1
|
Wiggans M, Zhu SJ, Molinaro AM, Pearson BJ. The BAF chromatin remodeling complex licenses planarian stem cells access to ectodermal and mesodermal cell fates. BMC Biol 2023; 21:227. [PMID: 37864247 PMCID: PMC10589948 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The flatworm planarian, Schmidtea mediterranea, has a large population of adult stem cells (ASCs) that replace any cell type during tissue turnover or regeneration. How planarian ASCs (called neoblasts) manage self-renewal with the ability to produce daughter cells of different cell lineages (multipotency) is not well understood. Chromatin remodeling complexes ultimately control access to DNA regions of chromosomes and together with specific transcription factors determine whether a gene is transcribed in a given cell type. Previous work in planarians determined that RNAi of core components of the BAF chromatin remodeling complex, brg1 and smarcc2, caused increased ASCs and failed regeneration, but how these cellular defects arise at the level of gene regulation in neoblasts is unknown. RESULTS Here, we perform ATAC and RNA sequencing on purified neoblasts, deficient for the BAF complex subunits brg-1 and smarcc2. The data demonstrate that the BAF complex promotes chromatin accessibility and facilitates transcription at target loci, as in other systems. Interestingly, we find that the BAF complex enables access to genes known to be required for the generation of mesoderm- and ectoderm-derived lineages, including muscle, parenchymal cathepsin, neural, and epithelial lineages. BAF complex knockdowns result in disrupted differentiation into these cell lineages and functional consequences on planarian regeneration and tissue turnover. Notably, we did not detect a role for the BAF complex in neoblasts making endodermal lineages. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides functional insights into how the BAF complex contributes to cell fate decisions in planarian ASCs in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Wiggans
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON, M5G0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Shu Jun Zhu
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON, M5G0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Alyssa M Molinaro
- Present address: Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Bret J Pearson
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON, M5G0A4, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada.
- Present address: Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Akheralie Z, Scidmore TJ, Pearson BJ. aristaless-like homeobox-3 is wound induced and promotes a low-Wnt environment required for planarian head regeneration. Development 2023; 150:dev201777. [PMID: 37681295 PMCID: PMC10560571 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The planarian Schmidtea mediterranea is a well-established model of adult regeneration, which is dependent on a large population of adult stem cells called neoblasts. Upon amputation, planarians undergo transcriptional wounding programs and coordinated stem cell proliferation to give rise to missing tissues. Interestingly, the Wnt signaling pathway is key to guiding what tissues are regenerated, yet less known are the transcriptional regulators that ensure proper activation and timing of signaling pathway components. Here, we have identified an aristaless-like homeobox transcription factor, alx-3, that is enriched in a population of putative neural-fated progenitor cells at homeostasis, and is also upregulated in stem cells and muscle cells at anterior-facing wounds upon amputation. Knockdown of alx-3 results in failure of head regeneration and patterning defects in amputated tail fragments. alx-3 is required for the expression of several early wound-induced genes, including the Wnt inhibitor notum, which is required to establish anterior polarity during regeneration. Together, these findings reveal a role for alx-3 as an early wound-response transcriptional regulator in both muscle cells and stem cells that is required for anterior regeneration by promoting a low-Wnt environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaleena Akheralie
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Tanner J. Scidmore
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Bret J. Pearson
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jones S, Matos B, Dennison S, Fardilha M, Howl J. Stem Cell Bioengineering with Bioportides: Inhibition of Planarian Head Regeneration with Peptide Mimetics of Eyes Absent Proteins. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2018. [PMID: 37631231 PMCID: PMC10458859 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Djeya1 (RKLAFRYRRIKELYNSYR) is a very effective cell penetrating peptide (CPP) that mimics the α5 helix of the highly conserved Eya domain (ED) of eyes absent (Eya) proteins. The objective of this study was to bioengineer analogues of Djeya1 that, following effective translocation into planarian tissues, would reduce the ability of neoblasts (totipotent stem cells) and their progeny to regenerate the anterior pole in decapitated S. mediterranea. As a strategy to increase the propensity for helix formation, molecular bioengineering of Djeya1 was achieved by the mono-substitution of the helicogenic aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) at three species-variable sites: 10, 13, and 16. CD analyses indicated that Djeya1 is highly helical, and that Aib-substitution had subtle influences upon the secondary structures of bioengineered analogues. Aib-substituted Djeya1 analogues are highly efficient CPPs, devoid of influence upon cell viability or proliferation. All three peptides increase the migration of PC-3 cells, a prostate cancer line that expresses high concentrations of Eya. Two peptides, [Aib13]Djeya1 and [Aib16]Djeya1, are bioportides which delay planarian head regeneration. As neoblasts are the only cell population capable of division in planaria, these data indicate that bioportide technologies could be utilised to directly manipulate other stem cells in situ, thus negating any requirement for genetic manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jones
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science & Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK;
| | - Bárbara Matos
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (B.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Sarah Dennison
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK;
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (B.M.); (M.F.)
| | - John Howl
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science & Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhen H, Huang M, Zheng M, Gao L, Guo Z, Pang Q, Jin G, Zhou Z. WTAP regulates stem cells via TRAF6 to maintain planarian homeostasis and regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:124932. [PMID: 37268082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
WTAP, a highly conserved Wilms' tumor 1 interacting protein, is involved in a variety of biological processes. However, functional studies of WTAP in planarians have not been reported. In this study, we examined the spatiotemporal expression pattern of planarian DjWTAP and investigated its functions in planarians regeneration and homeostasis. Knocking-down DjWTAP resulted in severe morphological defects leading to lethality within 20 days. Silencing DjWTAP promoted the proliferation of PiwiA+ cells but impaired the lineage differentiation of epidermal, neural, digestive, and excretory cell types, suggesting a critical role for DjWTAP in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation in planarian. To further investigate the mechanisms underlying the defective differentiation, RNA-seq was employed to determine the transcriptomic alterations upon DjWTAP RNA interference. Histone 4 (H4), Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase-SETMAR like, and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), were significantly upregulated in response to DjWTAP RNAi. Knocking-down TRAF6 largely rescued the defective tissue homeostasis and regeneration resulted from DjWTAP knockdown in planarians, suggesting that DjWTAP maintains planarian regeneration and homeostasis via TRAF6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhen
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mujie Huang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Gao
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Zepeng Guo
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuxiang Pang
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.
| | - Guoxiang Jin
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - Zhongjun Zhou
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Reproductive Medicine Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, CHINA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cervera J, Manzanares JA, Levin M, Mafe S. Transplantation of fragments from different planaria: A bioelectrical model for head regeneration. J Theor Biol 2023; 558:111356. [PMID: 36403806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Head-tail planaria morphologies are influenced by the electric potential differences across the animal's primary axis, as evidenced e.g. by voltage-sensitive dyes and functional experiments that create permanent lines of 2-headed but genetically wild-type animals. However, bioelectrical and biochemical models that make predictions on what would happen in the case of spatial chimeras made by tissue transplantation from different planaria (different species and head shapes) are lacking. Here, we use a bioelectrical model to qualitatively describe the effects of tissue transplantation on the shape of the regenerated head. To this end, we assume that the cells may have distinct sets of ion channels and ascribe the system outcome to the axial distributions of average cell potentials over morphologically relevant regions. Our rationale is that the distributions of signaling ions and molecules are spatially coupled with multicellular electric potentials. Thus, long-time downstream transcriptional events should be triggered by short-time bioelectrical processes. We show that relatively small differences between the ion channel characteristics of the cells could eventually give noticeable changes in the electric potential profiles and the expected morphological deviations, which suggests that small but timely bioelectrical actions may have significant morphological effects. Our approach is based on the observed relationships between bioelectrical regionalization and biochemical gradients in body-plan studies. Such models are relevant to regenerative, developmental, and cancer biology in which cells with distinct properties and morphogenetic target states confront each other in the same tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cervera
- Dept. Termodinàmica, Facultat de Física, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - José A Manzanares
- Dept. Termodinàmica, Facultat de Física, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Michael Levin
- Dept. of Biology and Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155-4243, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Salvador Mafe
- Dept. Termodinàmica, Facultat de Física, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu X, Sun Y, Wang S, Zhang S, Tian Q. Actin restricts cell proliferation and promotes differentiation during planarian regeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 640:150-156. [PMID: 36508928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Actin is an integral component of the cytoskeleton, which plays an important role in various fundamental cellular processes, such as affecting the polarity of embryonic cells during embryonic development in various model organisms. Meanwhile, previous studies have demonstrated that the polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton can affect cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Actin polymerization state regulated osteogenic differentiation and affected cell proliferation. However, the function of actin in regenerative biology has not been thoroughly elucidated. The planarian flatworm, which contains a large number of adult somatic stem cells (neoblasts), is an ideal model organism to study regenerative biology. Here, we identified a homolog of actin in planarian Dugesia japonica and found that RNAi targeting actin during planarian regeneration results in the formation of protrusions on the dorsal side, where the division of phospho-H3 mitotic cells is increased. In addition, a decrease in differentiation is observed in regenerating tissues after Djactin RNAi. These results indicate that Djactin functions in proliferation and differentiation control in planarian regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomai Liu
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yujia Sun
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shaocong Wang
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shoutao Zhang
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Qingnan Tian
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jaenen V, Bijnens K, Heleven M, Artois T, Smeets K. Live Imaging in Planarians: Immobilization and Real-Time Visualization of Reactive Oxygen Species. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2680:209-229. [PMID: 37428380 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3275-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Imaging of living animals allows the study of metabolic processes in relation to cellular structures or larger functional entities. To enable in vivo imaging during long-term time-lapses in planarians, we combined and optimized existing protocols, resulting in an easily reproducible and inexpensive procedure. Immobilization with low-melting-point agarose eliminates the use of anesthetics, avoids interfering with the animal during imaging-functionally or physically-and allows recovering the organisms after the imaging procedure. As an example, we used the immobilization workflow to image the highly dynamic and fast-changing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in living animals. These reactive signaling molecules can only be studied in vivo and mapping their location and dynamics during different physiological conditions is crucial to understand their role in developmental processes and regeneration. In the current protocol, we describe both the immobilization and ROS detection procedure. We used the intensity of the signals together with pharmacological inhibitors to validate the signal specificity and to distinguish it from the autofluorescent nature of the planarian.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Jaenen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Karolien Bijnens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Martijn Heleven
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tom Artois
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Karen Smeets
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Maciel EI, Valle Arevalo A, Nobile CJ, Oviedo NJ. A Planarian Model System to Study Host-Pathogen Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2680:231-244. [PMID: 37428381 PMCID: PMC10599129 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3275-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
This protocol is focused on using the recently established planarian infection model system to study host-pathogen interactions during fungal infection. Here, we describe in detail the infection of the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea with the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. This simple and reproducible model system allows for rapid visualization of tissue damage throughout different infection timepoints. We note that this model system has been optimized for use with C. albicans, but should also be applicable for use with other pathogens of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eli Isael Maciel
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Ashley Valle Arevalo
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Clarissa J Nobile
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA, USA.
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA.
| | - Néstor J Oviedo
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA, USA.
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ortmeier C, Gentile L. Live Immunostaining and Flow Cytometry of Schmidtea Mediterranea Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2680:189-207. [PMID: 37428379 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3275-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of flow cytometry and fluorescence-activated cell sorting to roughly separate subpopulations of cells in Schmidtea mediterranea is long established. In this chapter, we describe a method for the immunostaining-either single or double-of live planarian cells, using mouse monoclonal antibodies reactive against S. mediterranea plasma membrane antigens. This protocol allows to sort live cells according to their membrane signature, offering the possibility to further characterize the cell populations in S. mediterranea in a variety of downstream applications, like transcriptomics and cell transplantation, also at the single-cell level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ortmeier
- Planarian Stem Cell Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Luca Gentile
- Planarian Stem Cell Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.
- Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
- Pluripotency and Regeneration Laboratory, Dept. Animal Physiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sex-inducing effects toward planarians widely present among parasitic flatworms. iScience 2022; 26:105776. [PMID: 36594009 PMCID: PMC9804148 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various parasitic flatworms infect vertebrates for sexual reproduction, often causing devastating diseases in their hosts. Consequently, flatworms are of great socioeconomic and biomedical importance. Although the cessation of parasitic flatworm sexual reproduction is a major target of anti-parasitic drug design, little is known regarding bioactive compounds controlling flatworm sexual maturation. Using the planarian Dugesia ryukyuensis, we observed that sex-inducing substances found in planarians are also widespread in parasitic flatworms, such as monogeneans and flukes (but not in tapeworms). Reverse-phase HPLC analysis revealed the sex-inducing substance(s) eluting around the tryptophan retention time in the fluke Calicophoron calicophorum, consistent with previous studies on the planarian Bipalium nobile, suggesting that the substance(s) is likely conserved among flatworms. Moreover, six of the 18 ovary-inducing substances identified via transcriptome and metabolome analyses are involved in purine metabolism. Our findings provide a basis for understanding and modifying the life cycles of various parasitic flatworms.
Collapse
|
11
|
Domínguez MF, Costábile A, Koziol U, Preza M, Brehm K, Tort JF, Castillo E. Cell repertoire and proliferation of germinative cells of the model cestode Mesocestoides corti. Parasitology 2022; 149:1505-1514. [PMID: 35787303 PMCID: PMC11010542 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The phylum Platyhelminthes shares a unique population of undifferentiated cells responsible for the proliferation capacity needed for cell renewal, growth, tissue repair and regeneration. These cells have been extensively studied in free-living flatworms, whereas in cestodes the presence of a set of undifferentiated cells, known as germinative cells, has been demonstrated in classical morphology studies, but poorly characterized with molecular biology approaches. Furthermore, several genes have been identified as neoblast markers in free-living flatworms that deserve study in cestode models. Here, different cell types of the model cestode Mesocestoides corti were characterized, identifying differentiated and germinative cells. Muscle cells, tegumental cells, calcareous corpuscle precursor cells and excretory system cells were identified, all of which are non-proliferative, differentiated cell types. Besides those, germinative cells were identified as a population of small cells with proliferative capacity in vivo. Primary cell culture experiments in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), Echinococcus hydatid fluid and hepatocyte conditioned media in non-reductive or reductive conditions confirmed that the germinative cells were the only ones with proliferative capacity. Since several genes have been identified as markers of undifferentiated neoblast cells in free-living flatworms, the expression of pumilio and pL10 genes was analysed by qPCR and in situ hybridization, showing that the expression of these genes was stronger in germinative cells but not restricted to this cell type. This study provides the first tools to analyse and further characterise undifferentiated cells in a model cestode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Domínguez
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alicia Costábile
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Uriel Koziol
- Sección Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Matías Preza
- Sección Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Klaus Brehm
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - José F. Tort
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Estela Castillo
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Neiro J, Sridhar D, Dattani A, Aboobaker A. Identification of putative enhancer-like elements predicts regulatory networks active in planarian adult stem cells. eLife 2022; 11:79675. [PMID: 35997250 PMCID: PMC9522251 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Planarians have become an established model system to study regeneration and stem cells, but the regulatory elements in the genome remain almost entirely undescribed. Here, by integrating epigenetic and expression data we use multiple sources of evidence to predict enhancer elements active in the adult stem cell populations that drive regeneration. We have used ChIP-seq data to identify genomic regions with histone modifications consistent with enhancer activity, and ATAC-seq data to identify accessible chromatin. Overlapping these signals allowed for the identification of a set of high-confidence candidate enhancers predicted to be active in planarian adult stem cells. These enhancers are enriched for predicted transcription factor (TF) binding sites for TFs and TF families expressed in planarian adult stem cells. Footprinting analyses provided further evidence that these potential TF binding sites are likely to be occupied in adult stem cells. We integrated these analyses to build testable hypotheses for the regulatory function of TFs in stem cells, both with respect to how pluripotency might be regulated, and to how lineage differentiation programs are controlled. We found that our predicted GRNs were independently supported by existing TF RNAi/RNA-seq datasets, providing further evidence that our work predicts active enhancers that regulate adult stem cells and regenerative mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakke Neiro
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Divya Sridhar
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anish Dattani
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Aziz Aboobaker
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gao T, Sun B, Xu Z, Chen Q, Yang M, Wan Q, Song L, Chen G, Jing C, Zeng EY, Yang G. Exposure to polystyrene microplastics reduces regeneration and growth in planarians. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128673. [PMID: 35303662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The potential adverse effects of microplastics (MPs) on ecosystems and human health have received much attention in recent years. However, only limited data are available on the mechanisms for the uptake, distribution, and effects of MPs in freshwater organisms, especially with respect to tissue repair, regeneration and impairment of stem cell functions. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted exposure experiments in which planarians (Dugesia japonica) were exposed to polystyrene (PS)-MPs mixed in liver homogenate and examined the tissue growth and regeneration, stem cell functions, and oxidative stress. The body and blastema areas decreased upon exposure to PS-MPs, indicating that the growth and regeneration of planarians were delayed. The proliferation and differentiation processes of stem cells were inhibited, and the proportion of mitotic stem cells decreased, which may be related to the activation of the TGFβ/SMAD4 and Notch signaling pathways. The enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde on the first day of exposure to PS-MPs confirmed the oxidative stress response of planarians to PS-MPs. The present study demonstrated the likelihood of biotoxicity induced by PS-MPs. These results will provide clues for further investigations into the potential risks of PS-MPs to human stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Gao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bingbing Sun
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zhenbiao Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Qiaoyun Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qinli Wan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Linxia Song
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chunxia Jing
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang Q, Xie L, Wang Y, Jin B, Ren J, Dong Z, Chen G, Liu D. Djhsp70s, especially Djhsp70c, play a key role in planarian regeneration and tissue homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. Gene 2022; 820:146215. [PMID: 35122923 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 family (HSP70s) is one of the most conserved and important group of HSPs as molecular chaperones, which plays an important role in cytoprotection, anti-apoptosis and so on. However, the molecular mechanism of HSP70s in animal regeneration remains to be delineated. In this study, we investigate the roles of HSP70s in regeneration of planarian. The four genes, Djhsp70a, Djhsp70b, Djhsp70c, and Djhsp70d of the HSP70s, are selected from the transcriptome database, because of their high expression levels in planarians. We then study the biological roles of each gene by conducting various experimental techniques, including RNAi, RT-PCR, WISH, Whole-mount immunostaining and TUNEL. The results show: (1) External stressors, such as temperature, tissue damage and ionic liquid upregulate the expression of Djhsp70s significantly. (2) The gene expression of Djhsp70s in planarians exhibits dynamic patterns. According to the result of WISH, the Djhsp70s are mainly expressed in parenchymal tissues on both sides of the body as well as blastema. It is consistent with the data of qRT-PCR. (3) After RNA interference of Djhsp70s, the worms experience cephalic regression and lysis, body curling, stagnant regeneration and death. (4) Knockdown of Djhsp70s affect the cell proliferation and apoptosis. These results suggest that Djhsp70s are not only conserved in cytoprotection, but involved in homeostasis maintenance and regeneration process by regulating coordination of cell proliferation and apoptosis in planarians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China.
| | - Lijuan Xie
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China.
| | - Yixuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China.
| | - Baijie Jin
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China.
| | - Jing Ren
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China.
| | - Zimei Dong
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China.
| | - Guangwen Chen
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China.
| | - Dezeng Liu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sridhar D, Aboobaker A. Monitoring Chromatin Regulation in Planarians Using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Followed by Sequencing (ChIP-seq). Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2450:529-547. [PMID: 35359327 PMCID: PMC9761535 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2172-1_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Planarians are an accessible model system to study animal regeneration and stem cells. Over the last two decades, new molecular techniques have provided us with powerful tools to understand whole-body regeneration and pluripotent adult stem cells specifically. We describe a method for performing Chromatin Immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) on planarian cells that relies on FACS to isolate different cell populations followed by immunoprecipitation and library preparation for next-generation sequencing. Whole-genome profiling of histone modifications enables a greater understanding of epigenetic mechanisms in development, pluripotency, and differentiation. This protocol adds to the growing list of functional genomic approaches to study whole-body regeneration in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sridhar
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aziz Aboobaker
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sasidharan V, Sánchez Alvarado A. The Diverse Manifestations of Regeneration and Why We Need to Study Them. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 14:a040931. [PMID: 34750171 PMCID: PMC9438785 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
For hundreds of years, the question of why some organisms can regenerate missing body parts while others cannot has remained poorly understood. This has been due in great part to the inability to genetically, molecularly, and cellularly dissect this problem for most of the history of the field. It has only been in the past 20-30 years that important mechanistic advances have been made in methodologies that introduce loss and gain of gene function in animals that can regenerate. However, we still have a very incomplete understanding of how broadly regenerative abilities may be dispersed across species and whether or not such properties share a common evolutionary origin, which may have emerged independently or both. Understanding regeneration, therefore, will require rigorously practiced fundamental, curiosity-driven, discovery research. Expanding the number of research organisms used to study regeneration allows us to uncover aspects of this problem we may not yet know exist and simultaneously increases our chances of solving this long-standing problem of biology.
Collapse
|
17
|
Fang J, Feng C, Chen W, Hou P, Liu Z, Zuo M, Han Y, Xu C, Melino G, Verkhratsky A, Wang Y, Shao C, Shi Y. Redressing the interactions between stem cells and immune system in tissue regeneration. Biol Direct 2021; 16:18. [PMID: 34670590 PMCID: PMC8527311 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-021-00306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has an extraordinary regenerative capacity reflecting the rapid activation and effective differentiation of muscle stem cells (MuSCs). In the course of muscle regeneration, MuSCs are reprogrammed by immune cells. In turn, MuSCs confer immune cells anti-inflammatory properties to resolve inflammation and facilitate tissue repair. Indeed, MuSCs can exert therapeutic effects on various degenerative and inflammatory disorders based on their immunoregulatory ability, including effects primed by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). At the molecular level, the tryptophan metabolites, kynurenine or kynurenic acid, produced by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), augment the expression of TNF-stimulated gene 6 (TSG6) through the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). In addition, insulin growth factor 2 (IGF2) produced by MuSCs can endow maturing macrophages oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-dependent anti-inflammatory functions. Herein, we summarize the current understanding of the immunomodulatory characteristics of MuSCs and the issues related to their potential applications in pathological conditions, including COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiankai Fang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Feng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Wangwang Chen
- Laboratory Animal Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengbo Hou
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Zhanhong Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Muqiu Zuo
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyi Han
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Chenchang Xu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changshun Shao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yufang Shi
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
The evolutionary theory of aging has set the foundations for a comprehensive understanding of aging. The biology of aging has listed and described the "hallmarks of aging," i.e., cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in human aging. The present paper is the first to infer the order of appearance of the hallmarks of bilaterian and thereby human aging throughout evolution from their presence in progressively narrower clades. Its first result is that all organisms, even non-senescent, have to deal with at least one mechanism of aging - the progressive accumulation of misfolded or unstable proteins. Due to their cumulation, these mechanisms are called "layers of aging." A difference should be made between the first four layers of unicellular aging, present in some unicellular organisms and in all multicellular opisthokonts, that stem and strike "from the inside" of individual cells and span from increasingly abnormal protein folding to deregulated nutrient sensing, and the last four layers of metacellular aging, progressively appearing in metazoans, that strike the cells of a multicellular organism "from the outside," i.e., because of other cells, and span from transcriptional alterations to the disruption of intercellular communication. The evolution of metazoans and eumetazoans probably solved the problem of aging along with the problem of unicellular aging. However, metacellular aging originates in the mechanisms by which the effects of unicellular aging are kept under control - e.g., the exhaustion of stem cells that contribute to replace damaged somatic cells. In bilaterians, additional functions have taken a toll on generally useless potentially limited lifespan to increase the fitness of organisms at the price of a progressively less efficient containment of the damage of unicellular aging. In the end, this picture suggests that geroscience should be more efficient in targeting conditions of metacellular aging rather than unicellular aging itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maël Lemoine
- CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bijnens K, Jaenen V, Wouters A, Leynen N, Pirotte N, Artois T, Smeets K. A Spatiotemporal Characterisation of Redox Molecules in Planarians, with a Focus on the Role of Glutathione during Regeneration. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050714. [PMID: 34064618 PMCID: PMC8150688 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A strict coordination between pro- and antioxidative molecules is needed for normal animal physiology, although their exact function and dynamics during regeneration and development remains largely unknown. Via in vivo imaging, we were able to locate and discriminate between reactive oxygen species (ROS) in real-time during different physiological stages of the highly regenerative planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. All ROS signals were strong enough to overcome the detected autofluorescence. Combined with an in situ characterisation and quantification of the transcription of several antioxidant genes, our data showed that the planarian gut and epidermis have a well-equipped redox system. Pharmacological inhibition or RNA interference of either side of the redox balance resulted in alterations in the regeneration process, characterised by decreased blastema sizes and delayed neurodevelopment, thereby affecting tails more than heads. Focusing on glutathione, a central component in the redox balance, we found that it is highly present in planarians and that a significant reduction in glutathione content led to regenerative failure with tissue lesions, characterised by underlying stem cell alterations. This exploratory study indicates that ROS and antioxidants are tightly intertwined and should be studied as a whole to fully comprehend the function of the redox balance in animal physiology.
Collapse
|
20
|
Poirier L, Jacquet P, Plener L, Masson P, Daudé D, Chabrière E. Organophosphorus poisoning in animals and enzymatic antidotes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:25081-25106. [PMID: 29959732 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) are neurotoxic molecules developed as pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs). Most of them are covalent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a key enzyme in nervous systems, and are therefore responsible for numerous poisonings around the world. Many animal models have been studied over the years in order to decipher the toxicity of OPs and to provide insights for therapeutic and decontamination purposes. Environmental impact on wild animal species has been analyzed to understand the consequences of OP uses in agriculture. In complement, various laboratory models, from invertebrates to aquatic organisms, rodents and primates, have been chosen to study chronic and acute toxicity as well as neurobehavioral impact, immune response, developmental disruption, and other pathological signs. Several decontamination approaches were developed to counteract the poisoning effects of OPs. Among these, enzyme-based strategies are particularly attractive as they allow efficient external decontamination without toxicity or environmental impact and may be of interest for treatment. Approaches using bioscavengers for prophylaxis, treatment, and external decontamination are emphasized and their potential is discussed in the light of toxicological observations from various animal models. The relevance of animal models, regarding their cholinergic system and the abundance of naturally protecting enzymes, is also discussed for better extrapolation of results to human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Poirier
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Pauline Jacquet
- Gene&GreenTK, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Laure Plener
- Gene&GreenTK, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Masson
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - David Daudé
- Gene&GreenTK, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - Eric Chabrière
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sahu S, Sridhar D, Abnave P, Kosaka N, Dattani A, Thompson JM, Hill MA, Aboobaker A. Ongoing repair of migration-coupled DNA damage allows planarian adult stem cells to reach wound sites. eLife 2021; 10:e63779. [PMID: 33890575 PMCID: PMC8104965 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress during cell migration may be a previously unappreciated source of genome instability, but the extent to which this happens in any animal in vivo remains unknown. We consider an in vivo system where the adult stem cells of planarian flatworms are required to migrate to a distal wound site. We observe a relationship between adult stem cell migration and ongoing DNA damage and repair during tissue regeneration. Migrating planarian stem cells undergo changes in nuclear shape and exhibit increased levels of DNA damage. Increased DNA damage levels reduce once stem cells reach the wound site. Stem cells in which DNA damage is induced prior to wounding take longer to initiate migration and migrating stem cell populations are more sensitive to further DNA damage than stationary stem cells. RNAi-mediated knockdown of DNA repair pathway components blocks normal stem cell migration, confirming that active DNA repair pathways are required to allow successful migration to a distal wound site. Together these findings provide evidence that levels of migration-coupled-DNA-damage are significant in adult stem cells and that ongoing migration requires DNA repair mechanisms. Our findings reveal that migration of normal stem cells in vivo represents an unappreciated source of damage, which could be a significant source of mutations in animals during development or during long-term tissue homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sounak Sahu
- Department of Zoology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Divya Sridhar
- Department of Zoology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Prasad Abnave
- Department of Zoology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Anish Dattani
- Department of Zoology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - James M Thompson
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, ORCRB Roosevelt Drive, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark A Hill
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, ORCRB Roosevelt Drive, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Aziz Aboobaker
- Department of Zoology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Maezawa T, Ishikawa M, Sekii K, Nagamatsu G, Furukawa R, Kobayashi K. D-Tryptophan enhances the reproductive organ-specific expression of the amino acid transporter homolog Dr-SLC38A9 involved in the sexual induction of planarian Dugesia ryukyuensis. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2021; 7:4. [PMID: 33743841 PMCID: PMC7981857 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-021-00173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many animals switch between asexual and sexual reproduction in nature. We previously established a system for the sexual induction of planarian Dugesia ryukyuensis by feeding asexual planarians with minced sexual planarians. We identified DL-tryptophan (Trp) as one of the sex-inducing substances. DL-Trp can induce ovarian development, the first and essential step of sexual induction. D-Trp must act as a principal bioactive compound in terms of ovarian development, because the ovary-inducing activity of D-Trp was 500 times more potent than that of L-Trp. However, how Trp controls sexual induction is still unknown. RESULTS In this study, qRT-PCR analyses suggested that the putative amino acid transporter gene Dr-SLC38A9 is highly expressed in sexual worms, especially in the yolk glands. In situ hybridization analyses showed that Dr-SLC38A9 is expressed in the ovarian primordia of asexual worms and in the mature ovaries, testes, and yolk glands of sexual worms. In addition, Dr-SLC38A9 RNA interference during sexual induction resulted in the suppression of the development of reproductive organs. These results suggest that Dr-SLC38A9 is involved in the development of these organs. Moreover, we demonstrated that the reproductive organ-specific expression of Dr-SLC38A9 is enhanced by the addition of D-Trp. CONCLUSION We propose that D-Trp activates the expression of Dr-SLC38A9 to promote sexual induction in the planarian D. ryukyuensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Maezawa
- Advanced Science Course, Department of Integrated Science and Technology, National Institute of Technology, Tsuyama College, 624-1 Numa, Tsuyama, Okayama, 708-8509, Japan.
| | - Masaki Ishikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Kiyono Sekii
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Go Nagamatsu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryohei Furukawa
- Department of Biology, Research and Education Center for Natural Sciences, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8521, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kobayashi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pryszlak M, Wiggans M, Chen X, Jaramillo JE, Burns SE, Richards LM, Pugh TJ, Kaplan DR, Huang X, Dirks PB, Pearson BJ. The DEAD-box helicase DDX56 is a conserved stemness regulator in normal and cancer stem cells. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108903. [PMID: 33789112 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the animal kingdom, adult tissue homeostasis is regulated by adult stem cell activity, which is commonly dysregulated in human cancers. However, identifying key regulators of stem cells in the milieu of thousands of genes dysregulated in a given cancer is challenging. Here, using a comparative genomics approach between planarian adult stem cells and patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), we identify and demonstrate the role of DEAD-box helicase DDX56 in regulating aspects of stemness in four stem cell systems: planarians, mouse neural stem cells, human GSCs, and a fly model of glioblastoma. In a human GSC line, DDX56 localizes to the nucleolus, and using planarians, when DDX56 is lost, stem cells dysregulate expression of ribosomal RNAs and lose nucleolar integrity prior to stem cell death. Together, a comparative genomic approach can be used to uncover conserved stemness regulators that are functional in both normal and cancer stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pryszlak
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mallory Wiggans
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xin Chen
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Julia E Jaramillo
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sarah E Burns
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Laura M Richards
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - David R Kaplan
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xi Huang
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Peter B Dirks
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Bret J Pearson
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Davidian D, Ziman B, Escobar AL, Oviedo NJ. Direct Current Electric Stimulation Alters the Frequency and the Distribution of Mitotic Cells in Planarians. Bioelectricity 2021; 3:77-91. [PMID: 34476379 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2020.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The use of direct current electric stimulation (DCS) is an effective strategy to treat disease and enhance body functionality. Thus, treatment with DCS is an attractive biomedical alternative, but the molecular underpinnings remain mostly unknown. The lack of experimental models to dissect the effects of DCS from molecular to organismal levels is an important caveat. Here, we introduce the planarian flatworm Schmidtea mediterranea as a tractable organism for in vivo studies of DCS. We developed an experimental method that facilitates the application of direct current electrical stimulation to the whole planarian body (pDCS). Materials and Methods: Planarian immobilization was achieved by combining treatment with anesthesia, agar embedding, and low temperature via a dedicated thermoelectric cooling unit. Electric currents for pDCS were delivered using pulled glass microelectrodes. The electric potential was supplied through a constant voltage power supply. pDCS was administered up to six hours, and behavioral and molecular effects were measured by using video recordings, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression analysis. Results: The behavioral immobilization effects are reversible, and pDCS resulted in a redistribution of mitotic cells along the mediolateral axis of the planarian body. The pDCS effects were dependent on the polarity of the electric field, which led to either increase in reductions in mitotic densities associated with the time of pDCS. The changes in mitotic cells were consistent with apparent redistribution in gene expression of the stem cell marker smedwi-1. Conclusion: The immobilization technique presented in this work facilitates studies aimed at dissecting the effects of exogenous electric stimulation in the adult body. Treatment with DCS can be administered for varying times, and the consequences evaluated at different levels, including animal behavior, cellular and transcriptional changes. Indeed, treatment with pDCS can alter cellular and transcriptional parameters depending on the polarity of the electric field and duration of the exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devon Davidian
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology and University of California Merced, Merced, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Ziman
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology and University of California Merced, Merced, California, USA
| | - Ariel L Escobar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Merced, Merced, California, USA
| | - Néstor J Oviedo
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology and University of California Merced, Merced, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Miklós M, Laczkó L, Sramkó G, Sebestyén F, Barta Z, Tökölyi J. Phenotypic plasticity rather than genotype drives reproductive choices in Hydra populations. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:1206-1222. [PMID: 33465828 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Facultative clonality is associated with complex life cycles where sexual and asexual forms can be exposed to contrasting selection pressures. Facultatively clonal animals often have distinct developmental capabilities that depend on reproductive mode (e.g., negligible senescence and exceptional regeneration ability in asexual individuals, which are lacking in sexual individuals). Understanding how these differences in life history strategies evolved is hampered by limited knowledge of the population structure underlying sexual and asexual forms in nature. Here we studied genetic differentiation of coexisting sexual and asexual Hydra oligactis polyps, a freshwater cnidarian where reproductive mode-dependent life history patterns are observed. We collected asexual and sexual polyps from 13 Central European water bodies and used restriction-site associated DNA sequencing to infer population structure. We detected high relatedness among populations and signs that hydras might spread with resting eggs through zoochory. We found no genetic structure with respect to mode of reproduction (asexual vs. sexual). On the other hand, clear evidence was found for phenotypic plasticity in mode of reproduction, as polyps inferred to be clones differed in reproductive mode. Moreover, we detected two cases of apparent sex change (males and females found within the same clonal lineages) in this species with supposedly stable sexes. Our study describes population genetic structure in Hydra for the first time, highlights the role of phenotypic plasticity in generating patterns of life history variation, and contributes to understanding the evolution of reproductive mode-dependent life history variation in coexisting asexual and sexual forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Máté Miklós
- MTA-DE Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Juhász-Nagy Pál Doctoral School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Levente Laczkó
- Juhász-Nagy Pál Doctoral School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE "Lendület" Evolutionary Phylogenomics Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Sramkó
- MTA-DE "Lendület" Evolutionary Phylogenomics Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Flóra Sebestyén
- MTA-DE Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Juhász-Nagy Pál Doctoral School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Barta
- MTA-DE Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Jácint Tökölyi
- MTA-DE Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Daponte V, Tylzanowski P, Forlino A. Appendage Regeneration in Vertebrates: What Makes This Possible? Cells 2021; 10:cells10020242. [PMID: 33513779 PMCID: PMC7911911 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to regenerate amputated or injured tissues and organs is a fascinating property shared by several invertebrates and, interestingly, some vertebrates. The mechanism of evolutionary loss of regeneration in mammals is not understood, yet from the biomedical and clinical point of view, it would be very beneficial to be able, at least partially, to restore that capability. The current availability of new experimental tools, facilitating the comparative study of models with high regenerative ability, provides a powerful instrument to unveil what is needed for a successful regeneration. The present review provides an updated overview of multiple aspects of appendage regeneration in three vertebrates: lizard, salamander, and zebrafish. The deep investigation of this process points to common mechanisms, including the relevance of Wnt/β-catenin and FGF signaling for the restoration of a functional appendage. We discuss the formation and cellular origin of the blastema and the identification of epigenetic and cellular changes and molecular pathways shared by vertebrates capable of regeneration. Understanding the similarities, being aware of the differences of the processes, during lizard, salamander, and zebrafish regeneration can provide a useful guide for supporting effective regenerative strategies in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Daponte
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Przemko Tylzanowski
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Antonella Forlino
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-987235
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tubgcp3 is a mitotic regulator of planarian epidermal differentiation. Gene 2021; 775:145440. [PMID: 33482282 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tubgcp3/GCP3 (The centrosomal protein γ-tubulin complex protein 3) is a component of the γ-tubulin small complexes (γ-TuSCs) and γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRCs), which play critical roles in mitotic spindle formation during mitosis. However, its function in stem cell development has not been thoroughly elucidated. The planarian flatworm, which contains a large number of adult somatic stem cells (neoblasts), is a unique model to study stem cell lineage development in vivo. Here, we identified a homolog of Tubgcp3 in planarian Dugesia japonica, and found that Tubgcp3 is required for the maintenance of epidermal lineage. RNAi targeting Tubgcp3 resulted in tissue homeostasis and regeneration defect. Knockdown of Tubgcp3 reduced cell divisions and led to a loss of the mature epidermal cells. Our findings indicate that Tubgcp3 is a mitotic regulator and plays a crucial role in planarian epidermal differentiation.
Collapse
|
28
|
Bijnens K, Thijs S, Leynen N, Stevens V, McAmmond B, Van Hamme J, Vangronsveld J, Artois T, Smeets K. Differential effect of silver nanoparticles on the microbiome of adult and developing planaria. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 230:105672. [PMID: 33227667 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely incorporated in household, consumer and medical products. Their unintentional release via wastewaters raises concerns on their environmental impact, particularly for aquatic organisms and their associated bacterial communities. It is known that the microbiome plays an important role in its host's health and physiology, e.g. by producing essential nutrients and providing protection against pathogens. A thorough understanding of the effects of AgNPs on bacterial communities and on their interactions with the host is crucial to fully assess AgNP toxicity on aquatic organisms. Our results indicate that the microbiome of the invertebrate Schmidtea mediterranea, a freshwater planarian, is affected by AgNP exposure at the tested 10 μg/ml concentration. Using targeted amplification of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region, two independent experiments on the microbiomes of adult worms revealed a consistent decrease in Betaproteobacteriales after AgNP exposure, mainly attributed to a decrease in Curvibacter and Undibacterium. Although developing tissues and organisms are known to be more sensitive to toxic compounds, three independent experiments in regenerating worms showed a less pronounced effect of AgNP exposure on the microbiome, possibly because underlying bacterial community changes during development mask the AgNP induced effect. The presence of a polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP) coating did not significantly alter the outcome of the experiments compared to those with uncoated particles. The observed variation between the different experiments underlines the highly variable nature of microbiomes and emphasises the need to repeat microbiome experiments, within and between physiological states of the animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolien Bijnens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Sofie Thijs
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Leynen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Vincent Stevens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Breanne McAmmond
- Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan Van Hamme
- Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jaco Vangronsveld
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tom Artois
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Karen Smeets
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang Z, Cao K, Wang D, Hua B, Zhang H, Xie X. Cadmium sulfate induces apoptosis in planarians. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:39308-39316. [PMID: 32648224 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09991-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With rapid socio-economic development, heavy metal pollution in water has become common and affects both environment and human health. Cadmium (Cd) has been recognized as one of the heavy metals which cause acute or chronic toxic effects if ingested. Although its toxicity is undisputed, the underlying molecular mechanisms in vivo are not fully understood. Planarians, a model organism famous for their regenerative prowess, have long been utilized to study the effects of chemical exposure. In this study, we observed apoptosis with TUNEL assay in planarians induced by cadmium sulfate (CdSO4) in a dose-dependent manner. The apoptosis-related genes were detected with quantitative RT-PCR. Significant changes in c-Myc, P53, and BcL-2 were indicated, which may play a partial role in the regulation of the process of apoptosis in the planarians. H&E staining showed that Cd had obvious biological toxicity in the planarians. Here, new insights on metal toxicity mechanisms are provided, contributing to understand how CdSO4 induces the pathological and physiological processes of apoptosis in the living bodies. Meanwhile, planarians are proved to be a freshwater pollution indicator and toxicological research model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Keqing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bingjie Hua
- GeWu Medical Research Institute (GMRI), Xi'an, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
- GeWu Medical Research Institute (GMRI), Xi'an, China.
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
- GeWu Medical Research Institute (GMRI), Xi'an, China.
- Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Integrated Medical Information, Xi'an, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wiggans M, Pearson BJ. One stem cell program to rule them all? FEBS J 2020; 288:3394-3406. [PMID: 33063917 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many species of animals have stem cells that they maintain throughout their lives, which suggests that stem cells are an ancestral feature of all animals. From this, we take the viewpoint that cells with the biological properties of 'stemness'-self-renewal and multipotency-may share ancestral genetic circuitry. However, in practice is it very difficult to identify and compare stemness gene signatures across diverse animals and large evolutionary distances? First, it is critical to experimentally demonstrate self-renewal and potency. Second, genomic methods must be used to determine specific gene expression in stem cell types compared with non-stem cell types to determine stem cell gene enrichment. Third, gene homology must be mapped between diverse animals across large evolutionary distances. Finally, conserved genes that fulfill these criteria must be tested for role in stem cell function. It is our viewpoint that by comparing stem cell-specific gene signatures across evolution, ancestral programs of stemness can be uncovered, and ultimately, the dysregulation of stemness programs drives the state of cancer stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Wiggans
- Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bret J Pearson
- Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gambino G, Ippolito C, Modeo L, Salvetti A, Rossi L. 5-Fluorouracil-treated planarians, a versatile model system for studying stem cell heterogeneity and tissue aging. Biol Cell 2020; 112:335-348. [PMID: 32640042 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Planarians are a sound, well-established model system for molecular studies in the field of stem cells, cell differentiation, developmental biology and translational research. Treated stem cell-less planarians produced by X-ray treatment are commonly used to study stem cell transcriptional profile and their role in planarian biological processes. X-ray induces oxidative and DNA damage to differentiated cells, requires expensive radiation machines that are not available in most of the research centres and demand rigorous risk management and dedicated staff. RESULTS We tested the use of the well-known antimetabolite genotoxic drug 5-fluorouracil which mainly affects proliferating cells in way to demonstrate its use in replacing X-ray treatment. We succeeded in demonstrating ability of high doses of 5-fluorouracil to deplete Dugesia japonica stem cells and in identifying a 5-fluorouracil transiently resistant population of lineage committed stem cells. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Our results encourage the use of 5-fluorouracil-treated planarians as a model system for studying mechanisms of resistance to genotoxicants, planarian stem cell heterogeneity and molecular cascades of tissue aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetana Gambino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Letizia Modeo
- CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione della Strumentazione dell'Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Alessandra Salvetti
- CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione della Strumentazione dell'Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Leonardo Rossi
- CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione della Strumentazione dell'Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gambino G, Falleni A, Nigro M, Salvetti A, Cecchettini A, Ippolito C, Guidi P, Rossi L. Dynamics of interaction and effects of microplastics on planarian tissue regeneration and cellular homeostasis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 218:105354. [PMID: 31734615 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing microplastics pollution of marine and terrestrial water is a concerning issue for ecosystems and human health. Nevertheless, the interaction of microplastics with freshwater biota is still a poorly explored field. In order to achieve information concerning the uptake, distribution and effect of microplastics in planarians, Dugesia japonica specimens have been fed with mixtures of food and differently shaped and sized plastic particles. Feeding activity and food intake were non-altered by the presence of high concentrations of different types of plastic particles. However, the persistence of microplastic within the planarian body was a function of size/shape, being small spheres (<10 μm in diameter) and short fibers (14 μm large and 5/6 μm length) more persisting than larger spheres and longer fibers which were eliminated almost entirely by ejection in a few hours. Transmission electron microscopy analysis demonstrated that at least part of microplastics was phagocytized by the enterocytes. Chronic exposure to small plastic did not alter the regenerative ability but caused a significant reduction of the gut epithelium thickness and lipid content of enterocytes, together with the induction of apoptotic cell death, modulation of Djgata 4/5/6 expression and reduced growth rate. The ability of microplastic to perturb planarian homeostasis is concerning being them extremely resilient against mechanical and chemical insults and suggests possible harmful effects upon other more susceptible species in freshwater ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetana Gambino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Falleni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Nigro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Salvetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Cecchettini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Guidi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Rossi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ermakov AM, Ermakova ON, Popov AL, Manokhin AA, Ivanov VK. Opposite effects of low intensity light of different wavelengths on the planarian regeneration rate. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 202:111714. [PMID: 31830733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Planarian freshwater flatworms have the unique ability to regenerate due to stem cell activity. The process of regeneration is extremely sensitive to various factors, including light radiation. Here, the effect of low-intensity LED light of different wavelengths on regeneration, stem cell proliferation and gene expression associated with these processes was studied. LED matrices with different wavelengths (red (λmax = 635 nm), green (λmax = 520 nm) and blue (λmax = 463 nm), as well as LED laser diodes (red (λmax = 638.5 nm), green (λmax = 533 nm) and blue (λmax = 420 nm), were used in the experiments. Computer-assisted morphometry, whole-mount immunocytochemical study and RT-PCR were used to analyze the biological effects of LED light exposure on the planarian regeneration in vivo. It was found that a one-time exposure of regenerating planarians with low-intensity red light diodes stimulated head blastema growth in a dose-dependent manner (up to 40%). The green light exposure of planarians resulted in the opposite effect, showing a reduced head blastema growth rate by up to 21%. The blue light exposure did not lead to any changes in the rate of head blastema growth. The maximum effects of light exposure were observed at a dose of 175.2 mJ/cm2. No significant differences were revealed in the dynamics of neoblasts' (planarian stem cells) proliferation under red and green light exposure. However, the RT-PCR gene expression analysis of 46 wound-induced genes revealed their up-regulation upon red LED light exposure, and down-regulation upon green light exposure. Thus, we have demonstrated that the planarian regeneration process is rather sensitive to the effects of low-intensity light radiation of certain wavelengths, the biological activity of red and green light being dictated by the different expression of the genes regulating transcriptional activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Ermakov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - O N Ermakova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - A L Popov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - A A Manokhin
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Oblast 142290, Russia
| | - V K Ivanov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Iglesias M, Felix DA, Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez Ó, De Miguel-Bonet MDM, Sahu S, Fernández-Varas B, Perona R, Aboobaker AA, Flores I, González-Estévez C. Downregulation of mTOR Signaling Increases Stem Cell Population Telomere Length during Starvation of Immortal Planarians. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:405-418. [PMID: 31353226 PMCID: PMC6700675 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduction of caloric intake delays and prevents age-associated diseases and extends the life span in many organisms. It may be that these benefits are due to positive effects of caloric restriction on stem cell function. We use the planarian model Schmidtea mediterranea, an immortal animal that adapts to long periods of starvation by shrinking in size, to investigate the effects of starvation on telomere length. We show that the longest telomeres are a general signature of planarian adult stem cells. We also observe that starvation leads to an enrichment of stem cells with the longest telomeres and that this enrichment is dependent on mTOR signaling. We propose that one important effect of starvation for the rejuvenation of the adult stem cell pool is through increasing the median telomere length in somatic stem cells. Such a mechanism has broad implications for how dietary effects on aging are mediated at the whole-organism level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Iglesias
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel A Felix
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Maria Del Mar De Miguel-Bonet
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sounak Sahu
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Varas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas CSIC/UAM, IDiPaz, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Perona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas CSIC/UAM, IDiPaz, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Ciber Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), C/ Alvaro de Bazan, 10, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - A Aziz Aboobaker
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Ignacio Flores
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina González-Estévez
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ermakov A, Popov A, Ermakova O, Ivanova O, Baranchikov A, Kamenskikh K, Shekunova T, Shcherbakov A, Popova N, Ivanov V. The first inorganic mitogens: Cerium oxide and cerium fluoride nanoparticles stimulate planarian regeneration via neoblastic activation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 104:109924. [PMID: 31499991 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We report the first experimental evidence for the mitogenic action of cerium(IV) oxide and cerium(III) fluoride nanoparticles (CONs and CFNs) on the regeneration of a whole organism - freshwater flatworms Schmidtea mediterranea (planarian). Both types of cerium-containing nanoparticles are shown to be a highly potent mitogen for planaria. Both CONs and CFNs, in micro- and nanomolar concentrations, markedly accelerate planarian blastema growth, due to the enhancement of cellular proliferation, causing an increase in the mitotic index and in the quantity of blastema cells in regenerating planaria. CONs provided maximum activity at concentrations which were two orders of magnitude lower than those for CeF3. The valence state of cerium in cerium-containing nanoparticles plays a significant role in the planarian regeneration mechanism: CeO2 nanoparticles containing predominantly Ce4+ species presumably scavenge wound induced reactive oxygen species and moderately activate gene expression processes, while the regenerative action of CeF3 nanoparticles containing only Ce3+ species is manifested in the pronounced expression of the genes involved in cell division, differentiation and migration. This is the first report on the effect of cerium-containing nanoparticles on tissue regeneration in vivo, further revealing the mechanisms of their biological action, which enhances the possibility of their use in cellular technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artem Ermakov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Anton Popov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Olga Ermakova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Olga Ivanova
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander Baranchikov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kristina Kamenskikh
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Taisiya Shekunova
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Shcherbakov
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv D0368, Ukraine
| | - Nelli Popova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Vladimir Ivanov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yujia S, Tingting G, Jiaxin L, Saisai Z, Zhitai H, Qingnan T, Shoutao Z. Cdc42 regulate the apoptotic cell death required for planarian epidermal regeneration and homeostasis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 112:107-113. [PMID: 31102665 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rho GTPases have been shown previously to play important roles in several cellular processes by regulating the organization of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. However, the mechanisms of Rho GTPases that integrate the cellular responses during regeneration have not been thoroughly elucidated. The planarian flatworm, which contains a large number of adult somatic stem cells (neoblasts), is a unique model to study stem cell lineage development in vivo. Here, we focus on cdc42, which is an extensively characterized member among Rho GTPases. We found that cdc42 is required for the maintenance of epidermal lineage. Cdc42 RNAi induced a sustained increased of cell death and led to a loss of the mature epidermal cells but without affected cell division. Our results indicate that cdc42 function as an inhibitor to block the excessive apoptotic cell death in planarian epidermal regeneration and homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Yujia
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gao Tingting
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li Jiaxin
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhang Saisai
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hao Zhitai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University, School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Tian Qingnan
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Zhang Shoutao
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Bioactive Macromolecules, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sekii K, Yorimoto S, Okamoto H, Nagao N, Maezawa T, Matsui Y, Yamaguchi K, Furukawa R, Shigenobu S, Kobayashi K. Transcriptomic analysis reveals differences in the regulation of amino acid metabolism in asexual and sexual planarians. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6132. [PMID: 30992461 PMCID: PMC6467871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many flatworms can alternate between asexual and sexual reproduction. This is a powerful reproductive strategy enabling them to benefit from the features of the two reproductive modes, namely, rapid multiplication and genetic shuffling. The two reproductive modes are enabled by the presence of pluripotent adult stem cells (neoblasts), by generating any type of tissue in the asexual mode, and producing and maintaining germ cells in the sexual mode. In the current study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to compare the transcriptomes of two phenotypes of the planarian Dugesia ryukyuensis: an asexual OH strain and an experimentally sexualized OH strain. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed striking differences in amino acid metabolism in the two worm types. Further, the analysis identified serotonin as a new bioactive substance that induced the planarian ovary de novo in a postembryonic manner. These findings suggest that different metabolic states and physiological conditions evoked by sex-inducing substances likely modulate stem cell behavior, depending on their different function in the asexual and sexual reproductive modes. The combination of RNA-seq and a feeding assay in D. ryukyuensis is a powerful tool for studying the alternation of reproductive modes, disentangling the relationship between gene expression and chemical signaling molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyono Sekii
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Shunta Yorimoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Hikaru Okamoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Nanna Nagao
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Takanobu Maezawa
- Department of Integrated Science and Technology, National Institute of Technology, Tsuyama College, 624-1 Numa, Tsuyama, Okayama, 708-8509, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Matsui
- Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Katsushi Yamaguchi
- NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Ryohei Furukawa
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuda, Yanaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan. .,Department of Biology, Research and Education Center for Natural Sciences, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8521, Japan.
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan. .,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Maciel EI, Jiang C, Barghouth PG, Nobile CJ, Oviedo NJ. The planarian Schmidtea mediterranea is a new model to study host-pathogen interactions during fungal infections. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:18-27. [PMID: 30571995 PMCID: PMC6333478 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is one of the most common fungal pathogens of humans. Currently, there are limitations in the evaluation of C. albicans infection in existing animal models, especially in terms of understanding the influence of specific infectious stages of the fungal pathogen on the host. We show that C. albicans infects, grows and invades tissues in the planarian flatworm Schmidtea mediterranea, and that the planarian responds to infection by activating components of the host innate immune system to clear and repair host tissues. We study different stages of C. albicans infection and demonstrate that planarian stem cells increase division in response to fungal infection, a process that is likely evolutionarily conserved in metazoans. Our results implicate MORN2 and TAK1/p38 signaling pathways as possible mediators of the host innate immune response to fungal infection. We propose the use of planarians as a model system to investigate host-pathogen interactions during fungal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eli Isael Maciel
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, USA; Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - Cen Jiang
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Paul G Barghouth
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, USA; Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - Clarissa J Nobile
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, USA.
| | - Néstor J Oviedo
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jones S, Osman S, Howl J. The planarian Schmidtea mediterranea as a model system for the discovery and characterization of cell-penetrating peptides and bioportides. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 93:1036-1049. [PMID: 30790457 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The general utility of the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea, an organism with remarkable regenerative capacity, was investigated as a convenient three-dimensional model to analyse the import of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and bioportides (bioactive CPPs) into complex tissues. The unpigmented planarian blastema, 3 days post head amputation, is a robust platform to assess the penetration of red-fluorescent CPPs into epithelial cells and deeper tissues. Three planarian proteins, Ovo, ZicA and Djeya, which collectively control head remodelling and eye regeneration following decapitation, are a convenient source of novel cationic CPP vectors. One example, Djeya1 (RKLAFRYRRIKELYNSYR), is a particularly efficient and seemingly inert CPP vector that could be further developed to assist the delivery of bioactive payloads across the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Eye regeneration, following head amputation, was utilized in an effort to identify bioportides capable of influencing stem cell-dependent morphogenesis. These investigations identified the tetradecapeptide mastoparan (INLKALAALAKKIL) as a bioportide able to influence the gross morphology of head development. We conclude that, compared with cellular monolayers, the S. mediterranea system provides many advantages and will support the identification of bioportides able to selectively modify the biology of totipotent neoblasts and, presumably, other mammalian stem cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jones
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Shaimaa Osman
- Peptide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - John Howl
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kakebeen AD, Wills AE. More Than Just a Bandage: Closing the Gap Between Injury and Appendage Regeneration. Front Physiol 2019; 10:81. [PMID: 30800076 PMCID: PMC6376490 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The remarkable regenerative capabilities of amphibians have captured the attention of biologists for centuries. The frogs Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis undergo temporally restricted regenerative healing of appendage amputations and spinal cord truncations, injuries that are both devastating and relatively common in human patients. Rapidly expanding technological innovations have led to a resurgence of interest in defining the factors that enable regenerative healing, and in coupling these factors to human therapeutic interventions. It is well-established that early embryonic signaling pathways are critical for growth and patterning of new tissue during regeneration. A growing body of research now indicates that early physiological injury responses are also required to initiate a regenerative program, and that these differ in regenerative and non-regenerative contexts. Here we review recent insights into the biophysical, biochemical, and epigenetic processes that underlie regenerative healing in amphibians, focusing particularly on tail and limb regeneration in Xenopus. We also discuss the more elusive potential mechanisms that link wounding to tissue growth and patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anneke D Kakebeen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrea E Wills
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Stevens AS, Wouters A, Ploem JP, Pirotte N, Van Roten A, Willems M, Hellings N, Franken C, Koppen G, Artois T, Plusquin M, Smeets K. Planarians Customize Their Stem Cell Responses Following Genotoxic Stress as a Function of Exposure Time and Regenerative State. Toxicol Sci 2019; 162:251-263. [PMID: 29145667 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aiming to in vivo characterize the responses of pluripotent stem cells and regenerative tissues to carcinogenic stress, we employed the highly regenerative organism Schmidtea mediterranea. Its broad regenerative capacities are attributable to a large pool of pluripotent stem cells, which are considered key players in the lower vulnerability toward chemically induced carcinogenesis observed in regenerative organisms. Schmidtea mediterranea is, therefore, an ideal model to study pluripotent stem cell responses with stem cells residing in their natural environment. Including microenvironmental alterations is important, as the surrounding niche influences the onset of oncogenic events. Both short- (3 days) and long-term (17 days) exposures to the genotoxic carcinogen methyl methanesulfonate (50 µM) were evaluated during homeostasis and animal regeneration, two situations that render altered cellular niches. In both cases, MMS-induced DNA damage was observed, which provoked a decrease in proliferation on the short term. The outcome of DNA damage responses following long-term exposure differed between homeostatic and regenerating animals. During regeneration, DNA repair systems were more easily activated than in animals in homeostasis, where apoptosis was an important outcome. Knockdown experiments confirmed the importance of DNA repair systems during carcinogenic exposure in regenerating animals as knockdown of rad51 induced a stem cell-depleted phenotype, after regeneration was completed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An-Sofie Stevens
- Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Annelies Wouters
- Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jan-Pieter Ploem
- Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Nicky Pirotte
- Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Andromeda Van Roten
- Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Maxime Willems
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology & Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Niels Hellings
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Carmen Franken
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Tom Artois
- Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Michelle Plusquin
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Karen Smeets
- Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Durant F, Bischof J, Fields C, Morokuma J, LaPalme J, Hoi A, Levin M. The Role of Early Bioelectric Signals in the Regeneration of Planarian Anterior/Posterior Polarity. Biophys J 2019; 116:948-961. [PMID: 30799071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Axial patterning during planarian regeneration relies on a transcriptional circuit that confers distinct positional information on the two ends of an amputated fragment. The earliest known elements of this system begin demarcating differences between anterior and posterior wounds by 6 h postamputation. However, it is still unknown what upstream events break the axial symmetry, allowing a mutual repressor system to establish invariant, distinct biochemical states at the anterior and posterior ends. Here, we show that bioelectric signaling at 3 h is crucial for the formation of proper anterior-posterior polarity in planaria. Briefly manipulating the endogenous bioelectric state by depolarizing the injured tissue during the first 3 h of regeneration alters gene expression by 6 h postamputation and leads to a double-headed phenotype upon regeneration despite confirmed washout of ionophores from tissue. These data reveal a primary functional role for resting membrane potential taking place within the first 3 h after injury and kick-starting the downstream pattern of events that elaborate anatomy over the following 10 days. We propose a simple model of molecular-genetic mechanisms to explain how physiological events taking place immediately after injury regulate the spatial distribution of downstream gene expression and anatomy of regenerating planaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fallon Durant
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Johanna Bischof
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Chris Fields
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Junji Morokuma
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Joshua LaPalme
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Alison Hoi
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lee FJ, Williams KB, Levin M, Wolfe BE. The Bacterial Metabolite Indole Inhibits Regeneration of the Planarian Flatworm Dugesia japonica. iScience 2018; 10:135-148. [PMID: 30521984 PMCID: PMC6280633 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Planarian flatworms have been used for over a century as models for regeneration. Planarians live in aquatic environments with constant exposure to microbes, but the mechanisms by which bacteria may mediate planarian regeneration are largely unknown. We characterized the microbiome of laboratory populations of the planarian Dugesia japonica and determined how individual bacteria impact D. japonica regeneration. Eight to ten taxa in the phyla Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria consistently occur across planarian colonies housed in different research laboratories. Individual members of the D. japonica microbiome can delay regeneration including the development of eye spots and blastema formation. The microbial metabolite indole is produced in significant quantities by two bacteria that are consistently found in the D. japonica microbiome and contributes to delays in regeneration. Collectively, these results provide a baseline understanding of the bacteria associated with the planarian D. japonica and demonstrate how metabolite production by host-associated microbes can affect regeneration. The planarian worm Dugesia japonica is colonized by Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria Many of these bacteria can be cultured and experimentally manipulated Some bacteria can inhibit regeneration, including eye and blastema formation Indole produced by planarian-associated bacteria contributes to regeneration delays
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrick J Lee
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | | | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin E Wolfe
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mihaylova Y, Abnave P, Kao D, Hughes S, Lai A, Jaber-Hijazi F, Kosaka N, Aboobaker AA. Conservation of epigenetic regulation by the MLL3/4 tumour suppressor in planarian pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3633. [PMID: 30194301 PMCID: PMC6128892 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, little is known about the evolution of epigenetic regulation in animal stem cells. Here we demonstrate, using the planarian stem cell system to investigate the role of the COMPASS family of MLL3/4 histone methyltransferases that their function as tumor suppressors in mammalian stem cells is conserved over a long evolutionary distance. To investigate the potential conservation of a genome-wide epigenetic regulatory program in animal stem cells, we assess the effects of Mll3/4 loss of function by performing RNA-seq and ChIP-seq on the G2/M planarian stem cell population, part of which contributes to the formation of outgrowths. We find many oncogenes and tumor suppressors among the affected genes that are likely candidates for mediating MLL3/4 tumor suppression function. Our work demonstrates conservation of an important epigenetic regulatory program in animals and highlights the utility of the planarian model system for studying epigenetic regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliana Mihaylova
- Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Prasad Abnave
- Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Damian Kao
- Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Samantha Hughes
- HAN University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Applied Sciences, Laan van Scheut 2, 6525EM, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alvina Lai
- Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Farah Jaber-Hijazi
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Nobuyoshi Kosaka
- Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - A Aziz Aboobaker
- Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Dattani A, Kao D, Mihaylova Y, Abnave P, Hughes S, Lai A, Sahu S, Aboobaker AA. Epigenetic analyses of planarian stem cells demonstrate conservation of bivalent histone modifications in animal stem cells. Genome Res 2018; 28:1543-1554. [PMID: 30143598 PMCID: PMC6169894 DOI: 10.1101/gr.239848.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Planarian flatworms have an indefinite capacity to regenerate missing or damaged body parts owing to a population of pluripotent adult stems cells called neoblasts (NBs). Currently, little is known about the importance of the epigenetic status of NBs and how histone modifications regulate homeostasis and cellular differentiation. We have developed an improved and optimized ChIP-seq protocol for NBs in Schmidtea mediterranea and have generated genome-wide profiles for the active marks H3K4me3 and H3K36me3, and suppressive marks H3K4me1 and H3K27me3. The genome-wide profiles of these marks were found to correlate well with NB gene expression profiles. We found that genes with little transcriptional activity in the NB compartment but which switch on in post-mitotic progeny during differentiation are bivalent, being marked by both H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 at promoter regions. In further support of this hypothesis, bivalent genes also have a high level of paused RNA Polymerase II at the promoter-proximal region. Overall, this study confirms that epigenetic control is important for the maintenance of a NB transcriptional program and makes a case for bivalent promoters as a conserved feature of animal stem cells and not a vertebrate-specific innovation. By establishing a robust ChIP-seq protocol and analysis methodology, we further promote planarians as a promising model system to investigate histone modification–mediated regulation of stem cell function and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anish Dattani
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - Damian Kao
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - Yuliana Mihaylova
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - Prasad Abnave
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Hughes
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - Alvina Lai
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - Sounak Sahu
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - A Aziz Aboobaker
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Post-transcriptional regulation in planarian stem cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 87:69-78. [PMID: 29870807 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Planarians are known for their immense regenerative abilities. A pluripotent stem cell population provides the cellular source for this process, as well as for the homeostatic cell turnover of the animals. These stem cells, known as neoblasts, present striking similarities at the morphological and molecular level to germ cells, but however, give rise to somatic tissue. Many RNA binding proteins known to be important for germ cell biology are also required for neoblast function, highlighting the importance of post-transcriptional regulation for stem cell control. Many of its aspects, including alternative splicing, alternative polyadenylation, translational control and mRNA deadenylation, as well as small RNAs such as microRNAs and piRNA are critical for stem cells. Their inhibition often abrogates both regeneration and cell turnover, resulting in lethality. Some of aspects of post-transcriptional regulation are conserved from planarian to mammalian stem cells.
Collapse
|
47
|
Astacin gene family of metalloproteinases in planarians: Structural organization and tissue distribution. Gene Expr Patterns 2018; 28:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
48
|
Felix DA, Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez Ó, Espada L, Thems A, González-Estévez C. It is not all about regeneration: Planarians striking power to stand starvation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 87:169-181. [PMID: 29705301 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
All living forms, prokaryotes as eukaryotes, have some means of adaptation to food scarcity, which extends the survival chances under extreme environmental conditions. Nowadays we know that dietary interventions, including fasting, extends lifespan of many organisms and can also protect against age-related diseases including in humans. Therefore, the capacity of adapting to periods of food scarcity may have evolved billions of years ago not only to allow immediate organismal survival but also to be able to extend organismal lifespan or at least to lead to a healthier remaining lifespan. Planarians have been the center of attention since more than two centuries because of their astonishing power of full body regeneration that relies on a large amount of adult stem cells or neoblasts. However, they also present an often-overlooked characteristic. They are able to stand long time starvation. Planarians have adapted to periods of fasting by shrinking or degrowing. Here we will review the published data about starvation in planarians and conclude with the possibility of starvation being one of the processes that rejuvenate the planarian, thus explaining the historical notion of non-ageing planarians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Felix
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Óscar Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Lilia Espada
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Thems
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Cristina González-Estévez
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
DNA damage and tissue repair: What we can learn from planaria. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 87:145-159. [PMID: 29727725 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Faithful renewal of aging and damaged tissues is central to organismal lifespan. Stem cells (SCs) generate the cellular progeny that replenish adult tissues across the body but this task becomes increasingly compromised over time. The age related decline in SC-mediated tissue maintenance is a multifactorial event that commonly affects genome integrity. The presence of DNA damage in SCs that are under continuous demand to divide poses a great risk for age-related disorders such as cancer. However, performing analysis of SCs with genomic instability and the DNA damage response during tissue renewal present significant challenges. Here we introduce an alternative experimental system based on the planaria flatworm Schmidtea mediterranea to address at the organismal level studies intersecting SC-mediated tissue renewal in the presence of genomic instability. Planaria have abundant SCs (neoblasts) that maintain high rates of cellular turnover and a variety of molecular tools have been developed to induce DNA damage and dissect how neoblasts respond to this stressor. S. mediterranea displays high evolutionary conservation of DNA repair mechanisms and signaling pathways regulating adult SCs. We describe genetically induced-DNA damage models and highlight body-wide signals affecting cellular decisions such as survival, proliferation, and death in the presence of genomic instability. We also discuss transcriptomic changes in the DNA damage response during injury repair and propose DNA repair as key component of tissue regeneration. Additional studies using planaria will provide insights about mechanisms regulating survival and growth of cells with DNA damage during tissue renewal and regeneration.
Collapse
|
50
|
Dattani A, Sridhar D, Aziz Aboobaker A. Planarian flatworms as a new model system for understanding the epigenetic regulation of stem cell pluripotency and differentiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 87:79-94. [PMID: 29694837 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Planarian flatworms possess pluripotent stem cells (neoblasts) that are able to differentiate into all cell types that constitute the adult body plan. Consequently, planarians possess remarkable regenerative capabilities. Transcriptomic studies have revealed that gene expression is coordinated to maintain neoblast pluripotency, and ensure correct lineage specification during differentiation. But as yet they have not revealed how this regulation of expression is controlled. In this review, we propose that planarians represent a unique and effective system to study the epigenetic regulation of these processes in an in vivo context. We consolidate evidence suggesting that although DNA methylation is likely present in some flatworm lineages, it does not regulate neoblast function in Schmidtea mediterranea. A number of phenotypic studies have documented the role of histone modification and chromatin remodelling complexes in regulating distinct neoblast processes, and we focus on four important examples of planarian epigenetic regulators: Nucleosome Remodeling Deacetylase (NuRD) complex, Polycomb Repressive Complex (PRC), the SET1/MLL methyltransferases, and the nuclear PIWI/piRNA complex. Given the recent advent of ChIP-seq in planarians, we propose future avenues of research that will identify the genomic targets of these complexes allowing for a clearer picture of how neoblast processes are coordinated at the epigenetic level. These insights into neoblast biology may be directly relevant to mammalian stem cells and disease. The unique biology of planarians will also allow us to investigate how extracellular signals feed into epigenetic regulatory networks to govern concerted neoblast responses during regenerative polarity, tissue patterning, and remodelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anish Dattani
- Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
| | - Divya Sridhar
- Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - A Aziz Aboobaker
- Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
| |
Collapse
|