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Liu W, Zhao M, Gan L, Sun B, He S, Liu Y, Liu L, Li W, Chen J, Liu Y, Zhang J, Xu J. PeposX-Exhaust: A lightweight and efficient tool for identification of short peptides. Food Chem X 2024; 22:101249. [PMID: 38440058 PMCID: PMC10910222 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Short peptides have become the focus of recent research due to their variable bioactivities, good digestibility and wide existences in food-derived protein hydrolysates. However, due to the high complexity of the samples, identifying short peptides still remains a challenge. In this work, a tool, named PeposX-Exhaust, was developed for short peptide identification. Through validation with known peptides, PeposX-Exhaust identified all the submitted spectra and the accuracy rate reached 75.36%, and the adjusted accuracy rate further reached 98.55% when with top 5 candidates considered. Compared with other tools, the accuracy rate by PeposX-Exhaust was at least 70% higher than two database-search tools and 15% higher than the other two de novo-sequencing tools, respectively. For further application, the numbers of short peptides identified from soybean, walnut, collagen and bonito protein hydrolysates reached 1145, 628, 746 and 681, respectively. This fully demonstrated the superiority of the tool in short peptide identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanshun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lishe Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shiqi He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Wu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Jianan Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jucai Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
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2
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Chandole PK, Pawar TJ, Olivares-Romero JL, Tivari SR, Garcia Lara B, Patel H, Ahmad I, Delgado-Alvarado E, Kokate SV, Jadeja Y. Exploration of novel cationic amino acid-enriched short peptides: design, SPPS, biological evaluation and in silico study. RSC Adv 2024; 14:17710-17723. [PMID: 38832247 PMCID: PMC11145139 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08313f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a critical challenge worldwide, necessitating the pursuit of novel approaches to counteract bacterial and fungal pathogens. In this context, we explored the potential of cationic amino acid-enriched short peptides, synthesized via solid-phase methods, as innovative antimicrobial candidates. Our comprehensive evaluation assessed the antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of these peptides against a panel of significant pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. Utilizing molecular docking techniques, we delved into the molecular interactions underpinning the peptides' action against these microorganisms. The results revealed a spectrum of inhibitory activities, with certain peptide sequences displaying pronounced effectiveness across various pathogens. These findings underscore the peptides' potential as promising antimicrobial agents, with molecular docking offering valuable insights into their mechanisms of action. This study enriches antimicrobial peptide (AMP) research by identifying promising candidates for further refinement and development toward therapeutic application, highlighting their significance in addressing the urgent issue of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tushar Janardan Pawar
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351 Xalapa 91073 Veracruz Mexico
| | - José Luis Olivares-Romero
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351 Xalapa 91073 Veracruz Mexico
| | - Sunil R Tivari
- Department of Chemistry, Marwadi University Rajkot-360003 Gujarat India
| | - Bianney Garcia Lara
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato Noria Alta S/N Guanajuato-36050 Guanajuato Mexico
| | - Harun Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Shirpur District Dhule-425405 Maharashtra India
| | - Iqrar Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Shirpur District Dhule-425405 Maharashtra India
| | - Enrique Delgado-Alvarado
- Micro and Nanotechnology Research Center, Universidad Veracruzana Blvd. Av. Ruiz Cortines No. 455 Fracc. Costa Verde Boca del Río 94294 Mexico
| | - Siddhant V Kokate
- Department of Chemistry, S. S. C. College Junnar Pune-410502 Maharashtra India
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3
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Aita SE, Montone CM, Taglioni E, Capriotti AL. Hempseed protein-derived short- and medium-chain peptides and their multifunctional properties. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 110:275-325. [PMID: 38906589 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, the growing knowledge about the high nutritional value and potential functionality of hempseeds, the edible fruits of the Cannabis sativa L. plant, has sparked a surge in interest in exploring the worthwhile attributes of hempseed proteins and peptides. This trend aligns with the increasing popularity of hemp-based food, assuming a vital role in the global food chain. This chapter targets the nutritional and chemical composition of hempseed in terms of short- and medium-chain bioactive peptides. The analytical approaches for their characterization and multifunctional properties are summarized in detail. Moreover, the processing, functionality, and application of various hempseed protein products are discussed. In the final part of the chapter-for evaluating their propensity to be transported by intestinal cells-the transepithelial transport of peptides within hempseed protein hydrolysate is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Elsa Aita
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Taglioni
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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4
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Bartolomei M, Li J, Capriotti AL, Fanzaga M, d’Adduzio L, Laganà A, Cerrato A, Mulinacci N, Cecchi L, Bollati C, Lammi C. Olive ( Olea europaea L.) Seed as New Source of Cholesterol-Lowering Bioactive Peptides: Elucidation of Their Mechanism of Action in HepG2 Cells and Their Trans-Epithelial Transport in Differentiated Caco-2 Cells. Nutrients 2024; 16:371. [PMID: 38337656 PMCID: PMC10857614 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The production of olive oil has important economic repercussions in Mediterranean countries but also a considerable impact on the environment. This production generates enormous quantities of waste and by-products, which can be exploited as new raw materials to obtain innovative ingredients and therefore make the olive production more sustainable. In a previous study, we decided to foster olive seeds by generating two protein hydrolysates using food-grade enzymes, alcalase (AH) and papain (PH). These hydrolysates have shown, both in vitro and at the cellular level, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, being able to inhibit the activity of the DPP-IV enzyme and modulate the secretion of GLP-1. Given the multifunctional behavior of peptides, both hydrolysates displayed dual hypocholesterolemic activity, inhibiting the activity of HMGCoAR and impairing the PPI of PCSK9/LDLR, with an IC50 equal to 0.61 mg/mL and 0.31 mg/mL for AH and PH, respectively. Furthermore, both samples restored LDLR protein levels on the membrane of human hepatic HepG2 cells, increasing the uptake of LDL from the extracellular environment. Since intestinal bioavailability is a key component of bioactive peptides, the second objective of this work is to evaluate the capacity of AH and PH peptides to be transported by differentiated human intestinal Caco-2 cells. The peptides transported by intestinal cells have been analyzed using mass spectrometry analysis, identifying a mixture of stable peptides that may represent new ingredients with multifunctional qualities for the development of nutraceuticals and functional foods to delay the onset of metabolic syndrome, promoting the principles of environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bartolomei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.F.); (L.d.)
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.F.); (L.d.)
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy (A.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Melissa Fanzaga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.F.); (L.d.)
| | - Lorenza d’Adduzio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.F.); (L.d.)
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy (A.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy (A.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Nadia Mulinacci
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug and Child Health, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Cecchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Sciences and Technologies, University of Florence, Via Donizetti, 50144 Florence, Italy;
| | - Carlotta Bollati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.F.); (L.d.)
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.F.); (L.d.)
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5
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Aita S, Cerrato A, Laganà A, Montone CM, Taglioni E, Capriotti AL. Untargeted Analysis of Short-Chain Peptides in Urine Samples Short Peptides Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2745:31-43. [PMID: 38060178 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3577-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain peptides have attracted increasing attention in different research fields, including biomarker discovery, but also a well-known analytical challenge in complex matrices due to their low abundance compared to other molecules, which can cause extensive ion suppression during mass spectrometric acquisition. Moreover, there is a lack of analytical workflows for their comprehensive characterization since ordinary peptidomics strategies cannot identify them. In this context, an enrichment strategy was introduced and developed to isolate and clean up short-chain peptides by graphitized carbon black solid phase extraction. For better coverage of peptide polarity, urine samples were analyzed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography by reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. High-resolution mass spectrometry allowed the detection of the eluting peptides by data-dependent mode using a suspect screening strategy with an inclusion list; peptides were identified by a semiautomated workflow implemented on Compound Discoverer. The complementarity of the orthogonal separation strategy was confirmed by peptide identification, resulting in 101 peptides identified from the RP runs, and 111 peptides from the HILIC runs, with 60 common identifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- SaraElsa Aita
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Taglioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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6
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Ning J, Yang M, Liu W, Luo X, Yue X. Proteomics and Peptidomics As a Tool to Compare the Proteins and Endogenous Peptides in Human, Cow, and Donkey Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:16435-16451. [PMID: 37882656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Cow's milk is the most widely used ingredient in infant formulas. However, its specific protein composition can cause allergic reactions. Finding alternatives to replace cow's milk and fill the nutritional gap with human milk is essential for the health of infants. Proteomic and peptidomic techniques have supported the elucidation of milk's nutritional ingredients. Recently, omics approaches have attracted increasing interest in the investigation of milk because of their high throughput, precision, sensitivity, and reproducibility. This review offers a significant overview of recent developments in proteomics and peptidomics used to study the differences in human, cow, and donkey milk. All three types of milks were identified to have critical biological functions in human health, particularly in infants. Donkey milk proteins were closer in composition to human milk, were less likely to cause allergic reactions, and may be developed as novel raw materials for formula milk powders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianting Ning
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Yang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanting Liu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Luo
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, People's Republic of China
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7
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Reimets N, Ausmees K, Vija S, Trummal A, Uudsemaa M, Reile I. Parahydrogen hyperpolarized NMR detection of underivatized short oligopeptides. Analyst 2023; 148:5407-5415. [PMID: 37791463 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01345f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Parahydrogen hyperpolarization has evolved into a versatile tool in NMR, allowing substantial sensitivity enhancements in analysis of biological samples. Herein we show how its application scope can be extended from small metabolites to underivatized oligopeptides in solution. Based on a homologous series of alanine oligomers, we report on an experimental and DFT study on the structure of the oligopeptide and hyperpolarization catalyst complexes formed in the process. We demonstrate that alanine oligomers coordinate to the iridium carbene-based catalyst in three different ways, each giving rise to distinctive hydride signals. Moreover, the exact structures of the transient oligopeptide-catalyst complexes are oligomer-specific. This work gives a first insight into how the organometallic iridium-N-heterocyclic carbene-based parahydrogen hyperpolarization catalyst interacts with biopolymers that have multiple catalyst binding sites. A preliminary application example is demonstrated for oligopeptide detection in urine, a complex biological mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Reimets
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, Tallinn 12618, Estonia.
- School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn 19086, Estonia
| | - Kerti Ausmees
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, Tallinn 12618, Estonia.
| | - Sirje Vija
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, Tallinn 12618, Estonia.
| | - Aleksander Trummal
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, Tallinn 12618, Estonia.
| | - Merle Uudsemaa
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, Tallinn 12618, Estonia.
| | - Indrek Reile
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, Tallinn 12618, Estonia.
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8
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Luo X, Bi Q, Huang D, Li Y, Yao C, Zhang J, Wei W, Li J, Li Z, Zhang J, Ji S, Wang Y, Guo DA. Characterization of natural peptides in Pheretima by integrating proteogenomics and label-free peptidomics. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1070-1079. [PMID: 37842652 PMCID: PMC10568111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pheretima, also called "earthworms", is a well-known animal-derived traditional Chinese medicine that is extensively used in over 50 Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition). However, its zoological origin is unclear, both in the herbal market and CPMs. In this study, a strategy for integrating in-house annotated protein databases constructed from close evolutionary relationship-sourced RNA sequencing data from public archival resources and various sequencing algorithms (restricted search, open search, and de novo) was developed to characterize the phenotype of natural peptides of three major commercial species of Pheretima, including Pheretima aspergillum (PA), Pheretima vulgaris (PV), and Metaphire magna (MM). We identified 10,477 natural peptides in the PA, 7,451 in PV, and 5,896 in MM samples. Five specific signature peptides were screened and then validated using synthetic peptides; these demonstrated robust specificity for the authentication of PA, PV, and MM. Finally, all marker peptides were successfully applied to identify the zoological origins of Brain Heart capsules and Xiaohuoluo pills, revealing the inconsistent Pheretima species used in these CPMs. In conclusion, our integrated strategy could be used for the in-depth characterization of natural peptides of other animal-derived traditional Chinese medicines, especially non-model species with poorly annotated protein databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Luo
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qirui Bi
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dongdong Huang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yun Li
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Changliang Yao
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wenlong Wei
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiayuan Li
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhenwei Li
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jingxian Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shen Ji
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yurong Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - De-an Guo
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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9
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Lu X, Dou P, Li C, Zheng F, Zhou L, Xie X, Wang Z, Xu G. Annotation of Dipeptides and Tripeptides Derivatized via Dansylation Based on Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Iterative Quantitative Structure Retention Relationship. J Proteome Res 2023. [PMID: 37163573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Small peptides such as dipeptides and tripeptides show various biological activities in organisms. However, methods for identifying dipeptides/tripeptides from complex biological samples are lacking. Here, an annotation strategy involving the derivatization of dipeptides and tripeptides via dansylation was suggested based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and iterative quantitative structure retention relationship (QSRR) to choose dipeptides/tripeptides by using a small number of standards. First, the LC-autoMS/MS method and initial QSRR model were built based on 25 selected grid-dipeptides and 18 test-dipeptides. To achieve high-coverage detection, dipeptide/tripeptide pools containing abundant dipeptides/tripeptides were then obtained from four dansylated biological samples including serum, tissue, feces, and soybean paste by using the parameter-optimized LC-autoMS/MS method. The QSRR model was further optimized through an iterative train-by-pick strategy. Based on the specific fragments and tR tolerances, 198 dipeptides and 149 tripeptides were annotated. The dipeptides at lower annotation levels were verified by using authentic standards and grid-correlation analysis. Finally, variation in serum dipeptides/tripeptides of three different liver diseases including hepatitis B infection, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma was characterized. Dipeptides with N-prolinyl, C-proline, N-glutamyl, and N-valinyl generally increased with disease severity. In conclusion, this study provides an efficient strategy for annotating dipeptides/tripeptides from complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116031, China
| | - Peng Dou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116031, China
| | - Chao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fujian Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lina Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116031, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Goat milk-derived short chain peptides: Peptide LPYV as species-specific characteristic and their versatility bioactivities by MOF@Fe 3O 4@GO mesoporous magnetic-based peptidomics. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112442. [PMID: 36738007 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Goat milk as an ideal substitute for human milk has not been sufficiently explored. An in-situ synthesized MOF@Fe3O4@GO was demonstrated as a magnetic mesoporous adsorbent for efficiently enriching short chain peptides (SCPs) in milk compared with the routine solid phase extraction approach with graphite carbon black or C18 as the packing material in terms of the number of enriched SCPs and data stability. A total of 61 and 126 SCPs were identified and quantified in bovine milk (0.09-89.34 μg L-1) and goat milk (10.5-1267.06 μg L-1), respectively, and peptide LPYV can be used as a potential marker for adulteration of goat milk. Relative high expression of chymotrypsin and pepsin by EnzymePredictor analysis could partially elaborate the reason of the abundance of SCPs in goat milk. Compared with bovine milk, further bioinformatics analysis indicated that goat milk could own higher nutritional value because of relative higher concentrations (>1 mg/L) of SCPs (LLV, FL, LVYP) with confirmed bioactivities including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, antioxidant, dipeptidylpeptidase (DPP) III and DPP IV inhibitor, etc. Overall, this study opened a novel avenue for understanding versatility benefit of dairy products from a perspective of SCPs by using a developed MOF@Fe3O4@GO mesoporous magnetic-based peptidomics.
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11
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Cerrato A, Lammi C, Laura Capriotti A, Bollati C, Cavaliere C, Maria Montone C, Bartolomei M, Boschin G, Li J, Piovesana S, Arnoldi A, Laganà A. Isolation and functional characterization of hemp seed protein-derived short- and medium-chain peptide mixtures with multifunctional properties for metabolic syndrome prevention. Food Res Int 2023; 163:112219. [PMID: 36596148 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to obtain a valuable mixture of short-chain peptides from hempseed as a new ingredient for developing nutraceutical and functional foods useful for preventing metabolic syndrome that represents the major cause of death globally. A dedicated analytical platform based on a purification step by size exclusion chromatography or ultrafiltration membrane and high-resolution mass spectrometry was developed to isolate and comprehensively characterize short-chain peptides leading to the identification of more than 500 short-chain peptides. Our results indicated that the short-chain peptide mixture was about three times more active than the medium-chain peptide mixture and total hydrolysate with respect to measured inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme. The short-chain peptide mixture was also two times more active as a dipeptidyl peptidase IV, and twofold more active on the cholesterol metabolism pathway through the modulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlotta Bollati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Cavaliere
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Maria Montone
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Bartolomei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Boschin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Susy Piovesana
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Arnoldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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12
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Peptidomics as a tool to analyze endogenous peptides in milk and milk-related peptides. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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13
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Bartolomei M, Capriotti AL, Li Y, Bollati C, Li J, Cerrato A, Cecchi L, Pugliese R, Bellumori M, Mulinacci N, Laganà A, Arnoldi A, Lammi C. Exploitation of Olive (Olea europaea L.) Seed Proteins as Upgraded Source of Bioactive Peptides with Multifunctional Properties: Focus on Antioxidant and Dipeptidyl-Dipeptidase—IV Inhibitory Activities, and Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Improved Modulation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091730. [PMID: 36139804 PMCID: PMC9495363 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Agri-food industry wastes and by-products include highly valuable components that can upgraded, providing low-cost bioactives or used as an alternative protein source. In this context, by-products from olive production and olive oil extraction process, i.e., seeds, can be fostered. In particular, this work was aimed at extracting and characterizing proteins for Olea europaea L. seeds and at producing two protein hydrolysates using alcalase and papain, respectively. Peptidomic analysis were performed, allowing to determine both medium- and short-sized peptides and to identify their potential biological activities. Moreover, an extensive characterization of the antioxidant properties of Olea europaea L. seed hydrolysates was carried out both in vitro by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and by 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assays, respectively, and at cellular level by measuring the ability of these hydrolysates to significant reduce the H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation levels in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. The results of the both hydrolysates showed significant antioxidant properties by reducing the free radical scavenging activities up to 65.0 ± 0.1% for the sample hydrolyzed with alcalase and up to 75.7 ± 0.4% for the papain hydrolysates tested at 5 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, similar values were obtained by the ABTS assays, whereas the FRAP increased up to 13,025.0 ± 241.5% for the alcalase hydrolysates and up to 12,462.5 ± 311.9% for the papain hydrolysates, both tested at 1 mg/mL. According to the in vitro results, both papain and alcalase hydrolysates restore the cellular ROS levels up 130.4 ± 4.24% and 128.5 ± 3.60%, respectively, at 0.1 mg/mL and reduce the lipid peroxidation levels up to 109.2 ± 7.95% and 73.0 ± 7.64%, respectively, at 1.0 mg/mL. In addition, results underlined that the same hydrolysates reduced the activity of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) in vitro and at cellular levels up to 42.9 ± 6.5% and 38.7 ± 7.2% at 5.0 mg/mL for alcalase and papain hydrolysates, respectively. Interestingly, they stimulate the release and stability of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) hormone through an increase of its levels up to 660.7 ± 21.9 pM and 613.4 ± 39.1 pM for alcalase and papain hydrolysates, respectively. Based on these results, olive seed hydrolysates may represent new ingredients with antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties for the development of nutraceuticals and functional foods for the prevention of metabolic syndrome onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bartolomei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Yuchen Li
- Longping Biotech Co., Ltd., Sanya 572000, China
| | - Carlotta Bollati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cecchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug and Child Health, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pugliese
- NeMO Lab, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Bellumori
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug and Child Health, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Nadia Mulinacci
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug and Child Health, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Arnoldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-50319372
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14
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Jia W, Du A, Fan Z, Wang Y, Shi L. Effects of Short-Chain Peptides on the Flavor Profile of Baijiu by the Density Functional Theory: Peptidomics, Sensomics, Flavor Reconstitution, and Sensory Evaluation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9547-9556. [PMID: 35866578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The effect of peptides on the flavor profile of Baijiu is unclear as a result of their trace concentrations in the complex matrix, and therefore, the study involving the interaction mechanism between peptides and flavor compounds is limited. In this study, short-chain peptides (amino acid number between 2 and 4, SCPs) associated with the Feng-flavor Baijiu (FFB) were comprehensively analyzed by a dedicated workflow using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography Q Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry, flavor reconstitution experiments, sensory analysis, and density functional theory (DFT) analysis. The concentrations of 96 SCPs intimately related with six different grades of honey aroma intensity in FFB were quantified (0.12-155.01 μg L-1) after multivariable analysis, Spearman's correlation analysis (ρ ≥ 0.7), and confirmation with synthetic standards, and 32 dominant odorants with an odor activity value of ≥1 in FFB with the highest intensity of honey aroma were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection analyses. The results of flavor reconstitution experiments and sensory analysis indicated that the SCPs can obviously influence the honey aroma with amplifying the fruity, sweet, and flora flavor odor characters (p < 0.05) while significantly reducing the acidic character (p < 0.001), which could be attributed to the most stable complex structure between SCPs and odor-active compounds calculated by DFT being butanoic acid, followed by β-damascenone, 3-methylbutanal, and ethyl hexanoate, and the multiple sites as a hydrogen bond donor or acceptor in SCPs can form a stable ternary structure with water and ethanol inside the peptide chain or carboxyl terminal of SCPs, consequently improving the stability of the Baijiu system. The results highlighted the important role of SCPs on the volatiles in Baijiu and laid the foundation for further facilitating the sensory quality of Baijiu products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Research Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - An Du
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zibian Fan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongbo Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, People's Republic of China
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15
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Caira S, Picariello G, Renzone G, Arena S, Troise AD, De Pascale S, Ciaravolo V, Pinto G, Addeo F, Scaloni A. Recent developments in peptidomics for the quali-quantitative analysis of food-derived peptides in human body fluids and tissues. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Li M, Fan W, Xu Y. Comprehensive Identification of Short and Medium-Sized Peptides from Pixian Broad Bean Paste Protein Hydrolysates Using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and UHPLC-Q Exactive HF-X. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8288-8299. [PMID: 35785966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pixian broad bean paste (PBBP) is an indispensable food widely used in many East Asian countries, yet the knowledge about bioactive peptides released from parent proteins by enzymatic hydrolysis is limited. A total of 5867 low-molecular weight peptides were identified in the highly bioactive subfractions of the PBBP alcalase hydrolysates using traditional and peptidomics approaches. 19 short peptides (3-5 amino acids) were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, including 5 tripeptides, 8 tetrapeptides, and 6 pentapeptides. 5848 medium-sized peptides (6-10 amino acids) were characterized using the peptidomics approach, including 1484 hexapeptides, 1217 heptapeptides, 1634 octapeptides, 927 nonapeptides, and 586 decapeptides. The comprehensive method can be used for the investigation of bioactive peptides in complex food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Li
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wenlai Fan
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yan Xu
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
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17
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Abstract
Bioactive peptides with high potency against numerous human disorders have been regarded as a promising therapy in disease control. These peptides could be released from various dietary protein sources through hydrolysis processing using physical conditions, chemical agents, microbial fermentation, or enzymatic digestions. Considering the diversity of the original proteins and the complexity of the multiple structural peptides that existed in the hydrolysis mixture, the screening of bioactive peptides will be a challenge task. Well-organized and well-designed methods are necessarily required to enhance the efficiency of studying the potential peptides. This article, hence, provides an overview of bioactive peptides with an emphasis on the current strategy used for screening and characterization methods. Moreover, the understanding of the biological activities of peptides, mechanism inhibitions, and the interaction of the complex of peptide–enzyme is commonly evaluated using specific in vitro assays and molecular docking analysis.
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18
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Santos-Sánchez G, Cruz-Chamorro I, Bollati C, Bartolomei M, Pedroche J, Millán F, Millán-Linares MDC, Capriotti AL, Cerrato A, Laganà A, Arnoldi A, Carrillo-Vico A, Lammi C. A Lupinus angustifolius protein hydrolysate exerts hypocholesterolemic effects in Western diet-fed ApoE -/- mice through the modulation of LDLR and PCSK9 pathways. Food Funct 2022; 13:4158-4170. [PMID: 35316320 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03847h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lupin protein hydrolysates (LPHs) are gaining attention in the food and nutraceutical industries due to their several beneficial health effects. Recently, we have shown that LPH treatment reduces liver cholesterol and triglyceride levels in hypercholesterolemic mice. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of LPH treatment on the molecular mechanism underlying liver cholesterol metabolism in ApoE-/- mice fed the Western diet. After identifying the composition of the peptide within the LPH mixture and determining its ability to reduce HMGCoAR activity in vitro, its effect on the LDLR and PCSK9 pathways was measured in liver tissue from the same mice. Thus, the LPH reduced the protein levels of HMGCoAR and increased the phosphorylated inactive form of HMGCoAR and the pHMGCoAR/HMGCoAR ratio, which led to the deactivation of de novo cholesterol synthesis. Furthermore, the LPH decreased the protein levels of SREBP2, a key upstream transcription factor involved in the expression of HMGCoAR and LDLR. Consequently, LDLR protein levels decreased in the liver of LPH-treated animals. Interestingly, the LPH also increased the protein levels of pAMPK responsible for HMGCoAR phosphorylation. Furthermore, the LPH controlled the PSCK9 signal pathway by decreasing its transcription factor, the HNF1-α protein. Consequently, lower PSCK9 protein levels were found in the liver of LPH-treated mice. This is the first study elucidating the molecular mechanism at the basis of the hypocholesterolemic effects exerted by the LPH in an in vivo model. All these findings point out LPHs as a future lipid-lowering ingredient to develop new functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Santos-Sánchez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy. .,Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain. .,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS (Universidad de Sevilla, HUVR, Junta de Andalucía, CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Ivan Cruz-Chamorro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy. .,Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain. .,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS (Universidad de Sevilla, HUVR, Junta de Andalucía, CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Carlotta Bollati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Martina Bartolomei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Justo Pedroche
- Department of Food & Health, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Ctra, Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Millán
- Department of Food & Health, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Ctra, Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Millán-Linares
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain. .,Department of Food & Health, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Ctra, Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Arnoldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonio Carrillo-Vico
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain. .,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS (Universidad de Sevilla, HUVR, Junta de Andalucía, CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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19
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Investigating the Short Peptidome Profile of Italian Dry-Cured Ham at Different Processing Times by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Chemometrics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063193. [PMID: 35328611 PMCID: PMC8951069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Short peptides have been spiking interest owing to their significant contribution to the taste and functional properties of dry-cured ham. In this study, a suspect screening approach based on high-resolution mass spectrometry was employed for the comprehensive characterization of the short endogenous peptidome in dry-cured ham samples at different processing stages (14, 22, and 34 months). After careful manual spectra interpretation, a chemometric approach based on principal component analysis was employed for highlighting the differences between the three sets of samples. A total of 236 short peptide sequences was tentatively identified, including 173 natural short peptides and 63 sequences containing non-proteinogenic amino acids, the highest number ever reported for endogenous sequences in dry-cured ham. Samples in the latest processing stages presented a generally higher abundance of dipeptides, indicating residual proteolytic activity. Moreover, the several annotated modified short peptides, mainly pyroglutamination and lactoyl conjugation, allowed hypothesizing several reactions occurring over time. For the first time, several lactoyl-dipeptides were tentatively identified in dry-cured ham samples with maximum concentration in the late processing stage samples. The presented results significantly contribute to the understanding of the reaction involving short peptides that affect the sensory and functional properties of dry-cured ham.
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20
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Cerrato A, Aita SE, Capriotti AL, Cavaliere C, Montone CM, Piovesana S, Laganà A. Fully Automatized Detection of Phosphocholine-Containing Lipids through an Isotopically Labeled Buffer Modification Workflow. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15042-15048. [PMID: 34726396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry is the foremost technique for qualitative and quantitative lipidomics analyses. Glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids, collectively termed polar lipids, are commonly investigated by hyphenated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) techniques that reduce aggregation effects and provide a greater dynamic range of detection sensitivity compared to shotgun lipidomics. However, automatic polar lipid identification is hindered by several isobaric and isomer mass overlaps, which cause software programs to often fail to correctly annotate the lipid species. In the present paper, a buffer modification workflow based on the use of labeled and unlabeled acetate ions in the chromatographic buffers was optimized by Box-Behnken design of the experiments and applied to the characterization of phosphocholine-containing lipids in human plasma samples. The contemporary generation of [M + CH3COO]-, [M + CD3COO]-, and [M - CH3]- coupled with a dedicated data processing workflow, which was specifically set up on Compound Discoverer software, allowed us to correctly determine adduct composition, molecular formulas, and grouping, as well as granting a lower false-positive rate and streamlining the manual validation step compared to commonly employed lipidomics platforms. The proposed workflow represents a robust yet easier alternative to the existing approaches for improving lipid annotation, as it does not require extensive sample pretreatment or prior isotopic enrichment or derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Elsa Aita
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Cavaliere
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Maria Montone
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Susy Piovesana
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.,CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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21
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High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Chemometrics for the Detailed Characterization of Short Endogenous Peptides in Milk By-Products. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216472. [PMID: 34770881 PMCID: PMC8587072 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of cheese-making has long been part of human food culture and nowadays dairy represents a large sector of the food industry. Being the main byproduct of cheese-making, the revalorization of milk whey is nowadays one of the primary goals in alignment with the principles of the circular economy. In the present paper, a deep and detailed investigation of short endogenous peptides in milk and its byproducts (whole whey, skimmed whey, and whey permeate) was carried out by high-resolution mass spectrometry, with a dedicated suspect screening data acquisition and data analysis approach. A total of 79 short peptides was tentatively identified, including several sequences already known for their exerted biological activities. An unsupervised chemometric approach was then employed for highlighting the differences in the short peptide content among the four sets of samples. Whole and skimmed whey showed not merely a higher content of short bioactive peptides compared to whole milk, but also a peculiar composition of peptides that are likely generated during the process of cheese-making. The results clearly demonstrate that whey represents a valuable source of bioactive compounds and that the set-up of processes of revalorization of milk byproducts is a promising path in the obtention of high revenue-generating products from dairy industrial waste.
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22
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Peeters MKR, Baggerman G, Gabriels R, Pepermans E, Menschaert G, Boonen K. Ion Mobility Coupled to a Time-of-Flight Mass Analyzer Combined With Fragment Intensity Predictions Improves Identification of Classical Bioactive Peptides and Small Open Reading Frame-Encoded Peptides. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:720570. [PMID: 34604223 PMCID: PMC8484717 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides exhibit key roles in a wide variety of complex processes, such as regulation of body weight, learning, aging, and innate immune response. Next to the classical bioactive peptides, emerging from larger precursor proteins by specific proteolytic processing, a new class of peptides originating from small open reading frames (sORFs) have been recognized as important biological regulators. But their intrinsic properties, specific expression pattern and location on presumed non-coding regions have hindered the full characterization of the repertoire of bioactive peptides, despite their predominant role in various pathways. Although the development of peptidomics has offered the opportunity to study these peptides in vivo, it remains challenging to identify the full peptidome as the lack of cleavage enzyme specification and large search space complicates conventional database search approaches. In this study, we introduce a proteogenomics methodology using a new type of mass spectrometry instrument and the implementation of machine learning tools toward improved identification of potential bioactive peptides in the mouse brain. The application of trapped ion mobility spectrometry (tims) coupled to a time-of-flight mass analyzer (TOF) offers improved sensitivity, an enhanced peptide coverage, reduction in chemical noise and the reduced occurrence of chimeric spectra. Subsequent machine learning tools MS2PIP, predicting fragment ion intensities and DeepLC, predicting retention times, improve the database searching based on a large and comprehensive custom database containing both sORFs and alternative ORFs. Finally, the identification of peptides is further enhanced by applying the post-processing semi-supervised learning tool Percolator. Applying this workflow, the first peptidomics workflow combined with spectral intensity and retention time predictions, we identified a total of 167 predicted sORF-encoded peptides, of which 48 originating from presumed non-coding locations, next to 401 peptides from known neuropeptide precursors, linked to 66 annotated bioactive neuropeptides from within 22 different families. Additional PEAKS analysis expanded the pool of SEPs on presumed non-coding locations to 84, while an additional 204 peptides completed the list of peptides from neuropeptide precursors. Altogether, this study provides insights into a new robust pipeline that fuses technological advancements from different fields ensuring an improved coverage of the neuropeptidome in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies K. R. Peeters
- BioBix, Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Baggerman
- Centre for Proteomics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Unit Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium
| | - Ralf Gabriels
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elise Pepermans
- Centre for Proteomics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Unit Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium
| | - Gerben Menschaert
- BioBix, Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- OHMX.bio, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kurt Boonen
- Centre for Proteomics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Unit Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium
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23
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Cavaliere C, Montone AMI, Aita SE, Capparelli R, Cerrato A, Cuomo P, Laganà A, Montone CM, Piovesana S, Capriotti AL. Production and Characterization of Medium-Sized and Short Antioxidant Peptides from Soy Flour-Simulated Gastrointestinal Hydrolysate. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050734. [PMID: 34066600 PMCID: PMC8148578 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybeans (Glycine max) are an excellent source of dietary proteins and peptides with potential biological activities, such as antihypertensive, anti-cholesterol, and antioxidant activity; moreover, they could prevent cancer. Also, soy contains all the essential amino acids for nutrition; therefore, it represents an alternative to animal proteins. The goal of this paper was the comprehensive characterization of medium-sized and short peptides (two to four amino acids) obtained from simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Two different analytical approaches were employed for peptide characterization, namely a common peptidomic analysis for medium-sized peptides and a suspect screening analysis for short peptides, employing an inclusion list of exact m/z values of all possible amino acid combinations. Moreover, fractionation by preparative reversed-phase liquid chromatography was employed to simplify the starting protein hydrolysate. Six fractions were collected and tested for antioxidative activity by an innovative antioxidant assay on human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cell lines. The two most active fractions (2 and 3) were then characterized by a peptidomic approach and database search, as well as by a suspect screening approach, in order to identify potential antioxidant amino acid sequences. Some of the peptides identified in these two fractions have been already reported in the literature for their antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cavaliere
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (S.E.A.); (A.C.); (A.L.); (S.P.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Angela Michela Immacolata Montone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Sara Elsa Aita
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (S.E.A.); (A.C.); (A.L.); (S.P.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Rosanna Capparelli
- Department of Agriculture Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università 100, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (R.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (S.E.A.); (A.C.); (A.L.); (S.P.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Paola Cuomo
- Department of Agriculture Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università 100, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (R.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (S.E.A.); (A.C.); (A.L.); (S.P.); (A.L.C.)
- CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Carmela Maria Montone
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (S.E.A.); (A.C.); (A.L.); (S.P.); (A.L.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Susy Piovesana
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (S.E.A.); (A.C.); (A.L.); (S.P.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (S.E.A.); (A.C.); (A.L.); (S.P.); (A.L.C.)
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24
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Cerrato A, Bedia C, Capriotti AL, Cavaliere C, Gentile V, Maggi M, Montone CM, Piovesana S, Sciarra A, Tauler R, Laganà A. Untargeted metabolomics of prostate cancer zwitterionic and positively charged compounds in urine. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1158:338381. [PMID: 33863412 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer, a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, principally occurs in over 50-year-old men. Nowadays there is urgency to discover biomarkers alternative to prostate-specific antigen, as it cannot discriminate patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia from clinically significant forms of prostatic cancer. In the present paper, 32 benign prostatic hyperplasia and 41 prostatic cancer urine samples were collected and analyzed. Polar and positively charged metabolites were therein investigated using an analytical platform comprising an up to 40-fold analyte enrichment step by graphitized carbon black solid-phase extraction, HILIC separation, and untargeted high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis. These classes of compounds are often neglected in common metabolomics experiments even though previous studies reported their significance in cancer biomarker discovery. The complex metabolomics big datasets, generated by the UHPLC-HRMS, were analyzed with the ROIMCR procedure, based on the selection of the MS regions of interest data and their analysis by the Multivariate Curve-Resolution Alternating Least Squares chemometrics method. This approach allowed the resolution and tentative identification of the metabolites differentially expressed by the two data sets. Among these, amino acids and carnitine derivatives were tentatively identified highlighting the importance of the proposed methodology for cancer biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cerrato
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmen Bedia
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cavaliere
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Gentile
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ginecologio-ostetriche e Scienze Urologiche, Sapienza Università, di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Maggi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ginecologio-ostetriche e Scienze Urologiche, Sapienza Università, di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Maria Montone
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Susy Piovesana
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sciarra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ginecologio-ostetriche e Scienze Urologiche, Sapienza Università, di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Roma Tauler
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy; CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
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25
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Comprehensive identification of native medium-sized and short bioactive peptides in sea bass muscle. Food Chem 2020; 343:128443. [PMID: 33129615 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Native peptides from sea bass muscle were analyzed by two different approaches: medium-sized peptides by peptidomics analysis, whereas short peptides by suspect screening analysis employing an inclusion list of exact m/z values of all possible amino acid combinations (from 2 up to 4). The method was also extended to common post-translational modifications potentially interesting in food analysis, as well as non-proteolytic aminoacyl derivatives, which are well-known taste-active building blocks in pseudo-peptides. The medium-sized peptides were identified by de novo and combination of de novo and spectra matching to a protein sequence database, with up to 4077 peptides (2725 modified) identified by database search and 2665 peptides (223 modified) identified by de novo only; 102 short peptide sequences were identified (with 12 modified ones), and most of them had multiple reported bioactivities. The method can be extended to any peptide mixture, either endogenous or by protein hydrolysis, from other food matrices.
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26
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Cerrato A, Capriotti AL, Capuano F, Cavaliere C, Montone AMI, Montone CM, Piovesana S, Zenezini Chiozzi R, Laganà A. Identification and Antimicrobial Activity of Medium-Sized and Short Peptides from Yellowfin Tuna ( Thunnus albacares) Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion. Foods 2020; 9:foods9091185. [PMID: 32867059 PMCID: PMC7555217 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the rapidly increasing resistance to conventional antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides are emerging as promising novel drug candidates. In this study, peptide fragments were obtained from yellowfin tuna muscle by simulated gastrointestinal digestion, and their antimicrobial activity towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was investigated. In particular, the antimicrobial activity of both medium- and short-sized peptides was investigated by using two dedicated approaches. Medium-sized peptides were purified by solid phase extraction on C18, while short peptides were purified thanks to a graphitized carbon black sorbent. For medium-sized peptide characterization, a peptidomic strategy based on shotgun proteomics analysis was employed, and identification was achieved by matching protein sequence database by homology, as yellowfin tuna is a non-model organism, leading to the identification of 403 peptides. As for short peptide sequences, an untargeted suspect screening approach was carried out by means of an inclusion list presenting the exact mass to charge ratios (m/z) values for all di-, tri- and tetrapeptides. In total, 572 short sequences were identified thanks to a customized workflow dedicated to short peptide analysis implemented on Compound Discoverer software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (A.L.C.); (C.C.); (S.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (A.L.C.); (C.C.); (S.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Federico Capuano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; (F.C.); (A.M.I.M.)
| | - Chiara Cavaliere
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (A.L.C.); (C.C.); (S.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Angela Michela Immacolata Montone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; (F.C.); (A.M.I.M.)
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Carmela Maria Montone
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (A.L.C.); (C.C.); (S.P.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4991-3062
| | - Susy Piovesana
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (A.L.C.); (C.C.); (S.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Riccardo Zenezini Chiozzi
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (A.L.C.); (C.C.); (S.P.); (A.L.)
- CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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