1
|
Wei L, Guo X, Haimov E, Obashi K, Lee SH, Shin W, Sun M, Chan CY, Sheng J, Zhang Z, Mohseni A, Ghosh Dastidar S, Wu XS, Wang X, Han S, Arpino G, Shi B, Molakarimi M, Matthias J, Wurm CA, Gan L, Taraska JW, Kozlov MM, Wu LG. Clathrin mediates membrane fission and budding by constricting membrane pores. Cell Discov 2024; 10:62. [PMID: 38862506 PMCID: PMC11166961 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-024-00677-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Membrane budding, which underlies fundamental processes like endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, and viral infection, is thought to involve membrane coat-forming proteins, including the most observed clathrin, to form Ω-shape profiles and helix-forming proteins like dynamin to constrict Ω-profiles' pores and thus mediate fission. Challenging this fundamental concept, we report that polymerized clathrin is required for Ω-profiles' pore closure and that clathrin around Ω-profiles' base/pore region mediates pore constriction/closure in neuroendocrine chromaffin cells. Mathematical modeling suggests that clathrin polymerization at Ω-profiles' base/pore region generates forces from its intrinsically curved shape to constrict/close the pore. This new fission function may exert broader impacts than clathrin's well-known coat-forming function during clathrin (coat)-dependent endocytosis, because it underlies not only clathrin (coat)-dependent endocytosis, but also diverse endocytic modes, including ultrafast, fast, slow, bulk, and overshoot endocytosis previously considered clathrin (coat)-independent in chromaffin cells. It mediates kiss-and-run fusion (fusion pore closure) previously considered bona fide clathrin-independent, and limits the vesicular content release rate. Furthermore, analogous to results in chromaffin cells, we found that clathrin is essential for fast and slow endocytosis at hippocampal synapses where clathrin was previously considered dispensable, suggesting clathrin in mediating synaptic vesicle endocytosis and fission. These results suggest that clathrin and likely other intrinsically curved coat proteins are a new class of fission proteins underlying vesicle budding and fusion. The half-a-century concept and studies that attribute vesicle-coat contents' function to Ω-profile formation and classify budding as coat-protein (e.g., clathrin)-dependent or -independent may need to be re-defined and re-examined by considering clathrin's pivotal role in pore constriction/closure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisi Wei
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ehud Haimov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Kazuki Obashi
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonchul Shin
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Min Sun
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chung Yu Chan
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jiansong Sheng
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 900 Clopper Rd, Suite, 130, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ammar Mohseni
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Xin-Sheng Wu
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sue Han
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gianvito Arpino
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Emme 3 Srl - Via Luigi Meraviglia, 31 - 20020, Lainate, MI, Italy
| | - Bo Shi
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maryam Molakarimi
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Lin Gan
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Justin W Taraska
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael M Kozlov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel.
| | - Ling-Gang Wu
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nawara TJ, Yuan J, Seeley LD, Sztul E, Mattheyses AL. Fluidic shear stress alters clathrin dynamics and vesicle formation in endothelial cells. Biophys J 2024:S0006-3495(24)00390-4. [PMID: 38853434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) experience a variety of highly dynamic mechanical stresses. Among others, cyclic stretch and increased plasma membrane tension inhibit clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in non-ECs. It remains elusive how ECs maintain CME in these biophysically unfavorable conditions. Previously, we have used simultaneous two-wavelength axial ratiometry (STAR) microscopy to show that endocytic dynamics are similar between statically cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and fibroblast-like Cos-7 cells. Here, we asked whether biophysical stresses generated by blood flow influence CME. We used our data processing platform-DrSTAR-to examine if clathrin dynamics are altered in HUVECs after experiencing fluidic shear stress (FSS). We found that HUVECs cultivated under a physiological level of FSS had increased clathrin dynamics compared with static controls. FSS increased both clathrin-coated vesicle formation and nonproductive flat clathrin lattices by 2.3-fold and 1.9-fold, respectively. The curvature-positive events had significantly delayed curvature initiation relative to clathrin recruitment in flow-stimulated cells, highlighting a shift toward flat-to-curved clathrin transitions in vesicle formation. Overall, our findings indicate that clathrin dynamics and clathrin-coated vesicle formation can be modulated by the local physiological environment and represent an important regulatory mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz J Nawara
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jie Yuan
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Leslie D Seeley
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Elizabeth Sztul
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dragwidge JM, Wang Y, Brocard L, De Meyer A, Hudeček R, Eeckhout D, Grones P, Buridan M, Chambaud C, Pejchar P, Potocký M, Winkler J, Vandorpe M, Serre N, Fendrych M, Bernard A, De Jaeger G, Pleskot R, Fang X, Van Damme D. Biomolecular condensation orchestrates clathrin-mediated endocytosis in plants. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:438-449. [PMID: 38347182 PMCID: PMC7615741 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is an essential cellular internalization pathway involving the dynamic assembly of clathrin and accessory proteins to form membrane-bound vesicles. The evolutionarily ancient TSET-TPLATE complex (TPC) plays an essential, but ill-defined role in endocytosis in plants. Here we show that two highly disordered TPC subunits, AtEH1 and AtEH2, function as scaffolds to drive biomolecular condensation of the complex. These condensates specifically nucleate on the plasma membrane through interactions with anionic phospholipids, and facilitate the dynamic recruitment and assembly of clathrin, as well as early- and late-stage endocytic accessory proteins. Importantly, condensation promotes ordered clathrin assemblies. TPC-driven biomolecular condensation thereby facilitates dynamic protein assemblies throughout clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Furthermore, we show that a disordered region of AtEH1 controls the material properties of endocytic condensates in vivo. Alteration of these material properties disturbs the recruitment of accessory proteins, influences endocytosis dynamics and impairs plant responsiveness. Our findings reveal how collective interactions shape endocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Michael Dragwidge
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Yanning Wang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lysiane Brocard
- Bordeaux Imaging Center, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Andreas De Meyer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roman Hudeček
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dominique Eeckhout
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Grones
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Buridan
- Bordeaux Imaging Center, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Clément Chambaud
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Přemysl Pejchar
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Potocký
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Joanna Winkler
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michaël Vandorpe
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nelson Serre
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matyáš Fendrych
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Amelie Bernard
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roman Pleskot
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Xiaofeng Fang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Daniël Van Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lin Z, Mao Z, Ma R. Inferring biophysical properties of membranes during endocytosis using machine learning. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:651-660. [PMID: 38164011 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01221b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a fundamental cellular process in eukaryotic cells that facilitates the transport of molecules into the cell. With the help of fluorescence microscopy and electron tomography, researchers have accumulated extensive geometric data of membrane shapes during endocytosis. These data contain rich information about the mechanical properties of membranes, which are hard to access via experiments due to the small dimensions of the endocytic patch. In this study, we propose an approach that combines machine learning with the Helfrich theory of membranes to infer the mechanical properties of membranes during endocytosis from a dataset of membrane shapes extracted from electron tomography. Our results demonstrate that machine learning can output solutions that both match the experimental profile and satisfy the membrane shape equations derived from Helfrich theory. The learning results show that during the early stage of endocytosis, the inferred membrane tension is negative, indicating the presence of strong compressive forces at the boundary of the endocytic invagination. Our method presents a generic framework for extracting membrane information from super-resolution imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Lin
- Department of Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Zhiping Mao
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Mathematical Modeling and High-Performance Scientific Computing, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nawara TJ, Sztul E, Mattheyses AL. Fluidic shear stress alters clathrin dynamics and vesicle formation in endothelial cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.02.572628. [PMID: 38260513 PMCID: PMC10802377 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.02.572628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) experience a variety of highly dynamic mechanical stresses. Among others, cyclic stretch and increased plasma membrane tension inhibit clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in non-ECs cells. How ECs overcome such unfavorable, from biophysical perspective, conditions and maintain CME remains elusive. Previously, we have used simultaneous two-wavelength axial ratiometry (STAR) microscopy to show that endocytic dynamics are similar between statically cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and fibroblast-like Cos-7 cells. Here we asked whether biophysical stresses generated by blood flow could favor one mechanism of clathrin-coated vesicle formation to overcome environment present in vasculature. We used our data processing platform - DrSTAR - to examine if clathrin dynamics are altered in HUVECs grown under fluidic sheer stress (FSS). Surprisingly, we found that FSS led to an increase in clathrin dynamics. In HUVECs grown under FSS we observed a 2.3-fold increase in clathrin-coated vesicle formation and a 1.9-fold increase in non-productive flat clathrin lattices compared to cells grown in static conditions. The curvature-positive events had significantly delayed curvature initiation in flow-stimulated cells, highlighting a shift toward flat-to-curved clathrin transitions in vesicle formation. Overall, our findings indicate that clathrin dynamics and CCV formation can be modulated by the local physiological environment and represents an important regulatory mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz J. Nawara
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Sztul
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alexa L. Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cresens C, Solís-Fernández G, Tiwari A, Nuyts R, Hofkens J, Barderas R, Rocha S. Flat clathrin lattices are linked to metastatic potential in colorectal cancer. iScience 2023; 26:107327. [PMID: 37539031 PMCID: PMC10393769 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin assembles at the cells' plasma membrane in a multitude of clathrin-coated structures (CCSs). Among these are flat clathrin lattices (FCLs), alternative clathrin structures that have been found in specific cell types, including cancer cells. Here we show that these structures are also present in different colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines, and that they are extremely stable with lifetimes longer than 8 h. By combining cell models representative of CRC metastasis with advanced fluorescence imaging and analysis, we discovered that the metastatic potential of CRC is associated with an aberrant membranous clathrin distribution, resulting in a higher prevalence of FCLs in cells with a higher metastatic potential. These findings suggest that clathrin organization might play an important yet unexplored role in cancer metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cresens
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Guillermo Solís-Fernández
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- Chronic Disease Programme, UFIEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Astha Tiwari
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Rik Nuyts
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Barderas
- Chronic Disease Programme, UFIEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Rocha
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nawara TJ, Mattheyses AL. Imaging nanoscale axial dynamics at the basal plasma membrane. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 156:106349. [PMID: 36566777 PMCID: PMC10634635 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of how energetically unfavorable plasma membrane shapes form, especially in the context of dynamic processes in living cells or tissues like clathrin-mediated endocytosis is in its infancy. Even though cutting-edge microscopy techniques that bridge this gap exist, they remain underused in biomedical sciences. Here, we demystify the perceived complexity of these advanced microscopy approaches and demonstrate their power in resolving nanometer axial dynamics in living cells. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy based approaches are the main focus of this review. We present clathrin-mediated endocytosis as a model system when describing the principles, data acquisition requirements, data interpretation strategies, and limitations of the described techniques. We hope this standardized description will bring the approaches for measuring nanoscale axial dynamics closer to the potential users and help in choosing the right approach to the right question.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz J Nawara
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nawara TJ, Dean WF, Mattheyses AL. DrSTAR: Tracking real-time nanometer axial changes. Biophys J 2023; 122:595-602. [PMID: 36659851 PMCID: PMC9989936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein interactions with the plasma membrane mediate processes critical for cell viability such as migration and endocytosis, yet our understanding of how recruitment of key proteins correlates with their ability to sense or induce energetically unfavorable plasma membrane shapes remains limited. Simultaneous two-wavelength axial ratiometry (STAR) microscopy provides millisecond time resolution and nanometer axial resolution of protein dynamics at the basal plasma membrane. However, STAR microscopy requires extensive and time-consuming quantitative data processing to access axial (Δz) information. Therefore, addressing questions about the influence of biological and biophysical factors on the interaction between the plasma membrane and protein of interest remains challenging. Here, we overcome the limitations in STAR data processing and present dynamic reference STAR (DrSTAR): a user-friendly, automated, open-source MATLAB-based package. DrSTAR enables processing multiple experimental conditions and biological replicates, employs a novel local background referencing algorithm, and accelerates processing time to facilitate broad adaptation of STAR for studying nanometer axial changes in protein distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz J Nawara
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - William F Dean
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A conformational switch in clathrin light chain regulates lattice structure and endocytosis at the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:732. [PMID: 36759616 PMCID: PMC9911608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Conformational changes in endocytic proteins are regulators of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Three clathrin heavy chains associated with clathrin light chains (CLC) assemble into triskelia that link into a geometric lattice that curves to drive endocytosis. Structural changes in CLC have been shown to regulate triskelia assembly in solution, yet the nature of these changes, and their effects on lattice growth, curvature, and endocytosis in cells are unknown. Here, we develop a new correlative fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and platinum replica electron microscopy method, named FRET-CLEM. With FRET-CLEM, we measure conformational changes in clathrin at thousands of individual morphologically distinct clathrin-coated structures. We discover that the N-terminus of CLC repositions away from the plasma membrane and triskelia vertex as coats curve. Preventing this conformational switch with chemical tools increases lattice sizes and inhibits endocytosis. Thus, a specific conformational switch in the light chain regulates lattice curvature and endocytosis in mammalian cells.
Collapse
|
10
|
Cossar PJ, Cardoso D, Mathwin D, Russell CC, Chiew B, Hamilton MP, Baker JR, Young KA, Chau N, Robinson PJ, McCluskey A. Wiskostatin and other carbazole scaffolds as off target inhibitors of dynamin I GTPase activity and endocytosis. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115001. [PMID: 36577213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Wiskostatin (1-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3-(dimethylamino)propan-2-ol) (1) is a carbazole-based compound reported as a specific and relatively potent inhibitor of the N-WASP actin remodelling complex (S-isomer EC50 = 4.35 μM; R-isomer EC50 = 3.44 μM). An NMR solution structure showed that wiskostatin interacts with a cleft in the regulatory GTPase binding domain of N-WASP. However, numerous studies have reported wiskostatin's actions on membrane transport and cytokinesis that are independent of the N-WASP-Arp2/3 complex pathway, but offer limited alternative explanation. The large GTPase, dynamin has established functional roles in these pathways. This study reveals that wiskostatin and its analogues, as well as other carbazole-based compounds, are inhibitors of helical dynamin GTPase activity and endocytosis. We characterise the effects of wiskostatin on in vitro dynamin GTPase activity, in-cell endocytosis, and determine the importance of wiskostatin functional groups on these activities through design and synthesis of libraries of wiskostatin analogues. We also examine whether other carbazole-based scaffolds frequently used in research or the clinic also modulate dynamin and endocytosis. Understanding off-targets for compounds used as research tools is important to be able to confidently interpret their action on biological systems, particularly when the target and off-targets affect overlapping mechanisms (e.g. cytokinesis and endocytosis). Herein we demonstrate that wiskostatin is a dynamin inhibitor (IC50 20.7 ± 1.2 μM) and a potent inhibitor of clathrin mediated endocytosis (IC50 = 6.9 ± 0.3 μM). Synthesis of wiskostatin analogues gave rise to 1-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3-((4-methylbenzyl)amino)propan-2-ol (35) and 1-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3-((4-chlorobenzyl)amino)propan-2-ol (43) as potent dynamin inhibitors (IC50 = 1.0 ± 0.2 μM), and (S)-1-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3-(dimethylamino)propan-2-ol (8a) and (R)-1-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3-(dimethylamino)propan-2-ol (8b) that are amongst the most potent inhibitors of clathrin mediated endocytosis yet reported (IC50 = 2.3 ± 3.3 and 2.1 ± 1.7 μM, respectively).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Cossar
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - David Cardoso
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Daniel Mathwin
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Cecilia C Russell
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Beatrice Chiew
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Michael P Hamilton
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Jennifer R Baker
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Kelly A Young
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Ngoc Chau
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Phillip J Robinson
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mund M, Tschanz A, Wu YL, Frey F, Mehl JL, Kaksonen M, Avinoam O, Schwarz US, Ries J. Clathrin coats partially preassemble and subsequently bend during endocytosis. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213855. [PMID: 36734980 PMCID: PMC9929656 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202206038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells use clathrin-mediated endocytosis to take up a large range of extracellular cargo. During endocytosis, a clathrin coat forms on the plasma membrane, but it remains controversial when and how it is remodeled into a spherical vesicle. Here, we use 3D superresolution microscopy to determine the precise geometry of the clathrin coat at large numbers of endocytic sites. Through pseudo-temporal sorting, we determine the average trajectory of clathrin remodeling during endocytosis. We find that clathrin coats assemble first on flat membranes to 50% of the coat area before they become rapidly and continuously bent, and this mechanism is confirmed in three cell lines. We introduce the cooperative curvature model, which is based on positive feedback for curvature generation. It accurately describes the measured shapes and dynamics of the clathrin coat and could represent a general mechanism for clathrin coat remodeling on the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Mund
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,https://ror.org/01swzsf04Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aline Tschanz
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,Candidate for Joint PhD Programme of EMBL and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yu-Le Wu
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,Candidate for Joint PhD Programme of EMBL and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Frey
- https://ror.org/02e2c7k09Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Johanna L. Mehl
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marko Kaksonen
- https://ror.org/01swzsf04Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ori Avinoam
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,https://ror.org/0316ej306Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ulrich S. Schwarz
- https://ror.org/04rcqnp59Institute for Theoretical Physics and Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany,Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Ries
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,Correspondence to Jonas Ries:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kozlov MM, Taraska JW. Generation of nanoscopic membrane curvature for membrane trafficking. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:63-78. [PMID: 35918535 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Curved membranes are key features of intracellular organelles, and their generation involves dynamic protein complexes. Here we describe the fundamental mechanisms such as the hydrophobic insertion, scaffolding and crowding mechanisms these proteins use to produce membrane curvatures and complex shapes required to form intracellular organelles and vesicular structures involved in endocytosis and secretion. For each mechanism, we discuss its cellular functions as well as the underlying physical principles and the specific membrane properties required for the mechanism to be feasible. We propose that the integration of individual mechanisms into a highly controlled, robust process of curvature generation often relies on the assembly of proteins into coats. How cells unify and organize the curvature-generating factors at the nanoscale is presented for three ubiquitous coats central for membrane trafficking in eukaryotes: clathrin-coated pits, caveolae, and COPI and COPII coats. The emerging theme is that these coats arrange and coordinate curvature-generating factors in time and space to dynamically shape membranes to accomplish membrane trafficking within cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Kozlov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Justin W Taraska
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Odell LR, Robertson MJ, Young KA, McGeachie AB, Quan A, Robinson PJ, McCluskey A. Prodrugs of the Archetypal Dynamin Inhibitor Bis-T-22. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200400. [PMID: 36351775 PMCID: PMC10947042 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Bis-T series of compounds comprise some of the most potent inhibitors of dynamin GTPase activity yet reported, e. g., (2E,2'E)-N,N'-(propane-1,3-diyl)bis(2-cyano-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acrylamide) (2), Bis-T-22. The catechol moieties are believed to limit cell permeability, rendering these compounds largely inactive in cells. To solve this problem, a prodrug strategy was envisaged and eight ester analogues were synthesised. The shortest and bulkiest esters (acetate and butyl/tert-butyl) were found to be insoluble under physiological conditions, whilst the remaining five were soluble and stable under these conditions. These five were analysed for plasma stability and half-lives ranged from ∼2.3 min (propionic ester 4), increasing with size and bulk, to greater than 24 hr (dimethyl carbamate 10). Similar profiles where observed with the rate of formation of Bis-T-22 with half-lives ranging from ∼25 mins (propionic ester 4). Propionic ester 4 was chosen to undergo further testing and was found to inhibit endocytosis in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 ∼8 μM, suggesting this compound is able to effectively cross the cell membrane where it is rapidly hydrolysed to the desired Bis-T-22 parent compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke R. Odell
- The University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghanNSW 2308Australia
- Present address: Department of Medicinal ChemistryUppsala UniversityBox 57475123UppsalaSweden
| | - Mark J Robertson
- The University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghanNSW 2308Australia
- Present address: Chemistry, College of Science & EngineeringJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQLD 4814Australia
| | - Kelly A Young
- The University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghanNSW 2308Australia
| | - Andrew B. McGeachie
- Cell Signalling UnitChildren's Medical Research InstituteThe University of Sydney214 Hawkesbury RoadWestmeadNSW 2145Australia
| | - Annie Quan
- Cell Signalling UnitChildren's Medical Research InstituteThe University of Sydney214 Hawkesbury RoadWestmeadNSW 2145Australia
| | - Phillip J. Robinson
- Cell Signalling UnitChildren's Medical Research InstituteThe University of Sydney214 Hawkesbury RoadWestmeadNSW 2145Australia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- The University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghanNSW 2308Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang C, Colosi P, Hugelier S, Zabezhinsky D, Lakadamyali M, Svitkina T. Actin polymerization promotes invagination of flat clathrin-coated lattices in mammalian cells by pushing at lattice edges. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6127. [PMID: 36253374 PMCID: PMC9576739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33852-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) requires energy input from actin polymerization in mechanically challenging conditions. The roles of actin in CME are poorly understood due to inadequate knowledge of actin organization at clathrin-coated structures (CCSs). Using platinum replica electron microscopy of mammalian cells, we show that Arp2/3 complex-dependent branched actin networks, which often emerge from microtubule tips, assemble along the CCS perimeter, lack interaction with the apical clathrin lattice, and have barbed ends oriented toward the CCS. This structure is hardly compatible with the widely held "apical pulling" model describing actin functions in CME. Arp2/3 complex inhibition or epsin knockout produce large flat non-dynamic CCSs, which split into invaginating subdomains upon recovery from Arp2/3 inhibition. Moreover, epsin localization to CCSs depends on Arp2/3 activity. We propose an "edge pushing" model for CME, wherein branched actin polymerization promotes severing and invagination of flat CCSs in an epsin-dependent manner by pushing at the CCS boundary, thus releasing forces opposing the intrinsic curvature of clathrin lattices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changsong Yang
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Patricia Colosi
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Siewert Hugelier
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Daniel Zabezhinsky
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Melike Lakadamyali
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Tatyana Svitkina
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Smith SM, Smith CJ. Capturing the mechanics of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 75:102427. [PMID: 35872561 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis enables selective uptake of molecules into cells in response to changing cellular needs. It occurs through assembly of coat components around the plasma membrane that determine vesicle contents and facilitate membrane bending to form a clathrin-coated transport vesicle. In this review we discuss recent cryo-electron microscopy structures that have captured a series of events in the life cycle of a clathrin-coated vesicle. Both single particle analysis and tomography approaches have revealed details of the clathrin lattice structure itself, how AP2 may interface with clathrin within a coated vesicle and the importance of PIP2 binding for assembly of the yeast adaptors Sla2 and Ent1 on the membrane. Within cells, cryo-electron tomography of clathrin in flat lattices and high-speed AFM studies provided new insights into how clathrin morphology can adapt during CCV formation. Thus, key mechanical processes driving clathrin-mediated endocytosis have been captured through multiple techniques working in partnership.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Corinne J Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Küey C, Sittewelle M, Larocque G, Hernández-González M, Royle SJ. Recruitment of clathrin to intracellular membranes is sufficient for vesicle formation. eLife 2022; 11:78929. [PMID: 35852853 PMCID: PMC9337851 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of a clathrin-coated vesicle (CCV) is a major membrane remodeling process that is crucial for membrane traffic in cells. Besides clathrin, these vesicles contain at least 100 different proteins although it is unclear how many are essential for the formation of the vesicle. Here, we show that intracellular clathrin-coated formation can be induced in living cells using minimal machinery and that it can be achieved on various membranes, including the mitochondrial outer membrane. Chemical heterodimerization was used to inducibly attach a clathrin-binding fragment ‘hook’ to an ‘anchor’ protein targeted to a specific membrane. Endogenous clathrin assembled to form coated pits on the mitochondria, termed MitoPits, within seconds of induction. MitoPits are double-membraned invaginations that form preferentially on high curvature regions of the mitochondrion. Upon induction, all stages of CCV formation – initiation, invagination, and even fission – were faithfully reconstituted. We found no evidence for the functional involvement of accessory proteins in this process. In addition, fission of MitoPit-derived vesicles was independent of known scission factors including dynamins and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), suggesting that the clathrin cage generates sufficient force to bud intracellular vesicles. Our results suggest that, following its recruitment, clathrin is sufficient for intracellular CCV formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Küey
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Warwick
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nawara TJ, Williams YD, Rao TC, Hu Y, Sztul E, Salaita K, Mattheyses AL. Imaging vesicle formation dynamics supports the flexible model of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1732. [PMID: 35365614 PMCID: PMC8976038 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin polymerization and changes in plasma membrane architecture are necessary steps in forming vesicles to internalize cargo during clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Simultaneous analysis of clathrin dynamics and membrane structure is challenging due to the limited axial resolution of fluorescence microscopes and the heterogeneity of CME. This has fueled conflicting models of vesicle assembly and obscured the roles of flat clathrin assemblies. Here, using Simultaneous Two-wavelength Axial Ratiometry (STAR) microscopy, we bridge this critical knowledge gap by quantifying the nanoscale dynamics of clathrin-coat shape change during vesicle assembly. We find that de novo clathrin accumulations generate both flat and curved structures. High-throughput analysis reveals that the initiation of vesicle curvature does not directly correlate with clathrin accumulation. We show clathrin accumulation is preferentially simultaneous with curvature formation at shorter-lived clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs), but favors a flat-to-curved transition at longer-lived CCVs. The broad spectrum of curvature initiation dynamics revealed by STAR microscopy supports multiple productive mechanisms of vesicle formation and advocates for the flexible model of CME. Despite decades of research, the dynamics of clathrin-coated vesicle formation is ambiguous. Here, authors use STAR microscopy to quantify the nanoscale dynamics of vesicle formation, supporting the flexible model of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz J Nawara
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yancey D Williams
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tejeshwar C Rao
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yuesong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Sztul
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Alfonzo-Méndez MA, Sochacki KA, Strub MP, Taraska JW. Dual clathrin and integrin signaling systems regulate growth factor receptor activation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:905. [PMID: 35173166 PMCID: PMC8850434 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between growth factor and adhesion receptors is key for cell growth and migration. In pathological settings, these receptors are drivers of cancer. Yet, how growth and adhesion signals are spatially organized and integrated is poorly understood. Here we use quantitative fluorescence and electron microscopy to reveal a mechanism where flat clathrin lattices partition and activate growth factor signals via a coordinated response that involves crosstalk between epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the adhesion receptor β5-integrin. We show that ligand-activated EGFR, Grb2, Src, and β5-integrin are captured by clathrin coated-structures at the plasma membrane. Clathrin structures dramatically grow in response to EGF into large flat plaques and provide a signaling platform that link EGFR and β5-integrin through Src-mediated phosphorylation. Disrupting this EGFR/Src/β5-integrin axis prevents both clathrin plaque growth and dampens receptor signaling. Our study reveals a reciprocal regulation between clathrin lattices and two different receptor systems to coordinate and enhance signaling. These findings have broad implications for the regulation of growth factor signaling, adhesion, and endocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Alfonzo-Méndez
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Building 50, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kem A Sochacki
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Building 50, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Marie-Paule Strub
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Building 50, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Justin W Taraska
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Building 50, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Willy NM, Ferguson JP, Akatay A, Huber S, Djakbarova U, Silahli S, Cakez C, Hasan F, Chang HC, Travesset A, Li S, Zandi R, Li D, Betzig E, Cocucci E, Kural C. De novo endocytic clathrin coats develop curvature at early stages of their formation. Dev Cell 2021; 56:3146-3159.e5. [PMID: 34774130 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sculpting a flat patch of membrane into an endocytic vesicle requires curvature generation on the cell surface, which is the primary function of the endocytosis machinery. Using super-resolved live cell fluorescence imaging, we demonstrate that curvature generation by individual clathrin-coated pits can be detected in real time within cultured cells and tissues of developing organisms. Our analyses demonstrate that the footprint of clathrin coats increases monotonically during the formation of pits at different levels of plasma membrane tension. These findings are only compatible with models that predict curvature generation at the early stages of endocytic clathrin pit formation. We also found that CALM adaptors associated with clathrin plaques form clusters, whereas AP2 distribution is more homogenous. Considering the curvature sensing and driving roles of CALM, we propose that CALM clusters may increase the strain on clathrin lattices locally, eventually giving rise to rupture and subsequent pit completion at the edges of plaques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Willy
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joshua P Ferguson
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ata Akatay
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Scott Huber
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Salih Silahli
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Cemal Cakez
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Farah Hasan
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Henry C Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Alex Travesset
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Siyu Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Roya Zandi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Dong Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Eric Betzig
- Departments of Physics and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Emanuele Cocucci
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Comert Kural
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Odell LR, Chau N, Russell CC, Young KA, Gilbert J, Robinson PJ, Sakoff JA, McCluskey A. Pyrimidyn-Based Dynamin Inhibitors as Novel Cytotoxic Agents. ChemMedChem 2021; 17:e202100560. [PMID: 34590434 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Five focused libraries of pyrimidine-based dynamin GTPase inhibitors, in total 69 compounds were synthesised, and their dynamin inhibition and broad-spectrum cytotoxicity examined. Dynamin plays a crucial role in mitosis, and as such inhibition of dynamin was expected to broadly correlate with the observed cytotoxicity. The pyrimidines synthesised ranged from mono-substituted to trisubstituted. The highest levels of dynamin inhibition were noted with di- and tri- substituted pyrimidines, especially those with pendent amino alkyl chains. Short chains and simple heterocyclic rings reduced dynamin activity. There were three levels of dynamin activity noted: 1-10, 10-25 and 25-60 μM. Screening of these compounds in a panel of cancer cell lines: SW480 (colon), HT29 (colon), SMA (spontaneous murine astrocytoma), MCF-7 (breast), BE2-C (glioblastoma), SJ-G2 (neuroblastoma), MIA (pancreas), A2780 (ovarian), A431 (skin), H460 (lung), U87 (glioblastoma) and DU145 (prostate) cell lines reveal a good correlation between the observed dynamin inhibition and the observed cytotoxicity. The most active analogues (31 a,b) developed returned average GI50 values of 1.0 and 0.78 μM across the twelve cell lines examined. These active analogues were: N2 -(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N4 -dodecyl-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine (31 a) and N4 -(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N2 -dodecyl-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine (31 b).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Odell
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ngoc Chau
- Cell Signalling Unit Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2145 Hawkesbury Road, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Cecilia C Russell
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kelly A Young
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jayne Gilbert
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Edith Street, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Phillip J Robinson
- Cell Signalling Unit Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2145 Hawkesbury Road, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jennette A Sakoff
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Edith Street, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Clathrin: the molecular shape shifter. Biochem J 2021; 478:3099-3123. [PMID: 34436540 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clathrin is best known for its contribution to clathrin-mediated endocytosis yet it also participates to a diverse range of cellular functions. Key to this is clathrin's ability to assemble into polyhedral lattices that include curved football or basket shapes, flat lattices or even tubular structures. In this review, we discuss clathrin structure and coated vesicle formation, how clathrin is utilised within different cellular processes including synaptic vesicle recycling, hormone desensitisation, spermiogenesis, cell migration and mitosis, and how clathrin's remarkable 'shapeshifting' ability to form diverse lattice structures might contribute to its multiple cellular functions.
Collapse
|
22
|
Link F, Borges AR, Jones NG, Engstler M. To the Surface and Back: Exo- and Endocytic Pathways in Trypanosoma brucei. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:720521. [PMID: 34422837 PMCID: PMC8377397 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is one of only a few unicellular pathogens that thrives extracellularly in the vertebrate host. Consequently, the cell surface plays a critical role in both immune recognition and immune evasion. The variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coats the entire surface of the parasite and acts as a flexible shield to protect invariant proteins against immune recognition. Antigenic variation of the VSG coat is the major virulence mechanism of trypanosomes. In addition, incessant motility of the parasite contributes to its immune evasion, as the resulting fluid flow on the cell surface drags immunocomplexes toward the flagellar pocket, where they are internalized. The flagellar pocket is the sole site of endo- and exocytosis in this organism. After internalization, VSG is rapidly recycled back to the surface, whereas host antibodies are thought to be transported to the lysosome for degradation. For this essential step to work, effective machineries for both sorting and recycling of VSGs must have evolved in trypanosomes. Our understanding of the mechanisms behind VSG recycling and VSG secretion, is by far not complete. This review provides an overview of the trypanosome secretory and endosomal pathways. Longstanding questions are pinpointed that, with the advent of novel technologies, might be answered in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Link
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alyssa R Borges
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicola G Jones
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Engstler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tagiltsev G, Haselwandter CA, Scheuring S. Nanodissected elastically loaded clathrin lattices relax to increased curvature. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/33/eabg9934. [PMID: 34389539 PMCID: PMC8363152 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg9934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is the major endocytosis pathway for the specific internalization of large compounds, growth factors, and receptors. Formation of internalized vesicles from the flat plasma membrane is accompanied by maturation of cytoplasmic clathrin coats. How clathrin coats mature and the mechanistic role of clathrin coats are still largely unknown. Maturation models proposed clathrin coats to mature at constant radius or constant area, driven by molecular actions or elastic energy. Here, combining high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) imaging, HS-AFM nanodissection, and elasticity theory, we show that clathrin lattices deviating from the intrinsic curvature of clathrin form elastically loaded assemblies. Upon nanodissection of the clathrin network, the stored elastic energy in these lattices drives lattice relaxation to accommodate an ideal area-curvature ratio toward the formation of closed clathrin-coated vesicles. Our work supports that the release of elastic energy stored in curvature-frustrated clathrin lattices could play a major role in CME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grigory Tagiltsev
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christoph A Haselwandter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Simon Scheuring
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Redlingshöfer L, Brodsky FM. Antagonistic regulation controls clathrin-mediated endocytosis: AP2 adaptor facilitation vs restraint from clathrin light chains. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203714. [PMID: 34182181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Orchestration of a complex network of protein interactions drives clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). A central role for the AP2 adaptor complex beyond cargo recognition and clathrin recruitment has emerged in recent years. It is now apparent that AP2 serves as a pivotal hub for protein interactions to mediate clathrin coated pit maturation, and couples lattice formation to membrane deformation. As a key driver for clathrin assembly, AP2 complements the attenuating role of clathrin light chain subunits, which enable dynamic lattice rearrangement needed for budding. This review summarises recent insights into AP2 function with respect to CME dynamics and biophysics, and its relationship to the role of clathrin light chains in clathrin assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Redlingshöfer
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck and University College London, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom.
| | - Frances M Brodsky
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck and University College London, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Djakbarova U, Madraki Y, Chan ET, Kural C. Dynamic interplay between cell membrane tension and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Biol Cell 2021; 113:344-373. [PMID: 33788963 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Deformability of the plasma membrane, the outermost surface of metazoan cells, allows cells to be dynamic, mobile and flexible. Factors that affect this deformability, such as tension on the membrane, can regulate a myriad of cellular functions, including membrane resealing, cell motility, polarisation, shape maintenance, membrane area control and endocytic vesicle trafficking. This review focuses on mechanoregulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). We first delineate the origins of cell membrane tension and the factors that yield to its spatial and temporal fluctuations within cells. We then review the recent literature demonstrating that tension on the membrane is a fast-acting and reversible regulator of CME. Finally, we discuss tension-based regulation of endocytic clathrin coat formation during physiological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasaman Madraki
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Emily T Chan
- Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Molecular Biophysics Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Cömert Kural
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sochacki KA, Heine BL, Haber GJ, Jimah JR, Prasai B, Alfonzo-Méndez MA, Roberts AD, Somasundaram A, Hinshaw JE, Taraska JW. The structure and spontaneous curvature of clathrin lattices at the plasma membrane. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1131-1146.e3. [PMID: 33823128 PMCID: PMC8081270 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the primary pathway for receptor and cargo internalization in eukaryotic cells. It is characterized by a polyhedral clathrin lattice that coats budding membranes. The mechanism and control of lattice assembly, curvature, and vesicle formation at the plasma membrane has been a matter of long-standing debate. Here, we use platinum replica and cryoelectron microscopy and tomography to present a structural framework of the pathway. We determine the shape and size parameters common to clathrin-mediated endocytosis. We show that clathrin sites maintain a constant surface area during curvature across multiple cell lines. Flat clathrin is present in all cells and spontaneously curves into coated pits without additional energy sources or recruited factors. Finally, we attribute curvature generation to loosely connected and pentagon-containing flat lattices that can rapidly curve when a flattening force is released. Together, these data present a universal mechanistic model of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kem A Sochacki
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Bridgette L Heine
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gideon J Haber
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John R Jimah
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bijeta Prasai
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marco A Alfonzo-Méndez
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aleah D Roberts
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Agila Somasundaram
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jenny E Hinshaw
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Justin W Taraska
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Frey F, Idema T. More than just a barrier: using physical models to couple membrane shape to cell function. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:3533-3549. [PMID: 33503097 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01758b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The correct execution of many cellular processes, such as division and motility, requires the cell to adopt a specific shape. Physically, these shapes are determined by the interplay of the plasma membrane and internal cellular driving factors. While the plasma membrane defines the boundary of the cell, processes inside the cell can result in the generation of forces that deform the membrane. These processes include protein binding, the assembly of protein superstructures, and the growth and contraction of cytoskeletal networks. Due to the complexity of the cell, relating observed membrane deformations back to internal processes is a challenging problem. Here, we review cell shape changes in endocytosis, cell adhesion, cell migration and cell division and discuss how by modeling membrane deformations we can investigate the inner working principles of the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Frey
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Moulay G, Lainé J, Lemaître M, Nakamori M, Nishino I, Caillol G, Mamchaoui K, Julien L, Dingli F, Loew D, Bitoun M, Leterrier C, Furling D, Vassilopoulos S. Alternative splicing of clathrin heavy chain contributes to the switch from coated pits to plaques. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151930. [PMID: 32642759 PMCID: PMC7480091 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201912061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin function directly derives from its coat structure, and while endocytosis is mediated by clathrin-coated pits, large plaques contribute to cell adhesion. Here, we show that the alternative splicing of a single exon of the clathrin heavy chain gene (CLTC exon 31) helps determine the clathrin coat organization. Direct genetic control was demonstrated by forced CLTC exon 31 skipping in muscle cells that reverses the plasma membrane content from clathrin plaques to pits and by promoting exon inclusion that stimulated flat plaque assembly. Interestingly, mis-splicing of CLTC exon 31 found in the severe congenital form of myotonic dystrophy was associated with reduced plaques in patient myotubes. Moreover, forced exclusion of this exon in WT mice muscle induced structural disorganization and reduced force, highlighting the contribution of this splicing event for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. This genetic control on clathrin assembly should influence the way we consider how plasticity in clathrin-coated structures is involved in muscle development and maintenance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Moulay
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Association Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Lainé
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Association Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Department of Physiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Mégane Lemaître
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Phénotypage du petit animal - UMS 28, Paris, France
| | - Masayuki Nakamori
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ichizo Nishino
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ghislaine Caillol
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, NeuroCyto, Marseille, France
| | - Kamel Mamchaoui
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Association Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, Paris, France
| | - Laura Julien
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Association Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, Paris, France
| | - Florent Dingli
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Paris, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Paris, France
| | - Marc Bitoun
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Association Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Leterrier
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, NeuroCyto, Marseille, France
| | - Denis Furling
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Association Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Vassilopoulos
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Association Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Find your coat: Using correlative light and electron microscopy to study intracellular protein coats. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 71:21-28. [PMID: 33684808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein coats, important for vesicular trafficking in eukaryotic cells, help shape membranes and package cargo. But their dynamic construction cannot be fully understood until the distinct steps of their assembly in their native intracellular context at molecular resolution can be visualized. For this, correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) is an essential tool. Here, we discuss how emerging CLEM techniques have been used to study the assembly of protein coats inside cells. We review how current and developing CLEM technologies are poised to answer fundamental questions of protein coat architecture at the nanoscale.
Collapse
|
30
|
Networks of interacting proteins contribute to membrane curvature sensing. Biophys J 2021; 120:752-753. [PMID: 33571433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
31
|
Frey F, Schwarz US. Competing pathways for the invagination of clathrin-coated membranes. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:10723-10733. [PMID: 33107553 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01375g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the major pathway by which eukaryotic cells take up extracellular material, but it is still elusive which physical pathways are being taken during membrane invagination. From a continuum point of view, it can be driven by increases in coat stiffness, preferred curvature or line tension. Here we develop a comprehensive theoretical framework that can be solved analytically and that predicts the consequences of these different scenarios. We find that for the case of increasing stiffness or preferred curvature, curvature will be acquired gradually with growth, while for increasing line tension, the lattice must have grown to a certain size before a flat-to-curved transition can occur. At low membrane tension, the critical value for coat stiffness is 30 kBT, for preferred curvature it is 200 nm, and for line tension it is 6 pN. For high membrane tension, critical coat stiffness is 150 kBT and critical preferred curvature is 70 nm. In the mixed case when a coat with finite rigidity but increasing line tension is considered, a cup-to-sphere transition can occur for a line tension of 6 pN. The flat-to-curved and the cup-to-sphere transitions driven by line tension are both suppressed by high membrane tension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Frey
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 19, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sarker FA, Prior VG, Bax S, O'Neill GM. Forcing a growth factor response - tissue-stiffness modulation of integrin signaling and crosstalk with growth factor receptors. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/23/jcs242461. [PMID: 33310867 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.242461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Research throughout the 90s established that integrin crosstalk with growth factor receptors stimulates robust growth factor signaling. These insights were derived chiefly from comparing adherent versus suspension cell cultures. Considering the new understanding that mechanosensory inputs tune adhesion signaling, it is now timely to revisit this crosstalk in different mechanical environments. Here, we present a brief historical perspective on integrin signaling against the backdrop of the mechanically diverse extracellular microenvironment, then review the evidence supporting the mechanical regulation of integrin crosstalk with growth factor signaling. We discuss early studies revealing distinct signaling consequences for integrin occupancy (binding to matrix) and aggregation (binding to immobile ligand). We consider how the mechanical environments encountered in vivo intersect with this diverse signaling, focusing on receptor endocytosis. We discuss the implications of mechanically tuned integrin signaling for growth factor signaling, using the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as an illustrative example. We discuss how the use of rigid tissue culture plastic for cancer drug screening may select agents that lack efficacy in the soft in vivo tissue environment. Tuning of integrin signaling via external mechanical forces in vivo and subsequent effects on growth factor signaling thus has implications for normal cellular physiology and anti-cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhana A Sarker
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead NSW, Westmead 2145, Australia.,Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Victoria G Prior
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead NSW, Westmead 2145, Australia.,Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Samuel Bax
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead NSW, Westmead 2145, Australia
| | - Geraldine M O'Neill
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead NSW, Westmead 2145, Australia .,Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.,School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Williams ND, Landajuela A, Kasula RK, Zhou W, Powell JT, Xi Z, Isaacs FJ, Berro J, Toomre D, Karatekin E, Lin C. DNA-Origami-Based Fluorescence Brightness Standards for Convenient and Fast Protein Counting in Live Cells. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8890-8896. [PMID: 33164530 PMCID: PMC7726105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy has been one of the most discovery-rich methods in biology. In the digital age, the discipline is becoming increasingly quantitative. Virtually all biological laboratories have access to fluorescence microscopes, but abilities to quantify biomolecule copy numbers are limited by the complexity and sophistication associated with current quantification methods. Here, we present DNA-origami-based fluorescence brightness standards for counting 5-300 copies of proteins in bacterial and mammalian cells, tagged with fluorescent proteins or membrane-permeable organic dyes. Compared to conventional quantification techniques, our brightness standards are robust, straightforward to use, and compatible with nearly all fluorescence imaging applications, thereby providing a practical and versatile tool to quantify biomolecules via fluorescence microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D. Williams
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven CT
06516, USA
| | - Ane Landajuela
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven CT
06516, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale
University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ravi Kiran Kasula
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Wenjiao Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven CT
06516, USA
| | - John T. Powell
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven CT
06516, USA
| | - Zhiqun Xi
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Farren J. Isaacs
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental
Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New
Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT
06516, USA
| | - Julien Berro
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven CT
06516, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, New
Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Derek Toomre
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Erdem Karatekin
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven CT
06516, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale
University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, New
Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Université de Paris, SPPIN –
Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Chenxiang Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven CT
06516, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Integrins Control Vesicular Trafficking; New Tricks for Old Dogs. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 46:124-137. [PMID: 33020011 PMCID: PMC7531435 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane receptors that transduce biochemical and mechanical signals across the plasma membrane and promote cell adhesion and migration. In addition, integrin adhesion complexes are functionally and structurally linked to components of the intracellular trafficking machinery and accumulating data now reveal that they are key regulators of endocytosis and exocytosis in a variety of cell types. Here, we highlight recent insights into integrin control of intracellular trafficking in processes such as degranulation, mechanotransduction, cell–cell communication, antibody production, virus entry, Toll-like receptor signaling, autophagy, and phagocytosis, as well as the release and uptake of extracellular vesicles. We discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms and the implications for a range of pathophysiological contexts, including hemostasis, immunity, tissue repair, cancer, and viral infection. Integrin adhesion complexes control polarized targeting of the intracellular trafficking machinery via microtubules. Integrin adhesions are exocytic hubs for a variety of vesicles, including lytic and dense granules, lysosome-related organelles, and biosynthetic vesicles. Integrin-dependent adhesion and signaling is required for degranulation of platelets and leukocytes and controls hemostasis and immunity. Specialized adhesion complexes containing integrin αvβ5 and clathrin are sites of frustrated endocytosis and hubs for mechanotransduction. Integrin control of endocytosis regulates Toll-like receptor signaling and autophagy in immune cells. Integrins control intercellular communication and viral transfer through extracellular vesicles.
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen Z, Schmid SL. Evolving models for assembling and shaping clathrin-coated pits. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e202005126. [PMID: 32770195 PMCID: PMC7480099 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202005126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis occurs via the assembly of clathrin-coated pits (CCPs) that invaginate and pinch off to form clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs). It is well known that adaptor protein 2 (AP2) complexes trigger clathrin assembly on the plasma membrane, and biochemical and structural studies have revealed the nature of these interactions. Numerous endocytic accessory proteins collaborate with clathrin and AP2 to drive CCV formation. However, many questions remain as to the molecular events involved in CCP initiation, stabilization, and curvature generation. Indeed, a plethora of recent evidence derived from cell perturbation, correlative light and EM tomography, live-cell imaging, modeling, and high-resolution structural analyses has revealed more complexity and promiscuity in the protein interactions driving CCP maturation than anticipated. After briefly reviewing the evidence supporting prevailing models, we integrate these new lines of evidence to develop a more dynamic and flexible model for how redundant, dynamic, and competing protein interactions can drive endocytic CCV formation and suggest new approaches to test emerging models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra L. Schmid
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zuidema A, Wang W, Sonnenberg A. Crosstalk between Cell Adhesion Complexes in Regulation of Mechanotransduction. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000119. [PMID: 32830356 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Physical forces regulate numerous biological processes during development, physiology, and pathology. Forces between the external environment and intracellular actin cytoskeleton are primarily transmitted through integrin-containing focal adhesions and cadherin-containing adherens junctions. Crosstalk between these complexes is well established and modulates the mechanical landscape of the cell. However, integrins and cadherins constitute large families of adhesion receptors and form multiple complexes by interacting with different ligands, adaptor proteins, and cytoskeletal filaments. Recent findings indicate that integrin-containing hemidesmosomes oppose force transduction and traction force generation by focal adhesions. The cytolinker plectin mediates this crosstalk by coupling intermediate filaments to the actin cytoskeleton. Similarly, cadherins in desmosomes might modulate force generation by adherens junctions. Moreover, mechanotransduction can be influenced by podosomes, clathrin lattices, and tetraspanin-enriched microdomains. This review discusses mechanotransduction by multiple integrin- and cadherin-based cell adhesion complexes, which together with the associated cytoskeleton form an integrated network that allows cells to sense, process, and respond to their physical environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Zuidema
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud Sonnenberg
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Briant K, Redlingshöfer L, Brodsky FM. Clathrin's life beyond 40: Connecting biochemistry with physiology and disease. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 65:141-149. [PMID: 32836101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of the range and mechanisms of clathrin functions has developed exponentially since clathrin's discovery in 1975. Here, newly established molecular mechanisms that regulate clathrin activity and connect clathrin pathways to differentiation, disease and physiological processes such as glucose metabolism are reviewed. Diversity and commonalities of clathrin pathways across the tree of life reveal species-specific differences enabling functional plasticity in both membrane traffic and cytokinesis. New structural information on clathrin coat formation and cargo interactions emphasises the interplay between clathrin, adaptor proteins, lipids and cargo, and how this interplay regulates quality control of clathrin's function and is compromised in infection and neurological disease. Roles for balancing clathrin-mediated cargo transport are defined in stem cell development and additional disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kit Briant
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck and University College London, 14 Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Lisa Redlingshöfer
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck and University College London, 14 Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Frances M Brodsky
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck and University College London, 14 Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Johnson A, Gnyliukh N, Kaufmann WA, Narasimhan M, Vert G, Bednarek SY, Friml J. Experimental toolbox for quantitative evaluation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in the plant model Arabidopsis. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs248062. [PMID: 32616560 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.248062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is a crucial cellular process implicated in many aspects of plant growth, development, intra- and intercellular signaling, nutrient uptake and pathogen defense. Despite these significant roles, little is known about the precise molecular details of how CME functions in planta To facilitate the direct quantitative study of plant CME, we review current routinely used methods and present refined, standardized quantitative imaging protocols that allow the detailed characterization of CME at multiple scales in plant tissues. These protocols include: (1) an efficient electron microscopy protocol for the imaging of Arabidopsis CME vesicles in situ, thus providing a method for the detailed characterization of the ultrastructure of clathrin-coated vesicles; (2) a detailed protocol and analysis for quantitative live-cell fluorescence microscopy to precisely examine the temporal interplay of endocytosis components during single CME events; (3) a semi-automated analysis to allow the quantitative characterization of global internalization of cargos in whole plant tissues; and (4) an overview and validation of useful genetic and pharmacological tools to interrogate the molecular mechanisms and function of CME in intact plant samples.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Johnson
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Nataliia Gnyliukh
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Walter A Kaufmann
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Grégory Vert
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, 31320 Auzeville Tolosane, France
| | | | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Joseph JG, Liu AP. Mechanical Regulation of Endocytosis: New Insights and Recent Advances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900278. [PMID: 32402120 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a mechanosensitive process. It involves remodeling of the plasma membrane from a flat shape to a budded morphology, often at the sub-micrometer scale. This remodeling process is energy-intensive and is influenced by mechanical factors such as membrane tension, membrane rigidity, and physical properties of cargo and extracellular surroundings. The cellular responses to a variety of mechanical factors by distinct endocytic pathways are important for cells to counteract rapid and extreme disruptions in the mechanohomeostasis of cells. Recent advances in microscopy and mechanical manipulation at the cellular scale have led to new discoveries of mechanoregulation of endocytosis by the aforementioned factors. While factors such as membrane tension and membrane rigidity are generally shown to inhibit endocytosis, other mechanical stimuli have complex relationships with endocytic pathways. At this juncture, it is now possible to utilize experimental techniques to interrogate theoretical predictions on mechanoregulation of endocytosis in cells and even living organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jophin G Joseph
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Allen P Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Joseph BB, Wang Y, Edeen P, Lažetić V, Grant BD, Fay DS. Control of clathrin-mediated endocytosis by NIMA family kinases. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008633. [PMID: 32069276 PMCID: PMC7048319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis, the process by which cells internalize plasma membrane and associated cargo, is regulated extensively by posttranslational modifications. Previous studies suggested the potential involvement of scores of protein kinases in endocytic control, of which only a few have been validated in vivo. Here we show that the conserved NIMA-related kinases NEKL-2/NEK8/9 and NEKL-3/NEK6/7 (the NEKLs) control clathrin-mediated endocytosis in C. elegans. Loss of NEKL-2 or NEKL-3 activities leads to penetrant larval molting defects and to the abnormal localization of trafficking markers in arrested larvae. Using an auxin-based degron system, we also find that depletion of NEKLs in adult-stage C. elegans leads to gross clathrin mislocalization and to a dramatic reduction in clathrin mobility at the apical membrane. Using a non-biased genetic screen to identify suppressors of nekl molting defects, we identified several components and regulators of AP2, the major clathrin adapter complex acting at the plasma membrane. Strikingly, reduced AP2 activity rescues both nekl mutant molting defects as well as associated trafficking phenotypes, whereas increased levels of active AP2 exacerbate nekl defects. Moreover, in a unique example of mutual suppression, NEKL inhibition alleviates defects associated with reduced AP2 activity, attesting to the tight link between NEKL and AP2 functions. We also show that NEKLs are required for the clustering and internalization of membrane cargo required for molting. Notably, we find that human NEKs can rescue molting and trafficking defects in nekl mutant worms, suggesting that the control of intracellular trafficking is an evolutionarily conserved function of NEK family kinases. In order to function properly, cells must continually import materials from the outside. This process, termed endocytosis, is necessary for the uptake of nutrients and for interpreting signals coming from the external environment or from within the body. These signals are critical during animal development but also affect many types of cell behaviors throughout life. In our current work, we show that several highly conserved proteins in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, NEKL-2 and NEKL-3, regulate endocytosis. The human counterparts of NEKL-2 and NEKL-3 have been implicated in cardiovascular and renal diseases as well as many types of cancers. However, their specific functions within cells is incompletely understood and very little is known about their role in endocytosis or how this role might impact disease processes. Here we use several complementary approaches to characterize the specific functions of C. elegans NEKL-2 and NEKL-3 in endocytosis and show that their human counterparts likely have very similar functions. This work paves the way to a better understanding of fundamental biological processes and to determining the cellular functions of proteins connected to human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Braveen B. Joseph
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Phil Edeen
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Lažetić
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Barth D. Grant
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - David S. Fay
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Owing to their ability to efficiently generate ATP required to sustain normal cell function, mitochondria are often considered the 'powerhouses of the cell'. However, our understanding of the role of mitochondria in cell biology recently expanded when we recognized that they are key platforms for a plethora of cell signalling cascades. This functional versatility is tightly coupled to constant reshaping of the cellular mitochondrial network in a series of processes, collectively referred to as mitochondrial membrane dynamics and involving organelle fusion and fission (division) as well as ultrastructural remodelling of the membrane. Accordingly, mitochondrial dynamics influence and often orchestrate not only metabolism but also complex cell signalling events, such as those involved in regulating cell pluripotency, division, differentiation, senescence and death. Reciprocally, mitochondrial membrane dynamics are extensively regulated by post-translational modifications of its machinery and by the formation of membrane contact sites between mitochondria and other organelles, both of which have the capacity to integrate inputs from various pathways. Here, we discuss mitochondrial membrane dynamics and their regulation and describe how bioenergetics and cellular signalling are linked to these dynamic changes of mitochondrial morphology.
Collapse
|
42
|
Narasimhan M, Johnson A, Prizak R, Kaufmann WA, Tan S, Casillas-Pérez B, Friml J. Evolutionarily unique mechanistic framework of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in plants. eLife 2020; 9:52067. [PMID: 31971511 PMCID: PMC7012609 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME) represents the major route for cargo internalisation from the cell surface. It has been assumed to operate in an evolutionary conserved manner as in yeast and animals. Here we report characterisation of ultrastructure, dynamics and mechanisms of plant CME as allowed by our advancement in electron microscopy and quantitative live imaging techniques. Arabidopsis CME appears to follow the constant curvature model and the bona fide CME population generates vesicles of a predominantly hexagonal-basket type; larger and with faster kinetics than in other models. Contrary to the existing paradigm, actin is dispensable for CME events at the plasma membrane but plays a unique role in collecting endocytic vesicles, sorting of internalised cargos and directional endosome movement that itself actively promote CME events. Internalized vesicles display a strongly delayed and sequential uncoating. These unique features highlight the independent evolution of the plant CME mechanism during the autonomous rise of multicellularity in eukaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Johnson
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Roshan Prizak
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.,Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | - Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Akamatsu M, Vasan R, Serwas D, Ferrin MA, Rangamani P, Drubin DG. Principles of self-organization and load adaptation by the actin cytoskeleton during clathrin-mediated endocytosis. eLife 2020; 9:49840. [PMID: 31951196 PMCID: PMC7041948 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Force generation by actin assembly shapes cellular membranes. An experimentally constrained multiscale model shows that a minimal branched actin network is sufficient to internalize endocytic pits against membrane tension. Around 200 activated Arp2/3 complexes are required for robust internalization. A newly developed molecule-counting method determined that ~200 Arp2/3 complexes assemble at sites of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in human cells. Simulations predict that actin self-organizes into a radial branched array with growing ends oriented toward the base of the pit. Long actin filaments bend between attachment sites in the coat and the base of the pit. Elastic energy stored in bent filaments, whose presence was confirmed by cryo-electron tomography, contributes to endocytic internalization. Elevated membrane tension directs more growing filaments toward the base of the pit, increasing actin nucleation and bending for increased force production. Thus, spatially constrained actin filament assembly utilizes an adaptive mechanism enabling endocytosis under varying physical constraints. The outer membrane of a cell is a tight but elastic barrier that controls what enters or leaves the cell. Large molecules typically cannot cross this membrane unaided. Instead, to enter the cell, they must be packaged into a pocket of the membrane that is then pulled inside. This process, called endocytosis, shuttles material into a cell hundreds of times a minute. Endocytosis relies on molecular machines that assemble and disassemble at the membrane as required. One component, a protein called actin, self-assembles near the membrane into long filaments with many repeated subunits. These filaments grow against the membrane, pulling it inwards. But it was not clear how actin filaments organize in such a way that allows them to pull on the membrane with enough force – and without a template to follow. Akamatsu et al. set about identifying how actin operates during endocytosis by using computer simulations that were informed by measurements made in living cells. The simulations included information about the location of actin and other essential molecules, along with the details of how these molecules work individually and together. Akamatsu et al. also developed a method to count the numbers of molecules of a key protein at individual sites of endocytosis. High-resolution imaging was then used to create 3D pictures of actin and endocytosis in action in human cells grown in the laboratory. The analysis showed the way actin filaments arrange themselves depends on the starting positions of a few key molecules that connect to actin. Imaging confirmed that, like a pole-vaulting pole, the flexible actin filaments bend to store energy and then release it to pull the membrane inwards during endocytosis. Finally, the simulations predicted that the collection of filaments adapts its shape and size in response to the resistance of the elastic membrane. This makes the system opportunistic and adaptable to the unpredictable environment within cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Akamatsu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Ritvik Vasan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Daniel Serwas
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Michael A Ferrin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - David G Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
The role of actin and myosin in antigen extraction by B lymphocytes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 102:90-104. [PMID: 31862219 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
B cells must extract antigens attached to the surface of antigen presenting cells to generate high-affinity antibodies. Antigen extraction requires force, and recent studies have implicated actomyosin-dependent pulling forces generated within the B cell as the major driver of antigen extraction. These actomyosin-dependent pulling forces also serve to test the affinity of the B cell antigen receptor for antigen prior to antigen extraction. Such affinity discrimination is central to the process of antibody affinity maturation. Here we review the evidence that actomyosin-dependent pulling forces generated within the B cell promote affinity discrimination and power antigen extraction. Our take on these critical B cell functions is influenced significantly by the recent identification of formin-generated, myosin-rich, concentric actin arcs in the medial portion of the T cell immune synapse, as B cells appear to contain a similar contractile actomyosin structure.
Collapse
|
45
|
Rausch V, Hansen CG. The Hippo Pathway, YAP/TAZ, and the Plasma Membrane. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 30:32-48. [PMID: 31806419 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane allows the cell to sense and adapt to changes in the extracellular environment by relaying external inputs via intracellular signaling networks. One central cellular signaling pathway is the Hippo pathway, which regulates homeostasis and plays chief roles in carcinogenesis and regenerative processes. Recent studies have found that mechanical stimuli and diffusible chemical components can regulate the Hippo pathway primarily through receptors embedded in the plasma membrane. Morphologically defined structures within the plasma membrane, such as cellular junctions, focal adhesions, primary cilia, caveolae, clathrin-coated pits, and plaques play additional key roles. Here, we discuss recent evidence highlighting the importance of these specialized plasma membrane domains in cellular feedback via the Hippo pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rausch
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh bioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Carsten G Hansen
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh bioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lehmann M, Lukonin I, Noé F, Schmoranzer J, Clementi C, Loerke D, Haucke V. Nanoscale coupling of endocytic pit growth and stability. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax5775. [PMID: 31807703 PMCID: PMC6881173 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax5775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, an essential process for plasma membrane homeostasis and cell signaling, is characterized by stunning heterogeneity in the size and lifetime of clathrin-coated endocytic pits (CCPs). If and how CCP growth and lifetime are coupled and how this relates to their physiological function are unknown. We combine computational modeling, automated tracking of CCP dynamics, electron microscopy, and functional rescue experiments to demonstrate that CCP growth and lifetime are closely correlated and mechanistically linked by the early-acting endocytic F-BAR protein FCHo2. FCHo2 assembles at the rim of CCPs to control CCP growth and lifetime by coupling the invagination of early endocytic intermediates to clathrin lattice assembly. Our data suggest a mechanism for the nanoscale control of CCP growth and stability that may similarly apply to other metastable structures in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lehmann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Corresponding author. (V.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Ilya Lukonin
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Noé
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Department of Physics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jan Schmoranzer
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cecilia Clementi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Department of Physics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Dinah Loerke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Corresponding author. (V.H.); (M.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lock JG, Baschieri F, Jones MC, Humphries JD, Montagnac G, Strömblad S, Humphries MJ. Clathrin-containing adhesion complexes. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2086-2095. [PMID: 31208994 PMCID: PMC6605790 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201811160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the mechanisms whereby cell adhesion complexes (ACs) relay signals bidirectionally across the plasma membrane is necessary to interpret the role of adhesion in regulating migration, differentiation, and growth. A range of AC types has been defined, but to date all have similar compositions and are dependent on a connection to the actin cytoskeleton. Recently, a new class of AC has been reported that normally lacks association with both the cytoskeleton and integrin-associated adhesome components, but is rich in components of the clathrin-mediated endocytosis machinery. The characterization of this new type of adhesion structure, which is emphasized by mitotic cells and cells in long-term culture, identifies a hitherto underappreciated link between the adhesion machinery and clathrin structures at the plasma membrane. While this discovery has implications for how ACs are assembled and disassembled, it raises many other issues. Consequently, to increase awareness within the field, and stimulate research, we explore a number of the most significant questions below.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John G Lock
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Francesco Baschieri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1170, Gustave Roussy Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Matthew C Jones
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jonathan D Humphries
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Guillaume Montagnac
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1170, Gustave Roussy Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Staffan Strömblad
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Martin J Humphries
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Taraska JW. A primer on resolving the nanoscale structure of the plasma membrane with light and electron microscopy. J Gen Physiol 2019; 151:974-985. [PMID: 31253697 PMCID: PMC6683668 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201812227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Taraska reviews the imaging methods that are being used to understand the structure of the plasma membrane at the molecular level. The plasma membrane separates a cell from its external environment. All materials and signals that enter or leave the cell must cross this hydrophobic barrier. Understanding the architecture and dynamics of the plasma membrane has been a central focus of general cellular physiology. Both light and electron microscopy have been fundamental in this endeavor and have been used to reveal the dense, complex, and dynamic nanoscale landscape of the plasma membrane. Here, I review classic and recent developments in the methods used to image and study the structure of the plasma membrane, particularly light, electron, and correlative microscopies. I will discuss their history and use for mapping the plasma membrane and focus on how these tools have provided a structural framework for understanding the membrane at the scale of molecules. Finally, I will describe how these studies provide a roadmap for determining the nanoscale architecture of other organelles and entire cells in order to bridge the gap between cellular form and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Taraska
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| |
Collapse
|