1
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Sabo J, Dujava Zdimalova M, Slater PG, Dostal V, Herynek S, Libusova L, Lowery LA, Braun M, Lansky Z. CKAP5 enables formation of persistent actin bundles templated by dynamically instable microtubules. Curr Biol 2024; 34:260-272.e7. [PMID: 38086388 PMCID: PMC10841699 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Cytoskeletal rearrangements and crosstalk between microtubules and actin filaments are vital for living organisms. Recently, an abundantly present microtubule polymerase, CKAP5 (XMAP215 homolog), has been reported to play a role in mediating crosstalk between microtubules and actin filaments in the neuronal growth cones. However, the molecular mechanism of this process is unknown. Here, we demonstrate, in a reconstituted system, that CKAP5 enables the formation of persistent actin bundles templated by dynamically instable microtubules. We explain the templating by the difference in CKAP5 binding to microtubules and actin filaments. Binding to the microtubule lattice with higher affinity, CKAP5 enables the formation of actin bundles exclusively on the microtubule lattice, at CKAP5 concentrations insufficient to support any actin bundling in the absence of microtubules. Strikingly, when the microtubules depolymerize, actin bundles prevail at the positions predetermined by the microtubules. We propose that the local abundance of available CKAP5-binding sites in actin bundles allows the retention of CKAP5, resulting in persisting actin bundles. In line with our observations, we found that reducing CKAP5 levels in vivo results in a decrease in actin-microtubule co-localization in growth cones and specifically decreases actin intensity at microtubule plus ends. This readily suggests a mechanism explaining how exploratory microtubules set the positions of actin bundles, for example, in cytoskeleton-rich neuronal growth cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sabo
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Prague West, Prague 25250, Czech Republic; Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Dujava Zdimalova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Prague West, Prague 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Paula G Slater
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias, Universidad San Sebastián, Campus Los Leones, Lota 2465, Providencia, Santiago 7510602, Chile
| | - Vojtech Dostal
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Herynek
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Prague West, Prague 25250, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Libusova
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Laura A Lowery
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Marcus Braun
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Prague West, Prague 25250, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdenek Lansky
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Prague West, Prague 25250, Czech Republic.
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2
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Kraus J, Alfaro-Aco R, Gouveia B, Petry S. Microtubule nucleation for spindle assembly: one molecule at a time. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:761-775. [PMID: 37482516 PMCID: PMC10789498 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The cell orchestrates the dance of chromosome segregation with remarkable speed and fidelity. The mitotic spindle is built from scratch after interphase through microtubule (MT) nucleation, which is dependent on the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC), the universal MT template. Although several MT nucleation pathways build the spindle framework, the question of when and how γ-TuRC is targeted to these nucleation sites in the spindle and subsequently activated remains an active area of investigation. Recent advances facilitated the discovery of new MT nucleation effectors and their mechanisms of action. In this review, we illuminate each spindle assembly pathway and subsequently consider how the pathways are merged to build a spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Kraus
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Bernardo Gouveia
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sabine Petry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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3
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Krüger LK, Gélin M, Ji L, Kikuti C, Houdusse A, Théry M, Blanchoin L, Tran PT. Kinesin-6 Klp9 orchestrates spindle elongation by regulating microtubule sliding and growth. eLife 2021; 10:67489. [PMID: 34080538 PMCID: PMC8205488 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindle function depends on the precise regulation of microtubule dynamics and microtubule sliding. Throughout mitosis, both processes have to be orchestrated to establish and maintain spindle stability. We show that during anaphase B spindle elongation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the sliding motor Klp9 (kinesin-6) also promotes microtubule growth in vivo. In vitro, Klp9 can enhance and dampen microtubule growth, depending on the tubulin concentration. This indicates that the motor is able to promote and block tubulin subunit incorporation into the microtubule lattice in order to set a well-defined microtubule growth velocity. Moreover, Klp9 recruitment to spindle microtubules is dependent on its dephosphorylation mediated by XMAP215/Dis1, a microtubule polymerase, creating a link between the regulation of spindle length and spindle elongation velocity. Collectively, we unravel the mechanism of anaphase B, from Klp9 recruitment to the motors dual-function in regulating microtubule sliding and microtubule growth, allowing an inherent coordination of both processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Katharina Krüger
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Gélin
- Institut de Recherche Saint Louis,U976 Human Immunology Pathophysiology Immunotherapy (HIPI), CytoMorpho Lab, University of Paris, INSERM, CEA, Paris, France
| | - Liang Ji
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Carlos Kikuti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Anne Houdusse
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Théry
- Institut de Recherche Saint Louis,U976 Human Immunology Pathophysiology Immunotherapy (HIPI), CytoMorpho Lab, University of Paris, INSERM, CEA, Paris, France.,Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, CytoMorpho Lab, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- Institut de Recherche Saint Louis,U976 Human Immunology Pathophysiology Immunotherapy (HIPI), CytoMorpho Lab, University of Paris, INSERM, CEA, Paris, France.,Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, CytoMorpho Lab, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, Paris, France
| | - Phong T Tran
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
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4
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Liu P, Würtz M, Zupa E, Pfeffer S, Schiebel E. Microtubule nucleation: The waltz between γ-tubulin ring complex and associated proteins. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 68:124-131. [PMID: 33190097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are essential cytoskeletal elements assembled from αβ-tubulin dimers. In high eukaryotes, microtubule nucleation, the de novo assembly of a microtubule from its minus end, is initiated by the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC). Despite many years of research, the structural and mechanistic principles of the microtubule nucleation machinery remained poorly understood. Only recently, cryoelectron microscopy studies uncovered the molecular organization and potential activation mechanisms of γ-TuRC. In vitro assays further deciphered the spatial and temporal cooperation between γ-TuRC and additional factors, for example, the augmin complex, the phase separation protein TPX2, and the microtubule polymerase XMAP215. These breakthroughs deepen our understanding of microtubule nucleation mechanisms and will link the assembly of individual microtubules to the organization of cellular microtubule networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Martin Würtz
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Erik Zupa
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Pfeffer
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elmar Schiebel
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Thawani A, Rale MJ, Coudray N, Bhabha G, Stone HA, Shaevitz JW, Petry S. The transition state and regulation of γ-TuRC-mediated microtubule nucleation revealed by single molecule microscopy. eLife 2020; 9:e54253. [PMID: 32538784 PMCID: PMC7338055 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining how microtubules (MTs) are nucleated is essential for understanding how the cytoskeleton assembles. While the MT nucleator, γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC) has been identified, precisely how γ-TuRC nucleates a MT remains poorly understood. Here, we developed a single molecule assay to directly visualize nucleation of a MT from purified Xenopus laevis γ-TuRC. We reveal a high γ-/αβ-tubulin affinity, which facilitates assembly of a MT from γ-TuRC. Whereas spontaneous nucleation requires assembly of 8 αβ-tubulins, nucleation from γ-TuRC occurs efficiently with a cooperativity of 4 αβ-tubulin dimers. This is distinct from pre-assembled MT seeds, where a single dimer is sufficient to initiate growth. A computational model predicts our kinetic measurements and reveals the rate-limiting transition where laterally associated αβ-tubulins drive γ-TuRC into a closed conformation. NME7, TPX2, and the putative activation domain of CDK5RAP2 h γ-TuRC-mediated nucleation, while XMAP215 drastically increases the nucleation efficiency by strengthening the longitudinal γ-/αβ-tubulin interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Thawani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Michael J Rale
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Nicolas Coudray
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Gira Bhabha
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Howard A Stone
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Joshua W Shaevitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative GenomicsPrincetonUnited States
- Department of Physics, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Sabine Petry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
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6
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Nithianantham S, Cook BD, Beans M, Guo F, Chang F, Al-Bassam J. Structural basis of tubulin recruitment and assembly by microtubule polymerases with tumor overexpressed gene (TOG) domain arrays. eLife 2018; 7:38922. [PMID: 30422110 PMCID: PMC6251626 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
XMAP215/Stu2/Alp14 proteins accelerate microtubule plus-end polymerization by recruiting tubulins via arrays of tumor overexpressed gene (TOG) domains, yet their mechanism remains unknown. Here, we describe the biochemical and structural basis for TOG arrays in recruiting and polymerizing tubulins. Alp14 binds four tubulins via dimeric TOG1-TOG2 subunits, in which each domain exhibits a distinct exchange rate for tubulin. X-ray structures revealed square-shaped assemblies composed of pseudo-dimeric TOG1-TOG2 subunits assembled head-to-tail, positioning four unpolymerized tubulins in a polarized wheel-like configuration. Crosslinking and electron microscopy show Alp14-tubulin forms square assemblies in solution, and inactivating their interfaces destabilize this organization without influencing tubulin binding. An X-ray structure determined using approach to modulate tubulin polymerization revealed an unfurled assembly, in which TOG1-TOG2 uniquely bind to two polymerized tubulins. Our findings suggest a new microtubule polymerase model in which TOG arrays recruit tubulins by forming square assemblies that then unfurl, facilitating their concerted polymerization into protofilaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Nithianantham
- Molecular Cellular Biology Department, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Brian D Cook
- Molecular Cellular Biology Department, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Madeleine Beans
- Molecular Cellular Biology Department, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Fei Guo
- Molecular Cellular Biology Department, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Fred Chang
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jawdat Al-Bassam
- Molecular Cellular Biology Department, University of California, Davis, United States
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7
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Greenlee M, Alonso A, Rahman M, Meednu N, Davis K, Tabb V, Cook R, Miller RK. The TOG protein Stu2/ XMAP215 interacts covalently and noncovalently with SUMO. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 75:290-306. [PMID: 29729126 PMCID: PMC6712953 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Stu2p is the yeast member of the XMAP215/Dis1/ch‐TOG family of microtubule‐associated proteins that promote microtubule polymerization. However, the factors that regulate its activity are not clearly understood. Here we report that Stu2p in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae interacts with SUMO by covalent and noncovalent mechanisms. Stu2p interacted by two‐hybrid analysis with the yeast SUMO Smt3p, its E2 Ubc9p, and the E3 Nfi1p. A region of Stu2p containing the dimerization domain was both necessary and sufficient for interaction with SUMO and Ubc9p. Stu2p was found to be sumoylated both in vitro and in vivo. Stu2p copurified with SUMO in a pull‐down assay and vice versa. Stu2p also bound to a nonconjugatable form of SUMO, suggesting that Stu2p can interact noncovalently with SUMO. In addition, Stu2p interacted with the STUbL enzyme Ris1p. Stu2p also copurified with ubiquitin in a pull‐down assay, suggesting that it can be modified by both SUMO and ubiquitin. Tubulin, a major binding partner of Stu2p, also interacted noncovalently with SUMO. By two‐hybrid analysis, the beta‐tubulin Tub2p interacted with SUMO independently of the microtubule stressor, benomyl. Together, these findings raise the possibility that the microtubule polymerization activities mediated by Stu2p are regulated through sumoylation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Greenlee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078
| | - Annabel Alonso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078
| | - Maliha Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078
| | - Nida Meednu
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14627
| | - Kayla Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078
| | - Victoria Tabb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078
| | - River Cook
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078
| | - Rita K Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078
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8
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Partida-Hanon A, Treviño MA, Mompeán M, Jiménez MÁ, Bruix M. Structural insight into the XTACC3/ XMAP215 interaction from CD and NMR studies on model peptides. Biopolymers 2017; 107. [PMID: 28922450 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
TACC3 is a centrosomal adaptor protein that plays important roles during mitotic spindle assembly. It interacts with chTOG/XMAP215, which catalyzes the addition of tubulin dimers during microtubule growth. A 3D coiled-coil model for this interaction is available but the structural details are not well described. To characterize this interaction at atomic resolution, we have designed a simplified version of the system based on small peptides. Four different peptides have been studied by circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance both singly and in all possible combinations; namely, five peptide pairs and two trios. In cosolvents, all single peptides tend to adopt helical conformations resembling those of the full-length protein. However, neither the single peptides nor pairs of peptides form coiled coils. We show that the simultaneous presence of all preformed helices is a prerequisite for binding. The simplest 3D model for the interaction, based on the NMR results, is proposed. Interestingly, the peptide's structure remains unaffected by mutations at essential positions for TACC3 activity. This suggests that the lack of interaction of this TACC3 mutant with XMAP does not correlate with changes in the protein structure and that specific interactions are likely responsible for the interaction and stability of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel A Treviño
- Department of Biological Physical Chemistry, IQFR-CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Miguel Mompeán
- Department of Biological Physical Chemistry, IQFR-CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Ma Ángeles Jiménez
- Department of Biological Physical Chemistry, IQFR-CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Marta Bruix
- Department of Biological Physical Chemistry, IQFR-CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain
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9
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Woodruff JB, Ferreira Gomes B, Widlund PO, Mahamid J, Honigmann A, Hyman AA. The Centrosome Is a Selective Condensate that Nucleates Microtubules by Concentrating Tubulin. Cell 2017; 169:1066-1077.e10. [PMID: 28575670 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Centrosomes are non-membrane-bound compartments that nucleate microtubule arrays. They consist of nanometer-scale centrioles surrounded by a micron-scale, dynamic assembly of protein called the pericentriolar material (PCM). To study how PCM forms a spherical compartment that nucleates microtubules, we reconstituted PCM-dependent microtubule nucleation in vitro using recombinant C. elegans proteins. We found that macromolecular crowding drives assembly of the key PCM scaffold protein SPD-5 into spherical condensates that morphologically and dynamically resemble in vivo PCM. These SPD-5 condensates recruited the microtubule polymerase ZYG-9 (XMAP215 homolog) and the microtubule-stabilizing protein TPXL-1 (TPX2 homolog). Together, these three proteins concentrated tubulin ∼4-fold over background, which was sufficient to reconstitute nucleation of microtubule asters in vitro. Our results suggest that in vivo PCM is a selective phase that organizes microtubule arrays through localized concentration of tubulin by microtubule effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Woodruff
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Beatriz Ferreira Gomes
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Per O Widlund
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9 c, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julia Mahamid
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alf Honigmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anthony A Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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10
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Erdogan B, Cammarata GM, Lee EJ, Pratt BC, Francl AF, Rutherford EL, Lowery LA. The microtubule plus-end-tracking protein TACC3 promotes persistent axon outgrowth and mediates responses to axon guidance signals during development. Neural Dev 2017; 12:3. [PMID: 28202041 PMCID: PMC5312526 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-017-0080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Formation of precise neuronal connections requires proper axon guidance. Microtubules (MTs) of the growth cone provide a critical driving force during navigation of the growing ends of axons. Pioneer MTs and their plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) are thought to play integrative roles during this navigation. TACC3 is a + TIP that we have previously implicated in regulating MT dynamics within axons. However, the role of TACC3 in axon guidance has not been previously explored. Results Here, we show that TACC3 is required to promote persistent axon outgrowth and prevent spontaneous axon retractions in embryonic Xenopus laevis neurons. We also show that overexpressing TACC3 can counteract the depolymerizing effect of low doses of nocodazole, and that TACC3 interacts with MT polymerase XMAP215 to promote axon outgrowth. Moreover, we demonstrate that manipulation of TACC3 levels interferes with the growth cone response to the axon guidance cue Slit2 ex vivo, and that ablation of TACC3 causes pathfinding defects in axons of developing spinal neurons in vivo. Conclusion Together, our results suggest that by mediating MT dynamics, the + TIP TACC3 is involved in axon outgrowth and pathfinding decisions of neurons during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Erdogan
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | | | - Eric J Lee
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Benjamin C Pratt
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Andrew F Francl
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Erin L Rutherford
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Laura Anne Lowery
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA.
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11
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Matsuo Y, Maurer SP, Yukawa M, Zakian S, Singleton MR, Surrey T, Toda T. An unconventional interaction between Dis1/TOG and Mal3/EB1 in fission yeast promotes the fidelity of chromosome segregation. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:4592-4606. [PMID: 27872152 PMCID: PMC5201023 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.197533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic microtubule plus-ends interact with various intracellular target regions such as the cell cortex and the kinetochore. Two conserved families of microtubule plus-end-tracking proteins, the XMAP215, ch-TOG or CKAP5 family and the end-binding 1 (EB1, also known as MAPRE1) family, play pivotal roles in regulating microtubule dynamics. Here, we study the functional interplay between fission yeast Dis1, a member of the XMAP215/TOG family, and Mal3, an EB1 protein. Using an in vitro microscopy assay, we find that purified Dis1 autonomously tracks growing microtubule ends and is a bona fide microtubule polymerase. Mal3 recruits additional Dis1 to microtubule ends, explaining the synergistic enhancement of microtubule dynamicity by these proteins. A non-canonical binding motif in Dis1 mediates the interaction with Mal3. X-ray crystallography shows that this new motif interacts in an unconventional configuration with the conserved hydrophobic cavity formed within the Mal3 C-terminal region that typically interacts with the canonical SXIP motif. Selectively perturbing the Mal3-Dis1 interaction in living cells demonstrates that it is important for accurate chromosome segregation. Whereas, in some metazoans, the interaction between EB1 and the XMAP215/TOG family members requires an additional binding partner, fission yeast relies on a direct interaction, indicating evolutionary plasticity of this critical interaction module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzy Matsuo
- Synthetic and Systems Biochemistry of the Microtubule Cytoskeleton Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Cell Regulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Sebastian P Maurer
- Synthetic and Systems Biochemistry of the Microtubule Cytoskeleton Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08002, Spain
| | - Masashi Yukawa
- Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging (HiHA), Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Science of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Silva Zakian
- Structural Biology of Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Martin R Singleton
- Structural Biology of Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Thomas Surrey
- Synthetic and Systems Biochemistry of the Microtubule Cytoskeleton Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Takashi Toda
- Cell Regulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
- Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging (HiHA), Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Science of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
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Grimaldi AD, Zanic M, Kaverina I. Encoding the microtubule structure: Allosteric interactions between the microtubule +TIP complex master regulators and TOG-domain proteins. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1375-8. [PMID: 25895033 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1026521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their initial discovery, the intriguing proteins of the +TIP network have been the focus of intense investigation. Although many of the individual +TIP functions have been revealed, the capacity for +TIP proteins to regulate each other has not been widely addressed. Importantly, recent studies involving EBs, the master regulators of the +TIP complex, and several TOG-domain proteins have uncovered a novel mechanism of mutual +TIP regulation: allosteric interactions through changes in microtubule structure. These findings have added another level of complexity to the existing evidence on +TIP regulation and highlight the cooperative nature of the +TIP protein network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Grimaldi
- a Department of Cell and Developmental Biology ; Vanderbilt University Medical Center ; Nashville , TN USA
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Howard AE, Fox JC, Slep KC. Drosophila melanogaster mini spindles TOG3 utilizes unique structural elements to promote domain stability and maintain a TOG1- and TOG2-like tubulin-binding surface. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:10149-62. [PMID: 25720490 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.633826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated proteins regulate microtubule (MT) dynamics spatially and temporally, which is essential for proper formation of the bipolar mitotic spindle. The XMAP215 family is comprised of conserved microtubule-associated proteins that use an array of tubulin-binding tumor overexpressed gene (TOG) domains, consisting of six (A-F) Huntingtin, elongation factor 3, protein phosphatase 2A, target of rapamycin (HEAT) repeats, to robustly increase MT plus-end polymerization rates. Recent work showed that TOG domains have differentially conserved architectures across the array, with implications for position-dependent TOG domain tubulin binding activities and function within the XMAP215 MT polymerization mechanism. Although TOG domains 1, 2, and 4 are well described, structural and mechanistic information characterizing TOG domains 3 and 5 is outstanding. Here, we present the structure and characterization of Drosophila melanogaster Mini spindles (Msps) TOG3. Msps TOG3 has two unique features as follows: the first is a C-terminal tail that stabilizes the ultimate four HEAT repeats (HRs), and the second is a unique architecture in HR B. Structural alignments of TOG3 with other TOG domain structures show that the architecture of TOG3 is most similar to TOG domains 1 and 2 and diverges from TOG4. Docking TOG3 onto recently solved Stu2 TOG1· and TOG2·tubulin complex structures suggests that TOG3 uses similarly conserved tubulin-binding intra-HEAT loop residues to engage α- and β-tubulin. This indicates that TOG3 has maintained a TOG1- and TOG2-like TOG-tubulin binding mode despite structural divergence. The similarity of TOG domains 1-3 and the divergence of TOG4 suggest that a TOG domain array with polarized structural diversity may play a key mechanistic role in XMAP215-dependent MT polymerization activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Howard
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biophysics, and
| | - Jaime C Fox
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biophysics, and
| | - Kevin C Slep
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Gutiérrez-Caballero C, Burgess SG, Bayliss R, Royle SJ. TACC3-ch-TOG track the growing tips of microtubules independently of clathrin and Aurora-A phosphorylation. Biol Open 2015; 4:170-9. [PMID: 25596274 PMCID: PMC4365485 DOI: 10.1242/bio.201410843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between TACC3 (transforming acidic coiled coil protein 3) and the microtubule polymerase ch-TOG (colonic, hepatic tumor overexpressed gene) is evolutionarily conserved. Loading of TACC3-ch-TOG onto mitotic spindle microtubules requires the phosphorylation of TACC3 by Aurora-A kinase and the subsequent interaction of TACC3 with clathrin to form a microtubule-binding surface. Recent work indicates that TACC3 can track the plus-ends of microtubules and modulate microtubule dynamics in non-dividing cells via its interaction with ch-TOG. Whether there is a pool of TACC3-ch-TOG that is independent of clathrin in human cells, and what is the function of this pool, are open questions. Here, we describe the molecular interaction between TACC3 and ch-TOG that permits TACC3 recruitment to the plus-ends of microtubules. This TACC3-ch-TOG pool is independent of EB1, EB3, Aurora-A phosphorylation and binding to clathrin. We also describe the distinct combinatorial subcellular pools of TACC3, ch-TOG and clathrin. TACC3 is often described as a centrosomal protein, but we show that there is no significant population of TACC3 at centrosomes. The delineation of distinct protein pools reveals a simplified view of how these proteins are organized and controlled by post-translational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selena G Burgess
- Cancer Research UK Leicester Centre and Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Richard Bayliss
- Cancer Research UK Leicester Centre and Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Stephen J Royle
- Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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Abstract
The cytoskeleton is regulated by a plethora of enzymes that influence the stability and dynamics of cytoskeletal filaments. How microtubules (MTs) are controlled is of particular importance for mitosis, during which dynamic MTs are responsible for proper segregation of chromosomes. Molecular motors of the kinesin-8 protein family have been shown to depolymerize MTs in a length-dependent manner, and recent experimental and theoretical evidence suggests a possible role for kinesin-8 in the dynamic regulation of MTs. However, so far the detailed molecular mechanisms of how these molecular motors interact with the growing MT tip remain elusive. Here we show that two distinct scenarios for the interactions of kinesin-8 with the MT tip lead to qualitatively different MT dynamics, including accurate length control as well as intermittent dynamics. We give a comprehensive analysis of the regimes where length regulation is possible and characterize how the stationary length depends on the biochemical rates and the bulk concentrations of the various proteins. For a neutral scenario, where MTs grow irrespective of whether the MT tip is occupied by a molecular motor, length regulation is possible only for a narrow range of biochemical rates, and, in particular, limited to small polymerization rates. By contrast, for an inhibition scenario, where the presence of a motor at the MT tip inhibits MT growth, the regime where length regulation is possible is extremely broad and includes high growth rates. These results also apply to situations where a polymerizing enzyme like XMAP215 and kinesin-8 mutually exclude each other from the MT tip. Moreover, we characterize the differences in the stochastic length dynamics between the two scenarios. While for the neutral scenario length is tightly controlled, length dynamics is intermittent for the inhibition scenario and exhibits extended periods of MT growth and shrinkage. On a broader perspective, the set of models established in this work quite generally suggest that mutual exclusion of molecules at the ends of cytoskeletal filaments is an important factor for filament dynamics and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Reese
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Theresienstraße 37, 80333 Munich , Germany ; Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Schellingstraße 4, 80333 Munich , Germany
| | - Anna Melbinger
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Theresienstraße 37, 80333 Munich , Germany ; Department of Physics , University of California , San Diego, CA 92093 , USA
| | - Erwin Frey
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Theresienstraße 37, 80333 Munich , Germany ; Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Schellingstraße 4, 80333 Munich , Germany
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