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Liu X, Xie R, Li K, Zhu Z, Huang X, He Q, Sun Z, He H, Ge Y, Zhang Q, Chen H, Wang Y. On-mask detection of SARS-CoV-2 related substances by surface enhanced Raman scattering. Talanta 2024; 277:126403. [PMID: 38878511 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
We have developed a convenient surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platform based on vertical standing gold nanowires (v-AuNWs) which enabled the on-mask detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) related substances such as the Spike-1 protein and the corresponding pseudo-virus. The Spike-1 protein was clearly distinguished from BSA protein with an accuracy above 99 %, and the detection limit could be achieved down to 0.01 μg/mL. Notably, a similar accuracy was achieved for the pseudo-SARS-CoV-2 (pSARS-2) virus as compared to the pseudo-influenza H7N9 (pH7N9) virus. The sensing strategy and setups could be easily adapted to the real SARS-CoV-2 virus and other highly contagious viruses. It provided a promising way to screen the virus carriers by a fast evaluation of their wearing v-AuNWs integrated face-mask which was mandatory during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan Road 270, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinlian Road 1, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| | - Ruifeng Xie
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7089, Changchun, 130013, China
| | - Kang Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan Road 270, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Zhelei Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan Road 270, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xi Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan Road 270, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Qian He
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan Road 270, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan Road 270, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Haiyang He
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan Road 270, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yuancai Ge
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan Road 270, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinlian Road 1, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinlian Road 1, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| | - Hu Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Henghua Road 18, Hengyang, 421002, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan Road 270, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinlian Road 1, Wenzhou, 325001, China; School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7089, Changchun, 130013, China.
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Chung YS, Lam CY, Tan PH, Tsang HF, Wong SCC. Comprehensive Review of COVID-19: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Advancement in Diagnostic and Detection Techniques, and Post-Pandemic Treatment Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8155. [PMID: 39125722 PMCID: PMC11312261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
At present, COVID-19 remains a public health concern due to the ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and its prevalence in particular countries. This paper provides an updated overview of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of COVID-19, with a focus on the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants and the phenomenon known as 'long COVID'. Meanwhile, diagnostic and detection advances will be mentioned. Though many inventions have been made to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, some outstanding ones include multiplex RT-PCR, which can be used for accurate diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. ELISA-based antigen tests also appear to be potential diagnostic tools to be available in the future. This paper also discusses current treatments, vaccination strategies, as well as emerging cell-based therapies for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 underscores the necessity for us to continuously update scientific understanding and treatments for it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sze-Chuen Cesar Wong
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.C.); (C.-Y.L.); (P.-H.T.); (H.-F.T.)
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3
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Zhu C, Fang H, Ma H, Xue J, Li Z, Wu X, Luo G. A novel method for high-sensitivity detection of SARS-CoV-2 using dual double-quenched fluorescence probes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:892-899. [PMID: 38830810 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected many people around the world; fast and accurate detection of the virus can help control the spread of the virus. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the gold standard method for SARS-CoV-2 detection. In this study, we improved the RT-PCR by proposing a novel method using dual double-quenched fluorescence probes. We used the improved probes to detect the plasmid DNA and RNA reference materials of SARS-CoV-2, respectively. The results show that, the background fluorescence intensity reduced by 50%, the fluorescence increment increased to 2.8 folds, and the Ct value significantly reduced by 3 or more, indicating that the detection sensitivity increased at least 8 times. In addition, we demonstrated that the improved probes have well performance in detecting SARS-CoV-2, with the minimum concentration of 6.2 copies/µL. This study will help biological companies develop better products for SARS-CoV-2 and other clinical pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsen Zhu
- S uzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Hao Fang
- S uzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Houshi Ma
- S uzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinbing Xue
- S uzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Zeqin Li
- S uzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Gangyin Luo
- S uzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
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El-Daly MM. Advances and Challenges in SARS-CoV-2 Detection: A Review of Molecular and Serological Technologies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:519. [PMID: 38472991 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14050519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The urgent need for accurate COVID-19 diagnostics has led to the development of various SARS-CoV-2 detection technologies. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) remains a reliable viral gene detection technique, while other molecular methods, including nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAATs) and isothermal amplification techniques, provide diverse and effective approaches. Serological assays, detecting antibodies in response to viral infection, are crucial for disease surveillance. Saliva-based immunoassays show promise for surveillance purposes. The efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection varies, with IgM indicating recent exposure and IgG offering prolonged detectability. Various rapid tests, including lateral-flow immunoassays, present opportunities for quick diagnosis, but their clinical significance requires validation through further studies. Challenges include variations in specificity and sensitivity among testing platforms and evolving assay sensitivities over time. SARS-CoV-2 antigens, particularly the N and S proteins, play a crucial role in diagnostic methods. Innovative approaches, such as nanozyme-based assays and specific nucleotide aptamers, offer enhanced sensitivity and flexibility. In conclusion, ongoing advancements in SARS-CoV-2 detection methods contribute to the global effort in combating the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M El-Daly
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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5
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张 一, 陈 波, 李 家, 梁 业, 张 华, 吴 文, 张 煜. [A digital droplet PCR detection technique based on filter faster R-CNN]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2024; 44:344-353. [PMID: 38501420 PMCID: PMC10954537 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2024.02.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To propose a method for mitigate the impact of anomaly points (such as dust, bubbles, scratches on the chip surface, and minor indentations) in images on the results of digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) detection to achieve high-throughput, stable, and accurate detection. METHODS We propose a Filter Faster R-CNN ddPCR detection model, which employs Faster R-CNN to generate droplet prediction boxes followed by removing the anomalies within the positive droplet prediction boxes using an outlier filtering module (Filter). Using a plasmid carrying a norovirus fragment as the template, we established a ddPCR dataset for model training (2462 instances, 78.56%) and testing (672 instances, 21.44%). Ablation experiments were performed to test the effectiveness of 3 filtering branches of the Filter for anomaly removal on the validation dataset. Comparative experiments with other ddPCR droplet detection models and absolute quantification experiments of ddPCR were conducted to assess the performance of the Filter Faster R-CNN model. RESULTS In low-dust and dusty environments, the Filter Faster R-CNN model achieved detection accuracies of 98.23% and 88.35% for positive droplets, respectively, with composite F1 scores reaching 99.15% and 99.14%, obviously superior to the other models. The introduction of the filtering module significantly enhanced the positive accuracy of the model in dusty environments. In the absolute quantification experiments, a regression line was plotted using the results from commercial flow cytometry equipment as the standard concentration. The results show a regression line slope of 1.0005, an intercept of -0.025, and a determination coefficient of 0.9997, indicating high consistency between the two results. CONCLUSION The ddPCR detection technique using the Filter Faster R-CNN model provides a robust detection method for ddPCR under various environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- 一鹏 张
- 南方医科大学生物医学工程学院,广东 广州 520515School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 广东省医学图像处理重点研究室,广东 广州 520515Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 广东省科学院生物与医学工程研究所,广东 广州 510316Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China
| | - 波 陈
- 广东省科学院生物与医学工程研究所,广东 广州 510316Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China
- 五邑大学应用物理与材料学院,广东 江门 529000School of Applied Physics and Materials, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529000, China
| | - 家奇 李
- 广东省科学院生物与医学工程研究所,广东 广州 510316Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China
- 五邑大学生物科技与大健康学院,广东 江门 529020School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - 业东 梁
- 南方医科大学生物医学工程学院,广东 广州 520515School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 广东省医学图像处理重点研究室,广东 广州 520515Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 广东省医学成像与诊断技术工程实验室,广东 广州 520515Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 广东省科学院生物与医学工程研究所,广东 广州 510316Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China
| | - 华剑 张
- 广东省科学院生物与医学工程研究所,广东 广州 510316Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China
| | - 文明 吴
- 广东省科学院生物与医学工程研究所,广东 广州 510316Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China
| | - 煜 张
- 南方医科大学生物医学工程学院,广东 广州 520515School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 广东省医学图像处理重点研究室,广东 广州 520515Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Kim Y, Lee E, Kim B, Cho J, Ryu SW, Lee KA. Evaluation of diagnostic performance of SARS-CoV-2 infection using digital droplet polymerase chain reaction in individuals with or without COVID-19 symptoms. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 554:117759. [PMID: 38184140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is commonly used to diagnose SARS-CoV-2, but it has limited sensitivity in detecting the virus in asymptomatic close contacts and convalescent patients. In this study, we propose the use of reverse transcription-digital droplet PCR (RT-ddPCR) to detect SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples. METHODS The clinical performance of RT-ddPCR targeting of ORF1ab and N genes was evaluated in parallel with RT-qPCR using 200 respiratory samples collected from close contacts and patients at different phases of infection. RESULTS The limits of detection (LODs) for RT-ddPCR assays were determined using six dilutions of ACCUPLEX SARS-Cov-2 reference material. The LODs of ORF1ab and N genes were 3.7 copies/reaction and 2.2 copies/reaction, respectively. Compared to RT-qPCR, RT-ddPCR increased the positive rate by 12.0% in 142 samples from SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Additionally, RT-ddPCR detected SARS-CoV-2 in three of 26 specimens from close contacts that tested negative by RT-qPCR, and infection was confirmed using follow-up samples. Finally, RT-ddPCR improved the equivocal results from RT-qPCR in 56.3% (9/16) of convalescent patient samples. CONCLUSIONS Detecting SARS-CoV-2 in samples with low viral loads using RT-qPCR can be challenging. However, our study suggests that RT-ddPCR, with its higher sensitivity and accuracy, is better suited for detecting low viral copies in samples, particularly those from close contacts and convalescent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Sungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Boyeon Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Eone Laboratories, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook-Won Ryu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangwon National University, School of Medicine, Kangwondo, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-A Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Caneparo V, Rinaldi C, Ferrante D, Ravanini P, Lo Cigno I, Cavalieri S, Gariglio M, Borgogna C. Longitudinal monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 viral load in self-collected saliva from health care workers during breakthrough infections to spare working days. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0255523. [PMID: 37982633 PMCID: PMC10714835 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02555-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) on nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) has been used as the standard method for detecting and monitoring SARS-CoV-2 infection during the pandemic. However, NPS collection often causes discomfort and poses a higher risk of transmission to health care workers (HCW). Furthermore, RT-qPCR only provides relative quantification and does not allow distinguishing those samples with residual, no longer active infection, whereas droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) allows for precise quantification of viral load, offering greater sensitivity and reproducibility. This study highlights the effectiveness of using self-collected saliva as a convenient and reliable sampling method. By utilizing ddPCR to measure the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva samples, individuals with low or undetectable viral loads can be quickly identified. This approach is particularly advantageous for surveillance programs targeting HCW, as it enables the early identification and release of uninfected personnel, minimizing lost workdays. Additionally, analyzing viral load in saliva samples by ddPCR is valuable in determining virus shedding duration across different SARS-CoV-2 variants, informing transmission and disease control. Finally, testing saliva could overcome the detection of historic cases due to prolonged RNA swabbing past-infection and the unnecessary exclusion of those individuals from the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Caneparo
- CAAD-Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Carmela Rinaldi
- Aging Project, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Education and Research area, Health Professions Direction, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Daniela Ferrante
- Medical Statistics, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Paolo Ravanini
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, "Maggiore della Carità" Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Irene Lo Cigno
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Silvia Cavalieri
- Occupational Health Unit, Specialist Medical and Oncological Department, "Maggiore della Carità" University - Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Marisa Gariglio
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Cinzia Borgogna
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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Calorenni P, Leonardi AA, Sciuto EL, Rizzo MG, Faro MJL, Fazio B, Irrera A, Conoci S. PCR-Free Innovative Strategies for SARS-CoV-2 Detection. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300512. [PMID: 37435997 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus brought a crucial issue in public health causing up to now more than 600 million infected people and 6.5 million deaths. Conventional diagnostic methods are based on quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR assay) and immuno-detection (ELISA assay). However, despite these techniques have the advantages of being standardized and consolidated, they keep some main limitations in terms of accuracy (immunoassays), time/cost consumption of analysis, the need for qualified personnel, and lab constrain (molecular assays). There is crucial the need to develop new diagnostic approaches for accurate, fast and portable viral detection and quantification. Among these, PCR-free biosensors represent the most appealing solution since they can allow molecular detection without the complexity of the PCR. This will enable the possibility to be integrated in portable and low-cost systems for massive and decentralized screening of SARS-CoV-2 in a point-of-care (PoC) format, pointing to achieve a performant identification and control of infection. In this review, the most recent approaches for the SARS-CoV-2 PCR-free detection are reported, describing both the instrumental and methodological features, and highlighting their suitability for a PoC application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Calorenni
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, Messina, 98158, Italy
| | - Antonio A Leonardi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Emanuele L Sciuto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, Messina, 98158, Italy
| | - Maria G Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, Messina, 98158, Italy
| | - Maria J Lo Faro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Barbara Fazio
- URT Lab Sens Beyond Nano, CNR-DSFTM, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, Messina, 98158, Italy
| | - Alessia Irrera
- URT Lab Sens Beyond Nano, CNR-DSFTM, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, Messina, 98158, Italy
| | - Sabrina Conoci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, Messina, 98158, Italy
- URT Lab Sens Beyond Nano, CNR-DSFTM, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, Messina, 98158, Italy
- Department of Chemistry ''Giacomo Ciamician'', University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
- CNR-IMM, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Ottava Strada n.5, Catania, I-95121, Italy
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Chen G, Li H, Gao Y, Zhao H, Yang J, Dong L. Establishment of Digital PCR Method and Reference Material for Adenoviruses 40 and 41. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2023; 20:453-459. [PMID: 37590500 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Coinfection with human adenovirus (HAdV) and SARS-CoV-2 has been associated with acute hepatitis in children with unknown etiology. Similar cases have been reported in many countries, and HAdV 40 and HAdV 41 have been identified. The quantification method is established based on digital PCR (dPCR) for HAdV 40/41, which is more convenient for low-concentration virus detection. The limit of detections of HAdV 40/41 dPCR were 4 and 5 copies/μL. Pseudovirus reference material (RM) that contains the highly conserved HEXON gene was developed and quantified with the dPCR method. The assigned values with expanded uncertainty were (1.43 ± 0.35) × 103 copies/μL for HAdV 40 RM and (1.21 ± 0.28) × 103 copies/μL for HAdV 41 RM. The values could be reproduced on multiple platforms. The dPCR method and pseudovirus RMs contribute to the improved accuracy of HAdV 40/41 detection, which is crucial for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifang Chen
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Huijie Li
- Shenzhen Institute for Technology Innovation, National Institute of Metrology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunhua Gao
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayi Yang
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Lianhua Dong
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
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Al-Shaibari KSA, Mousa HAL, Alqumber MAA, Alqfail KA, Mohammed A, Bzeizi K. The Diagnostic Performance of Various Clinical Specimens for the Detection of COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis of RT-PCR Studies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3057. [PMID: 37835801 PMCID: PMC10572802 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13193057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic performance of numerous clinical specimens to diagnose COVID-19 through RT-PCR techniques is very important, and the test result outcome is still unclear. This review aimed to analyze the diagnostic performance of clinical samples for COVID-19 detection by RT-PCR through a systematic literature review process. METHODOLOGY A compressive literature search was performed in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library from inception to November 2022. A snowball search on Google, Google Scholar, Research Gate, and MedRxiv, as well as bibliographic research, was performed to identify any other relevant articles. Observational studies that assessed the clinical usefulness of the RT-PCR technique in different human samples for the detection or screening of COVID-19 among patients or patient samples were considered for this review. The primary outcomes considered were sensitivity and specificity, while parameters such as positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and kappa coefficient were considered secondary outcomes. RESULTS A total of 85 studies out of 10,213 non-duplicate records were included for the systematic review, of which 69 articles were considered for the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis indicated better pooled sensitivity with the nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) than saliva (91.06% vs. 76.70%) and was comparable with the combined NPS/oropharyngeal swab (OPS; 92%). Nevertheless, specificity was observed to be better with saliva (98.27%) than the combined NPS/OPS (98.08%) and NPS (95.57%). The other parameters were comparable among different samples. The respiratory samples and throat samples showed a promising result relative to other specimens. The sensitivity and specificity of samples such as nasopharyngeal swabs, saliva, combined nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal, respiratory, sputum, broncho aspirate, throat swab, gargle, serum, and the mixed sample were found to be 91.06%, 76.70%, 92.00%, 99.44%, 86%, 96%, 94.4%, 95.3%, 73.63%, and above 98; and 95.57%, 98.27%, 98.08%, 100%, 37%, 100%, 100%, 97.6%, and above 97, respectively. CONCLUSIONS NPS was observed to have relatively better sensitivity, but not specificity when compared with other clinical specimens. Head-to-head comparisons between the different samples and the time of sample collection are warranted to strengthen this evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Khalid Bzeizi
- Department of Liver Transplantation, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 13541, Saudi Arabia
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11
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West NW, Hartrick J, Alamin M, Vasquez AA, Bahmani A, Turner CL, Shuster W, Ram JL. Passive swab versus grab sampling for detection of SARS-CoV-2 markers in wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 889:164180. [PMID: 37201848 PMCID: PMC10185491 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of the COVID-19 virus, SARS-CoV-2, is key to mitigating the spread of new outbreaks. Data from individual testing is increasingly difficult to obtain as people conduct non-reported home tests, defer tests due to logistics or attitudes, or ignore testing altogether. Wastewater based epidemiology is an alternative method for surveilling a community while maintaining individual anonymity; however, a problem is that SARS-CoV-2 markers in wastewater vary throughout the day. Collecting grab samples at a single time may miss marker presence, while autosampling throughout a day is technically challenging and expensive. This study investigates a passive sampling method that would be expected to accumulate greater amounts of viral material from sewers over a period of time. Tampons were tested as passive swab sampling devices from which viral markers could be eluted with a Tween-20 surfactant wash. Six sewersheds in Detroit were sampled 16-22 times by paired swab (4 h immersion before retrieval) and grab methods over a five-month period and enumerated for N1 and N2 SARS-CoV-2 markers using ddPCR. Swabs detected SARS-CoV-2 markers significantly more frequently (P < 0.001) than grab samples, averaging two to three-fold more copies of SARS-CoV-2 markers than their paired grab samples (p < 0.0001) in the assayed volume (10 mL) of wastewater or swab eluate. No significant difference was observed in the recovery of a spiked-in control (Phi6), indicating that the improved sensitivity is not due to improvements in nucleic acid recovery or reduction of PCR inhibition. The outcomes of swab-based sampling varied significantly between sites, with swab samples providing the greatest improvements in counts for smaller sewersheds that otherwise tend to have greater variation in grab sample counts. Swab-sampling with tampons provides significant advantages in detection of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater markers and are expected to provide earlier detection of new outbreaks than grab samples, with consequent public health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W West
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | | | - Md Alamin
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | | | - Azadeh Bahmani
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | | | - William Shuster
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Ram
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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12
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Yu C, Dai S, Zhang Z, Li S, Cheng J, Hu H, Wu J, Li J. An integrated digital polymerase chain reaction chip for multiplexed meat adulteration detection. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1342-1352. [PMID: 37309725 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Meat adulteration detection is a common concern of consumers. Here, we proposed a multiplex digital polymerase chain reaction method and a low-cost device for meat adulteration detection. Using a polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic device, polymerase chain reaction reagents could be pump-free loaded into microchambers (40 × 40 chambers) automatically. Due to the independence of multiplex fluorescence channels, deoxyribonucleic acid templates extracted from different animal species could be distinguished by one test. In this paper, we designed primers and probes for four types of meat (beef, chicken, pork, and duck) and labeled each of the four fluorescent markers (hexachlorocyclohexane [HEX], 6-carboxyfluorescein [FAM], X-rhodamine [ROX], and cyanine dyes 5 [CY5]) on the probes. Specific detection and mixed detection experiments were performed on four types of meat, realizing a limit of detection of 3 copies/µL. A mixture of four different species can be detected by four independent fluorescence channels. The quantitative capability of this method is found to meet the requirements of meat adulteration detections. This method has great potential for point-of-care testing together with portable microscopy equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhuang Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-robot Interactions, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Shijie Dai
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-robot Interactions, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-robot Interactions, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-robot Interactions, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Jingmeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Hezhi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Jayne Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Junwei Li
- Institute of Biophysics, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
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13
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Yang Y, Feng X, Pan Y, Wang X, Peng T, Niu C, Qu W, Zou Q, Dong L, Dai X, Li M, Fang X. A culture-free method for rapidly and accurately quantifying active SARS-CoV-2. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5745-5753. [PMID: 37486370 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Determining the quantity of active virus is the most important basis to judge the risk of virus infection, which usually relies on the virus median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assay performed in a biosafety level 3 laboratory within 5-7 days. We have developed a culture-free method for rapid and accurate quantification of active severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by targeting subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) based on reverse transcription digital PCR (RT-dPCR). The dynamic range of quantitative assays for sgRNA-N and sgRNA-E by RT-dPCR was investigated, and the result showed that the limits of detection (LoD) and quantification (LoQ) were 2 copies/reaction and 10 copies/reaction, respectively. The delta strain (NMDC60042793) of SARS-CoV-2 was cultured at an average titer of 106.13 TCID50/mL and used to evaluate the developed quantification method. Copy number concentrations of the cultured SARS-CoV-2 sgRNA and genomic RNA (gRNA) gave excellent linearity (R2 = 0.9999) with SARS-CoV-2 titers in the range from 500 to 105 TCID50/mL. Validation of 63 positive clinical samples further proves that the quantification of sgRNA-N by RT-dPCR is more sensitive for active virus quantitative detection. It is notable that we can infer the active virus titer through quantification of SARS-CoV-2 sgRNA based on the linear relationship in a biosafety level 2 laboratory within 3 h. It can be used to timely and effectively identify infectious patients and reduce unnecessary isolation especially when a large number of COVID-19 infected people impose a burden on medical resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Technology Innovation, National Institute of Metrology, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Xiaoli Feng
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107, Yunnan, China
| | - Yang Pan
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chunyan Niu
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wang Qu
- Shenzhen Institute for Technology Innovation, National Institute of Metrology, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Qingcui Zou
- Shenzhen Institute for Technology Innovation, National Institute of Metrology, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Lianhua Dong
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xinhua Dai
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Minghua Li
- Shenzhen Institute for Technology Innovation, National Institute of Metrology, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Xiang Fang
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Hukowska-Szematowicz B, Ostrycharz E, Dudzińska W, Roszkowska P, Siennicka A, Wojciechowska-Koszko I. Digital PCR (dPCR) Quantification of miR-155-5p as a Potential Candidate for a Tissue Biomarker of Inflammation in Rabbits Infected with Lagovirus europaeus/Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV). Viruses 2023; 15:1578. [PMID: 37515264 PMCID: PMC10386091 DOI: 10.3390/v15071578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are a group of small, 17-25 nucleotide, non-coding RNA sequences that, in their mature form, regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. They participate in many physiological and pathological processes in both humans and animals. One such process is viral infection, in which miR-155 participates in innate and adaptive immune responses to a broad range of inflammatory mediators. Recently, the study of microRNA has become an interesting field of research as a potential candidate for biomarkers for various processes and disease. To use miRNAs as potential biomarkers of inflammation in viral diseases of animals and humans, it is necessary to improve their detection and quantification. In a previous study, using reverse transcription real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), we showed that the expression of ocu-miR-155-5p in liver tissue was significantly higher in rabbits infected with Lagovirus europaeus/Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV) compared to healthy rabbits. The results indicated a role for ocu-miR-155-5p in Lagovirus europaeus/RHDV infection and reflected hepatitis and the impairment/dysfunction of this organ during RHD. MiR-155-5p was, therefore, hypothesized as a potential candidate for a tissue biomarker of inflammation and examined in tissues in Lagovirus europaeus/RHDV infection by dPCR. The objective of the study is the absolute quantification of ocu-miR-155-5p in four tissues (liver, lung, kidney, and spleen) of rabbits infected with Lagovirus europaeus/RHDV by digital PCR, a robust technique for the precise and direct quantification of small amounts of nucleic acids, including miRNAs, without standard curves and external references. The average copy number/µL (copies/µL) of ocu-miRNA-155-5p in rabbits infected with Lagovirus europaeus GI.1a/Rossi in the liver tissue was 12.26 ± 0.14, that in the lung tissue was 48.90 ± 9.23, that in the kidney tissue was 16.92 ± 2.89, and that in the spleen was 25.10 ± 0.90. In contrast, in the tissues of healthy control rabbits, the average number of copies/µL of ocu-miRNA-155-5p was 5.07 ± 1.10 for the liver, 23.52 ± 2.77 for lungs, 8.10 ± 0.86 for kidneys, and 42.12 ± 3.68 for the spleen. The increased expression of ocu-miRNA-155-5p in infected rabbits was demonstrated in the liver (a fold-change of 2.4, p-value = 0.0003), lung (a fold-change of 2.1, p-value = 0.03), and kidneys (a fold-change of 2.1, p-value = 0.01), with a decrease in the spleen (a fold-change of 0.6, p-value = 0.002). In the study of Lagovirus europaeus/RHDV infection and in the context of viral infections, this is the first report that shows the potential use of dPCR for the sensitive and absolute quantification of microRNA-155-5p in tissues during viral infection. We think miR-155-5p may be a potential candidate for a tissue biomarker of inflammation with Lagovirus europaeus/RHDV infection. Our report presents a new path in discovering potential candidates for the tissue biomarkers of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Hukowska-Szematowicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Ostrycharz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
- Doctoral School, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wioleta Dudzińska
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 54, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Paulina Roszkowska
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Aldona Siennicka
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Iwona Wojciechowska-Koszko
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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15
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Seok Y, Mauk MG, Li R, Qian C. Trends of respiratory virus detection in point-of-care testing: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1264:341283. [PMID: 37230728 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In resource-limited conditions such as the COVID-19 pandemic, on-site detection of diseases using the Point-of-care testing (POCT) technique is becoming a key factor in overcoming crises and saving lives. For practical POCT in the field, affordable, sensitive, and rapid medical testing should be performed on simple and portable platforms, instead of laboratory facilities. In this review, we introduce recent approaches to the detection of respiratory virus targets, analysis trends, and prospects. Respiratory viruses occur everywhere and are one of the most common and widely spreading infectious diseases in the human global society. Seasonal influenza, avian influenza, coronavirus, and COVID-19 are examples of such diseases. On-site detection and POCT for respiratory viruses are state-of-the-art technologies in this field and are commercially valuable global healthcare topics. Cutting-edge POCT techniques have focused on the detection of respiratory viruses for early diagnosis, prevention, and monitoring to protect against the spread of COVID-19. In particular, we highlight the application of sensing techniques to each platform to reveal the challenges of the development stage. Recent POCT approaches have been summarized in terms of principle, sensitivity, analysis time, and convenience for field applications. Based on the analysis of current states, we also suggest the remaining challenges and prospects for the use of the POCT technique for respiratory virus detection to improve our protection ability and prevent the next pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngung Seok
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 216 Towne Building, 220 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Michael G Mauk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 216 Towne Building, 220 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ruijie Li
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
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16
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Zhang L. Biomedical equipments, vaccine and drug in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18089. [PMID: 37483808 PMCID: PMC10362228 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus caused an infectious disease, named COVID-19. Biomedical equipments, vaccine and drug have played a crucial role in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Nevertheless, up to now, there still has been no literature summarizing the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of this infectious disease from the perspective of biomedical equipments. Thus, this review wants to give an overview on the biomedical equipments, vaccine and drug in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this disease, and avoids the overlap with previous research, more emphasis on biomedical equipments, and less emphasis on biomaterials. The existing problems in the current research and application were summarized, and the future research direction was proposed, so as to provide reference to deal with similar viral infections in the future.
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17
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Tang YN, Jiang D, Wang X, Liu Y, Wei D. Recent progress on rapid diagnosis of COVID-19 by point-of-care testing platforms. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023; 35:108688. [PMID: 37362324 PMCID: PMC10266891 DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 has drawn great attention around the world. SARS-CoV-2 is a highly infectious virus with occult transmission by many mutations and a long incubation period. In particular, the emergence of asymptomatic infections has made the epidemic even more severe. Therefore, early diagnosis and timely management of suspected cases are essential measures to control the spread of the virus. Developing simple, portable, and accurate diagnostic techniques for SARS-CoV-2 is the key to epidemic prevention. The advantages of point-of-care testing technology make it play an increasingly important role in viral detection and screening. This review summarizes the point-of-care testing platforms developed by nucleic acid detection, immunological detection, and nanomaterial-based biosensors detection. Furthermore, this paper provides a prospect for designing future highly accurate, cheap, and convenient SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dingding Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dacheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Yin M, Liang X, Wang Z, Zhou Y, He Y, Xue Y, Gao J, Lin J, Yu C, Liu L, Liu X, Xu C, Zhu J. Identification of Asymptomatic COVID-19 Patients on Chest CT Images Using Transformer-Based or Convolutional Neural Network-Based Deep Learning Models. J Digit Imaging 2023; 36:827-836. [PMID: 36596937 PMCID: PMC9810383 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-022-00754-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread throughout the world; however, it is difficult for clinicians to make early diagnoses. This study is to evaluate the feasibility of using deep learning (DL) models to identify asymptomatic COVID-19 patients based on chest CT images. In this retrospective study, six DL models (Xception, NASNet, ResNet, EfficientNet, ViT, and Swin), based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) or transformer architectures, were trained to identify asymptomatic patients with COVID-19 on chest CT images. Data from Yangzhou were randomly split into a training set (n = 2140) and an internal-validation set (n = 360). Data from Suzhou was the external-test set (n = 200). Model performance was assessed by the metrics accuracy, recall, and specificity and was compared with the assessments of two radiologists. A total of 2700 chest CT images were collected in this study. In the validation dataset, the Swin model achieved the highest accuracy of 0.994, followed by the EfficientNet model (0.954). The recall and the precision of the Swin model were 0.989 and 1.000, respectively. In the test dataset, the Swin model was still the best and achieved the highest accuracy (0.980). All the DL models performed remarkably better than the two experts. Last, the time on the test set diagnosis spent by two experts-42 min, 17 s (junior); and 29 min, 43 s (senior)-was significantly higher than those of the DL models (all below 2 min). This study evaluated the feasibility of multiple DL models in distinguishing asymptomatic patients with COVID-19 from healthy subjects on chest CT images. It found that a transformer-based model, the Swin model, performed best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyue Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
- Suzhou Clinical Center of Digestive Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolong Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zilan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yijia Zhou
- Medical School, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu He
- Medical School, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuhan Xue
- Medical School, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingwen Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
- Suzhou Clinical Center of Digestive Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaxi Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
- Suzhou Clinical Center of Digestive Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenyan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
- Suzhou Clinical Center of Digestive Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
- Suzhou Clinical Center of Digestive Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
- Suzhou Clinical Center of Digestive Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Radiotherapy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinzhou Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
- Suzhou Clinical Center of Digestive Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
- The 23Rd Ward, Yangzhou Third People's Hospital, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China.
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Peng T, Dong L, Feng X, Yang Y, Wang X, Niu C, Liang Z, Qu W, Zou Q, Dai X, Li M, Fang X. Relationship between SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and N gene and its application in antigen testing kits evaluation. Talanta 2023; 258:124462. [PMID: 36963149 PMCID: PMC10029331 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
More than forty antigen testing kits have been approved to response the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and its variant strains. However, the approved antigen testing kits are not capable of quantitative detection. Here, we successfully developed a lateral flow immunoassay based on colloidal gold nanoparticles (CGNP-based LFIA) for nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV-2 quantitative detection. Delta strain (NMDC60042793) of SARS-CoV-2 have been cultured and analyzed by our developed digital PCR and LFIA methods to explore the relationship between N protein amount and N gene level. It indicated that the linear relationship (y = 47 ×) between N protein molecule number and N gene copy number exhibited very well (R2 = 0.995), the virus titers and N protein amount can be roughly estimated according to nucleic acid testing. Additionally, detection limits (LODs) of nine approved antigen testing kits also have been evaluated according to the Guidelines for the registration review of 2019-nCoV antigen testing reagents. Only three antigen testing kits had LODs as stated in the instructions, the LODs of Kits have been converted into the N gene and N protein levels, according to the established relationships among virus titer vers. N gene and antigen. Results demonstrated that the sensitivity of nucleic acid testing is at least 1835 times higher than that of antigen testing. We expect that the relationship investigation and testing kits evaluation have the important directive significance to precise epidemic prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lianhua Dong
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaoli Feng
- Kunming National High-level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China; Kunming National High-level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chunyan Niu
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhanwei Liang
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wang Qu
- Kunming National High-level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
| | - Qingcui Zou
- Kunming National High-level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
| | - Xinhua Dai
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Minghua Li
- Kunming National High-level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China.
| | - Xiang Fang
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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20
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Poolsup S, Zaripov E, Hüttmann N, Minic Z, Artyushenko PV, Shchugoreva IA, Tomilin FN, Kichkailo AS, Berezovski MV. Discovery of DNA aptamers targeting SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and protein-binding epitopes for label-free COVID-19 diagnostics. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 31:731-743. [PMID: 36816615 PMCID: PMC9927813 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The spread of COVID-19 has affected billions of people across the globe, and the diagnosis of viral infection still needs improvement. Because of high immunogenicity and abundant expression during viral infection, SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein could be an important diagnostic marker. This study aimed to develop a label-free optical aptasensor fabricated with a novel single-stranded DNA aptamer to detect the N protein. The N-binding aptamers selected using asymmetric-emulsion PCR-SELEX and their binding affinity and cross-reactivity were characterized by biolayer interferometry. The tNSP3 aptamer (44 nt) was identified to bind the N protein of wild type and Delta and Omicron variants with high affinity (KD in the range of 0.6-3.5 nM). Utilizing tNSP3 to detect the N protein spiked in human saliva evinced the potential of this aptamer with a limit of detection of 4.5 nM. Mass spectrometry analysis was performed along with molecular dynamics simulation to obtain an insight into how tNSP3 binds to the N protein. The identified epitope peptides are localized within the RNA-binding domain and C terminus of the N protein. Hence, we confirmed the performance of this aptamer as an analytical tool for COVID-19 diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suttinee Poolsup
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Emil Zaripov
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nico Hüttmann
- John L. Holmes Mass Spectrometry Facility, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Zoran Minic
- John L. Holmes Mass Spectrometry Facility, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Polina V Artyushenko
- Laboratory for Digital Controlled Drugs and Theranostics, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.,Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Irina A Shchugoreva
- Laboratory for Digital Controlled Drugs and Theranostics, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.,Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Felix N Tomilin
- Department of Chemistry, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia.,Laboratory of Physics of Magnetic Phenomena, Kirensky Institute of Physics, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Anna S Kichkailo
- Laboratory for Digital Controlled Drugs and Theranostics, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.,Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Maxim V Berezovski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,John L. Holmes Mass Spectrometry Facility, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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21
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Shi J, Zhang Y, Yang M. Recent development of microfluidics-based platforms for respiratory virus detection. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:024104. [PMID: 37035101 PMCID: PMC10076069 DOI: 10.1063/5.0135778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
With the global outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, the inadequacies of current detection technology for respiratory viruses have been recognized. Rapid, portable, accurate, and sensitive assays are needed to expedite diagnosis and early intervention. Conventional methods for detection of respiratory viruses include cell culture-based assays, serological tests, nucleic acid detection (e.g., RT-PCR), and direct immunoassays. However, these traditional methods are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and require laboratory facilities, which cannot meet the testing needs, especially during pandemics of respiratory diseases, such as COVID-19. Microfluidics-based techniques can overcome these demerits and provide simple, rapid, accurate, and cost-effective analysis of intact virus, viral antigen/antibody, and viral nucleic acids. This review aims to summarize the recent development of microfluidics-based techniques for detection of respiratory viruses. Recent advances in different types of microfluidic devices for respiratory virus diagnostics are highlighted, including paper-based microfluidics, continuous-flow microfluidics, and droplet-based microfluidics. Finally, the future development of microfluidic technologies for respiratory virus diagnostics is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Mo Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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22
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Santaniello A, Perruolo G, Cristiano S, Agognon AL, Cabaro S, Amato A, Dipineto L, Borrelli L, Formisano P, Fioretti A, Oriente F. SARS-CoV-2 Affects Both Humans and Animals: What Is the Potential Transmission Risk? A Literature Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020514. [PMID: 36838479 PMCID: PMC9959838 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In March 2020, the World Health Organization Department declared the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic, as a consequence of its rapid spread on all continents. The COVID-19 pandemic has been not only a health emergency but also a serious general problem as fear of contagion and severe restrictions put economic and social activity on hold in many countries. Considering the close link between human and animal health, COVID-19 might infect wild and companion animals, and spawn dangerous viral mutants that could jump back and pose an ulterior threat to us. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the pandemic, with a particular focus on the clinical manifestations in humans and animals, the different diagnosis methods, the potential transmission risks, and their potential direct impact on the human-animal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Santaniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (S.C.); Tel.: +39-081-253-6134 (A.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Perruolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Cristiano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (S.C.); Tel.: +39-081-253-6134 (A.S.)
| | - Ayewa Lawoe Agognon
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Cabaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Amato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovico Dipineto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Borrelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Oriente
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
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23
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Rapid and Visual Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Based on Reverse Transcription-Recombinase Polymerase Amplification with Closed Vertical Flow Visualization Strip Assay. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0296622. [PMID: 36622165 PMCID: PMC9927448 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02966-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was initially identified in 2019, after which it spread rapidly throughout the world. With the progression of the epidemic, new variants of SARS-CoV-2 with faster transmission speeds and higher infectivity have constantly emerged. The proportions of people asymptomatically infected or reinfected after vaccination have increased correspondingly, making the prevention and control of COVID-19 extremely difficult. There is therefore an urgent need for rapid, convenient, and inexpensive detection methods. In this paper, we established a nucleic acid visualization assay targeting the SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein (N) gene by combining reverse transcription-recombinase polymerase amplification with closed vertical flow visualization strip (RT-RPA-VF). This method had high sensitivity, comparable to that of reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and the concordance between RT-RPA-VF and RT-qPCR methods was 100%. This detection method is highly specific and is not compatible with bat coronavirus HKU4, human coronaviruses 229E, OC43, and HKU1-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), or other respiratory pathogens. However, multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants are detectable within 25 min at 42°C using this visual method, including RNA transcripts of the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain at levels as low as 1 copy/μL, the Delta strain at 1 copy/μL, and the Omicron strain at 0.77 copies/μL. The RT-RPA-VF method is a simple operation for the rapid diagnosis of COVID-19 that is safe and free from aerosol contamination and could be an affordable and attractive choice for governments seeking to promote their emergency preparedness and better their responses to the continuing COVID-19 epidemic. In addition, this method also has great potential for early monitoring and warning of the epidemic situation at on-site-nursing points. IMPORTANCE The global COVID-19 epidemic, ongoing since the initial outbreak in 2019, has caused panic and huge economic losses worldwide. Due to the continuous emergence of new variants, COVID-19 has been responsible for a higher proportion of asymptomatic patients than the previously identified SARS and MERS, which makes early diagnosis and prevention more difficult. In this manuscript, we describe a rapid, sensitive, and specific detection tool, RT-RPA-VF. This tool provides a new alternative for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants in a range as low as 1 to 0.77 copies/μL RNA transcripts. RT-RPA-VF has great potential to ease the pressure of medical diagnosis and the accurate identification of patients with suspected COVID-19 at point-of-care.
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24
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Hastie E, Amogan H, Looney D, Mehta SR. Association between SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load and Patient Symptoms and Clinical Outcomes Using Droplet Digital PCR. Viruses 2023; 15:446. [PMID: 36851660 PMCID: PMC9961727 DOI: 10.3390/v15020446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between nasopharyngeal (NP) SARS-CoV-2 viral loads and clinical outcomes remains debated. Here, we examined the factors that might predict the NP viral load and the role of the viral load as a predictor of clinical outcomes. A convenience sample of 955 positive remnant NP swab eluent samples collected during routine care between 18 November 2020 and 26 September 2021 was cataloged and a chart review was performed. For non-duplicate samples with available demographic and clinical data (i.e., non-employees), an aliquot of eluent was sent for a droplet digital PCR quantification of the SARS-CoV-2 viral load. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the clinical predictors of NP viral loads and the predictors of COVID-19-related clinical outcomes. Samples and data from 698 individuals were included in the final analysis. The sample cohort had a mean age of 50 years (range: 19-91); 86.6% were male and 76.3% were unvaccinated. The NP viral load was higher in people with respiratory symptoms (p = 0.0004) and fevers (p = 0.0006). In the predictive models for the clinical outcomes, the NP viral load approached a significance as a predictor for in-hospital mortality. In conclusion, the NP viral load did not appear to be a strong predictor of moderate-to-severe disease in the pre-Delta and Delta phases of the pandemic, but was predictive of symptomatic diseases and approached a significance for in-hospital mortality, providing support to the thesis that early viral control prevents the progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hastie
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Harold Amogan
- Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - David Looney
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Sanjay R. Mehta
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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25
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Development of highly accurate digital PCR method and reference material for monkeypox virus detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1333-1337. [PMID: 36680591 PMCID: PMC9862235 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human monkeypox has attracted attention recently. Monkeypox virus (MPXV) keeps evolving as it spreading around the world rapidly, which may threaten the health of more and more people. Here, we have developed a high order reference method based on digital PCR (dPCR) for MPXV detection, of which the limits of quantification (LoQ) and detection (LoD) are 38 and 6 copies/reaction, respectively. Pseudovirus reference materials (RM) containing the conserved F3L gene has been developed, and the homogeneity assessment showed that the RM was homogeneous. The reference value with its expanded uncertainty determined by the established dPCR is (2.74 ± 0.46) × 103 copies/μL. Six different MPXV test kits were accessed by the RM. Four out of six test kits cannot reach their claimed LoDs. The poor analytical sensitivity might cause false-negative results, which lead to incorrect diagnosis and treatment. The establishment of a high order reference method of dPCR and pseudovirus RM is very useful for improving the accuracy and reliability of MPXV detection.
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26
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Morawiec E, Bednarska-Czerwińska A, Pudełko A, Strychalska A, Broncel M, Sagan D, Madej A, Jasińska-Balwierz A, Staszkiewicz R, Sobański D, Boroń D, Pokusa F, Grabarek B. A Retrospective Population Study of 385 191 Positive Real-Time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Tests For SARS-CoV-2 from a Single Laboratory in Katowice, Poland from April 2020 to July 2022. Med Sci Monit 2023; 29:e938872. [PMID: 36636983 PMCID: PMC9817382 DOI: 10.12659/msm.938872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This retrospective population study identified 385 191 positive real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a single laboratory in Katowice, Poland, from April 2020 to July 2022. MATERIAL AND METHODS The material was nasopharyngeal, nasopharyngeal swab or bronchial lavage, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to confirm or exclude SARS-CoV-2 infection with the RT-PCR technique. Personal data are use according to the Provisions on the Protection of Personal Data by the Gyn-Centrum laboratory. RESULTS In 9 months of 2020, the number of SARS-CoV-2 results was 88 986; in 2021, it was 168 439, and in the first 7 months of 2022, it was 12 786. In 2020, the highest number of positive results was recorded in the third quarter (83 094 cases); 2021, in the 1st, 2nd, and 4th quarters (58 712; 37 720; and 71 753 cases, respectively), and in 2022, in the 1st quarter (127 613 cases) of the year. A positive result was observed more often in women and people aged 30-39, followed by those 40-49 years. Patients aged 10-19 years comprised the smallest population of SARS-CoV-2-positive cases. CONCLUSIONS In the Polish population studied, from April 2020 to July 2022, the detection rates of SARS-CoV-2 positivity were significantly higher for women than for men and in the 30-49 age group for both sexes. Also, the infection detection rate of 385 191 out of 1 332 659 patient samples, or 28.9%, supports that the Polish society adhered to public health recommendations for infection control during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Morawiec
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Academy of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Adam Pudełko
- Department of Molecular Biology, Gyncentrum Fertility Clinic, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Anna Strychalska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Gyncentrum Fertility Clinic, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Mateusz Broncel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Gyncentrum Fertility Clinic, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Dorota Sagan
- Medical Center Dormed Medical SP, Busko-Zdrój, Poland
| | - Andrzej Madej
- Department of Pharmacology, Academy of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Rafał Staszkiewicz
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Academy of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dawid Sobański
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Academy of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dariusz Boroń
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Academy of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Filip Pokusa
- Faculty of Economics and Pedagogy, Higher School of Management and Administration in Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Beniamin Grabarek
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Academy of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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27
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Zhu Y, Zhang M, Jie Z, Tao S. Nucleic acid testing of SARS-CoV-2: A review of current methods, challenges, and prospects. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1074289. [PMID: 36569096 PMCID: PMC9780671 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1074289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has brought a huge threat to public health and the global economy. Rapid identification and isolation of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals are regarded as one of the most effective measures to control the pandemic. Because of its high sensitivity and specificity, nucleic acid testing has become the major method of SARS-CoV-2 detection. A deep understanding of different diagnosis methods for COVID-19 could help researchers make an optimal choice in detecting COVID-19 at different symptom stages. In this review, we summarize and evaluate the latest developments in current nucleic acid detection methods for SARS-CoV-2. In particular, we discuss biosensors and CRISPR-based diagnostic systems and their characteristics and challenges. Furthermore, the emerging COVID-19 variants and their impact on SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis are systematically introduced and discussed. Considering the disease dynamics, we also recommend optional diagnostic tests for different symptom stages. From sample preparation to results readout, we conclude by pointing out the pain points and future directions of COVID-19 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshou Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Jie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Center of Community-Based Health Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Zhijun Jie,
| | - Shengce Tao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shengce Tao,
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28
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Hou Y, Chen S, Zheng Y, Zheng X, Lin JM. Droplet-based digital PCR (ddPCR) and its applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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29
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Ahmed W, Smith WJM, Metcalfe S, Jackson G, Choi PM, Morrison M, Field D, Gyawali P, Bivins A, Bibby K, Simpson SL. Comparison of RT-qPCR and RT-dPCR Platforms for the Trace Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Wastewater. ACS ES&T WATER 2022; 2:1871-1880. [PMID: 36380768 PMCID: PMC8848507 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.1c00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We compared reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and RT digital PCR (RT-dPCR) platforms for the trace detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in low-prevalence COVID-19 locations in Queensland, Australia, using CDC N1 and CDC N2 assays. The assay limit of detection (ALOD), PCR inhibition rates, and performance characteristics of each assay, along with the positivity rates with the RT-qPCR and RT-dPCR platforms, were evaluated by seeding known concentrations of exogenous SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. The ALODs using RT-dPCR were approximately 2-5 times lower than those using RT-qPCR. During sample processing, the endogenous (n = 96) and exogenous (n = 24) SARS-CoV-2 wastewater samples were separated, and RNA was extracted from both wastewater eluates and pellets (solids). The RT-dPCR platform demonstrated a detection rate significantly greater than that of RT-qPCR for the CDC N1 and CDC N2 assays in the eluate (N1, p = 0.0029; N2, p = 0.0003) and pellet (N1, p = 0.0015; N2, p = 0.0067) samples. The positivity results also indicated that for the analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater, including the eluate and pellet samples may further increase the detection sensitivity using RT-dPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO
Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Wendy J. M. Smith
- CSIRO
Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Suzanne Metcalfe
- CSIRO
Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Greg Jackson
- Water
Unit, Health Protection Branch, Prevention Division, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Phil M. Choi
- Water
Unit, Health Protection Branch, Prevention Division, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Mary Morrison
- Water
Unit, Health Protection Branch, Prevention Division, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Daniel Field
- Water
Unit, Health Protection Branch, Prevention Division, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Pradip Gyawali
- Institute
of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. (ESR), Porirua 5240, New Zealand
| | - Aaron Bivins
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Zhang Y, Wang X, Niu C, Wang D, Shen Q, Gao Y, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Dong L. Evaluation of factors contributing to variability of qualitative and quantitative proficiency testing for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2022; 4:321-329. [PMID: 36091480 PMCID: PMC9450473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to unprecedented social and economic disruption. Many nucleic acid testing (NAT) laboratories in China have been established to control the epidemic better. This proficiency testing (PT) aims to evaluate the participants' performance in qualitative and quantitative SARS-CoV-2 NAT and to explore the factors that contribute to differences in detection capabilities. Two different concentrations of RNA samples (A, B) were used for quantitative PT. Pseudovirus samples D, E (different concentrations) and negative sample (F) were used for qualitative PT. 50 data sets were reported for qualitative PT, of which 74.00% were entirely correct for all samples. Forty-two laboratories participated in the quantitative PT. 37 submitted all gene results, of which only 56.76% were satisfactory. For qualitative detection, it is suggested that laboratories should strengthen personnel training, select qualified detection kits, and reduce cross-contamination to improve detection accuracy. For quantitative detection, the results of the reverse transcription digital PCR (RT-dPCR) method were more comparable and reliable than those of reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The copy number concentration of ORF1ab and N in samples A and B scattered in 85, 223, 50, and 106 folds, respectively. The differences in the quantitative result of RT-qPCR was mainly caused by the non-standard use of reference materials and the lack of personnel operating skills. Comparing the satisfaction of participants participating in both quantitative and qualitative proficiency testing, 95.65% of the laboratories with satisfactory quantitative results also judged the qualitative results correctly, while 85.71% of the laboratories with unsatisfactory quantitative results were also unsatisfied with their qualitative judgments. Therefore, the quantitative ability is the basis of qualitative judgment. Overall, participants from hospitals reported more satisfactory results than those from enterprises and universities. Therefore, surveillance, daily qualitiy control and standardized operating procedures should be strengthened to improve the capability of SARS-CoV-2 NAT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xia Wang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chunyan Niu
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Di Wang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qingfei Shen
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yunhua Gao
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haiwei Zhou
- Division II of In Vitro Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases, Institute for In Vitro Diagnostics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lianhua Dong
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China,Corresponding author: Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
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Gu Z, Sun T, Guo Q, Wang Y, Ge Y, Gu H, Xu G, Xu H. Bead-Based Multiplexed Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction in a Single Tube Using Universal Sequences: An Ultrasensitive, Cross-Reaction-Free, and High-Throughput Strategy. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2759-2766. [PMID: 36041054 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The multiplexed digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is widely used in molecular diagnosis owing to its high sensitivity and throughput for multiple target detection compared with the single-plexed digital PCR; however, current multiplexed digital PCR technologies lack efficient coding strategies that do not compromise the sensitivity and signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. Hence, we propose a fluorescent-encoded bead-based multiplexed droplet digital PCR method for ultra-high coding capacity, along with the creative design of universal sequences (primer and fluorescent TaqMan probe) for ultra-sensitivity and high S/N ratios. First, pre-amplification is used to introduce universal primers and universal fluorescent TaqMan probes to reduce primer interference and background noise, as well as to enrich regions of interest in targeted analytes. Second, fluorescent-encoded beads (FEBs), coupled with the corresponding target sequence-specific capture probes through streptavidin-biotin conjugation, are used to partition amplicons via hybridization according to the Poisson distribution. Finally, FEBs mixed with digital PCR mixes are isolated into droplets generated via Sapphire chips (Naica Crystal Digital PCR system) to complete the digital PCR and result analysis. For proof of concept, we demonstrate that this method achieves high S/N ratios in a 5-plexed assay for influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 at concentrations below 10 copies and even close to a single molecule per reaction without cross-reaction, further verifying the possibility of clinical actual sample detection with 100% accuracy, which paves the way for the realization of digital PCR with ultrahigh coding capacity and ultra-sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhejia Gu
- School of Biomedical Engineering/Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Tong Sun
- School of Biomedical Engineering/Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Qingsheng Guo
- School of Biomedical Engineering/Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering/Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Ge
- School of Biomedical Engineering/Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Hongchen Gu
- School of Biomedical Engineering/Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Gaolian Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering/Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Hong Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering/Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
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Nyaruaba R, Mwaliko C, Dobnik D, Neužil P, Amoth P, Mwau M, Yu J, Yang H, Wei H. Digital PCR Applications in the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Era: a Roadmap for Future Outbreaks. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0016821. [PMID: 35258315 PMCID: PMC9491181 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00168-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to a global public health disaster. The current gold standard for the diagnosis of infected patients is real-time reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). As effective as this method may be, it is subject to false-negative and -positive results, affecting its precision, especially for the detection of low viral loads in samples. In contrast, digital PCR (dPCR), the third generation of PCR, has been shown to be more effective than the gold standard, RT-qPCR, in detecting low viral loads in samples. In this review article, we selected publications to show the broad-spectrum applications of dPCR, including the development of assays and reference standards, environmental monitoring, mutation detection, and clinical diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, while comparing it analytically to the gold standard, RT-qPCR. In summary, it is evident that the specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and detection limits of RT-dPCR are generally unaffected by common factors that may affect RT-qPCR. As this is the first time that dPCR is being tested in an outbreak of such a magnitude, knowledge of its applications will help chart a course for future diagnosis and monitoring of infectious disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Nyaruaba
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Caroline Mwaliko
- International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - David Dobnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Pavel Neužil
- Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Patrick Amoth
- Ministry of Health, Government of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Matilu Mwau
- Center for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Busia, Kenya
| | - Junping Yu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongping Wei
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Comparison of Four Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Respiratory Samples from Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7090240. [PMID: 36136651 PMCID: PMC9506173 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7090240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. In Colombia, many commercial methods are now available to perform the RT-qPCR assays, and laboratories must evaluate their diagnostic accuracy to ensure reliable results for patients suspected of being positive for COVID-19. The purpose of this study was to compare four commercial RT-qPCR assays with respect to their ability to detect the SARS-CoV2 virus from nasopharyngeal swab samples referred to Laboratorio Carvajal IPS, SAS in Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia. We utilized 152 respiratory tract samples (Nasopharyngeal Swabs) from patients suspected of having SARS-CoV-2. The diagnostic accuracy of GeneFinderTM COVID-19 Plus RealAmp (In Vitro Diagnostics) (GF-TM), One-Step Real-Time RT-PCR (Vitro Master Diagnostica) (O-S RT-qPCR), and the Berlin modified protocol (BM) were assessed using the gold-standard Berlin protocol (Berlin Charité Probe One-Step RT-qPCR Kit, New England Biolabs) (BR) as a reference. Operational characteristics were estimated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, agreement, and predictive values. Using the gold-standard BR as a reference, the sensitivity/specificity of the diagnostic tests was found to be 100%/92.7% for GF-TM, 92.75%/67.47% for O-S RT-qPCR, and 100%/96.39% for the BM protocol. Using BR as a reference, the sensitivity/specificity for the diagnostic tests were found to be 100%/92.7% for the GF-TM assay, 92.72%/67.47% for the O-S RT-qPCR, and 100%/96.39% for BM. Relative to the BR reference protocol, the GF-TM and BM RT-PCR assays obtained similar results (k = 0.92 and k = 0.96, respectively), whereas the results obtained by O-S-RT-qPCR were only moderately similar. We conclude that the GF-TM and BM protocols offer the best sensitivity and specificity, with similar results in comparison to the gold-standard BR protocol. We recommend evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of the OS-RT-qPCR protocol in future studies with a larger number of samples.
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Ren Y, Cao L, You M, Ji J, Gong Y, Ren H, Xu F, Guo H, Hu J, Li Z. “SMART” digital nucleic acid amplification technologies for lung cancer monitoring from early to advanced stages. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Fernandes RS, de Oliveira Silva J, Gomes KB, Azevedo RB, Townsend DM, de Paula Sabino A, Branco de Barros AL. Recent advances in point of care testing for COVID-19 detection. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113538. [PMID: 36076617 PMCID: PMC9371983 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organizations declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic was a milestone for the scientific community. The high transmission rate and the huge number of deaths, along with the lack of knowledge about the virus and the evolution of the disease, stimulated a relentless search for diagnostic tests, treatments, and vaccines. The main challenges were the differential diagnosis of COVID-19 and the development of specific, rapid, and sensitive tests that could reach all people. RT-PCR remains the gold standard for diagnosing COVID-19. However, new methods, such as other molecular techniques and immunoassays emerged. Also, the need for accessible tests with quick results boosted the development of point of care tests (POCT) that are fast, and automated, with high precision and accuracy. This assay reduces the dependence on laboratory conditions and mass testing of the population, dispersing the pressure regarding screening and detection. This review summarizes the advances in the diagnostic field since the pandemic started, emphasizing various laboratory techniques for detecting COVID-19. We reviewed the main existing diagnostic methods, as well as POCT under development, starting with RT-PCR detection, but also exploring other nucleic acid techniques, such as digital PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based assay (RT-LAMP), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and next-generation sequencing (NGS), and immunoassay tests, and nanoparticle-based biosensors, developed as portable instruments for the rapid standard diagnosis of COVID-19.
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Accurate quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by isotope dilution mass spectrometry and providing a correction of reverse transcription efficiency in droplet digital PCR. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6771-6777. [PMID: 35941317 PMCID: PMC9360635 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 505 million confirmed cases, including over 6 million deaths. Reference materials (RMs) of SARS-CoV-2 RNA played a crucial role in performance evaluation and quality control of testing laboratories. As the potential primary characterization method of RMs, reverse transcription digital PCR (RT-dPCR) measures the copy number of RNA, but the accuracy of reverse transcription (RT) efficiency has yet to be confirmed. This study established a method of enzymatic digestion followed by isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS), which does not require an RT reaction, to quantify in vitro-transcribed SARS-CoV-2 RNA. RNA was digested to nucleotide monophosphate (NMP) within 15 min and analyzed by IDMS within 5 min. The consistency among the results of four different NMPs demonstrated the reliability of the proposed method. Compared to IDMS, the quantitative result of RT-dPCR turned out to be about 10% lower, possibly attributed to the incompleteness of the reverse transcription process. Therefore, the proposed approach could be valuable and reliable for quantifying RNA molecules and evaluating the RT efficiency of RT-based methods.
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37
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Fakhraei R, Erwin E, Alibhai KM, Murphy MSQ, Dingwall-Harvey ALJ, White RR, Dimanlig-Cruz S, LaRose R, Grattan K, Jia JJ, Liu G, Arnold C, Galipeau Y, Shir-Mohammadi K, Alton GD, Dy J, Walker MC, Fell DB, Langlois MA, El-Chaâr D. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among obstetric patients in Ottawa, Canada: a descriptive study. CMAJ Open 2022; 10:E643-E651. [PMID: 35820683 PMCID: PMC9328441 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20210228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited information on the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in obstetric settings in Canada, beyond the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (February to June 2020). We sought to describe the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant people admitted to triage units at a tertiary care hospital in Ottawa, Canada. METHODS We conducted a descriptive study of pregnant people admitted to obstetric triage assessment units at The Ottawa Hospital between Oct. 19 and Nov. 27, 2020 (second local wave of the COVID-19 pandemic). Participants underwent SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (via naso- or oropharyngeal swabs) and serology testing upon admission. We excluded individuals younger than 18 years, those who did not speak English or French, those who enrolled in conflicting studies, those admitted for pregnancy termination and those triaged between 11:31 pm and 7:29 am. Swab and serology samples were analyzed using digital droplet PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. We defined SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity as a positive result for immunoglobulin (Ig) G, either alone or in combination with IgM or IgA. RESULTS Of the 632 eligible patients, 363 (57.4%) consented to participation and 362 collectively provided 284 swab and 352 blood samples eligible for analysis. Common reasons for declining participation included feeling overwhelmed or anxious, being worried about repercussions of testing, pain or discomfort with testing or disinterest in research. Participants were mostly multiparous (53.9%) and in their third trimester upon admission (88.4%). In all, 18 (4.9%) participants had evidence of SARS-CoV-2 exposure; 2 (0.7%) of 284 were positive for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR and 16 (4.5%) of 352 were positive for IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. INTERPRETATION During the second local wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of active SARS-CoV-2 infection among obstetric patients in Ottawa was 0.7% and seroprevalence was 4.5%. Our low participation rate highlights the need for improvements in patient education and public health messaging on the benefits of SARS-CoV-2 testing programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Fakhraei
- OMNI Research Group (Fakhraei, Erwin, Alibhai, Murphy, Dingwall-Harvey, Rennicks White, Dimanlig-Cruz, LaRose, Grattan, Walker, El-Chaâr), Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Fakhraei, Walker, Fell, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute (Fakhraei, Fell); Better Outcomes Registry & Network (Erwin, Dimanlig-Cruz, Alton, Walker); Faculty of Medicine (Alibhai, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Newborn Care (Rennicks White, Walker, El-Chaâr), The Ottawa Hospital; Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (Jia, Liu, Arnold, Galipeau, Shir-Mohammadi, Langlois), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Dy, Walker, El-Chaâr), and International and Global Health Office (Dy, Walker), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Erica Erwin
- OMNI Research Group (Fakhraei, Erwin, Alibhai, Murphy, Dingwall-Harvey, Rennicks White, Dimanlig-Cruz, LaRose, Grattan, Walker, El-Chaâr), Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Fakhraei, Walker, Fell, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute (Fakhraei, Fell); Better Outcomes Registry & Network (Erwin, Dimanlig-Cruz, Alton, Walker); Faculty of Medicine (Alibhai, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Newborn Care (Rennicks White, Walker, El-Chaâr), The Ottawa Hospital; Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (Jia, Liu, Arnold, Galipeau, Shir-Mohammadi, Langlois), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Dy, Walker, El-Chaâr), and International and Global Health Office (Dy, Walker), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Kameela M Alibhai
- OMNI Research Group (Fakhraei, Erwin, Alibhai, Murphy, Dingwall-Harvey, Rennicks White, Dimanlig-Cruz, LaRose, Grattan, Walker, El-Chaâr), Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Fakhraei, Walker, Fell, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute (Fakhraei, Fell); Better Outcomes Registry & Network (Erwin, Dimanlig-Cruz, Alton, Walker); Faculty of Medicine (Alibhai, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Newborn Care (Rennicks White, Walker, El-Chaâr), The Ottawa Hospital; Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (Jia, Liu, Arnold, Galipeau, Shir-Mohammadi, Langlois), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Dy, Walker, El-Chaâr), and International and Global Health Office (Dy, Walker), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Malia S Q Murphy
- OMNI Research Group (Fakhraei, Erwin, Alibhai, Murphy, Dingwall-Harvey, Rennicks White, Dimanlig-Cruz, LaRose, Grattan, Walker, El-Chaâr), Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Fakhraei, Walker, Fell, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute (Fakhraei, Fell); Better Outcomes Registry & Network (Erwin, Dimanlig-Cruz, Alton, Walker); Faculty of Medicine (Alibhai, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Newborn Care (Rennicks White, Walker, El-Chaâr), The Ottawa Hospital; Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (Jia, Liu, Arnold, Galipeau, Shir-Mohammadi, Langlois), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Dy, Walker, El-Chaâr), and International and Global Health Office (Dy, Walker), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Alysha L J Dingwall-Harvey
- OMNI Research Group (Fakhraei, Erwin, Alibhai, Murphy, Dingwall-Harvey, Rennicks White, Dimanlig-Cruz, LaRose, Grattan, Walker, El-Chaâr), Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Fakhraei, Walker, Fell, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute (Fakhraei, Fell); Better Outcomes Registry & Network (Erwin, Dimanlig-Cruz, Alton, Walker); Faculty of Medicine (Alibhai, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Newborn Care (Rennicks White, Walker, El-Chaâr), The Ottawa Hospital; Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (Jia, Liu, Arnold, Galipeau, Shir-Mohammadi, Langlois), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Dy, Walker, El-Chaâr), and International and Global Health Office (Dy, Walker), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Ruth Rennicks White
- OMNI Research Group (Fakhraei, Erwin, Alibhai, Murphy, Dingwall-Harvey, Rennicks White, Dimanlig-Cruz, LaRose, Grattan, Walker, El-Chaâr), Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Fakhraei, Walker, Fell, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute (Fakhraei, Fell); Better Outcomes Registry & Network (Erwin, Dimanlig-Cruz, Alton, Walker); Faculty of Medicine (Alibhai, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Newborn Care (Rennicks White, Walker, El-Chaâr), The Ottawa Hospital; Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (Jia, Liu, Arnold, Galipeau, Shir-Mohammadi, Langlois), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Dy, Walker, El-Chaâr), and International and Global Health Office (Dy, Walker), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Sheryll Dimanlig-Cruz
- OMNI Research Group (Fakhraei, Erwin, Alibhai, Murphy, Dingwall-Harvey, Rennicks White, Dimanlig-Cruz, LaRose, Grattan, Walker, El-Chaâr), Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Fakhraei, Walker, Fell, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute (Fakhraei, Fell); Better Outcomes Registry & Network (Erwin, Dimanlig-Cruz, Alton, Walker); Faculty of Medicine (Alibhai, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Newborn Care (Rennicks White, Walker, El-Chaâr), The Ottawa Hospital; Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (Jia, Liu, Arnold, Galipeau, Shir-Mohammadi, Langlois), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Dy, Walker, El-Chaâr), and International and Global Health Office (Dy, Walker), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Rosemary LaRose
- OMNI Research Group (Fakhraei, Erwin, Alibhai, Murphy, Dingwall-Harvey, Rennicks White, Dimanlig-Cruz, LaRose, Grattan, Walker, El-Chaâr), Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Fakhraei, Walker, Fell, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute (Fakhraei, Fell); Better Outcomes Registry & Network (Erwin, Dimanlig-Cruz, Alton, Walker); Faculty of Medicine (Alibhai, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Newborn Care (Rennicks White, Walker, El-Chaâr), The Ottawa Hospital; Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (Jia, Liu, Arnold, Galipeau, Shir-Mohammadi, Langlois), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Dy, Walker, El-Chaâr), and International and Global Health Office (Dy, Walker), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Kimberly Grattan
- OMNI Research Group (Fakhraei, Erwin, Alibhai, Murphy, Dingwall-Harvey, Rennicks White, Dimanlig-Cruz, LaRose, Grattan, Walker, El-Chaâr), Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Fakhraei, Walker, Fell, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute (Fakhraei, Fell); Better Outcomes Registry & Network (Erwin, Dimanlig-Cruz, Alton, Walker); Faculty of Medicine (Alibhai, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Newborn Care (Rennicks White, Walker, El-Chaâr), The Ottawa Hospital; Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (Jia, Liu, Arnold, Galipeau, Shir-Mohammadi, Langlois), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Dy, Walker, El-Chaâr), and International and Global Health Office (Dy, Walker), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Jian-Jun Jia
- OMNI Research Group (Fakhraei, Erwin, Alibhai, Murphy, Dingwall-Harvey, Rennicks White, Dimanlig-Cruz, LaRose, Grattan, Walker, El-Chaâr), Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Fakhraei, Walker, Fell, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute (Fakhraei, Fell); Better Outcomes Registry & Network (Erwin, Dimanlig-Cruz, Alton, Walker); Faculty of Medicine (Alibhai, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Newborn Care (Rennicks White, Walker, El-Chaâr), The Ottawa Hospital; Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (Jia, Liu, Arnold, Galipeau, Shir-Mohammadi, Langlois), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Dy, Walker, El-Chaâr), and International and Global Health Office (Dy, Walker), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - George Liu
- OMNI Research Group (Fakhraei, Erwin, Alibhai, Murphy, Dingwall-Harvey, Rennicks White, Dimanlig-Cruz, LaRose, Grattan, Walker, El-Chaâr), Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Fakhraei, Walker, Fell, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute (Fakhraei, Fell); Better Outcomes Registry & Network (Erwin, Dimanlig-Cruz, Alton, Walker); Faculty of Medicine (Alibhai, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Newborn Care (Rennicks White, Walker, El-Chaâr), The Ottawa Hospital; Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (Jia, Liu, Arnold, Galipeau, Shir-Mohammadi, Langlois), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Dy, Walker, El-Chaâr), and International and Global Health Office (Dy, Walker), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Corey Arnold
- OMNI Research Group (Fakhraei, Erwin, Alibhai, Murphy, Dingwall-Harvey, Rennicks White, Dimanlig-Cruz, LaRose, Grattan, Walker, El-Chaâr), Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Fakhraei, Walker, Fell, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute (Fakhraei, Fell); Better Outcomes Registry & Network (Erwin, Dimanlig-Cruz, Alton, Walker); Faculty of Medicine (Alibhai, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Newborn Care (Rennicks White, Walker, El-Chaâr), The Ottawa Hospital; Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (Jia, Liu, Arnold, Galipeau, Shir-Mohammadi, Langlois), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Dy, Walker, El-Chaâr), and International and Global Health Office (Dy, Walker), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Yannick Galipeau
- OMNI Research Group (Fakhraei, Erwin, Alibhai, Murphy, Dingwall-Harvey, Rennicks White, Dimanlig-Cruz, LaRose, Grattan, Walker, El-Chaâr), Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Fakhraei, Walker, Fell, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute (Fakhraei, Fell); Better Outcomes Registry & Network (Erwin, Dimanlig-Cruz, Alton, Walker); Faculty of Medicine (Alibhai, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Newborn Care (Rennicks White, Walker, El-Chaâr), The Ottawa Hospital; Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (Jia, Liu, Arnold, Galipeau, Shir-Mohammadi, Langlois), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Dy, Walker, El-Chaâr), and International and Global Health Office (Dy, Walker), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Khatereh Shir-Mohammadi
- OMNI Research Group (Fakhraei, Erwin, Alibhai, Murphy, Dingwall-Harvey, Rennicks White, Dimanlig-Cruz, LaRose, Grattan, Walker, El-Chaâr), Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Fakhraei, Walker, Fell, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute (Fakhraei, Fell); Better Outcomes Registry & Network (Erwin, Dimanlig-Cruz, Alton, Walker); Faculty of Medicine (Alibhai, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Newborn Care (Rennicks White, Walker, El-Chaâr), The Ottawa Hospital; Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (Jia, Liu, Arnold, Galipeau, Shir-Mohammadi, Langlois), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Dy, Walker, El-Chaâr), and International and Global Health Office (Dy, Walker), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Gillian D Alton
- OMNI Research Group (Fakhraei, Erwin, Alibhai, Murphy, Dingwall-Harvey, Rennicks White, Dimanlig-Cruz, LaRose, Grattan, Walker, El-Chaâr), Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Fakhraei, Walker, Fell, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute (Fakhraei, Fell); Better Outcomes Registry & Network (Erwin, Dimanlig-Cruz, Alton, Walker); Faculty of Medicine (Alibhai, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Newborn Care (Rennicks White, Walker, El-Chaâr), The Ottawa Hospital; Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (Jia, Liu, Arnold, Galipeau, Shir-Mohammadi, Langlois), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Dy, Walker, El-Chaâr), and International and Global Health Office (Dy, Walker), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Jessica Dy
- OMNI Research Group (Fakhraei, Erwin, Alibhai, Murphy, Dingwall-Harvey, Rennicks White, Dimanlig-Cruz, LaRose, Grattan, Walker, El-Chaâr), Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Fakhraei, Walker, Fell, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute (Fakhraei, Fell); Better Outcomes Registry & Network (Erwin, Dimanlig-Cruz, Alton, Walker); Faculty of Medicine (Alibhai, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Newborn Care (Rennicks White, Walker, El-Chaâr), The Ottawa Hospital; Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (Jia, Liu, Arnold, Galipeau, Shir-Mohammadi, Langlois), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Dy, Walker, El-Chaâr), and International and Global Health Office (Dy, Walker), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Mark C Walker
- OMNI Research Group (Fakhraei, Erwin, Alibhai, Murphy, Dingwall-Harvey, Rennicks White, Dimanlig-Cruz, LaRose, Grattan, Walker, El-Chaâr), Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Fakhraei, Walker, Fell, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute (Fakhraei, Fell); Better Outcomes Registry & Network (Erwin, Dimanlig-Cruz, Alton, Walker); Faculty of Medicine (Alibhai, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Newborn Care (Rennicks White, Walker, El-Chaâr), The Ottawa Hospital; Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (Jia, Liu, Arnold, Galipeau, Shir-Mohammadi, Langlois), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Dy, Walker, El-Chaâr), and International and Global Health Office (Dy, Walker), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Deshayne B Fell
- OMNI Research Group (Fakhraei, Erwin, Alibhai, Murphy, Dingwall-Harvey, Rennicks White, Dimanlig-Cruz, LaRose, Grattan, Walker, El-Chaâr), Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Fakhraei, Walker, Fell, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute (Fakhraei, Fell); Better Outcomes Registry & Network (Erwin, Dimanlig-Cruz, Alton, Walker); Faculty of Medicine (Alibhai, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Newborn Care (Rennicks White, Walker, El-Chaâr), The Ottawa Hospital; Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (Jia, Liu, Arnold, Galipeau, Shir-Mohammadi, Langlois), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Dy, Walker, El-Chaâr), and International and Global Health Office (Dy, Walker), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Marc-André Langlois
- OMNI Research Group (Fakhraei, Erwin, Alibhai, Murphy, Dingwall-Harvey, Rennicks White, Dimanlig-Cruz, LaRose, Grattan, Walker, El-Chaâr), Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Fakhraei, Walker, Fell, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute (Fakhraei, Fell); Better Outcomes Registry & Network (Erwin, Dimanlig-Cruz, Alton, Walker); Faculty of Medicine (Alibhai, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Newborn Care (Rennicks White, Walker, El-Chaâr), The Ottawa Hospital; Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (Jia, Liu, Arnold, Galipeau, Shir-Mohammadi, Langlois), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Dy, Walker, El-Chaâr), and International and Global Health Office (Dy, Walker), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Darine El-Chaâr
- OMNI Research Group (Fakhraei, Erwin, Alibhai, Murphy, Dingwall-Harvey, Rennicks White, Dimanlig-Cruz, LaRose, Grattan, Walker, El-Chaâr), Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Fakhraei, Walker, Fell, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute (Fakhraei, Fell); Better Outcomes Registry & Network (Erwin, Dimanlig-Cruz, Alton, Walker); Faculty of Medicine (Alibhai, El-Chaâr), University of Ottawa; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Newborn Care (Rennicks White, Walker, El-Chaâr), The Ottawa Hospital; Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (Jia, Liu, Arnold, Galipeau, Shir-Mohammadi, Langlois), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Dy, Walker, El-Chaâr), and International and Global Health Office (Dy, Walker), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.
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Castellanos M, Somoza Á. Emerging clinically tested detection methods for COVID‐19. FEBS J 2022. [PMID: 35490403 PMCID: PMC9348311 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rotondo JC, Martini F, Maritati M, Caselli E, Gallenga CE, Guarino M, De Giorgio R, Mazziotta C, Tramarin ML, Badiale G, Tognon M, Contini C. Advanced Molecular and Immunological Diagnostic Methods to Detect SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1193. [PMID: 35744711 PMCID: PMC9231257 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 emerged in late 2019 in China and quickly spread across the globe, causing over 521 million cases of infection and 6.26 million deaths to date. After 2 years, numerous advances have been made. First of all, the preventive vaccine, which has been implemented in record time, is effective in more than 95% of cases. Additionally, in the diagnostic field, there are numerous molecular and antigenic diagnostic kits that are equipped with high sensitivity and specificity. Real Time-PCR-based assays for the detection of viral RNA are currently considered the gold-standard method for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and can be used efficiently on pooled nasopharyngeal, or oropharyngeal samples for widespread screening. Moreover, additional, and more advanced molecular methods such as droplet-digital PCR (ddPCR), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS), are currently under development to detect the SARS-CoV-2 RNA. However, as the number of subjects infected with SARS-CoV-2 continuously increases globally, health care systems are being placed under increased stress. Thus, the clinical laboratory plays an important role, helping to select especially asymptomatic individuals who are actively carrying the live replicating virus, with fast and non-invasive molecular technologies. Recent diagnostic strategies, other than molecular methods, have been adopted to either detect viral antigens, i.e., antigen-based immunoassays, or human anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, i.e., antibody-based immunoassays, in nasal or oropharyngeal swabs, as well as in blood or saliva samples. However, the role of mucosal sIgAs, which are essential in the control of viruses entering the body through mucosal surfaces, remains to be elucidated, and in particular the role of the immune response in counteracting SARS-CoV-2 infection, primarily at the site(s) of virus entry that appears to be promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Charles Rotondo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Maritati
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
- Orthopaedic Ward, Casa di Cura Santa Maria Maddalena, 45030 Occhiobello, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Caselli
- Section of Microbiology, CIAS Research Center and LTTA, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Carla Enrica Gallenga
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Matteo Guarino
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (M.G.); (R.D.G.)
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (M.G.); (R.D.G.)
| | - Chiara Mazziotta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Tramarin
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Giada Badiale
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Carlo Contini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
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Layton BA, Kaya D, Kelly C, Williamson KJ, Alegre D, Bachhuber SM, Banwarth PG, Bethel JW, Carter K, Dalziel BD, Dasenko M, Geniza M, George A, Girard AM, Haggerty R, Higley KA, Hynes DM, Lubchenco J, McLaughlin KR, Nieto FJ, Noakes A, Peterson M, Piemonti AD, Sanders JL, Tyler BM, Radniecki TS. Evaluation of a Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Approach to Estimate the Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infections and the Detection of Viral Variants in Disparate Oregon Communities at City and Neighborhood Scales. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:67010. [PMID: 35767012 PMCID: PMC9241984 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive correlations have been reported between wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations and a community's burden of infection, disease or both. However, previous studies mostly compared wastewater to clinical case counts or nonrepresentative convenience samples, limiting their quantitative potential. OBJECTIVES This study examined whether wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations could provide better estimations for SARS-CoV-2 community prevalence than reported cases of COVID-19. In addition, this study tested whether wastewater-based epidemiology methods could identify neighborhood-level COVID-19 hotspots and SARS-CoV-2 variants. METHODS Community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence was estimated from eight randomized door-to-door nasal swab sampling events in six Oregon communities of disparate size, location, and demography over a 10-month period. Simultaneously, wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations were quantified at each community's wastewater treatment plant and from 22 Newport, Oregon, neighborhoods. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was sequenced from all positive wastewater and nasal swab samples. Clinically reported case counts were obtained from the Oregon Health Authority. RESULTS Estimated community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence ranged from 8 to 1,687/10,000 persons. Community wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations ranged from 2.9 to 5.1 log 10 gene copies per liter. Wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations were more highly correlated (Pearson's r = 0.96 ; R 2 = 0.91 ) with community prevalence than were clinically reported cases of COVID-19 (Pearson's r = 0.85 ; R 2 = 0.73 ). Monte Carlo simulations indicated that wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations were significantly better than clinically reported cases at estimating prevalence (p < 0.05 ). In addition, wastewater analyses determined neighborhood-level COVID-19 hot spots and identified SARS-CoV-2 variants (B.1 and B.1.399) at the neighborhood and city scales. DISCUSSION The greater reliability of wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations over clinically reported case counts was likely due to systematic biases that affect reported case counts, including variations in access to testing and underreporting of asymptomatic cases. With these advantages, combined with scalability and low costs, wastewater-based epidemiology can be a key component in public health surveillance of COVID-19 and other communicable infections. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10289.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blythe A. Layton
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Research and Innovation, Clean Water Services, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
| | - Devrim Kaya
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Christine Kelly
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Dana Alegre
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey W. Bethel
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Katherine Carter
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Dalziel
- Department of Integrative Biology, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Mathematics, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Mark Dasenko
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthew Geniza
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Andrea George
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Research and Innovation, Clean Water Services, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
| | | | | | - Kathryn A. Higley
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Denise M. Hynes
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Portland, Oregon, USA
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jane Lubchenco
- Department of Integrative Biology, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | - F. Javier Nieto
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Matthew Peterson
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Adriana D. Piemonti
- Department of Research and Innovation, Clean Water Services, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Brett M. Tyler
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Departmehnt of Botany and Plant Pathology, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Tyler S. Radniecki
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Lin C, Wang Y, Huang Z, Guo Y, Wu W. Low Cost Three-Dimensional Programmed Mini-Pump Used in PCR. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13050772. [PMID: 35630239 PMCID: PMC9143699 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Programmed mini-pumps play a significant role in various fields, such as chemistry, biology, and medicine, to transport a measured volume of liquid, especially in the current detection of (COVID-19) with PCR. In view of the cost of the current automatic pipetting pump being higher, which is difficult to use in a regular lab, this paper designed and assembled a three-dimensional programmed mini-pump with the common parts and components, such as PLC controller, motor, microinjector, etc. With the weighting calibration before and after pipetting operation, the error of the pipette in 10 μL (0.2%), 2 μL (1.8%), and 1 μL (5.6%) can be obtained. Besides, the contrast test between three-dimensional programmed mini-pump and manual pipette was conducted with the ORF1ab and pGEM-3Zf (+) genes in qPCR. The results proved that the custom-made three-dimensional programmed mini-pump has a stronger reproducibility compared with manual pipette (ORF1ab: 24.06 ± 0.33 vs. 23.50 ± 0.58, p = 0.1014; pGEM-3Zf (+): 11.83.06 ± 0.24 vs. 11.50 ± 0.34, p = 0.8779). These results can lay the foundation for the functional, fast, and low-cost programmed mini-pump in PCR or other applications for trace measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiong Lin
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Electronic Instruments and Polymer Material Products, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China; (C.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.H.); (Y.G.)
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yaocheng Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Electronic Instruments and Polymer Material Products, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China; (C.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.H.); (Y.G.)
| | - Zhengyu Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Electronic Instruments and Polymer Material Products, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China; (C.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.H.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yu Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Electronic Instruments and Polymer Material Products, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China; (C.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.H.); (Y.G.)
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenming Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Electronic Instruments and Polymer Material Products, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China; (C.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.H.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Application of digital PCR to determine the reliability of Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 assay with envelope (E) gene negative & nucleocapsid (N2) gene positive results. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 103:115726. [PMID: 35691105 PMCID: PMC9119709 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2022.115726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study used digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) to determine whether envelope (E) gene-negative and nucleocapsid (N2) gene-positive (E-N+) results obtained with the Cepheid Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 assay are reliable. Using droplet digital PCR results as a reference, 18 of 22 E-N+ samples with a low viral load (81.8%) were identified as true positives.
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Du Z, Zhu L, Xu W. Visualization of copper nanoclusters for SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant detection based on rational primers design. Talanta 2022; 241:123266. [PMID: 35093776 PMCID: PMC8786405 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, based on the design of rational primers and copper nanoclusters (CuNCs), we present a method for the accurate detection of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, which is capable of distinguishing the Delta variant with its single nucleotide polymorphism from the 'wild type' coronavirus (NC_045512.2), and realizing visualization signal out. Specifically, we show that dual priming oligonucleotide (DPO) primers and AT primers can be used to distinguish between wild types and mutations of this virus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and that visualization can be achieved via the red fluorescence of CuNCs in ultraviolet radiation. Among the results, it was found that the R-1-down (DPO)-6I and F-1-30 AT, with the single nucleotide deletion site designed at the 3' end of the downstream primer, showed the best specificity towards the Delta variant. Moreover, the use of AT primers increased the AT contents of the PCR products, thus meeting the template requirements generated by the CuNCs. It was also found that the AT primers could assist with improving detection specificity. Finally, we demonstrate that the visualization of the CuNCs-based detection assay exhibited a linear relationship in 0.5 pg μL-1-50 ng μL-1, with a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.5 pg μL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaihui Du
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety) (MOA), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Longjiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health (Institute of Nutrition and Health), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety) (MOA), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China,Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health (Institute of Nutrition and Health), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China,Corresponding author. College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Rando HM, Brueffer C, Lordan R, Dattoli AA, Manheim D, Meyer JG, Mundo AI, Perrin D, Mai D, Wellhausen N, Gitter A, Greene CS. Molecular and Serologic Diagnostic Technologies for SARS-CoV-2. ARXIV 2022:arXiv:2204.12598v2. [PMID: 35547240 PMCID: PMC9094103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has presented many challenges that have spurred biotechnological research to address specific problems. Diagnostics is one area where biotechnology has been critical. Diagnostic tests play a vital role in managing a viral threat by facilitating the detection of infected and/or recovered individuals. From the perspective of what information is provided, these tests fall into two major categories, molecular and serological. Molecular diagnostic techniques assay whether a virus is present in a biological sample, thus making it possible to identify individuals who are currently infected. Additionally, when the immune system is exposed to a virus, it responds by producing antibodies specific to the virus. Serological tests make it possible to identify individuals who have mounted an immune response to a virus of interest and therefore facilitate the identification of individuals who have previously encountered the virus. These two categories of tests provide different perspectives valuable to understanding the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Within these categories, different biotechnological approaches offer specific advantages and disadvantages. Here we review the categories of tests developed for the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus or antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and discuss the role of diagnostics in the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halie M Rando
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America; Center for Health AI, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America · Funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF 4552); the National Human Genome Research Institute (R01 HG010067)
| | | | - Ronan Lordan
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5158, USA; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anna Ada Dattoli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Manheim
- 1DaySooner, Delaware, United States of America; Risk and Health Communication Research Center, School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel · Funded by Center for Effective Altruism, Long Term Future Fund
| | - Jesse G Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America · Funded by National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35 GM142502)
| | - Ariel I Mundo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Dimitri Perrin
- School of Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Data Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Mai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nils Wellhausen
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anthony Gitter
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America · Funded by John W. and Jeanne M. Rowe Center for Research in Virology
| | - Casey S Greene
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Childhood Cancer Data Lab, Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America; Center for Health AI, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America · Funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF 4552); the National Human Genome Research Institute (R01 HG010067)
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Wang X, Hong XZ, Li YW, Li Y, Wang J, Chen P, Liu BF. Microfluidics-based strategies for molecular diagnostics of infectious diseases. Mil Med Res 2022; 9:11. [PMID: 35300739 PMCID: PMC8930194 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-022-00374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional diagnostic strategies for infectious disease detection require benchtop instruments that are inappropriate for point-of-care testing (POCT). Emerging microfluidics, a highly miniaturized, automatic, and integrated technology, are a potential substitute for traditional methods in performing rapid, low-cost, accurate, and on-site diagnoses. Molecular diagnostics are widely used in microfluidic devices as the most effective approaches for pathogen detection. This review summarizes the latest advances in microfluidics-based molecular diagnostics for infectious diseases from academic perspectives and industrial outlooks. First, we introduce the typical on-chip nucleic acid processes, including sample preprocessing, amplification, and signal read-out. Then, four categories of microfluidic platforms are compared with respect to features, merits, and demerits. We further discuss application of the digital assay in absolute nucleic acid quantification. Both the classic and recent microfluidics-based commercial molecular diagnostic devices are summarized as proof of the current market status. Finally, we propose future directions for microfluidics-based infectious disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Xian-Zhe Hong
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Yi-Wei Li
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
| | - Peng Chen
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Bi-Feng Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
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Dhar BC. Diagnostic assay and technology advancement for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections causing the COVID-19 pandemic. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2903-2934. [PMID: 35211785 PMCID: PMC8872642 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03918-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-caused COVID-19 pandemic has transmitted to humans in practically all parts of the world, producing socio-economic turmoil. There is an urgent need for precise, fast, and affordable diagnostic testing to be widely available for detecting SARS-CoV-2 and its mutations in various phases of the disease. Early diagnosis with great precision has been achieved using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and similar other molecular methods, but theseapproaches are costly and involve rigorous processes that are not easily obtainable. Conversely, immunoassays that detect a small number of antibodies have been employed for quick, low-cost tests, but their efficiency in diagnosing infected people has been restricted. The use of biosensors in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 is vital for the COVID-19 pandemic’s control. This review gives an overview of COVID-19 diagnostic approaches that are currently being developed as well as nanomaterial-based biosensor technologies, to aid future technological advancement and innovation. These approaches can be integrated into point-of-care (POC) devices to quickly identify a large number of infected patients and asymptomatic carriers. The ongoing research endeavors and developments in complementary technologies will play a significant role in curbing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and fill the knowledge gaps in current diagnostic accuracy and capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidhan C Dhar
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), 205 S Columbia St, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
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Conte M, Feltracco M, Chirizzi D, Trabucco S, Dinoi A, Gregoris E, Barbaro E, La Bella G, Ciccarese G, Belosi F, La Salandra G, Gambaro A, Contini D. Airborne concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor community environments in Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:13905-13916. [PMID: 34599449 PMCID: PMC8486635 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16737-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic raised a debate regarding the role of airborne transmission. Information regarding virus-laden aerosol concentrations is still scarce in community indoors and what are the risks for general public and the efficiency of restriction policies. This work investigates, for the first time in Italy, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in air samples collected in different community indoors (one train station, two food markets, one canteen, one shopping centre, one hair salon, and one pharmacy) in three Italian cities: metropolitan city of Venice (NE of Italy), Bologna (central Italy), and Lecce (SE of Italy). Air samples were collected during the maximum spread of the second wave of pandemic in Italy (November and December 2020). All collected samples tested negative for the presence of SARS-CoV-2, using both real-time RT-PCR and ddPCR, and no significant differences were observed comparing samples taken with and without customers. Modelling average concentrations, using influx of customers' data and local epidemiological information, indicated low values (i.e. < 0.8 copies m-3 when cotton facemasks are used and even lower for surgical facemasks). The results, even if with some limitations, suggest that the restrictive policies enforced could effectively reduce the risk of airborne transmissions in the community indoor investigated, providing that physical distance is respected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Conte
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC-CNR), Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, Lecce, Italy
| | - Matteo Feltracco
- Istituto di Scienze Polari (ISP-CNR), Via Torino (Mestre), 155, Venice, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia, Via Torino (Mestre), 155, Venezia, Italy
| | - Daniela Chirizzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata (IZSPB), Via Manfredonia, 20, Foggia, Italy
| | - Sara Trabucco
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC-CNR), Via Gobetti, 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - Adelaide Dinoi
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC-CNR), Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, Lecce, Italy
| | - Elena Gregoris
- Istituto di Scienze Polari (ISP-CNR), Via Torino (Mestre), 155, Venice, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia, Via Torino (Mestre), 155, Venezia, Italy
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Istituto di Scienze Polari (ISP-CNR), Via Torino (Mestre), 155, Venice, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia, Via Torino (Mestre), 155, Venezia, Italy
| | - Gianfranco La Bella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata (IZSPB), Via Manfredonia, 20, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Ciccarese
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata (IZSPB), Via Manfredonia, 20, Foggia, Italy
| | - Franco Belosi
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC-CNR), Via Gobetti, 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna La Salandra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata (IZSPB), Via Manfredonia, 20, Foggia, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia, Via Torino (Mestre), 155, Venezia, Italy
| | - Daniele Contini
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC-CNR), Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, Lecce, Italy.
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Yoo HB, Park SR, Hong KS, Yang I. Precise RNA Quantification by Counting Individual RNA Molecules Using High-Sensitivity Capillary Flow Cytometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1752-1759. [PMID: 35026944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Precise determination of ribonucleic acid (RNA) concentration without the need for calibration was pursued by sequence-specific counting of individual RNA molecules. This approach eliminates the reverse transcription (RT) step required for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based quantification, which may hamper accurate measurements owing to uncertain yields of RT reactions. Target RNAs were tagged with a number of fluorescent oligonucleotide probes with complementary sequences. Tagged RNAs were exhaustively counted one by one using a high-sensitivity capillary-based flow cytometric setup. MS2 viral RNA was quantified as a model RNA for which essential parameters, including probe numbers, probe concentration, and hybridization conditions, were optimized for the best performance. Using 70 oligonucleotide probes, MS2 RNA was quantified with 2.0% relative standard deviation, and its validity was assessed by comparison with other RNA quantification methods such as droplet digital PCR and UV spectrophotometry. The observed comparability indicated that the proposed method is unlikely to have a substantial bias. It works for a substantially lower-level RNA than UV and avoids the potential variability in the yield of the RT reaction of RT-qPCR. Therefore, the proposed method could be a valuable addition to current methods and could be further developed as a standard reference method for RNA quantification.
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Anand U, Li X, Sunita K, Lokhandwala S, Gautam P, Suresh S, Sarma H, Vellingiri B, Dey A, Bontempi E, Jiang G. SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens in municipal wastewater, landfill leachate, and solid waste: A review about virus surveillance, infectivity, and inactivation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111839. [PMID: 34358502 PMCID: PMC8332740 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the techniques available for detecting and inactivating of pathogens in municipal wastewater, landfill leachate, and solid waste. In view of the current COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 is being given special attention, with a thorough examination of all possible transmission pathways linked to the selected waste matrices. Despite the lack of works focused on landfill leachate, a systematic review method, based on cluster analysis, allows to analyze the available papers devoted to sewage sludge and wastewater, allowing to focalize the work on technologies able to detect and treat pathogens. In this work, great attention is also devoted to infectivity and transmission mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the literature analysis shows that sewage sludge and landfill leachate seem to have a remote chance to act as a virus transmission route (pollution-to-human transmission) due to improper collection and treatment of municipal wastewater and solid waste. However due to the incertitude about virus infectivity, these possibilities cannot be excluded and need further investigation. As a conclusion, this paper shows that additional research is required not only on the coronavirus-specific disinfection, but also the regular surveillance or monitoring of viral loads in sewage sludge, wastewater, and landfill leachate. The disinfection strategies need to be optimized in terms of dosage and potential adverse impacts like antimicrobial resistance, among many other factors. Finally, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogenic microorganisms in sewage sludge, wastewater, and landfill leachate can hamper the possibility to ensure safe water and public health in economically marginalized countries and hinder the realization of the United Nations' sustainable development goals (SDGs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Xuan Li
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Kumari Sunita
- Department of Botany, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273009, India
| | - Snehal Lokhandwala
- Department of Environmental Science & Technology, Shroff S.R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology, UPL University of Sustainable Technology, Ankleshwar, Gujarat, 393135, India
| | - Pratibha Gautam
- Department of Environmental Science & Technology, Shroff S.R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology, UPL University of Sustainable Technology, Ankleshwar, Gujarat, 393135, India
| | - S Suresh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, 462 003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hemen Sarma
- Department of Botany, Nanda Nath Saikia College, Dhodar Ali, Titabar, 785630, Assam, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641-046, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Guangming Jiang
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
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Chen Y, Huang S, Zhou L, Wang X, Yang H, Li W. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emerging detection technologies and auxiliary analysis. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24152. [PMID: 34894011 PMCID: PMC8761422 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic constitutes a new challenge for public health. Prevention and control of infection have become urgent and serious issues. To meet the clinical demand for higher accuracy of COVID-19 detection, the development of fast and efficient methods represents an important step. The most common methods of COVID-19 diagnosis, relying on real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR), computed tomography, and new-generation sequencing technologies, have a series of advantages, especially for early diagnosis and screening. In addition, joint efforts of researchers all over the world have led to the development of other rapid detection methods with high sensitivity, ease of use, cost-effectiveness, or allowing multiplex analysis based on technologies such as dPCR, ELISA, fluorescence immunochromatography assay, and the microfluidic detection chip method. The main goal of this review was to provide a critical discussion on the development and application of these different analytical methods, which based on etiology, serology, and molecular biology, as well as to compare their respective advantages and disadvantages. In addition to these methods, hematology and biochemistry, as well as auxiliary analysis based on pathological anatomy, ultrasonography, and cytokine detection, will help understand COVID-19 pathogenesis. Together, these technologies may promote and open new windows to unravel issues surrounding symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 infections and improve clinical strategies toward reducing mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shengxiong Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Liuyan Zhou
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Centralized and Point of Care Solutions & Molecular Diagnostics, Roche Diagnostics (Shanghai) Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Yang
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wenqing Li
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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