1 were positively associated with depressive symptoms at T2 (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS While cross-sectional analyses suggest higher depressive symptomatology to be associated with reduced AEA and cortisol release, longitudinal analyses reveal that primarily AEA levels are negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These longitudinal associations elucidate time-dependent relationships between depressive symptomatology and the ECS and further highlight AEA as potential treatment target in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Walther
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Biopsychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Wehrli
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Biopsychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Child and Adolescent Health Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Marlene Penz
- Institute for Education and Psychology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Wei Gao
- Biopsychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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13
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Ren SY, Sun ZL, Yang J. The use of biochemical indexes in hair for clinical studies of psychiatric diseases: What can we learn about mental disease from hair? J Psychiatr Res 2023; 158:305-313. [PMID: 36628872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of hair samples provides unique advantages, including non-invasive sampling, sample stability, and the possibility of additional optimization of high sensitivity detection methods. Hair sample analysis is often used in psychiatric disease research to evaluate previous periods of stress encountered by patients. Glucocorticoid analysis is the most frequently tested indicator of stress. Furthermore, the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis and endocannabinoid system also are involved in the occurrence and development of mental disorders. The endocannabinoid and sex hormone levels in patients experiencing mental illness are considerably different from levels observed in healthy individuals. Nevertheless, due to the different methods used to assess the degree of disease and the range of analytical methods involved in clinical research, the trends in changes for these biomarkers are not uniform. The correlations between changes in biomarker concentrations and illness severity also are not clear. The observed alterations suggest these biochemical substances in hair have potential as biomarkers for diagnosis or predictive treatment. However, the variable results obtained thus far could hamper further development of hair samples for clinical assessment in psychiatric disorders. This article summarizes the published reports documenting the changes in the content of relevant substances in hair in individuals experiencing mental illness and the degree of correlation. In the discussion section, we proposed several issues that should be considered in future studies of hair samples obtained from patients with mental disorders to promote the use of hair sample assessment as an aid in diagnosis or predictive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Ren
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zuo-Li Sun
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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14
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UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS assay for quantification of endocannabinoids in cerebrospinal fluid using surrogate calibrant and surrogate matrix approaches. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 222:115090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Gao W, Anna Valdimarsdóttir U, Hauksdóttir A, Eyrún Torfadóttir J, Kirschbaum C. The assessment of endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines in human hair: Associations with sociodemographic and psychological variables. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 537:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Liu W, Zhang WD, Li T, Zhou Z, Luo M, Chen X, Cai Y, Zhu ZJ. Four-Dimensional Untargeted Profiling of N-Acylethanolamine Lipids in the Mouse Brain Using Ion Mobility–Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12472-12480. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei-dong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Tongzhou Li
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mingdu Luo
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuping Cai
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zheng-Jiang Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Aging Studies, 100 Hai Ke Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
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17
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Restin T, Byland N, Voegel CD, La Marca-Ghaemmaghami P, Baumgartner MR, Bassler D, Kraemer T, Binz TM. Endocannabinoid and steroid analysis in infant and adult nails by LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6201-6211. [PMID: 35781588 PMCID: PMC9314307 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A common method to quantify chronic stress is the analysis of stress markers in keratinized matrices such as hair or nail. In this study, we aimed to validate a sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for the combined quantification of steroid hormones and endocannabinoids (eCBs) in the keratinized matrix nail. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate the suitability of the nail matrix for the detection of these stress markers in a pilot study. An LC–MS/MS method was used for the simultaneous identification and quantification of four eCBs (2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), anandamide (AEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)) and five steroid hormones (cortisol, cortisone, androstenedione, progesterone, testosterone) in human nails using a surrogate analyte method for each analyte. The method was validated in terms of selectivity, response factor, linearity, limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy, matrix effect, recovery, robustness, and autosampler stability. Nail samples were extracted for 1 h with methanol following a clean-up with a fully automated supported liquid extraction (SLE). The influence of nail weight on the quantification was investigated by using 0.5–20 mg of nail sample. As a proof of concept, nail samples (N = 57) were analyzed from a cohort representing newborns (1 month old), children (between 1 and 10 years), and adults (up to 43 years). It could be shown that the established workflow using a 1 hour extraction and clean-up by SLE was very robust and resulted in a short sample preparation time. The LC–MS/MS method was successfully validated. Matrix effects with ion enhancement occurred mainly for 2-AG. Sample weights below 5 mg showed variations in quantification for some analytes. Certain analytes such as PEA and progesterone could be accurately quantified at a sample weight lower than 5 mg. This is the first study where steroids and eCBs could be simultaneously detected and quantified in infant and adult nails. These results show that nails may serve as an alternative keratinized matrix (compared to hair) for the retrospective monitoring of cumulative eCB and steroid hormone levels. The combined assessment of eCBs and steroids from nails could provide a new approach to gain new insights into stress exposure in newborns and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Restin
- Newborn Research Zurich, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nastassja Byland
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Clarissa D Voegel
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pearl La Marca-Ghaemmaghami
- Psychology Counselling and Research Institute for Sexuality, Marriage and the Family, International Academy for Human Sciences and Culture, Walenstadt, Switzerland
| | - Markus R Baumgartner
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Bassler
- Newborn Research Zurich, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tina M Binz
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Mourtakos S, Vassiliou G, Kontoangelos K, Philippou A, Tzavellas E, Tornero-Aguilera JF, Clemente-Suárez VJ, Papageorgiou C, Sidossis LS, Papageorgiou C. Endocannabinoids and Heart Rate Variability Alterations after Exposure to Prolonged Intensive Physical Exercise of the Hellenic Navy SEALs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010028. [PMID: 35010291 PMCID: PMC8750887 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Recent research indicates that both endocannabinoids (eCB) and heart rate variability (HRV) are associated with stress-induced experiences. However, these underlying mechanisms are not elucidated. The present study aims to investigate whether exposure to acute and chronic stress conditions can give rise to measurable changes, both to the peripheral eCB ligands and HRV. Methods: Thirteen candidates under intense preparation for their enlistment in the Hellenic Navy SEALs (HNS) participated in the study. All subjects underwent mental state examination, while HRV variables in time and frequency domain recordings were acquired. Furthermore, at baseline and 30 days after prolonged and intensive physical exercise, hair was collected to measure eCB ligands, such as anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), and the N-acyl ethanolamine (NAE) molecules: palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA). Results: Comparing basal hair concentrations of eCB ligands before and after intense physical exercise, we found that AEA, PEA, and OEA were notably increased, whereas no differences were observed regarding the ligand 2-AG. Furthermore, there were observed associations between the concentrations of peripheral eCB ligands, both at baseline and after the prolonged physical exercise and the time and frequency domains of HRV. Conclusions: These findings suggest that endocannabinoid–HRV interrelations might share a short-term, and long-term adaptability of the changes in self-regulation associated with stress. Further studies will be required to determine the validity of peripheral eCB signaling and HRV as a biomarker for different aspects of the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatis Mourtakos
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece; (G.V.); (K.K.); (E.T.); (C.P.)
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-6937065522
| | - Georgia Vassiliou
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece; (G.V.); (K.K.); (E.T.); (C.P.)
- Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis”, University Mental Health, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kontoangelos
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece; (G.V.); (K.K.); (E.T.); (C.P.)
- Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis”, University Mental Health, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastassios Philippou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
| | - Elias Tzavellas
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece; (G.V.); (K.K.); (E.T.); (C.P.)
| | | | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (J.F.T.-A.); (V.J.C.-S.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Charalabos Papageorgiou
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece; (G.V.); (K.K.); (E.T.); (C.P.)
- Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis”, University Mental Health, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Labros S. Sidossis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Division of Life Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Gish A, Wiart JF, Turpin E, Allorge D, Gaulier JM. État de l’art et intérêt des dosages plasmatiques des substances endocannabinoïdes et endocannabinoïdes-like. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ney LJ, Crombie KM, Mayo LM, Felmingham KL, Bowser T, Matthews A. Translation of animal endocannabinoid models of PTSD mechanisms to humans: Where to next? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:76-91. [PMID: 34838529 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is known to be involved in mechanisms relevant to PTSD aetiology and maintenance, though this understanding is mostly based on animal models of the disorder. Here we review how human paradigms can successfully translate animal findings to human subjects, with the view that substantially increased insight into the effect of endocannabinoid signalling on stress responding, emotional and intrusive memories, and fear extinction can be gained using modern paradigms and methods for assessing the state of the endocannabinoid system in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Ney
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia; School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
| | - Kevin M Crombie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Leah M Mayo
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Kim L Felmingham
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Allison Matthews
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia
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21
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Gao W, Schmidt K, Enge S, Kirschbaum C. Intra-individual stability of hair endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine concentrations. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 133:105395. [PMID: 34482257 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hair analysis of endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines presents a promising methodological advancement for the retrospective assessment of long-term cumulative endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines secretion over extended periods of time. A main assumption of this method application that hair endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine concentrations show intra-individual stability has not been confirmed yet. Thus, in the current study hair endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine levels were measured over a period of two and a half years with six months between each hair sample collection in 100 female participants. We found strong test-retest associations of hair endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine levels with intraclass correlation coefficients between 0.79 and 0.92. Furthermore, no correlations between perceived stress and hair endocannabinoids or N-acylethanolamines was observed. The current findings support the notion that endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines in hair are rather trait biomarkers that are stable over a considerable period of time rather than rapidly changing state markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Faculty of Psychology, Chair of Biological Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Kornelius Schmidt
- Faculty of Psychology, Chair of Biological Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sören Enge
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Psychology, Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- Faculty of Psychology, Chair of Biological Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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22
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Voegel CD, Kroll SL, Schmid MW, Kexel AK, Baumgartner MR, Kraemer T, Binz TM, Quednow BB. Alterations of Stress-Related Glucocorticoids and Endocannabinoids in Hair of Chronic Cocaine Users. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 25:226-237. [PMID: 34676867 PMCID: PMC8929753 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research in animals and humans has demonstrated a potential role of stress regulatory systems, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the endocannabinoid (eCB) system, in the development of substance use disorders. We thus investigated alterations of HPA and eCB markers in individuals with chronic cocaine use disorder by using an advanced hair analysis technique. METHODS We compared hair concentrations of glucocorticoids (cortisone, cortisol) and the eCBs 2-arachidonylglycerol, anandamide (AEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA), and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) between 48 recreational cocaine users (RCU), 25 dependent cocaine users (DCU), and 67 stimulant-naïve controls. Self-reported substance use and hair concentrations of substances were also assessed. RESULTS Significantly higher concentrations of hair cortisone were found in RCU and DCU compared with controls. Hair concentrations of OEA and PEA were significantly lower in DCU compared with RCU and controls. Additionally, within cocaine users, elevated cocaine hair concentration was a significant predictor for increased glucocorticoid and decreased OEA hair levels. Moreover, higher 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine hair concentration was correlated with elevated cortisone and AEA, OEA, and PEA levels in hair within cocaine users, whereas more self-reported cannabis use was associated with lower eCBs levels in hair across the total sample. CONCLUSION Our findings support the hypothesis that the HPA axis and eCB system might be important regulators for substance use disorders. The mechanistic understanding of changes in glucocorticoid and eCB levels in future research might be a promising pharmacological target to reduce stress-induced craving and relapse specifically in cocaine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa D Voegel
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara L Kroll
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Ann-Kathrin Kexel
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus R Baumgartner
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tina M Binz
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Boris B Quednow
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland,Correspondence: B. B. Quednow, PhD, Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland ()
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Hair-based biomarkers in women with major depressive disorder: Glucocorticoids, endocannabinoids, N-acylethanolamines, and testosterone. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2021; 7:100068. [PMID: 35757050 PMCID: PMC9216461 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stress-related alterations in the regulation of several endocrine systems, including the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and -gonadal (HPG) axes and the endocannabinoid system are proposed to be involved in the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Therefore, this study examines whether altered concentrations of glucocorticoids, testosterone, endocannabinoids, and related N-acylethanolamines accumulated in hair are present in MDD. Methods Female participants (range: 19–59, Mdn = 30.5 years) were recruited, including n = 21 with a current MDD episode and n = 27 nondepressed controls without any current mental disorder. Weight-standardized samples of 3 cm hair segments were analyzed which equals to three months of retrospectively assessed biomarkers in hair. Concentrations of cortisol, cortisone, testosterone, endocannabinoids (i.e., anandamide [AEA], 2-arachidonylglycerol [2-AG]), and selected N-acylethanolamines (i.e., stearoylethanolamide [SEA], oleoylethanolamide [OEA], palmitoylethanolamide [PEA]) were measured using mass spectrometry. Results Female MDD patients exhibited lower cortisol and cortisone levels in hair than nondepressed controls, whereas the hair concentrations of endocannabinoids, N-acylethanolamines, and testosterone did not differ between the groups. Conclusions Our results add to the heterogeneous body of findings on alterations in hair-stored glucocorticoids and endocannabinoids in MDD. As in previous studies, there was no evidence of altered testosterone concentrations in the hair of MDD patients. Larger and longitudinal studies are needed to comprehensively explore the overall picture of endocrine alterations in MDD. Analysis of hair-based markers of endocrine alterations in female MDD outpatients. Lower hair cortisol and cortisone concentrations in mild to moderately severe MDD. No differences in endocannabinoid, N-acylethanolamine, and testosterone hair levels. Testosterone and cortisone levels were linked to higher stress/trauma exposure.
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24
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Chloroform-based liquid-liquid extraction and LC-MS/MS quantification of endocannabinoids, cortisol and progesterone in human hair. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 201:114103. [PMID: 33957361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the role of endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) in disease is of increasing importance. However, tools to investigate endocannabinoid levels in humans are limited. In the current study, we report a simplified sample preparation method for quantifying endocannabinoids and steroid hormones in hair using liquid-liquid extraction combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The fully validated method is at least R2 = 0.99 linear between 5 and 1,000 pg/mg for each analyte and the detection limits are at or below 0.50 pg/mg for cortisol, progesterone, oleoylethanolamide, and arachidonoyl ethanolamide, and 2.65 pg/mg for 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. Sequential extraction of hair samples revealed that multiple extractions may be required for quantitative recovery of steroids. However endogenous cannabinoids were efficiently recovered using a single sample extraction. The method was applied to a psychosocial stress study where participants provided samples of both hair and saliva. Endogenous hair arachidonoyl ethanolamide levels were negatively associated with resting, but not stressed, salivary cortisol levels in healthy participants. This simplified method enables the detailed study of hormonal and endocannabinoids in human hair with high sensitivity.
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25
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Tam FI, Steding J, Steinhäuser JL, Ritschel F, Gao W, Weidner K, Roessner V, Kirschbaum C, Ehrlich S. Hair endocannabinoid concentrations in individuals with acute and weight-recovered anorexia nervosa. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 107:110243. [PMID: 33444649 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid system has been suggested to modulate energy metabolism and stress response and could be an important factor in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa (AN). In the context of AN, excessive physical activity may influence endocannabinoid concentrations. The objective of this study was to investigate hair endocannabinoid concentrations at different stages of the disorder. Measurement in hair allows for a cumulative assessment of endocannabinoid concentrations independent of circadian rhythms. METHODS In a combined cross-sectional and longitudinal design, we measured hair concentrations of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol and the endocannabinoid-related compounds palmitoylethanolamide, oleoylethanolamide, and stearoylethanolamide in female underweight patients with acute AN (n = 67, reassessment of n = 47 after short-term weight restoration with a body mass index increase of at least 14%), individuals long-term recovered from AN (n = 27), and healthy control participants (n = 84). RESULTS Hair concentrations of anandamide and all endocannabinoid-related compounds were elevated in acute AN and decreased over the course of short-term weight restoration. Anandamide concentrations remained elevated in long-term recovered AN patients. In long-term recovered patients, physical activity correlated positively with the concentrations of all endocannabinoid-related compounds. CONCLUSION The current study provides evidence for a significant alteration of the endocannabinoid system in acute AN, which may partly persist into long-term recovery. The endocannabinoid system may be a possible target for pharmaceutical interventions in AN, which should be explored in further preclinical and subsequently clinical randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike I Tam
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Eating Disorder Treatment and Research Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julius Steding
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonas L Steinhäuser
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Ritschel
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wei Gao
- Biopsychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kerstin Weidner
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Veit Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital C. G. Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Eating Disorder Treatment and Research Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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26
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Bielawski T, Albrechet-Souza L, Frydecka D. Endocannabinoid system in trauma and psychosis: distant guardian of mental stability. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:707-722. [PMID: 33656307 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Central endocannabinoid system (eCBS) is a neuromodulatory system that inhibits potentially harmful, excessive synaptic activation. Endocannabinoid receptors are abundant among brain structures pivotal in different mental disorders development (for example, hippocampus, amygdala, medial-prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus). Here, we review eCBS function in etiology of psychosis, emphasizing its role in dealing with environmental pressures such as traumatic life events. Moreover, we explore eCBS as a guard against hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis over-activation, and discuss its possible role in etiology of different psychopathologies. Additionally, we review eCBS function in creating adaptive behavioral patterns, as we explore its involvement in the memory formation process, extinction learning and emotional response. We discuss eCBS in the context of possible biomarkers of trauma, and in preclinical psychiatric conditions, such as at-risk mental states and clinical high risk states for psychosis. Finally, we describe the role of eCBS in the cannabinoid self-medication-theory and extinction learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Bielawski
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 10 Pasteur Street, 50-367Wroclaw, Poland.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA70112, USA
| | - Lucas Albrechet-Souza
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA70112, USA.,Alcohol & Drug Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA70112, USA
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 10 Pasteur Street, 50-367Wroclaw, Poland
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27
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Voegel CD, Baumgartner MR, Kraemer T, Wüst S, Binz TM. Simultaneous quantification of steroid hormones and endocannabinoids (ECs) in human hair using an automated supported liquid extraction (SLE) and LC-MS/MS - Insights into EC baseline values and correlation to steroid concentrations. Talanta 2020; 222:121499. [PMID: 33167212 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous steroid hormones and endocannabinoids (ECs) are important regulators in the stress response of the human body. For the measurement of chronic stress, hair analysis has been established as method of choice for long-term and retrospective determination of endogenous stress markers. A sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of five steroid hormones (cortisone, cortisol, androstenedione, testosterone, progesterone) and four endocannabinoids (anandamide, palmitoylethanolamide, 2-arachidonylglycerol, oleoylethanolamide) in hair was developed and validated. The hair samples were extracted with methanol and cleaned up with a fully automated supported liquid extraction (SLE) before analysis. Special attention was paid to the difficulties accompanying the quantification of endogenous analytes in hair. Five different strategies for endogenous compound quantification in hair (surrogate analyte, standard addition, background correction, stripped matrix and solvent calibration) were tested and compared. As a result, the approach of the surrogate analyte was used for the quantification of steroid hormones whereas background correction was used for endocannabinoids. The measurement of 58 samples from healthy young adults allowed insights into endocannabinoid ranges in hair and the correlation to steroid hormones. No significant differences in steroid and EC concentration levels of male and female in hair were found, except for testosterone (p < 0.001) and androstenedione (p < 0.0001). Cortisol to cortisone and testosterone to androstenedione concentrations were significantly and positively correlated. There were significant intercorrelations between endocannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Daniela Voegel
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus R Baumgartner
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Wüst
- Institute of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tina Maria Binz
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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