1
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Colozza N, Mazzaracchio V, Arduini F. Paper-Based Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors for the Detection of Target Analytes in Liquid, Aerosol, and Solid Samples. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2024; 17:127-147. [PMID: 38640070 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061522-034228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The last decade has been incredibly fruitful in proving the multifunctionality of paper for delivering innovative electrochemical (bio)sensors. The paper material exhibits unprecedented versatility to deal with complex liquid matrices and facilitate analytical detection in aerosol and solid phases. Such remarkable capabilities are feasible by exploiting the intrinsic features of paper, including porosity, capillary forces, and its easy modification, which allow for the fine designing of a paper device. In this review, we shed light on the most relevant paper-based electrochemical (bio)sensors published in the literature so far to identify the smart functional roles that paper can play to bridge the gap between academic research and real-world applications in the biomedical, environmental, agrifood, and security fields. Our analysis aims to highlight how paper's multifarious properties can be artfully harnessed for breaking the boundaries of the most classical applications of electrochemical (bio)sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Colozza
- 1Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy;
- 2Sense4Med S.R.L., Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mazzaracchio
- 1Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy;
| | - Fabiana Arduini
- 1Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy;
- 2Sense4Med S.R.L., Rome, Italy
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2
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Lee J, Soltis I, Tillery SA, Lee SH, Kim H, Yeo WH. Long-term stable pH sensor array with synergistic bilayer structure for 2D real-time mapping in cell culture monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 254:116223. [PMID: 38518561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Pursuing accurate, swift, and durable pH sensors is important across numerous fields, encompassing healthcare, environmental surveillance, and agriculture. In particular, the emphasis on real-time pH monitoring during cell cultivation has become increasingly pronounced in the current scientific environment-a crucial element being diligently researched to ensure optimal cell production. Both polyaniline (PANi) and iridium oxide (IrOx) show their worth in pH sensing, yet they come with challenges. Single-PANi-layered pH sensors often grapple with diminished sensitivity and lagging responses, while electrodeposited IrOx structures exhibit poor adhesion, leading to their separation from metallic substrates-a trait undesirable for a consistently stable, long-term pH sensor. This paper introduces a bi-layered PANi-IrOx pH sensor, strategically leveraging the advantages of both materials. The results presented here underscore the sensitivity enhancement of binary-phased framework, faster response time, and more robust structure than prior work. Through this synergistic strategy, we demonstrate the potential of integrating different phases to overcome the inherent constraints of individual materials, setting the stage for advanced pH-sensing solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Lee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ira Soltis
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Sayre A Tillery
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Hodam Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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3
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Fiore L, Mazzaracchio V, Gosti C, Duranti L, Vitiello R, Maccauro G, Arduini F. Functionalized orthopaedic implant as pH electrochemical sensing tool for smart diagnosis of hardware infection. Analyst 2024; 149:3085-3096. [PMID: 38712737 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00253a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
In the orthopaedic surgery field, the use of medical implants to treat a patient's bone fracture is nowadays a common practice, nevertheless, it is associated with possible cases of infection. The consequent hardware infection can lead to implant failure and systemic infections, with prolonged hospitalization, time-consuming rehabilitation treatments, and extended antibiotic therapy. Hardware infections are strictly related to bacterial adhesion to the implant, leading to infection occurrence and consequent pH decreasing from physiological level to acid pH. Here, we demonstrate the new strategy to use an orthopaedic implant functionalized with iridium oxide film as the working electrode for the potentiometric monitoring of pH in hardware infection diagnosis. A functional investigation was focused on selecting the implant material, namely titanium, titanium alloy, and stainless steel, and the component, namely screws and implants. After selecting the titanium-based implant as the working electrode and a silver wire as the reference electrode in the final configuration of the smart sensing orthopaedic implant, a calibration curve was performed in standard solutions. An equation equal to y = (0.76 ± 0.02) - (0.068 ± 0.002) x, R2 = 0.996, was obtained in the pH range of 4-8. Subsequently, hysteresis, interference, matrix effect, recovery study, and storage stability were investigated to test the overall performance of the sensing device, demonstrating the tremendous potential of electrochemical sensors to deliver the next generation of smart orthopaedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fiore
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- SENSE4MED, Via Bitonto 139, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mazzaracchio
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Christian Gosti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Duranti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Vitiello
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Maccauro
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Arduini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- SENSE4MED, Via Bitonto 139, 00133, Rome, Italy
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4
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Li Y, Kong Y, Hu Y, Li Y, Asrosa R, Zhang W, Deka Boruah B, Yetisen AK, Davenport A, Lee TC, Li B. A paper-based dual functional biosensor for safe and user-friendly point-of-care urine analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2454-2467. [PMID: 38644805 PMCID: PMC11060138 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00163j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Safe, accurate, and reliable analysis of urinary biomarkers is clinically important for early detection and monitoring of the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), as it has become one of the world's most prevalent non-communicable diseases. However, current technologies for measuring urinary biomarkers are either time-consuming and limited to well-equipped hospitals or lack the necessary sensitivity for quantitative analysis and post a health risk to frontline practitioners. Here we report a robust paper-based dual functional biosensor, which is integrated with the clinical urine sampling vial, for the simultaneous and quantitative analysis of pH and glucose in urine. The pH sensor was fabricated by electrochemically depositing IrOx onto a paper substrate using optimised parameters, which enabled an ultrahigh sensitivity of 71.58 mV pH-1. Glucose oxidase (GOx) was used in combination with an electrochemically deposited Prussian blue layer for the detection of glucose, and its performance was enhanced by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), chitosan, and graphite composites, achieving a sensitivity of 1.5 μA mM-1. This dual function biosensor was validated using clinical urine samples, where a correlation coefficient of 0.96 for pH and 0.98 for glucose detection was achieved with commercial methods as references. More importantly, the urine sampling vial was kept sealed throughout the sample-to-result process, which minimised the health risk to frontline practitioners and simplified the diagnostic procedures. This diagnostic platform, therefore, holds high promise as a rapid, accurate, safe, and user-friendly point-of-care (POC) technology for the analysis of urinary biomarkers in frontline clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Li
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Yingqi Kong
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Yubing Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yixuan Li
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Rica Asrosa
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Buddha Deka Boruah
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
| | - Ali K Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrew Davenport
- UCL Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Tung-Chun Lee
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
| | - Bing Li
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
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5
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Patel V, Mardolkar A, Shelar A, Tiwari R, Srivastava R. Wearable sweat chloride sensors: materials, fabrication and their applications. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:1439-1453. [PMID: 38411394 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01979a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Chloride is a crucial anion required for multiple functions in the human body including maintaining acid-base balance, fluid balance, electrical neutrality and supporting muscles and nerve cells. Low-chloride levels can cause nausea, diarrhoea, etc. Chloride levels are measured in different body fluids such as urine, serum, sweat and saliva. Sweat chloride measurements are used for multiple applications including disease diagnosis, sports monitoring, and geriatric care. For instance, a sweat chloride test is performed for cystic fibrosis screening. Further, sweat also offers continuous non-invasive access to body fluids for real-time monitoring of chloride that could be used for sports and geriatric care. This review focuses on wearable chloride sensors that are used for periodic and continuous chloride monitoring. The multiple sections in the paper discuss the clinical significance of chloride, detection methods, sensor fabrication methods and their application in cystic fibrosis screening, sports and geriatric care. Finally, the last section discusses the limitation of current sensors and future directions for wearable chloride sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Patel
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India, 400076.
| | - Anvi Mardolkar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India, 400076.
| | - Akshata Shelar
- St. Xavier's College, Autonomous, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400001, India
| | - Ritu Tiwari
- Guru Nanak Khalsa College, Matunga East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400019, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India, 400076.
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6
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Wang D, Zhang W, Wang J, Li X, Liu Y. A high-performance, all-solid-state Na + selective sensor printed with eco-friendly conductive ink. RSC Adv 2023; 13:16610-16618. [PMID: 37287809 PMCID: PMC10242244 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01410j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the integration of flexible printed electronics and electrochemical sensors has emerged as a new approach for developing wearable biochemical detecting devices. Among the materials utilized in flexible printed electronics, carbon-based conductive inks are considered to be crucial. In this study, we propose a cost-effective, highly conductive, and environmentally friendly ink formulation utilizing graphite and carbon black (CB) as conductive fillers, resulting in a very low sheet resistance of 15.99 Ω sq-1 (conductivity of 2.5 × 103 S m-1) and a printed film thickness of 25 μm. The unique "sandwich" structure of the working electrode (WE) printed with this ink enhances its electrical conductivity, leading to high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability, with almost no water film generated between the WE and the ion-selective membrane (ISM), strong ion selectivity, long-term stability, and anti-interference. The lower detection limit of the sensor for Na+ is 0.16 mM with a slope of 75.72 mV per decade. To validate the sensor's usability, we analyzed three sweat samples collected during physical activity, with Na+ concentrations within the typical range for human sweat (51 ± 4 mM, 39 ± 5 mM, and 46 ± 2 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengke Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
| | - Wanggang Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
| | - Yiming Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
- Shanxi Academy of Analytical Sciences Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi China
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7
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Fiore L, Sinha A, Seddaoui N, di Biasio J, Ricci F, Stojanovic GM, Arduini F. Paper card-like electrochemical platform as a smart point-of-care device for reagent-free glucose measurement in tears. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:4300-4303. [PMID: 36928485 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06561d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
This communication describes the development of polyvinyl chloride electrochemical system in which a paper layer loaded with reagents is inserted into the device, demonstrating a new concept of a paper card-like pad for a reagent-free and easy measurement of the target analyte in solution. This device detects glucose in artificial tears in the range of 0.2-2 mM with a detection limit of 50 μM by simply adding the artificial tears to the paper card-like pad. The novel configuration goes beyond the state of the art, widening the application range of paper in the design of smart analytical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fiore
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome ''Tor Vergata'', via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy. .,SENSE4MED, Via Bitonto 139, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Ankita Sinha
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Narjiss Seddaoui
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome ''Tor Vergata'', via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy.
| | - Jessica di Biasio
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome ''Tor Vergata'', via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy.
| | - Federico Ricci
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of experimental medicine and surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Goran M Stojanovic
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Fabiana Arduini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome ''Tor Vergata'', via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy. .,SENSE4MED, Via Bitonto 139, Rome 00133, Italy
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8
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Abstract
Flexible sweat sensors have found widespread potential applications for long-term wear and tracking and real-time monitoring of human health. However, the main substrate currently used in common flexible sweat sensors is thin film, which has disadvantages such as poor air permeability and the need for additional wearables. In this Review, the recent progress of sweat sensors has been systematically summarized by the types of monitoring methods of sweat sensors. In addition, this Review introduces and compares the performance of sweat sensors based on thin film and textile substrates such as fiber/yarn. Finally, opportunities and suggestions for the development of flexible sweat sensors are presented by summarizing the integration methods of sensors and human body monitoring sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.,Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Sun
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.,Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Li
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.,Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Xin Niu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.,Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Yin He
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.,Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.,Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
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9
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Yuan X, Li C, Yin X, Yang Y, Ji B, Niu Y, Ren L. Epidermal Wearable Biosensors for Monitoring Biomarkers of Chronic Disease in Sweat. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:313. [PMID: 36979525 PMCID: PMC10045998 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biological information detection technology is mainly used for the detection of physiological and biochemical parameters closely related to human tissues and organ lesions, such as biomarkers. This technology has important value in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases in their early stages. Wearable biosensors can be integrated with the Internet of Things and Big Data to realize the detection, transmission, storage, and comprehensive analysis of human physiological and biochemical information. This technology has extremely wide applications and considerable market prospects in frontier fields including personal health monitoring, chronic disease diagnosis and management, and home medical care. In this review, we systematically summarized the sweat biomarkers, introduced the sweat extraction and collection methods, and discussed the application and development of epidermal wearable biosensors for monitoring biomarkers in sweat in preclinical research in recent years. In addition, the current challenges and development prospects in this field were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichen Yuan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo 315103, China
| | - Xu Yin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Bowen Ji
- Unmanned System Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yinbo Niu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Li Ren
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo 315103, China
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10
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Faham S, Salimi A, Ghavami R. Electrochemical-based remote biomarker monitoring: Toward Internet of Wearable Things in telemedicine. Talanta 2023; 253:123892. [PMID: 36095939 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Internet of Wearable Things (IoWT) will be a major breakthrough for remote medical monitoring. In this scenario, wearable biomarker sensors have been developing not only to diagnose point-of-care (POC) of diseases, but also to continuously manage them. On-body tracking of biomarkers in biofluids is regarded as a proper substitution of conventional biomarker sensors for dynamic sampling and analyzing due to their high sensitivity, conformability, and affordability, creating ever-rising the market demand for them. In a wireless body area network (WBAN), data is captured from all sensors on the body to a smartphone/laptop, and sent the sensed data to a cloud for storing, processing, and retrieving, and ultimately displayed the data on custom applications (Apps). Wearable IoT biomarker sensors are used for early diseases diagnosis and continuous monitoring in developing countries in which people hardly access to healthcare systems. In this review, we aim to highlight a wide range of wearable electrochemical biomarker sensors, accompanied by microfluidics for continuous sampling, which will pave the way toward developing wearable IoT biomarker sensors to track health status. The current challenges and future perspective in skin-conformal biomarker sensors will be discussing their potential applicability for IoWT in cloud-based telemedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadab Faham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran
| | - Abdollah Salimi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran; Research Center for Nanotechnology, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran.
| | - Raouf Ghavami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran
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11
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He T, Wen F, Yang Y, Le X, Liu W, Lee C. Emerging Wearable Chemical Sensors Enabling Advanced Integrated Systems toward Personalized and Preventive Medicine. Anal Chem 2023; 95:490-514. [PMID: 36625107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyiyi He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore.,Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS, National University of Singapore, Block E6 #05-11, 5 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Feng Wen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore.,Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS, National University of Singapore, Block E6 #05-11, 5 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Yanqin Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore.,Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS, National University of Singapore, Block E6 #05-11, 5 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Xianhao Le
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore.,Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS, National University of Singapore, Block E6 #05-11, 5 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Weixin Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore.,Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS, National University of Singapore, Block E6 #05-11, 5 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore.,Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS, National University of Singapore, Block E6 #05-11, 5 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117608, Singapore
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12
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Raso E, Bianco GM, Bracciale L, Marrocco G, Occhiuzzi C, Loreti P. Privacy-Aware Architectures for NFC and RFID Sensors in Healthcare Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22249692. [PMID: 36560061 PMCID: PMC9785613 DOI: 10.3390/s22249692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
World population and life expectancy have increased steadily in recent years, raising issues regarding access to medical treatments and related expenses. Through last-generation medical sensors, NFC (Near Field Communication) and radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies can enable healthcare internet of things (H-IoT) systems to improve the quality of care while reducing costs. Moreover, the adoption of point-of-care (PoC) testing, performed whenever care is needed to return prompt feedback to the patient, can generate great synergy with NFC/RFID H-IoT systems. However, medical data are extremely sensitive and require careful management and storage to protect patients from malicious actors, so secure system architectures must be conceived for real scenarios. Existing studies do not analyze the security of raw data from the radiofrequency link to cloud-based sharing. Therefore, two novel cloud-based system architectures for data collected from NFC/RFID medical sensors are proposed in this paper. Privacy during data collection is ensured using a set of classical countermeasures selected based on the scientific literature. Then, data can be shared with the medical team using one of two architectures: in the first one, the medical system manages all data accesses, whereas in the second one, the patient defines the access policies. Comprehensive analysis of the H-IoT system can be useful for fostering research on the security of wearable wireless sensors. Moreover, the proposed architectures can be implemented for deploying and testing NFC/RFID-based healthcare applications, such as, for instance, domestic PoCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Raso
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Giulio Maria Bianco
- Pervasive Electromagnetics Lab, Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bracciale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Gaetano Marrocco
- Pervasive Electromagnetics Lab, Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Cecilia Occhiuzzi
- Pervasive Electromagnetics Lab, Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Loreti
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
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13
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Fiore L, Vitiello R, Perna A, Maccauro G, Arduini F. Fast and reliable infection diagnosis during orthopaedic surgery using Bluetooth-assisted miniaturized-electrochemical sensor. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Lee G, Zarei M, Wei Q, Zhu Y, Lee SG. Surface Wrinkling for Flexible and Stretchable Sensors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203491. [PMID: 36047645 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanolithography, miniaturization, and material science, along with developments in wearable electronics, are pushing the frontiers of sensor technology into the large-scale fabrication of highly sensitive, flexible, stretchable, and multimodal detection systems. Various strategies, including surface engineering, have been developed to control the electrical and mechanical characteristics of sensors. In particular, surface wrinkling provides an effective alternative for improving both the sensing performance and mechanical deformability of flexible and stretchable sensors by releasing interfacial stress, preventing electrical failure, and enlarging surface areas. In this study, recent developments in the fabrication strategies of wrinkling structures for sensor applications are discussed. The fundamental mechanics, geometry control strategies, and various fabricating methods for wrinkling patterns are summarized. Furthermore, the current state of wrinkling approaches and their impacts on the development of various types of sensors, including strain, pressure, temperature, chemical, photodetectors, and multimodal sensors, are reviewed. Finally, existing wrinkling approaches, designs, and sensing strategies are extrapolated into future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giwon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44776, South Korea
| | - Qingshan Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Seung Goo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44776, South Korea
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15
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Vivaldi F, Dallinger A, Poma N, Bonini A, Biagini D, Salvo P, Borghi F, Tavanti A, Greco F, Di Francesco F. Sweat analysis with a wearable sensing platform based on laser-induced graphene. APL Bioeng 2022; 6:036104. [PMID: 36147196 PMCID: PMC9489259 DOI: 10.1063/5.0093301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific community has shown increasing interest in laser scribing for the direct fabrication of conductive graphene-based tracks on different substrates. This can enable novel routes for the noninvasive analysis of biofluids (such as sweat or other noninvasive matrices), whose results can provide the rapid evaluation of a person's health status. Here, we present a wearable sensing platform based on laser induced graphene (LIG) porous electrodes scribed on a flexible polyimide sheet, which samples sweat through a paper sampler. The device is fully laser manufactured and features a two layer design with LIG-based vertical interconnect accesses. A detailed characterization of the LIG electrodes including pore size, surface groups, surface area in comparison to electroactive surface area, and the reduction behavior of different LIG types was performed. The bare LIG electrodes can detect the electrochemical oxidation of both uric acid and tyrosine. Further modification of the surface of the LIG working electrode with an indoaniline derivative [4-((4-aminophenyl)imino)-2,6-dimethoxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one] enables the voltammetric measurement of pH with an almost ideal sensitivity and without interference from other analytes. Finally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to measure the concentrations of ions through the analysis of the sweat impedance. The device was successfully tested in a real case scenario, worn on the skin during a sports session. In vitro tests proved the non-cytotoxic effect of the device on the A549 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Dallinger
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - A Bonini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - D Biagini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - P Salvo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - F Borghi
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces, Department of Physics, University of Milan, Via Celoria 16, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - A Tavanti
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - F Di Francesco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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16
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ZnO and AZO Film Potentiometric pH Sensors Based on Flexible Printed Circuit Board. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10080293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we deposited zinc oxide (ZnO) and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) on the electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) of a flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) as a potentiometric pH sensor. The sensing films of the pH sensor were fabricated by a radio frequency (RF) sputtering system and analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In the pH 2 to 10 buffer solutions, it was observed that the characteristics of the pH sensor through the voltage–time (V-T) measurement system include average sensitivity and linearity, drift effect, and repeatability. According to the experimental results, the pH sensors in this study could exhibit good characteristics.
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17
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Liao J, Zhang X, Sun Z, Chen H, Fu J, Si H, Ge C, Lin S. Laser-Induced Graphene-Based Wearable Epidermal Ion-Selective Sensors for Noninvasive Multiplexed Sweat Analysis. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12060397. [PMID: 35735545 PMCID: PMC9221044 DOI: 10.3390/bios12060397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat sensors are a rapidly rising research area owing to their convenience for personal healthcare and disease diagnosis in a real-time and noninvasive manner. However, the fast and scalable fabrication of flexible electrodes remains a major challenge. Here, we develop a wearable epidermal sensor for multiplexed sweat analysis based on the laser-induced graphene (LIG) technique. This simple and mask-free technique allows the direct manufacturing of graphene electrode patterns on commercial polyimide foils. The resulting LIG devices can simultaneously monitor the pH, Na+, and K+ levels in sweat with the sensitivities of 51.5 mV/decade (pH), 45.4 mV/decade (Na+), and 43.3 mV/decade (K+), respectively. Good reproducibility, stability, and selectivity are also observed. On-body testing of the LIG-based sensor integrated with a flexible printed circuit board during stationary cycling demonstrates its capability for real-time sweat analysis. The concentrations of ions can be remotely and wirelessly transmitted to a custom-developed smartphone application during the period in which the sensor user performs physical activities. Owing to the unique advantages of LIG technique, including facile fabrication, mass production, and versatile, more physiological signals (glucose, uric acid, tyrosine, etc.) could be easily expanded into the LIG-based wearable sensors to reflect the health status or clinical needs of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Liao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.L.); (X.Z.); (Z.S.); (C.G.)
| | - Xiangya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.L.); (X.Z.); (Z.S.); (C.G.)
| | - Zihan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.L.); (X.Z.); (Z.S.); (C.G.)
| | - Hande Chen
- Hainan Unican Science and Technology Innovation Institute, Haikou 571152, China; (H.C.); (J.F.)
| | - Jian Fu
- Hainan Unican Science and Technology Innovation Institute, Haikou 571152, China; (H.C.); (J.F.)
| | - Hewei Si
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
| | - Chengjun Ge
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.L.); (X.Z.); (Z.S.); (C.G.)
| | - Shiwei Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
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18
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Nastro A, Pienazza N, Baù M, Aceti P, Rouvala M, Ardito R, Ferrari M, Corigliano A, Ferrari V. Wearable Ball-Impact Piezoelectric Multi-Converters for Low-Frequency Energy Harvesting from Human Motion. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030772. [PMID: 35161520 PMCID: PMC8839351 DOI: 10.3390/s22030772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Multi-converter piezoelectric harvesters based on mono-axial and bi-axial configurations are proposed. The harvesters exploit two and four piezoelectric converters (PCs) and adopt an impinging spherical steel ball to harvest electrical energy from human motion. When the harvester undergoes a shake, a tilt, or a combination of the two, the ball hits one PC, inducing an impact-based frequency-up conversion. Prototypes of the harvesters have been designed, fabricated, fastened to the wrist of a person by means of a wristband and watchband, and experimentally tested for different motion levels. The PCs of the harvesters have been fed to passive diode-based voltage-doubler rectifiers connected in parallel to a storage capacitor, Cs = 220 nF. By employing the mono-axial harvester, after 8.5 s of consecutive impacts induced by rotations of the wrist, a voltage vcs(t) of 40.2 V across the capacitor was obtained, which corresponded to a stored energy of 178 μJ. By employing the bi-axial harvester, the peak instantaneous power provided by the PCs to an optimal resistive load was 1.58 mW, with an average power of 9.65 μW over 0.7 s. The proposed harvesters are suitable to scavenge electrical energy from low-frequency nonperiodical mechanical movements, such as human motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Nastro
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (N.P.); (M.B.); (M.F.); (V.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicola Pienazza
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (N.P.); (M.B.); (M.F.); (V.F.)
| | - Marco Baù
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (N.P.); (M.B.); (M.F.); (V.F.)
| | - Pietro Aceti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (P.A.); (R.A.); (A.C.)
| | | | - Raffaele Ardito
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (P.A.); (R.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (N.P.); (M.B.); (M.F.); (V.F.)
| | - Alberto Corigliano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (P.A.); (R.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Vittorio Ferrari
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (N.P.); (M.B.); (M.F.); (V.F.)
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19
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Smartphone-assisted electrochemical sensor for reliable detection of tyrosine in serum. Talanta 2022; 237:122869. [PMID: 34736707 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Point-of-care devices have attracted a huge interest by the scientific community because of the valuable potentiality for rapid diagnosis and precision medicine through cost-effective and easy-to-use devices for on-site measurement by unskilled personnel. Herein, we reported a smartphone-assisted electrochemical device consisted of a screen-printed electrode modified with carbon black nanomaterial and a commercially available smartphone potentiostat i.e. EmStat3 Blue, for sensitive detection of tyrosine. Once optimized the conditions, tyrosine was detected in standard solutions by square wave voltammetry, achieving a linear range comprised between 30 and 500 μM, with a detection limit equal to 4.4 μM. To detect tyrosine in serum, the interference of another amino acid i.e. tryptophan was hindered using a sample treatment with an extraction cartridge. The agreement of results analyzing serum samples with HPLC reference method and with the developed smart sensing system demonstrated the suitability of this smartphone-assisted sensing tool for cost-effective and rapid analyses of tyrosine in serum samples.
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20
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Mazzaracchio V, Serani A, Fiore L, Moscone D, Arduini F. All-solid state ion-selective carbon black-modified printed electrode for sodium detection in sweat. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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21
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Abstract
There have been numerous studies applying iridium oxides in different applications to explore their proton-change-based reactions since the 1980s. Iridium oxide can be fabricated directly by applying electrodeposition, sputter-coating method, or oxidation of iridium wire. Generally, there have been currently two approaches in applying iridium oxide to enable its sensing applications. One was to improve or create different electrolytes with (non-)electrodeposition method for better performance of Nernst Constant with the temperature-related system. The mechanism behind the scenes were summarized herein. The other was to change the structure of iridium oxide through different kinds of templates such as photolithography patterns, or template-assisted direct growth methods, etc. to improve the sensing performance. The detection targets varied widely from intracellular cell pH, glucose in an artificial sample or actual urine sample, and the hydrogen peroxide, glutamate or organophosphate pesticides, metal-ions, etc. This review paper has focused on the mechanism of electrodeposition of iridium oxide in aqueous conditions and the sensing applications towards different biomolecules compounds. Finally, we summarize future trends on Iridium oxide based sensing and predict future work that could be further explored.
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22
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Shalini Devi KS, Anantharamakrishnan A, Maheswari Krishnan U. Expanding Horizons of Metal Oxide‐based Chemical and Electrochemical Sensors. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Shalini Devi
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur India – 613401
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur India – 613401
| | - Aadhav Anantharamakrishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur India – 613401
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur India – 613401
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur India – 613401
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur India – 613401
- School of Arts Science and Humanities SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur India – 613401
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23
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Manjakkal L, Yin L, Nathan A, Wang J, Dahiya R. Energy Autonomous Sweat-Based Wearable Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100899. [PMID: 34247412 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The continuous operation of wearable electronics demands reliable sources of energy, currently met through Li-ion batteries and various energy harvesters. These solutions are being used out of necessity despite potential safety issues and unsustainable environmental impact. Safe and sustainable energy sources can boost the use of wearables systems in diverse applications such as health monitoring, prosthetics, and sports. In this regard, sweat- and sweat-equivalent-based studies have attracted tremendous attention through the demonstration of energy-generating biofuel cells, promising power densities as high as 3.5 mW cm-2 , storage using sweat-electrolyte-based supercapacitors with energy and power densities of 1.36 Wh kg-1 and 329.70 W kg-1 , respectively, and sweat-activated batteries with an impressive energy density of 67 Ah kg-1 . A combination of these energy generating, and storage devices can lead to fully energy-autonomous wearables capable of providing sustainable power in the µW to mW range, which is sufficient to operate both sensing and communication devices. Here, a comprehensive review covering these advances, addressing future challenges and potential solutions related to fully energy-autonomous wearables is presented, with emphasis on sweat-based energy storage and energy generation elements along with sweat-based sensors as applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libu Manjakkal
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) Group, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lu Yin
- Department of Nanoengineering, Centre of Wearable Sensors, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Arokia Nathan
- Darwin College, University of Cambridge, Silver Street, Cambridge, CB3 9EU, UK
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, Centre of Wearable Sensors, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ravinder Dahiya
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) Group, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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24
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Abstract
Nowadays, we are assisting in the exceptional growth in research relating to the development of wearable devices for sweat analysis. Sweat is a biofluid that contains useful health information and allows a non-invasive, continuous and comfortable collection. For this reason, it is an excellent biofluid for the detection of different analytes. In this work, electrochemical sensors based on polyaniline thin films deposited on the flexible substrate polyethylene terephthalate coated with indium tin oxide were studied. Polyaniline thin films were abstained by the potentiostatic deposition technique, applying a potential of +2 V vs. SCE for 90 s. To improve the sensor performance, the electronic substrate was modified with reduced graphene oxide, obtained at a constant potential of −0.8 V vs. SCE for 200 s, and then polyaniline thin films were electrodeposited on top of the as-deposited substrate. All samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, static contact angle and FT-IR/ATR analysis to correlate the physical-chemical features with the performance of the sensors. The obtained electrodes were tested as pH sensors in the range from 2 to 8, showing good behavior, with a sensitivity of 62.3 mV/pH, very close to a Nernstian response, and a reproducibility of 3.8%. Interference tests, in the presence of competing ions, aimed to verify the selectivity, were also performed. Finally, a real sweat sample was collected, and the sweat pH was quantified with both the proposed sensor and a commercial pH meter, showing an excellent concordance.
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25
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Mariani F, Serafini M, Gualandi I, Arcangeli D, Decataldo F, Possanzini L, Tessarolo M, Tonelli D, Fraboni B, Scavetta E. Advanced Wound Dressing for Real-Time pH Monitoring. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2366-2377. [PMID: 34076430 PMCID: PMC8294608 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The rapid evolution of wearable technologies is giving rise to a strong push for textile chemical sensors design targeting the real-time collection of vital parameters for improved healthcare. Among the most promising applications, monitoring of nonhealing wounds is a scarcely explored medical field that still lacks quantitative tools for the management of the healing process. In this work, a smart bandage is developed for the real-time monitoring of wound pH, which has been reported to correlate with the healing stages, thus potentially giving direct access to the wound status without disturbing the wound bed. The fully textile device is realized by integrating a sensing layer, including the two-terminal pH sensor made of a semiconducting polymer and iridium oxide particles, and an absorbent layer ensuring the delivery of a continuous wound exudate flow across the sensor area. The two-terminal sensor exhibits a reversible response with a sensitivity of (59 ± 4) μA pH-1 in the medically relevant pH range for wound monitoring (pH 6-9), and its performance is not substantially affected either by the presence of the most common chemical interferents or by temperature gradients from 22 to 40 °C. Thanks to the robust sensing mechanism based on potentiometric transduction and the simple device geometry, the fully assembled smart bandage was successfully validated in flow analysis using synthetic wound exudate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Mariani
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Serafini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Isacco Gualandi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Danilo Arcangeli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Decataldo
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Possanzini
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Tessarolo
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenica Tonelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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26
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Stuart T, Cai L, Burton A, Gutruf P. Wireless and battery-free platforms for collection of biosignals. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 178:113007. [PMID: 33556807 PMCID: PMC8112193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in biosensors have quantitively expanded current capabilities in exploratory research tools, diagnostics and therapeutics. This rapid pace in sensor development has been accentuated by vast improvements in data analysis methods in the form of machine learning and artificial intelligence that, together, promise fantastic opportunities in chronic sensing of biosignals to enable preventative screening, automated diagnosis, and tools for personalized treatment strategies. At the same time, the importance of widely accessible personal monitoring has become evident by recent events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Progress in fully integrated and chronic sensing solutions is therefore increasingly important. Chronic operation, however, is not truly possible with tethered approaches or bulky, battery-powered systems that require frequent user interaction. A solution for this integration challenge is offered by wireless and battery-free platforms that enable continuous collection of biosignals. This review summarizes current approaches to realize such device architectures and discusses their building blocks. Specifically, power supplies, wireless communication methods and compatible sensing modalities in the context of most prevalent implementations in target organ systems. Additionally, we highlight examples of current embodiments that quantitively expand sensing capabilities because of their use of wireless and battery-free architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tucker Stuart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Le Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Alex Burton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Philipp Gutruf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Neuroscience GIDP, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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27
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Chen M, Ren Y, Liu H, Jiang Q, Zhang J, Zhu M. A Versatile Aggregation-induced Emission Fluorescent Probe for Visible Detection of pH. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:475-485. [PMID: 33433818 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-020-02669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
By tactfully structuring a luminescent molecule as an accurate pH probe with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) feature, it is significant to overcome aggregation-caused quenching of emitted light in practice. Herein, we present a simple AIE-active fluorescence probe for pH detection on the basis of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) with wide response range and high sensitivity reaction. The donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) style probe utilized a conjugated structural hybrid of the electron-withdrawing nitrile group and electron-donating hydroxyl as well as dimethylamino groups for fluorescent platform. The AIE-active probe possesses good fluorescence under water fraction up to 90% in mixed MeOH/water system. Furthermore, it can be used in profiling and visualization of pH detection in MeOH/water system at fw = 90% under UV 365 nm lamp. What's more, the probe can be employed to be a broad range test paper of pH detection, paving the way for low-cost practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Neijiang Normal University, 641100, Neijiang, P. R. China
| | - Yi Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Neijiang Normal University, 641100, Neijiang, P. R. China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Neijiang Normal University, 641100, Neijiang, P. R. China
| | - Qian Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Neijiang Normal University, 641100, Neijiang, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Neijiang Normal University, 641100, Neijiang, P. R. China
| | - Mingguang Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Neijiang Normal University, 641100, Neijiang, P. R. China.
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Hernández-Rodríguez JF, Rojas D, Escarpa A. Electrochemical Sensing Directions for Next-Generation Healthcare: Trends, Challenges, and Frontiers. Anal Chem 2020; 93:167-183. [PMID: 33174738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Hernández-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Rojas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Chemical Research Institute Andres M. del Rio, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Madrid, Spain
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