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Yang B, Lin Y, Huang Y, Shen YQ, Chen Q. Thioredoxin (Trx): A redox target and modulator of cellular senescence and aging-related diseases. Redox Biol 2024; 70:103032. [PMID: 38232457 PMCID: PMC10827563 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) is a compact redox-regulatory protein that modulates cellular redox state by reducing oxidized proteins. Trx exhibits dual functionality as an antioxidant and a cofactor for diverse enzymes and transcription factors, thereby exerting influence over their activity and function. Trx has emerged as a pivotal biomarker for various diseases, particularly those associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging. Recent clinical investigations have underscored the significance of Trx in disease diagnosis, treatment, and mechanistic elucidation. Despite its paramount importance, the intricate interplay between Trx and cellular senescence-a condition characterized by irreversible growth arrest induced by multiple aging stimuli-remains inadequately understood. In this review, our objective is to present a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the structure and function of Trx, its involvement in redox signaling pathways and cellular senescence, its association with aging and age-related diseases, as well as its potential as a therapeutic target. Our review aims to elucidate the novel and extensive role of Trx in senescence while highlighting its implications for aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yumeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yibo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Ying-Qiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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2
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Pavani M, Bonaiuti P, Chiroli E, Gross F, Natali F, Macaluso F, Póti Á, Pasqualato S, Farkas Z, Pompei S, Cosentino Lagomarsino M, Rancati G, Szüts D, Ciliberto A. Epistasis, aneuploidy, and functional mutations underlie evolution of resistance to induced microtubule depolymerization. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108225. [PMID: 34605051 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells with blocked microtubule polymerization are delayed in mitosis, but eventually manage to proliferate despite substantial chromosome missegregation. While several studies have analyzed the first cell division after microtubule depolymerization, we have asked how cells cope long-term with microtubule impairment. We allowed 24 clonal populations of yeast cells with beta-tubulin mutations preventing proper microtubule polymerization, to evolve for ˜150 generations. At the end of the laboratory evolution experiment, cells had regained the ability to form microtubules and were less sensitive to microtubule-depolymerizing drugs. Whole-genome sequencing identified recurrently mutated genes, in particular for tubulins and kinesins, as well as pervasive duplication of chromosome VIII. Recreating these mutations and chromosome VIII disomy prior to evolution confirmed that they allow cells to compensate for the original mutation in beta-tubulin. Most of the identified mutations did not abolish function, but rather restored microtubule functionality. Analysis of the temporal order of resistance development in independent populations repeatedly revealed the same series of events: disomy of chromosome VIII followed by a single additional adaptive mutation in either tubulins or kinesins. Since tubulins are highly conserved among eukaryotes, our results have implications for understanding resistance to microtubule-targeting drugs widely used in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Pavani
- IFOM, The Firc Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonaiuti
- IFOM, The Firc Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Chiroli
- IFOM, The Firc Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milano, Italy
| | - Fridolin Gross
- IFOM, The Firc Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Natali
- Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Ádám Póti
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sebastiano Pasqualato
- IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Human Technopole, Milano, Italy
| | - Zoltán Farkas
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Simone Pompei
- IFOM, The Firc Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Rancati
- Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dávid Szüts
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Ciliberto
- IFOM, The Firc Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milano, Italy.,Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), Pavia, Italy
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3
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Ciorîță A, Bugiel M, Sudhakar S, Schäffer E, Jannasch A. Single depolymerizing and transport kinesins stabilize microtubule ends. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:177-184. [PMID: 34310069 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are highly dynamic cellular filaments and an accurate control of their length is important for many intracellular processes like cell division. Among other factors, microtubule length is actively modulated by motors from the kinesin superfamily. For example, yeast kinesin-8, Kip3, motors depolymerize microtubules by a cooperative, force- and length-dependent mechanism. However, whether single motors can also depolymerize microtubules is unclear. Here, we measured how single kinesin motors influenced the stability of microtubules in an in vitro assay. Using label-free interference reflection microscopy, we determined the spontaneous microtubule depolymerization rate of stabilized microtubules in the presence of kinesins. Surprisingly, we found that both single Kip3 and nondepolymerizing kinesin-1 transport motors, used as a control, stabilized microtubules further. For Kip3, this behavior is contrary to the collective force-dependent depolymerization activity of multiple motors. Because of the control measurement, the finding may hint at a more general stabilization mechanism. The complex, concentration-dependent interaction with microtubule ends provides new insights into the molecular mechanism of kinesin-8 and its regulatory function of microtubule length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ciorîță
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Integrated Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Michael Bugiel
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Swathi Sudhakar
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,MRC London Institute of Medical Science, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Erik Schäffer
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anita Jannasch
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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4
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Zhou D, Nie ZW, Cui XS. EB1 Is Essential for Spindle Formation and Chromosome Alignment During Oocyte Meiotic Maturation in Mice. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:385-391. [PMID: 33413706 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620024897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton plays an orchestrating role in polarized cell growth. Microtubules (MTs) not only play critical roles in chromosome alignment and segregation but also control cell shape, division, and motility. A member of the plus-end tracking proteins, end-binding protein 1 (EB1), regulates MT dynamics and plays vital roles in maintaining spindle symmetry and chromosome alignment during mitosis. However, the role of EB1 in mouse oocyte meiosis remains unknown. Here, we examined the localization patterns and expression levels of EB1 at different stages. EB1 protein level was found to be stable during meiosis. EB1 mainly localized along the spindle and had a similar localization pattern as that of α-tubulin. The EB1 protein was degraded with a Trim-Away method, and the results were further confirmed with western blotting and immunofluorescence. At 12 h of culture after EB1 knockdown (KD), a reduced number of mature MII oocytes were observed. EB1 KD led to spindle disorganization, chromosome misalignment, and missegregation; β-catenin protein binds to actin via the adherens junctional complex, which was significantly reduced in the EB1 KD oocytes. Collectively, we propose that the impairment of EB1 function manipulates spindle formation, thereby promoting chromosomal loss, which is expected to fuel aneuploidy and possibly fertilization failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, 356 Room, S21-5 Dong, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk28644, South Korea
| | - Zheng-Wen Nie
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, 356 Room, S21-5 Dong, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk28644, South Korea
| | - Xiang-Shun Cui
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, 356 Room, S21-5 Dong, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk28644, South Korea
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5
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The Cytoskeleton-A Complex Interacting Meshwork. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040362. [PMID: 31003495 PMCID: PMC6523135 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton of animal cells is one of the most complicated and functionally versatile structures, involved in processes such as endocytosis, cell division, intra-cellular transport, motility, force transmission, reaction to external forces, adhesion and preservation, and adaptation of cell shape. These functions are mediated by three classical cytoskeletal filament types, as follows: Actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. The named filaments form a network that is highly structured and dynamic, responding to external and internal cues with a quick reorganization that is orchestrated on the time scale of minutes and has to be tightly regulated. Especially in brain tumors, the cytoskeleton plays an important role in spreading and migration of tumor cells. As the cytoskeletal organization and regulation is complex and many-faceted, this review aims to summarize the findings about cytoskeletal filament types, including substructures formed by them, such as lamellipodia, stress fibers, and interactions between intermediate filaments, microtubules and actin. Additionally, crucial regulatory aspects of the cytoskeletal filaments and the formed substructures are discussed and integrated into the concepts of cell motility. Even though little is known about the impact of cytoskeletal alterations on the progress of glioma, a final point discussed will be the impact of established cytoskeletal alterations in the cellular behavior and invasion of glioma.
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6
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Liang YJ, Yang WX. Kinesins in MAPK cascade: How kinesin motors are involved in the MAPK pathway? Gene 2019; 684:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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7
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Meadows JC, Messin LJ, Kamnev A, Lancaster TC, Balasubramanian MK, Cross RA, Millar JB. Opposing kinesin complexes queue at plus tips to ensure microtubule catastrophe at cell ends. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201846196. [PMID: 30206188 PMCID: PMC6216294 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In fission yeast, the lengths of interphase microtubule (iMT) arrays are adapted to cell length to maintain cell polarity and to help centre the nucleus and cell division ring. Here, we show that length regulation of iMTs is dictated by spatially regulated competition between MT‐stabilising Tea2/Tip1/Mal3 (Kinesin‐7) and MT‐destabilising Klp5/Klp6/Mcp1 (Kinesin‐8) complexes at iMT plus ends. During MT growth, the Tea2/Tip1/Mal3 complex remains bound to the plus ends of iMT bundles, thereby restricting access to the plus ends by Klp5/Klp6/Mcp1, which accumulate behind it. At cell ends, Klp5/Klp6/Mcp1 invades the space occupied by the Tea2/Tip1/Tea1 kinesin complex triggering its displacement from iMT plus ends and MT catastrophe. These data show that in vivo, whilst an iMT length‐dependent model for catastrophe factor accumulation has validity, length control of iMTs is an emergent property reflecting spatially regulated competition between distinct kinesin complexes at the MT plus tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Meadows
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Liam J Messin
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Anton Kamnev
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Theresa C Lancaster
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Mohan K Balasubramanian
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Robert A Cross
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Jonathan Ba Millar
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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8
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Bojer M, Graf IR, Frey E. Self-organized system-size oscillation of a stochastic lattice-gas model. Phys Rev E 2018; 98:012410. [PMID: 30110755 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.98.012410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The totally asymmetric simple exclusion process (TASEP) is a paradigmatic stochastic model for nonequilibrium physics, and has been successfully applied to describe active transport of molecular motors along cytoskeletal filaments. Building on this simple model, we consider a two-lane lattice-gas model that couples directed transport (TASEP) to diffusive motion in a semiclosed geometry, and simultaneously accounts for spontaneous growth and particle-induced shrinkage of the system's size. This particular extension of the TASEP is motivated by the question of how active transport and diffusion might influence length regulation in confined systems. Surprisingly, we find that the size of our intrinsically stochastic system exhibits robust temporal patterns over a broad range of growth rates. More specifically, when particle diffusion is slow relative to the shrinkage dynamics, we observe quasiperiodic changes in length. We provide an intuitive explanation for the occurrence of these self-organized temporal patterns, which is based on the imbalance between the diffusion and shrinkage speed in the confined geometry. Finally, we formulate an effective theory for the oscillatory regime, which explains the origin of the oscillations and correctly predicts the dependence of key quantities, such as the oscillation frequency, on the growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Bojer
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstrasse 37, D-80333 München, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Isabella R Graf
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstrasse 37, D-80333 München, Germany
| | - Erwin Frey
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstrasse 37, D-80333 München, Germany
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9
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Hou L, Zhang Y, Yu B, Yang Y, Li B, Wu J. Oocyte-G1 promotes male germ cell apoptosis through activation of Caspase-3. Gene 2018; 670:22-30. [PMID: 29802994 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a vital role in the developmental process of the mammalian reproduction system, such as during folliculogenesis or spermatogenesis. Kinesin superfamily (Kif) proteins are responsible for intercellular transportation, and their malfunction can induce cell apoptosis. Oocyte-G1 is a new Kif member. Our previous study suggested that abnormal expression of Oocyte-G1 induced abnormal development of ovarian follicle and testes, but the underlying mechanism was not fully discovered. Therefore, in this study, the cellular role and mechanism of Oocyte-G1 were investigated. Transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) result showed that overexpression of Oocyte-G1 increased apoptosis in cultured cells. Oocyte-G1 transgenic mice also showed an increased apoptotic rate in male germ cells compared with controls. Immunoprecipitation and co-localization experiments revealed an interaction between Oocyte-G1 and Caspase-3. Expression levels of Caspase-3 were upregulated in cells overexpressing Oocyte-G1 and downregulated in Oocyte-G1 knockdown cells. These results suggest that Oocyte-G1 may promote male germ cell apoptosis through activating Caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hou
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Baoli Yu
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yanzhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Ji Wu
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
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10
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Barsegov V, Ross JL, Dima RI. Dynamics of microtubules: highlights of recent computational and experimental investigations. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:433003. [PMID: 28812545 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa8670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are found in most eukaryotic cells, with homologs in eubacteria and archea, and they have functional roles in mitosis, cell motility, intracellular transport, and the maintenance of cell shape. Numerous efforts have been expended over the last two decades to characterize the interactions between microtubules and the wide variety of microtubule associated proteins that control their dynamic behavior in cells resulting in microtubules being assembled and disassembled where and when they are required by the cell. We present the main findings regarding microtubule polymerization and depolymerization and review recent work about the molecular motors that modulate microtubule dynamics by inducing either microtubule depolymerization or severing. We also discuss the main experimental and computational approaches used to quantify the thermodynamics and mechanics of microtubule filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeri Barsegov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, United States of America
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11
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Oberstadt M, Claßen J, Arendt T, Holzer M. TDP-43 and Cytoskeletal Proteins in ALS. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3143-3151. [PMID: 28466273 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) represents a rapidly progressing neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by a degeneration of motor neurons. Motor neurons are particularly susceptible to selective and early degeneration because of their extended axon length and their dependency on the cytoskeleton for its stability, signaling, and axonal transport. The motor neuron cytoskeleton comprises actin filaments, neurofilaments like peripherin, and microtubules. The Transactivating Response Region (TAR) DNA Binding Protein (TDP-43) forms characteristic cytoplasmic aggregates in motor neurons of ALS patients, and at least in part, the pathogenesis of ALS seems to be driven by toxic pTDP-43 aggregates in cytoplasm, which lead to a diminished axon formation and reduced axon length. Diminished axon formation and reduced axon length suggest an interaction of TDP-43 with the cytoskeleton of motor neurons. TDP-43 interacts with several cytoskeletal components, e.g., the microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) or the neurofilament light chain (NFL) through direct binding to its RNA. From a clinical perspective, cytoskeletal biomarkers like phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (pNFH) and NFL are already clinically used in ALS patients to predict survival, disease progression, and duration. Thus, in this review, we focus on the interaction of TDP-43 with the different cytoskeleton components such as actin filaments, neurofilaments, and microtubules as well as their associated proteins as one aspect in the complex pathogenesis of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Oberstadt
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Joseph Claßen
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Arendt
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Max Holzer
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Möckel MM, Heim A, Tischer T, Mayer TU. Xenopus laevis Kif18A is a highly processive kinesin required for meiotic spindle integrity. Biol Open 2017; 6:463-470. [PMID: 28228376 PMCID: PMC5399559 DOI: 10.1242/bio.023952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly and functionality of the mitotic spindle depends on the coordinated activities of microtubule-associated motor proteins of the dynein and kinesin superfamily. Our current understanding of the function of motor proteins is significantly shaped by studies using Xenopus laevis egg extract as its open structure allows complex experimental manipulations hardly feasible in other model systems. Yet, the Kinesin-8 orthologue of human Kif18A has not been described in Xenopus laevis so far. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of Xenopus laevis (Xl) Kif18A. Xenopus Kif18A is expressed during oocyte maturation and its depletion from meiotic egg extract results in severe spindle defects. These defects can be rescued by wild-type Kif18A, but not Kif18A lacking motor activity or the C-terminus. Single-molecule microscopy assays revealed that Xl_Kif18A possesses high processivity, which depends on an additional C-terminal microtubule-binding site. Human tissue culture cells depleted of endogenous Kif18A display mitotic defects, which can be rescued by wild-type, but not tail-less Xl_Kif18A. Thus, Xl_Kif18A is the functional orthologue of human Kif18A whose activity is essential for the correct function of meiotic spindles in Xenopus oocytes. Summary: The highly processive kinesin Kif18A, which is expressed during oocyte maturation in Xenopus laevis, is required for correct spindle formation in meiotic egg extracts and can functionally complement human Kif18A in tissue culture cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Möckel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - Andreas Heim
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - Thomas Tischer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - Thomas U Mayer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz 78457, Germany
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13
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Gao Y, Chen H, Lui WY, Lee WM, Cheng CY. Basement Membrane Laminin α2 Regulation of BTB Dynamics via Its Effects on F-Actin and Microtubule Cytoskeletons Is Mediated Through mTORC1 Signaling. Endocrinology 2017; 158:963-978. [PMID: 28323988 PMCID: PMC5460804 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A local axis connects the apical ectoplasmic specialization (ES) at the Sertoli-spermatid interface, the basal ES at the blood-testis barrier (BTB), and the basement membrane across the seminiferous epithelium functionally in rat testes. As such, cellular events that take place simultaneously across the epithelium such as spermiation and BTB remodeling that occur at the apical ES and the basal ES, respectively, at stage VIII of the cycle are coordinated. Herein, laminin α2, a structural component of the basement membrane, was found to regulate BTB dynamics. Sertoli cells were cultured in vitro to allow the establishment of a tight junction (TJ) barrier that mimicked the BTB in vivo. Knockdown of laminin α2 by transfecting Sertoli cells with laminin α2-specific short hairpin RNA vs the nontargeting negative control was shown to perturb the Sertoli cell TJ barrier, illustrating laminin α2 was involved in regulating BTB dynamics. This regulatory effect was mediated through mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling because the two mTORC1 downstream signaling molecules ribosomal protein S6 and Akt1/2 were activated and inactivated, respectively, consistent with earlier findings that mTORC1 is involved in promoting BTB remodeling. Also, laminin α2 knockdown induced F-actin and microtubule (MT) disorganization through changes in the spatial expression of F-actin regulators actin-related protein 3 and epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8 vs end-binding protein 1 (a MT plus-end tracking protein, +TIP). These laminin α2 knockdown-mediated effects on F-actin and MT organization was blocked by exposing Sertoli cells to rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTORC1 signaling, and also SC79, an activator of Akt. In summary, laminin α2-mediated regulation on Sertoli cell BTB dynamics is through mTORC1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065
| | - Haiqi Chen
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065
| | - Wing-yee Lui
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Will M. Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - C. Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065
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14
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van Riel WE, Rai A, Bianchi S, Katrukha EA, Liu Q, Heck AJ, Hoogenraad CC, Steinmetz MO, Kapitein LC, Akhmanova A. Kinesin-4 KIF21B is a potent microtubule pausing factor. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28290984 PMCID: PMC5383399 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic polymers that in cells can grow, shrink or pause, but the factors that promote pausing are poorly understood. Here, we show that the mammalian kinesin-4 KIF21B is a processive motor that can accumulate at microtubule plus ends and induce pausing. A few KIF21B molecules are sufficient to induce strong growth inhibition of a microtubule plus end in vitro. This property depends on non-motor microtubule-binding domains located in the stalk region and the C-terminal WD40 domain. The WD40-containing KIF21B tail displays preference for a GTP-type over a GDP-type microtubule lattice and contributes to the interaction of KIF21B with microtubule plus ends. KIF21B also contains a motor-inhibiting domain that does not fully block the interaction of the protein with microtubules, but rather enhances its pause-inducing activity by preventing KIF21B detachment from microtubule tips. Thus, KIF21B combines microtubule-binding and regulatory activities that together constitute an autonomous microtubule pausing factor. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24746.001 Microtubules are tiny tubes that cells use as rails to move various cell compartments and structures to different locations within the cell. They are made of building blocks called tubulin and form extensive networks across the cell. Depending on the cell’s needs, microtubule networks can be rapidly assembled and disassembled by adding or removing tubulin subunits at the ends of individual microtubules. While a lot is known about how cells regulate the growth and shrinkage of microtubules, much less is known about the factors that can pause these processes and thus stabilize a microtubule. Proteins belonging to the kinesin family are molecular motors that can walk along microtubules and control how microtubules grow and shrink. A kinesin known as KIF21B is found in several types of cells including neurons and immune cells and genetic alterations in this protein have been linked with several neurodegenerative diseases. KIF21B is made up of three regions: a motor domain, a stalk and a tail domain that binds to microtubules. Recent studies have suggested that this kinesin affects the ability of one end of microtubules (known as the plus end) to grow. Here, van Riel, Rai, Bianchi et al. used a biochemical approach to investigate the activity of KIF21B. The experiments show that KIF21B can walk to the plus end of microtubules and efficiently pause growth. Small numbers of KIF21B molecules are enough to inhibit microtubule growth and this activity depends on the motor domain and the tail domain of KIF21B working together. These experiments were performed a cell-free system and so the next challenge is to investigate how KIF21B works in living cells, including neurons and immune cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24746.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmina E van Riel
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ankit Rai
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sarah Bianchi
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Qingyang Liu
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Albert Jr Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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15
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Kent IA, Lele TP. Microtubule-based force generation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 9. [PMID: 27562344 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are vital to many important cell processes, such as cell division, transport of cellular cargo, organelle positioning, and cell migration. Owing to their diverse functions, understanding microtubule function is an important part of cell biological research that can help in combating various diseases. For example, microtubules are an important target of chemotherapeutic drugs such as paclitaxel because of their pivotal role in cell division. Many functions of microtubules relate to the generation of mechanical forces. These forces are generally either a direct result of microtubule polymerization/depolymerization or generated by motor proteins that move processively along microtubules. In this review, we summarize recent efforts to quantify and model force generation by microtubules in the context of microtubule function. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1428. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1428 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Kent
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tanmay P Lele
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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16
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Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal filaments that are intrinsically polarized, with two structurally and functionally distinct ends, the plus end and the minus end. Over the last decade, numerous studies have shown that microtubule plus-end dynamics play an important role in many vital cellular processes and are controlled by numerous factors, such as microtubule plus-end-tracking proteins (+TIPs). In contrast, the cellular machinery that controls the behavior and organization of microtubule minus ends remains one of the least well-understood facets of the microtubule cytoskeleton. The recent characterization of the CAMSAP/Patronin/Nezha family members as specific 'minus-end-targeting proteins' ('-TIPs') has provided important new insights into the mechanisms governing minus-end dynamics. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on how microtubule minus ends are controlled and how minus-end regulators contribute to non-centrosomal microtubule organization and function during cell division, migration and differentiation.
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17
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Sigala J, Jumeau F, Buée L, Sergeant N, Mitchell V. [The testicular microtubule-associated protein Tau: Where, when during spermatogenesis?]. Morphologie 2015; 99:141-148. [PMID: 25908520 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Tau protein (Tubulin Associated Unit) is a phosphoprotein of the microtubule-associated protein family (MAPs). Its role is the regulation of the microtubule polymerization. The Tau protein is naturally present in brain, heart, muscle, lung, kidney, pancreas and liver. An expression of Tau protein and RNA messengers was also highlighted in the testis that is an organ rich in microtubules. The role of microtubules is essential in the stabilization of the cellular shape and in cell divisions. In the testis, Tau protein could be involved in the division process of the spermatogenesis by acting on the microtubular dynamics in the arrangement of the spermatozoon polarity. This review synthesizes the current knowledge, the localization and the main functions of the Tau protein focused on the testis. The localization and the potential roles of the Tau protein during the spermatogenesis are discussed by emphasizing the link with the microtubular structures of seminiferous tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sigala
- Institut de biologie de la reproduction-spermiologie, CECOS, hôpital Jeanne-de-Flandre, centre hospitalier régional universitaire de Lille, avenue Eugène-Avinée, 59037 Lille cedex, France; EA 4308 gamétogenèse et qualité du gamète, France; Inserm UMR-S 1172 Alzheimer et tauopathies, place de Verdun, 59045 Lille cedex, France
| | - F Jumeau
- EA 4308 gamétogenèse et qualité du gamète, France; Inserm UMR-S 1172 Alzheimer et tauopathies, place de Verdun, 59045 Lille cedex, France; Laboratoire de biologie de la reproduction, CECOS, centre hospitalier universitaire de Rouen, 1, rue de Germont, 76031 Rouen cedex, France
| | - L Buée
- Inserm UMR-S 1172 Alzheimer et tauopathies, place de Verdun, 59045 Lille cedex, France
| | - N Sergeant
- Inserm UMR-S 1172 Alzheimer et tauopathies, place de Verdun, 59045 Lille cedex, France
| | - V Mitchell
- Institut de biologie de la reproduction-spermiologie, CECOS, hôpital Jeanne-de-Flandre, centre hospitalier régional universitaire de Lille, avenue Eugène-Avinée, 59037 Lille cedex, France; EA 4308 gamétogenèse et qualité du gamète, France.
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18
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Control of microtubule organization and dynamics: two ends in the limelight. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015; 16:711-26. [PMID: 26562752 DOI: 10.1038/nrm4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules have fundamental roles in many essential biological processes, including cell division and intracellular transport. They assemble and disassemble from their two ends, denoted the plus end and the minus end. Significant advances have been made in our understanding of microtubule plus-end-tracking proteins (+TIPs) such as end-binding protein 1 (EB1), XMAP215, selected kinesins and dynein. By contrast, information on microtubule minus-end-targeting proteins (-TIPs), such as the calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated proteins (CAMSAPs) and Patronin, has only recently started to emerge. Here, we review our current knowledge of factors, including microtubule-targeting agents, that associate with microtubule ends to control the dynamics and function of microtubules during the cell cycle and development.
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19
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Biased Brownian motion as a mechanism to facilitate nanometer-scale exploration of the microtubule plus end by a kinesin-8. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E3826-35. [PMID: 26150501 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500272112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-8s are plus-end-directed motors that negatively regulate microtubule (MT) length. Well-characterized members of this subfamily (Kip3, Kif18A) exhibit two important properties: (i) They are "ultraprocessive," a feature enabled by a second MT-binding site that tethers the motors to a MT track, and (ii) they dissociate infrequently from the plus end. Together, these characteristics combined with their plus-end motility cause Kip3 and Kif18A to enrich preferentially at the plus ends of long MTs, promoting MT catastrophes or pausing. Kif18B, an understudied human kinesin-8, also limits MT growth during mitosis. In contrast to Kif18A and Kip3, localization of Kif18B to plus ends relies on binding to the plus-end tracking protein EB1, making the relationship between its potential plus-end-directed motility and plus-end accumulation unclear. Using single-molecule assays, we show that Kif18B is only modestly processive and that the motor switches frequently between directed and diffusive modes of motility. Diffusion is promoted by the tail domain, which also contains a second MT-binding site that decreases the off rate of the motor from the MT lattice. In cells, Kif18B concentrates at the extreme tip of a subset of MTs, superseding EB1. Our data demonstrate that kinesin-8 motors use diverse design principles to target MT plus ends, which likely target them to the plus ends of distinct MT subpopulations in the mitotic spindle.
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20
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Pgp efflux pump decreases the cytostatic effect of CENP-E inhibitor GSK923295. Cancer Lett 2015; 361:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Casas C, Isus L, Herrando-Grabulosa M, Mancuso FM, Borrás E, Sabidó E, Forés J, Aloy P. Network-based proteomic approaches reveal the neurodegenerative, neuroprotective and pain-related mechanisms involved after retrograde axonal damage. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9185. [PMID: 25784190 PMCID: PMC5378195 DOI: 10.1038/srep09185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative processes are preceded by neuronal dysfunction and synaptic disconnection. Disconnection between spinal motoneuron (MN) soma and synaptic target leads either to a retrograde degenerative process or to a regenerative reaction, depending injury proximity among other factors. Distinguished key events associated with one or other processes may give some clues towards new therapeutical approaches based on boosting endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms. Root mechanical traction leads to retrograde MN degeneration, but share common initial molecular mechanisms with a regenerative process triggered by distal axotomy and suture. By 7 days post-injury, key molecular events starts to diverge and sign apart each destiny. We used comparative unbiased proteomics to define these signatures, coupled to a novel network-based analysis to get biological meaning. The procedure implicated the previous generation of combined topological information from manual curated 19 associated biological processes to be contrasted with the proteomic list using gene enrichment analysis tools. The novel and unexpected results suggested that motoneurodegeneration is better explained mainly by the concomitant triggering of anoikis, anti-apoptotic and neuropathic-pain related programs. In contrast, the endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms engaged after distal axotomy included specifically rather anti-anoikis and selective autophagy. Validated protein-nodes and processes are highlighted across discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caty Casas
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institut de Neurociències and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Isus
- Joint IRB-BSC-CRG Program in Computational Biology. Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mireia Herrando-Grabulosa
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institut de Neurociències and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesco M. Mancuso
- Proteomic Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Borrás
- Proteomic Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Sabidó
- Proteomic Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Forés
- Hand and Peripheral Nerve Unit, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick Aloy
- Joint IRB-BSC-CRG Program in Computational Biology. Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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22
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Mitosis, microtubule dynamics and the evolution of kinesins. Exp Cell Res 2015; 334:61-9. [PMID: 25708751 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Tang EI, Mok KW, Lee WM, Cheng CY. EB1 regulates tubulin and actin cytoskeletal networks at the sertoli cell blood-testis barrier in male rats: an in vitro study. Endocrinology 2015; 156:680-93. [PMID: 25456071 PMCID: PMC4298315 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During spermatogenesis, developing germ cells are transported across the seminiferous epithelium. Studies propose that because microtubules (MTs) serve as the tracks for transporting cell organelles, they may also serve a similar function in the transport of developing germ cells. Polarized MTs may provide the tracks along which polarized actin microfilaments, which act as vehicles to transport cargo, such as preleptotene spermatocytes through the blood-testis barrier (BTB) and spermatids across the epithelium. Yet the molecular mechanism(s) underlying these events remain unknown. Using an established in vitro Sertoli cell system to study BTB function, we demonstrated herein that a MT regulatory protein end-binding protein 1 (EB1) regulates the MT- and also the actin-based cytoskeleton of the Sertoli cell BTB in the rat. EB1 serves as a coordinator between the two cytoskeletons by regulating MT polymerization and actin filament bundling to modulate germ cell transport at the Sertoli cell BTB. A knockdown of EB1 by RNA interference was found to perturb the tight junction (TJ)-permeability barrier, as evidenced by mislocalization of junctional proteins critical for barrier function to facilitate spermatocyte transport, which was likely achieved by two coordinated events. First, EB1 knockdown resulted in changes in MT polymerization, thereby perturbing MT organization in Sertoli cells in which polarized MT no longer stretched properly across the cell cytosol to serve as the tracks. Second, EB1 knockdown perturbed actin organization via its effects on the branched actin polymerization-inducing protein called Arp3 (actin-related protein 3), perturbing microfilament bundling capability based on a biochemical assay, thereby causing microfilament truncation and misorganization, disrupting the function of the vehicle. This reduced actin microfilament bundling capability thus perturbed TJ-protein distribution and localization at the BTB, destabilizing the TJ barrier, leading to its remodeling to facilitate spermatocyte transport. In summary, EB1 provides a functional link between tubulin- and actin-based cytoskeletons to confer spermatocyte transport at the BTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth I Tang
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research (E.I.T., K.-W.M., C.Y.C.), Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065; and School of Biological Sciences (W.M.L.), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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24
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Vasudevan KK, Jiang YY, Lechtreck KF, Kushida Y, Alford LM, Sale WS, Hennessey T, Gaertig J. Kinesin-13 regulates the quantity and quality of tubulin inside cilia. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 26:478-94. [PMID: 25501369 PMCID: PMC4310739 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-09-1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-13, a microtubule-end depolymerase, has been shown to affect the length of cilia, but its ciliary function is unclear. In Tetrahymena thermophila, kinesin-13 positively regulates the axoneme length, influences the properties of ciliary tubulin, and affects the ciliary dynein-dependent motility. Kinesin-13, an end depolymerizer of cytoplasmic and spindle microtubules, also affects the length of cilia. However, in different models, depletion of kinesin-13 either lengthens or shortens cilia, and therefore the exact function of kinesin-13 in cilia remains unclear. We generated null mutations of all kinesin-13 paralogues in the ciliate Tetrahymena. One of the paralogues, Kin13Ap, localizes to the nuclei and is essential for nuclear divisions. The remaining two paralogues, Kin13Bp and Kin13Cp, localize to the cell body and inside assembling cilia. Loss of both Kin13Bp and Kin13Cp resulted in slow cell multiplication and motility, overgrowth of cell body microtubules, shortening of cilia, and synthetic lethality with either paclitaxel or a deletion of MEC-17/ATAT1, the α-tubulin acetyltransferase. The mutant cilia assembled slowly and contained abnormal tubulin, characterized by altered posttranslational modifications and hypersensitivity to paclitaxel. The mutant cilia beat slowly and axonemes showed reduced velocity of microtubule sliding. Thus kinesin-13 positively regulates the axoneme length, influences the properties of ciliary tubulin, and likely indirectly, through its effects on the axonemal microtubules, affects the ciliary dynein-dependent motility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Yang Jiang
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Karl F Lechtreck
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Yasuharu Kushida
- Department of Structural Biosciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Lea M Alford
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Winfield S Sale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Todd Hennessey
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Jacek Gaertig
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602;
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25
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Reese L, Melbinger A, Frey E. Molecular mechanisms for microtubule length regulation by kinesin-8 and XMAP215 proteins. Interface Focus 2014; 4:20140031. [PMID: 25485082 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2014.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is regulated by a plethora of enzymes that influence the stability and dynamics of cytoskeletal filaments. How microtubules (MTs) are controlled is of particular importance for mitosis, during which dynamic MTs are responsible for proper segregation of chromosomes. Molecular motors of the kinesin-8 protein family have been shown to depolymerize MTs in a length-dependent manner, and recent experimental and theoretical evidence suggests a possible role for kinesin-8 in the dynamic regulation of MTs. However, so far the detailed molecular mechanisms of how these molecular motors interact with the growing MT tip remain elusive. Here we show that two distinct scenarios for the interactions of kinesin-8 with the MT tip lead to qualitatively different MT dynamics, including accurate length control as well as intermittent dynamics. We give a comprehensive analysis of the regimes where length regulation is possible and characterize how the stationary length depends on the biochemical rates and the bulk concentrations of the various proteins. For a neutral scenario, where MTs grow irrespective of whether the MT tip is occupied by a molecular motor, length regulation is possible only for a narrow range of biochemical rates, and, in particular, limited to small polymerization rates. By contrast, for an inhibition scenario, where the presence of a motor at the MT tip inhibits MT growth, the regime where length regulation is possible is extremely broad and includes high growth rates. These results also apply to situations where a polymerizing enzyme like XMAP215 and kinesin-8 mutually exclude each other from the MT tip. Moreover, we characterize the differences in the stochastic length dynamics between the two scenarios. While for the neutral scenario length is tightly controlled, length dynamics is intermittent for the inhibition scenario and exhibits extended periods of MT growth and shrinkage. On a broader perspective, the set of models established in this work quite generally suggest that mutual exclusion of molecules at the ends of cytoskeletal filaments is an important factor for filament dynamics and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Reese
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Theresienstraße 37, 80333 Munich , Germany ; Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Schellingstraße 4, 80333 Munich , Germany
| | - Anna Melbinger
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Theresienstraße 37, 80333 Munich , Germany ; Department of Physics , University of California , San Diego, CA 92093 , USA
| | - Erwin Frey
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Theresienstraße 37, 80333 Munich , Germany ; Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Schellingstraße 4, 80333 Munich , Germany
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26
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Kononova O, Kholodov Y, Theisen KE, Marx KA, Dima RI, Ataullakhanov FI, Grishchuk EL, Barsegov V. Tubulin bond energies and microtubule biomechanics determined from nanoindentation in silico. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17036-45. [PMID: 25389565 PMCID: PMC4277772 DOI: 10.1021/ja506385p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Microtubules,
the primary components of the chromosome segregation
machinery, are stabilized by longitudinal and lateral noncovalent
bonds between the tubulin subunits. However, the thermodynamics of
these bonds and the microtubule physicochemical properties are poorly
understood. Here, we explore the biomechanics of microtubule polymers
using multiscale computational modeling and nanoindentations in silico of a contiguous microtubule fragment. A close
match between the simulated and experimental force–deformation
spectra enabled us to correlate the microtubule biomechanics with
dynamic structural transitions at the nanoscale. Our mechanical testing
revealed that the compressed MT behaves as a system of rigid elements
interconnected through a network of lateral and longitudinal elastic
bonds. The initial regime of continuous elastic deformation of the
microtubule is followed by the transition regime, during which the
microtubule lattice undergoes discrete structural changes, which include
first the reversible dissociation of lateral bonds followed by irreversible
dissociation of the longitudinal bonds. We have determined the free
energies of dissociation of the lateral (6.9 ± 0.4 kcal/mol)
and longitudinal (14.9 ± 1.5 kcal/mol) tubulin–tubulin
bonds. These values in conjunction with the large flexural rigidity
of tubulin protofilaments obtained (18,000–26,000 pN·nm2) support the idea that the disassembling microtubule is capable
of generating a large mechanical force to move chromosomes during
cell division. Our computational modeling offers a comprehensive quantitative
platform to link molecular tubulin characteristics with the physiological
behavior of microtubules. The developed in silico nanoindentation method provides a powerful tool for the exploration
of biomechanical properties of other cytoskeletal and multiprotein
assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kononova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts , Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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27
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Fukuda Y, Luchniak A, Murphy ER, Gupta ML. Spatial control of microtubule length and lifetime by opposing stabilizing and destabilizing functions of Kinesin-8. Curr Biol 2014; 24:1826-35. [PMID: 25088560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To function in diverse cellular processes, the dynamic behavior of microtubules (MTs) must be differentially regulated within the cell. In budding yeast, the spindle position checkpoint (SPOC) inhibits mitotic exit in response to mispositioned spindles. To maintain SPOC-mediated anaphase arrest, astral MTs must maintain persistent interactions with and/or extend through the bud neck. However, the molecular mechanisms that ensure the stability of these interactions are not known. RESULTS The presence of an MT extending through and/or interacting with the bud neck is maintained by spatial control of catastrophe and rescue, which extends MT lifetime >25-fold and controls the length of dynamic MTs within the bud compartment. Moreover, the single kinesin-8 motor Kip3 alternately mediates both catastrophe and rescue of the bud MT. Kip3 accumulates in a length-dependent manner along the lattice of MTs within the bud, yet induces catastrophe spatially near the bud tip. Rather, this accumulation of Kip3 facilitates its association with depolymerizing MT plus ends, where Kip3 promotes rescue before MTs exit the bud. MT rescue within the bud requires the tail domain of Kip3, whereas the motor domain mediates catastrophe at the bud tip. In vitro, Kip3 exerts both stabilizing and destabilizing effects on reconstituted yeast MTs. CONCLUSIONS The kinesin-8 Kip3 is a multifunctional regulator that differentially stabilizes and destabilizes specific MTs. Control over MT catastrophe and rescue by Kip3 defines the length and lifetime of MTs within the bud compartment of cells with mispositioned spindles. This subcellular regulation of MT dynamics is critical to maintaining mitotic arrest in response to mispositioned spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Fukuda
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anna Luchniak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Erin R Murphy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mohan L Gupta
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma G Sturgill
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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29
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Involvement of upregulated SYF2 in Schwann cell differentiation and migration after sciatic nerve crush. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:1023-36. [PMID: 24962097 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
SYF2 is a putative homolog of human p29 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It seems to be involved in pre-mRNA splicing and cell cycle progression. Disruption of SYF2 leads to reduced α-tubulin expression and delayed nerve system development in zebrafish. Due to the potential of SYF2 in modulating microtubule dynamics in nervous system, we investigated the spatiotemporal expression of SYF2 in a rat sciatic nerve crush (SNC) model. We found that SNC resulted in a significant upregulation of SYF2 from 3 days to 1 week and subsequently returned to the normal level at 4 weeks. At its peak expression, SYF2 distributed predominantly in Schwann cells. In addition, upregulation of SYF2 was approximately in parallel with Oct-6, and numerous Schwann cells expressing SYF2 were Oct-6 positive. In vitro, we observed enhanced expression of SYF2 during the process of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-induced Schwann cell differentiation. SYF2-specific siRNA-transfected Schwann cells did not show significant morphological change in the process of Schwann cell differentiation. Also, we found shorter and disorganized microtubule structure and a decreased migration in SYF2-specific siRNA-transfected Schwann cells. Together, these findings indicated that the upregulation of SYF2 was associated with Schwann cell differentiation and migration following sciatic nerve crush.
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30
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Cross RA, McAinsh A. Prime movers: the mechanochemistry of mitotic kinesins. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:257-71. [PMID: 24651543 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitotic spindles are self-organizing protein machines that harness teams of multiple force generators to drive chromosome segregation. Kinesins are key members of these force-generating teams. Different kinesins walk directionally along dynamic microtubules, anchor, crosslink, align and sort microtubules into polarized bundles, and influence microtubule dynamics by interacting with microtubule tips. The mechanochemical mechanisms of these kinesins are specialized to enable each type to make a specific contribution to spindle self-organization and chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Cross
- Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Andrew McAinsh
- Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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31
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Theisen KE, Desai NJ, Volski AM, Dima RI. Mechanics of severing for large microtubule complexes revealed by coarse-grained simulations. J Chem Phys 2014; 139:121926. [PMID: 24089738 DOI: 10.1063/1.4819817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the mechanical behavior of microtubule (MT) protofilaments under the action of bending forces, ramped up linearly in time, to provide insight into the severing of MTs by microtubule associated proteins (MAPs). We used the self-organized polymer model which employs a coarse-grained description of the protein chain and ran Brownian dynamics simulations accelerated on graphics processing units that allow us to follow the dynamics of a MT system on experimental timescales. Our study focused on the role played in the MT depolymerization dynamics by the inter-tubulin contacts a protofilament experiences when embedded in the MT lattice, and the number of binding sites of MAPs on MTs. We found that proteins inducing breaking of MTs must have at least three attachment points on any tubulin dimer from an isolated protofilament. In contrast, two points of contact would suffice when dimers are located in an intact MT lattice, in accord with experimental findings on MT severing proteins. Our results show that confinement of a protofilament in the MT lattice leads to a drastic reduction in the energy required for the removal of tubulin dimers, due to the drastic reduction in entropy. We further showed that there are differences in the energetic requirements based on the location of the dimer to be removed by severing. Comparing the energy of tubulin dimers removal revealed by our simulations with the amount of energy resulting from one ATP hydrolysis, which is the source of energy for all MAPs, we provided strong evidence for the experimental finding that severing proteins do not bind uniformly along the MT wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Theisen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
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32
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Dimerization of mammalian kinesin-3 motors results in superprocessive motion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:5562-7. [PMID: 24706892 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1400759111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinesin-3 family is one of the largest among the kinesin superfamily and its members play important roles in a wide range of cellular transport activities, yet the molecular mechanisms of kinesin-3 regulation and cargo transport are largely unknown. We performed a comprehensive analysis of mammalian kinesin-3 motors from three different subfamilies (KIF1, KIF13, and KIF16). Using Forster resonance energy transfer microscopy in live cells, we show for the first time to our knowledge that KIF16B motors undergo cargo-mediated dimerization. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the monomer-to-dimer transition center around the neck coil (NC) segment and its ability to undergo intramolecular interactions in the monomer state versus intermolecular interactions in the dimer state. Regulation of NC dimerization is unique to the kinesin-3 family and in the case of KIF13A and KIF13B requires the release of a proline-induced kink between the NC and subsequent coiled-coil 1 segments. We show that dimerization of kinesin-3 motors results in superprocessive motion, with average run lengths of ∼10 μm, and that this property is intrinsic to the dimeric kinesin-3 motor domain. This finding opens up studies on the mechanistic basis of motor processivity. Such high processivity has not been observed for any other motor protein and suggests that kinesin-3 motors are evolutionarily adapted to serve as the marathon runners of the cellular world.
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33
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Messin LJ, Millar JBA. Role and regulation of kinesin-8 motors through the cell cycle. SYSTEMS AND SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 2014; 8:205-13. [PMID: 25136382 DOI: 10.1007/s11693-014-9140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Members of the kinesin-8 motor family play a central role in controlling microtubule length throughout the eukaryotic cell cycle. Inactivation of kinesin-8 causes defects in cell polarity during interphase and astral and mitotic spindle length, metaphase chromosome alignment, timing of anaphase onset and accuracy of chromosome segregation. Although the biophysical mechanism by which kinesin-8 molecules influence microtubule dynamics has been studied extensively in a variety of species, a consensus view has yet to emerge. One reason for this might be that some members of the kinesin-8 family can associate to other microtubule-associated proteins, cell cycle regulatory proteins and other kinesin family members. In this review we consider how cell cycle specific modification and its association to other regulatory proteins may modulate the function of kinesin-8 to enable it to function as a master regulator of microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Messin
- Mechanochemical Cell Biology Building, Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Jonathan B A Millar
- Mechanochemical Cell Biology Building, Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
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34
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Morris EJ, Nader GPF, Ramalingam N, Bartolini F, Gundersen GG. Kif4 interacts with EB1 and stabilizes microtubules downstream of Rho-mDia in migrating fibroblasts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91568. [PMID: 24658398 PMCID: PMC3962350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Selectively stabilized microtubules (MTs) form in the lamella of fibroblasts and contribute to cell migration. A Rho-mDia-EB1 pathway regulates the formation of stable MTs, yet how selective stabilization of MTs is achieved is unknown. Kinesin activity has been implicated in selective MT stabilization and a number of kinesins regulate MT dynamics both in vitro and in cells. Here, we show that the mammalian homolog of Xenopus XKLP1, Kif4, is both necessary and sufficient for the induction of selective MT stabilization in fibroblasts. Kif4 localized to the ends of stable MTs and participated in the Rho-mDia-EB1 MT stabilization pathway since Kif4 depletion blocked mDia- and EB1-induced selective MT stabilization and EB1 was necessary for Kif4 induction of stable MTs. Kif4 and EB1 interacted in cell extracts, and binding studies revealed that the tail domain of Kif4 interacted directly with the N-terminal domain of EB1. Consistent with its role in regulating formation of stable MTs in interphase cells, Kif4 knockdown inhibited migration of cells into wounded monolayers. These data identify Kif4 as a novel factor in the Rho-mDia-EB1 MT stabilization pathway and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Morris
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Guilherme P. F. Nader
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nagendran Ramalingam
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gregg G. Gundersen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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Zheng F, Li T, Cheung M, Syrovatkina V, Fu C. Mcp1p tracks microtubule plus ends to destabilize microtubules at cell tips. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:859-65. [PMID: 24530531 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule plus ends are dynamically regulated by a wide variety of proteins for performing diverse cellular functions. Here, we show that the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe uncharacterized protein mcp1p is a microtubule plus-end tracking protein which depends on the kinesin-8 klp6p for transporting along microtubules towards microtubule plus ends. In the absence of mcp1p, microtubule catastrophe and rescue frequencies decrease, leading to an increased dwell time of microtubule plus ends at cell tips. Thus, these findings suggest that mcp1p may synergize with klp6p at microtubule plus-ends to destabilize microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zheng
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China; Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tianpeng Li
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China; Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Martin Cheung
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Viktoriya Syrovatkina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chuanhai Fu
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China; Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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36
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Catch and release: how do kinetochores hook the right microtubules during mitosis? Trends Genet 2014; 30:150-9. [PMID: 24631209 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sport fishermen keep tension on their lines to prevent hooked fish from releasing. A molecular version of this angler's trick, operating at kinetochores, ensures accuracy during mitosis: the mitotic spindle attaches randomly to chromosomes and then correctly bioriented attachments are stabilized due to the tension exerted on them by opposing microtubules. Incorrect attachments, which lack tension, are unstable and release quickly, allowing another chance for biorientation. Stabilization of molecular interactions by tension also occurs in other physiological contexts, such as cell adhesion, motility, hemostasis, and tissue morphogenesis. Here, we review models for the stabilization of kinetochore attachments with an eye toward emerging models for other force-activated systems. Although attention in the mitosis field has focused mainly on one kinase-based mechanism, multiple mechanisms may act together to stabilize properly bioriented kinetochores and some principles governing other tension-sensitive systems may also apply to kinetochores.
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37
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Microtubule Minus-End Stabilization by Polymerization-Driven CAMSAP Deposition. Dev Cell 2014; 28:295-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Grishchuk EL. A slippery walk to the microtubule-end. Biophys J 2014; 104:2324-5. [PMID: 23746502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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39
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Acharya BR, Espenel C, Kreitzer G. Direct regulation of microtubule dynamics by KIF17 motor and tail domains. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32302-32313. [PMID: 24072717 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.494989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
KIF17 is a kinesin-2 family motor that interacts with EB1 at microtubule (MT) plus-ends and contributes to MT stabilization in epithelial cells. The mechanism by which KIF17 affects MTs and how its activity is regulated are not yet known. Here, we show that EB1 and the KIF17 autoinhibitory tail domain (KIF17-Tail) interacted competitively with the KIF17 catalytic motor domain (K370). Both EB1 and KIF17-Tail decreased the K0.5MT of K370, with opposing effects on MT-stimulated ATPase activity. Importantly, K370 had independent effects on MT dynamic instability, resulting in formation of long MTs without affecting polymerization rate or total polymer mass. K370 also inhibited MT depolymerization induced by dilution in vitro and by nocodazole in cells, suggesting that it acts by protecting MT plus-ends. Interestingly, KIF17-Tail bound MTs and tubulin dimers, delaying initial MT polymerization in vitro and MT regrowth in cells. However, neither EB1 nor KIF17-Tail affected K370-mediated MT polymerization or stabilization significantly in vitro, and EB1 was dispensable for MT stabilization by K370 in cells. Thus, although EB1 and KIF17-Tail may coordinate KIF17 catalytic activity, our data reveal a novel and direct role for KIF17 in regulating MT dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipul R Acharya
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Cedric Espenel
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Geri Kreitzer
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065.
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40
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The kinesin-2 family member KIF3C regulates microtubule dynamics and is required for axon growth and regeneration. J Neurosci 2013; 33:11329-45. [PMID: 23843507 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5221-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration after injury requires the extensive reconstruction, reorganization, and stabilization of the microtubule cytoskeleton in the growth cones. Here, we identify KIF3C as a key regulator of axonal growth and regeneration by controlling microtubule dynamics and organization in the growth cone. KIF3C is developmentally regulated. Rat embryonic sensory axons and growth cones contain undetectable levels of KIF3C protein that is locally translated immediately after injury. In adult neurons, KIF3C is axonally transported from the cell body and is enriched at the growth cone where it preferentially binds to tyrosinated microtubules. Functionally, the interaction of KIF3C with EB3 is necessary for its localization at the microtubule plus-ends in the growth cone. Depletion of KIF3C in adult neurons leads to an increase in stable, overgrown and looped microtubules because of a strong decrease in the microtubule frequency of catastrophes, suggesting that KIF3C functions as a microtubule-destabilizing factor. Adult axons lacking KIF3C, by RNA interference or KIF3C gene knock-out, display an impaired axonal outgrowth in vitro and a delayed regeneration after injury both in vitro and in vivo. Murine KIF3C knock-out embryonic axons grow normally but do not regenerate after injury because they are unable to locally translate KIF3C. These data show that KIF3C is an injury-specific kinesin that contributes to axon growth and regeneration by regulating and organizing the microtubule cytoskeleton in the growth cone.
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41
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Microtubule-sliding activity of a kinesin-8 promotes spindle assembly and spindle-length control. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:948-57. [PMID: 23851487 PMCID: PMC3767134 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Molecular motors play critical roles in the formation of mitotic spindles, either through controlling the stability of individual microtubules, or by cross-linking and sliding microtubule arrays. Kinesin-8 motors are best known for their regulatory roles in controlling microtubule dynamics. They contain microtubule-destabilizing activities, and restrict spindle length in a wide variety of cell types and organisms. Here, we report for the first time on an anti-parallel microtubule-sliding activity of the budding yeast kinesin-8, Kip3. The in vivo importance of this sliding activity was established through the identification of complementary Kip3 mutants that separate the sliding activity and microtubule destabilizing activity. In conjunction with kinesin-5/Cin8, the sliding activity of Kip3 promotes bipolar spindle assembly and the maintenance of genome stability. We propose a “slide-disassemble” model where Kip3’s sliding and destabilizing activity balance during pre-anaphase. This facilitates normal spindle assembly. However, Kip3’s destabilizing activity dominates in late anaphase, inhibiting spindle elongation and ultimately promoting spindle disassembly.
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42
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Lu MS, Johnston CA. Molecular pathways regulating mitotic spindle orientation in animal cells. Development 2013; 140:1843-56. [PMID: 23571210 DOI: 10.1242/dev.087627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Orientation of the cell division axis is essential for the correct development and maintenance of tissue morphology, both for symmetric cell divisions and for the asymmetric distribution of fate determinants during, for example, stem cell divisions. Oriented cell division depends on the positioning of the mitotic spindle relative to an axis of polarity. Recent studies have illuminated an expanding list of spindle orientation regulators, and a molecular model for how cells couple cortical polarity with spindle positioning has begun to emerge. Here, we review both the well-established spindle orientation pathways and recently identified regulators, focusing on how communication between the cell cortex and the spindle is achieved, to provide a contemporary view of how positioning of the mitotic spindle occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Lu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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Abstract
During spermatogenesis, spermatids derived from meiosis simultaneously undergo extensive morphological transformation, to become highly specialized and metabolically quiescent cells, and transport across the seminiferous epithelium. Spermatids are also transported back-and-forth across the seminiferous epithelium during the epithelial cycle until they line up at the luminal edge of the tubule to prepare for spermiation at stage VIII of the cycle. Spermatid transport thus requires the intricate coordination of the cytoskeletons in Sertoli cells (SCs) as spermatids are nonmotile cells lacking the ultrastructures of lamellipodia and filopodia, as well as the organized components of the cytoskeletons. In the course of preparing this brief review, we were surprised to see that, except for some earlier eminent morphological studies, little is known about the regulation of the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton and the coordination of MT with the actin-based cytoskeleton to regulate spermatid transport during the epithelia cycle, illustrating that this is a largely neglected area of research in the field. Herein, we summarize recent findings in the field regarding the significance of actin- and tubulin-based cytoskeletons in SCs that support spermatid transport; we also highlight specific areas of research that deserve attention in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth I Tang
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Cohen S, Aizer A, Shav-Tal Y, Yanai A, Motro B. Nek7 kinase accelerates microtubule dynamic instability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:1104-13. [PMID: 23313050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The NIMA-related kinases (NRK or Nek) are emerging as conserved and crucial regulators of mitosis and cilia formation. The microtubule (MT) network has long been suspected as a major target of the Neks. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Using the PlusTipTracker software, recently developed by the Danuser group, we followed the consequences of alterations in Nek7 levels on MT dynamic instability. siRNA-mediated downregulation of Nek7 in HeLa cells resulted in lower speeds of MT growth and catastrophe, reduction of the relative time spent in catastrophe, and considerably lowered the overall MT dynamicity. Co-expression of Nek7 with the siRNA treatment rescued the MT phenotypes, while ectopic overexpression of Nek7 yielded inverse characteristics compared to Nek7 downregulation. MT dynamics in mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from targeted null mutants for Nek7 recapitulated the siRNA downregulation phenotypes. Precise MT dynamic instability is critical for accurate shaping of the mitotic spindle and for cilium formation, and higher MT dynamicity is associated with tumorigenicity. Thus, our results can supply a mechanistic explanation for Nek involvement in these processes.
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