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Herlan CN, Feser D, Schepers U, Bräse S. Bio-instructive materials on-demand - combinatorial chemistry of peptoids, foldamers, and beyond. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11131-11152. [PMID: 34611672 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04237h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial chemistry allows for the rapid synthesis of large compound libraries for high throughput screenings in biology, medicinal chemistry, or materials science. Especially compounds from a highly modular design are interesting for the proper investigation of structure-to-activity relationships. Permutations of building blocks result in many similar but unique compounds. The influence of certain structural features on the entire structure can then be monitored and serve as a starting point for the rational design of potent molecules for various applications. Peptoids, a highly diverse class of bioinspired oligomers, suit perfectly for combinatorial chemistry. Their straightforward synthesis on a solid support using repetitive reaction steps ensures easy handling and high throughput. Applying this modular approach, peptoids are readily accessible, and their interchangeable side-chains allow for various structures. Thus, peptoids can easily be tuned in their solubility, their spatial structure, and, consequently, their applicability in various fields of research. Since their discovery, peptoids have been applied as antimicrobial agents, artificial membranes, molecular transporters, and much more. Studying their three-dimensional structure, various foldamers with fascinating, unique properties were discovered. This non-comprehensive review will state the most interesting discoveries made over the past years and arouse curiosity about what may come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Nicole Herlan
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann von Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Dominik Feser
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann von Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann von Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz Haber Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann von Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany. .,Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz Haber Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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2
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Abdildinova A, Kurth MJ, Gong Y. Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Peptidomimetics with Peptide Backbone Modifications. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aizhan Abdildinova
- Innovative Drug Library Research Center Department of Chemistry College of Science Dongguk University 26, 3-ga, Pil-dong, Jung-gu Seoul 04620 Korea
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry University of California Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Young‐Dae Gong
- Innovative Drug Library Research Center Department of Chemistry College of Science Dongguk University 26, 3-ga, Pil-dong, Jung-gu Seoul 04620 Korea
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3
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Chu W, Prodromou R, Day KN, Schneible JD, Bacon KB, Bowen JD, Kilgore RE, Catella CM, Moore BD, Mabe MD, Alashoor K, Xu Y, Xiao Y, Menegatti S. Peptides and pseudopeptide ligands: a powerful toolbox for the affinity purification of current and next-generation biotherapeutics. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461632. [PMID: 33333349 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Following the consolidation of therapeutic proteins in the fight against cancer, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases, recent advancements in biochemistry and biotechnology have introduced a host of next-generation biotherapeutics, such as CRISPR-Cas nucleases, stem and car-T cells, and viral vectors for gene therapy. With these drugs entering the clinical pipeline, a new challenge lies ahead: how to manufacture large quantities of high-purity biotherapeutics that meet the growing demand by clinics and biotech companies worldwide. The protein ligands employed by the industry are inadequate to confront this challenge: while featuring high binding affinity and selectivity, these ligands require laborious engineering and expensive manufacturing, are prone to biochemical degradation, and pose safety concerns related to their bacterial origin. Peptides and pseudopeptides make excellent candidates to form a new cohort of ligands for the purification of next-generation biotherapeutics. Peptide-based ligands feature excellent target biorecognition, low or no toxicity and immunogenicity, and can be manufactured affordably at large scale. This work presents a comprehensive and systematic review of the literature on peptide-based ligands and their use in the affinity purification of established and upcoming biological drugs. A comparative analysis is first presented on peptide engineering principles, the development of ligands targeting different biomolecular targets, and the promises and challenges connected to the industrial implementation of peptide ligands. The reviewed literature is organized in (i) conventional (α-)peptides targeting antibodies and other therapeutic proteins, gene therapy products, and therapeutic cells; (ii) cyclic peptides and pseudo-peptides for protein purification and capture of viral and bacterial pathogens; and (iii) the forefront of peptide mimetics, such as β-/γ-peptides, peptoids, foldamers, and stimuli-responsive peptides for advanced processing of biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenning Chu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Raphael Prodromou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Kevin N Day
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - John D Schneible
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Kaitlyn B Bacon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - John D Bowen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Ryan E Kilgore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Carly M Catella
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Brandyn D Moore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Matthew D Mabe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Kawthar Alashoor
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Yiman Xu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanxin Xiao
- College of Textile, Donghua University, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, NC 27606.
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Abstract
Peptide libraries are a highly useful tool for drug development. While most preparations of peptide libraries are laborious during either the synthesis or its screening, the SPOT synthesis offers the possibility of directly synthesizing large numbers of peptides on a planar surface. As a positionally addressable, multiple solid-phase synthesis technique, the synthesis allows a very convenient handling during the screening of that peptide library in a form of an array. This publication will provide protocols for the basic procedures of the SPOT synthesis and references to some important literature regarding that technique and its application.
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5
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Austin MJ, Rosales AM. Tunable biomaterials from synthetic, sequence-controlled polymers. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:490-505. [PMID: 30628589 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01215f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric biomaterials have many applications including therapeutic delivery vehicles, medical implants and devices, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Both naturally-derived and synthetic materials have successfully been used for these applications in the clinic. However, the increasing complexity of these applications requires materials with advanced properties, especially customizable or tunable materials with bioactivity. To address this issue, there have been recent efforts to better recapitulate the properties of natural materials using synthetic biomaterials composed of sequence-controlled polymers. Sequence control mimics the primary structure found in biopolymers, and in many cases, provides an extra handle for functionality in synthetic polymers. Here, we first review the advances in synthetic methods that have enabled sequence-controlled biomaterials on a relevant scale, and discuss strategies for choosing functional sequences from a biomaterials engineering context. Then, we highlight several recent studies that show strong impact of sequence control on biomaterial properties, including in vitro and in vivo behavior, in the areas of hydrogels, therapeutic materials, and novel applications such as molecular barcodes for medical devices. The role of sequence control in biomaterials properties is an emerging research area, and there remain many opportunities for investigation. Further study of this topic may significantly advance our understanding of bioactive or smart materials, as well as contribute design rules to guide the development of synthetic biomaterials for future applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah J Austin
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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6
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Mattes DS, Streit B, Bhandari DR, Greifenstein J, Foertsch TC, Münch SW, Ridder B, v. Bojničić‐Kninski C, Nesterov‐Mueller A, Spengler B, Schepers U, Bräse S, Loeffler FF, Breitling F. Combinatorial Synthesis of Peptoid Arrays via Laser‐Based Stacking of Multiple Polymer Nanolayers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800533. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela. S. Mattes
- Institute of Microstructure TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Bettina Streit
- Institute of Microstructure TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and GeneticsKarlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann‐von Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Dhaka R. Bhandari
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryJustus‐Liebig University Giessen Heinrich‐Buff‐Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Juliane Greifenstein
- Institute of Microstructure TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Tobias C. Foertsch
- Institute of Microstructure TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Stephan W. Münch
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Barbara Ridder
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Clemens v. Bojničić‐Kninski
- Institute of Microstructure TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Alexander Nesterov‐Mueller
- Institute of Microstructure TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Bernhard Spengler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryJustus‐Liebig University Giessen Heinrich‐Buff‐Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- Institute of Toxicology and GeneticsKarlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann‐von Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and GeneticsKarlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann‐von Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Felix F. Loeffler
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Frank Breitling
- Institute of Microstructure TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
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7
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Ridder B, Mattes DS, Nesterov-Mueller A, Breitling F, Meier MAR. Peptide array functionalization via the Ugi four-component reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:5553-5556. [PMID: 28474022 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01945a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Ugi four-component reaction was investigated as a tool for the functionalization of peptide arrays via post-synthetic side-chain modification, mimicking post-translational processes. Additionally, as a proof of concept for the synthesis of peptidomimetics on arrays, the integration of an Ugi unit into a growing peptide chain was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ridder
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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8
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Schneider AC, Fritz D, Vasquez JK, Vollrath SBL, Blackwell HE, Brasë S. Microwave-Facilitated SPOT-Synthesis of Antibacterial Dipeptoids. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2017; 19:715-737. [PMID: 29035557 PMCID: PMC5931720 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.7b00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With microwave irradiation, the submonomer synthesis of dipeptoids on functionalized cellulose can be accelerated with good yields and purity. Optimization provided a library of 96 dipeptoids. From these, 29 compounds were found with an antibacterial activity against MRSA at a concentration of 25 μM. Large nonpolar residues, such as undecylamine and dehydroabiethylamine, are the key components engendering the observed antibacterial activity of these peptoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C. Schneider
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Daniel Fritz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Joseph K. Vasquez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sidonie B. L. Vollrath
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Helen E. Blackwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Stefan Brasë
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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9
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Ganesh SD, Saha N, Zandraa O, Zuckermann RN, Sáha P. Peptoids and polypeptoids: biomimetic and bioinspired materials for biomedical applications. Polym Bull (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-016-1902-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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10
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Butterfoss GL, Drew K, Renfrew PD, Kirshenbaum K, Bonneau R. Conformational preferences of peptide-peptoid hybrid oligomers. Biopolymers 2016; 102:369-78. [PMID: 24919990 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Peptomers are oligomeric molecules composed of both α-amino acids and N-substituted glycine monomers, thus creating a hybrid of peptide and peptoid units. Peptomers have been used in several applications such as antimicrobials, protease inhibitors, and antibody mimics. Despite the considerable promise of peptomers as chemically diverse molecular scaffolds, we know little about their conformational tendencies. This lack of knowledge limits the ability to implement computational approaches for peptomer design. Here we computationally evaluate the local structural propensities of the peptide-peptoid linkage. We find some general similarities between the peptide residue conformational preferences and the Ramachandran distribution of residues that precede proline in folded protein structures. However, there are notable differences. For example, several β-turn motifs are disallowed when the i+2 residue is also a peptoid monomer. Significantly, the lowest energy geometry, when dispersion forces are accounted for, corresponds to a "cis-Pro touch-turn" conformation, an unusual turn motif that has been observed at protein catalytic centers and binding sites. The peptomer touch-turn thus represents a useful design element for the construction of folded oligomers capable of molecular recognition and as modules in the assembly of structurally complex peptoid-protein hybrid macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn L Butterfoss
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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11
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Gangloff N, Ulbricht J, Lorson T, Schlaad H, Luxenhofer R. Peptoids and Polypeptoids at the Frontier of Supra- and Macromolecular Engineering. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1753-802. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Gangloff
- Functional Polymer
Materials, Chair for Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Ulbricht
- Functional Polymer
Materials, Chair for Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lorson
- Functional Polymer
Materials, Chair for Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Schlaad
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer
Materials, Chair for Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Knight AS, Zhou EY, Francis MB, Zuckermann RN. Sequence Programmable Peptoid Polymers for Diverse Materials Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:5665-5691. [PMID: 25855478 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polymer sequence programmability is required for the diverse structures and complex properties that are achieved by native biological polymers, but efforts towards controlling the sequence of synthetic polymers are, by comparison, still in their infancy. Traditional polymers provide robust and chemically diverse materials, but synthetic control over their monomer sequences is limited. The modular and step-wise synthesis of peptoid polymers, on the other hand, allows for precise control over the monomer sequences, affording opportunities for these chains to fold into well-defined nanostructures. Hundreds of different side chains have been incorporated into peptoid polymers using efficient reaction chemistry, allowing for a seemingly infinite variety of possible synthetically accessible polymer sequences. Combinatorial discovery techniques have allowed the identification of functional polymers within large libraries of peptoids, and newly developed theoretical modeling tools specifically adapted for peptoids enable the future design of polymers with desired functions. Work towards controlling the three-dimensional structure of peptoids, from the conformation of the amide bond to the formation of protein-like tertiary structure, has and will continue to enable the construction of tunable and innovative nanomaterials that bridge the gap between natural and synthetic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S Knight
- UC Berkeley Chemistry Department, Latimer Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Effie Y Zhou
- UC Berkeley Chemistry Department, Latimer Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Matthew B Francis
- UC Berkeley Chemistry Department, Latimer Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- The Molecular Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ronald N Zuckermann
- The Molecular Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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13
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Abstract
All of life is regulated by complex and organized chemical reactions that help dictate when to grow, to move, to reproduce, and to die. When these processes go awry, or are interrupted by pathological agents, diseases such as cancer, autoimmunity, or infections can result. Cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, adipokines, and other chemical moieties make up a vast subset of these chemical reactions that are altered in disease states, and monitoring changes in these molecules could provide for the identification of disease biomarkers. From the first identification of carcinoembryonic antigen, to the discovery of prostate-specific antigen, to numerous others described within, biomarkers of disease are detectable in a plethora of sample types. The growing number of biomarkers for infection, autoimmunity, and cancer allow for increasingly early detection, to identification of novel drug targets, to prognostic indicators of disease outcome. However, more and more studies are finding that a single cytokine or growth factor is insufficient as a true disease biomarker and that a more global perspective is needed to understand true disease biology. Such a broad view requires a multiplexed platform for chemical detection, and antibody arrays meet and exceed this need by performing this detection in a high-throughput fashion. Herein, we will discuss how antibody arrays have evolved, and how they have helped direct new drug target design, helped identify therapeutic disease markers, and helped in earlier disease detection. From asthma to renal disease, and neurological dysfunction to immunologic disorders, antibody arrays afford a bright future for new biomarkers discovery.
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14
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N-Substituted arylsulfonamide building blocks as alternative submonomers for peptoid synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.11.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of a 9-mers-long peptide ladder structure of glycine on a modified glass surface using a nanoliter droplet ejector. To synthesize peptide on a glass substrate, SPOT peptide synthesis protocol was followed with a nozzleless acoustic droplet ejector being used to eject about 300 droplets of preactivated amino acid solution to dispense 60 nL of the solution per mer. The coupling efficiency of each mer was measured with FITC fluorescent tag to be 96%, resulting in net 70% efficiency for the whole 9-mer-long peptide of glycine. Usage of a nanoliter droplet ejector for SPOT peptide synthesis increases the density of protein array on a chip.
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16
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Sun J, Zuckermann RN. Peptoid polymers: a highly designable bioinspired material. ACS NANO 2013; 7:4715-32. [PMID: 23721608 DOI: 10.1021/nn4015714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspired polymeric materials are attracting increasing attention due to significant advantages over their natural counterparts: the ability to precisely tune their structures over a broad range of chemical and physical properties, increased stability, and improved processability. Polypeptoids, a promising class of bioinspired polymer based on a N-substituted glycine backbone, have a number of unique properties that bridge the material gap between proteins and bulk polymers. Peptoids combine the sequence specificity of biopolymers with the simpler intra/intermolecular interactions and robustness of traditional synthetic polymers. They are highly designable because hundreds of chemically diverse side chains can be introduced from simple building blocks. Peptoid polymers can be prepared by two distinct synthetic techniques offering access to two material subclasses: (1) automated solid-phase synthesis which enables precision sequence control and near absolute monodispersity up to chain lengths of ~50 monomers, and (2) a classical polymerization approach which allows access to higher molecular weights and larger-scale yields, but with less control over length and sequence. This combination of facile synthetic approaches makes polypeptoids a highly tunable, rapid polymer prototyping platform to investigate new materials that are intermediate between proteins and bulk polymers, in both their structure and their properties. In this paper, we review the methods to synthesize peptoid polymers and their applications in biomedicine and nanoscience, as both sequence-specific materials and as bulk polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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17
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Abstract
Peptoids (oligomers of N-substituted glycine residues) and peptide-peptoid hybrid polymers (peptomers) are interesting classes of compounds mimicking structure and function of biologically active peptides. The oligomeric peptidomimetics such as peptoids are particularly important compounds since they provide access to an enormous molecular diversity, by variation of the building blocks. The modular structure of peptoids, ease of synthesis, and high compatibility with existing peptide chemistry synthetic protocols, make peptoids and peptoid-containing peptidomimetics ideal tools for structure-activity and drug discovery related studies.
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18
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Cardenal C, Vollrath SBL, Schepers U, Bräse S. Synthesis of Functionalized Glutamine- and Asparagine-Type Peptoids - Scope and Limitations. Helv Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Volkmer R, Tapia V, Landgraf C. Synthetic peptide arrays for investigating protein interaction domains. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2780-6. [PMID: 22576123 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic peptide array technology was first developed in the early 1990s by Ronald Frank. Since then the technique has become a powerful tool for high throughput approaches in biology and biochemistry. Here, we focus on peptide arrays applied to investigate the binding specificity of protein interaction domains such as WW, SH3, and PDZ domains. We describe array-based methods used to reveal domain networks in yeast, and briefly review rules as well as ideas about the synthesis and application of peptide arrays. We also provide initial results of a study designed to investigate the nature and evolution of SH3 domain interaction networks in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Volkmer
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie Berlin, Molecular Libraries and Recognition Group, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Weisinger RM, Marinelli RJ, Wrenn SJ, Harbury PB. Mesofluidic devices for DNA-programmed combinatorial chemistry. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32299. [PMID: 22479318 PMCID: PMC3315586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid combinatorial chemistry strategies that use DNA as an information-carrying medium are proving to be powerful tools for molecular discovery. In order to extend these efforts, we present a highly parallel format for DNA-programmed chemical library synthesis. The new format uses a standard microwell plate footprint and is compatible with commercially available automation technology. It can accommodate a wide variety of combinatorial synthetic schemes with up to 384 different building blocks per chemical step. We demonstrate that fluidic routing of DNA populations in the highly parallel format occurs with excellent specificity, and that chemistry on DNA arrayed into 384 well plates proceeds robustly, two requirements for the high-fidelity translation and efficient in vitro evolution of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Weisinger
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Marinelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - S. Jarrett Wrenn
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Pehr B. Harbury
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Kundu A, Peterlik H, Krssak M, Bytzek AK, Pashkunova-Martic I, Arion VB, Helbich TH, Keppler BK. Strategies for the covalent conjugation of a bifunctional chelating agent to albumin: Synthesis and characterization of potential MRI contrast agents. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:250-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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22
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Winkler DFH, Andresen H, Hilpert K. SPOT synthesis as a tool to study protein-protein interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 723:105-27. [PMID: 21370062 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-043-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Peptide arrays are a widely used tool in proteomic research for investigations of drug development and molecular interactions including protein-protein or protein-peptide interactions. Most peptide synthesis techniques are able to simultaneously synthesize only up to a few hundred single peptides. Using the SPOT™ technique, it is possible to synthesize and screen in parallel up to 8,000 peptides or peptide mixtures. In addition, such peptides can be released from the membrane and transferred onto peptide microarrays. Here we present protocols for the peptides synthesis on cellulose including the preparation of different cellulose membranes and easy-to-use detection methods on these peptide macroarrays. In addition, a protocol to produce and screen peptide microarray using the SPOT technology is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk F H Winkler
- Peptide Facility, Kinexus Bioinformatics Corporation, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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23
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Culf AS, Ouellette RJ. Solid-phase synthesis of N-substituted glycine oligomers (alpha-peptoids) and derivatives. Molecules 2010; 15:5282-335. [PMID: 20714299 PMCID: PMC6257730 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15085282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptoids (N-substituted polyglycines and extended peptoids with variant backbone amino-acid monomer units) are oligomeric synthetic polymers that are becoming a valuable molecular tool in the biosciences. Of particular interest are their applications to the exploration of peptoid secondary structures and drug design. Major advantages of peptoids as research and pharmaceutical tools include the ease and economy of synthesis, highly variable backbone and side-chain chemistry possibilities. At the same time, peptoids have been demonstrated as highly active in biological systems while resistant to proteolytic decay. This review with 227 references considers the solid-phase synthetic aspects of peptoid preparation and utilization up to 2010 from the instigation, by R. N. Zuckermann et al., of peptoid chemistry in 1992.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Culf
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada.
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24
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Abstract
Peptidomimetic oligomers and foldamers have received considerable attention for over a decade, with beta-peptides and the so-called peptoids (N-alkylglycine oligomers) representing prominent examples of such architectures. Lately, hybrid or mixed backbones consisting of both alpha- and beta-amino acids (alpha/beta-peptides) have been investigated in some detail as well. The present Minireview is a survey of the literature concerning hybrid structures of alpha-amino acids and peptoids, including beta-peptoids (N-alkyl-beta-alanine oligomers), and is intended to give an overview of this area of research within the field of peptidomimetic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Olsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, 2100 Denmark.
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25
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Abstract
Developing new lead structures for drugs against multiresistant bacteria is an urgent need for modern medicine. Antimicrobial peptides are a class of drugs that can be used to discover such structures. In order to support development of this research, a fast, easy, and inexpensive method to synthesize peptides is necessary. The SPOT synthesis has the potential to produce the required peptide arrays, synthesizing up to 8,000 peptides, peptide mixtures, or other organic compounds on cellulose or other planar surfaces in a positionally addressable and multiple manner. Protocols for the preparation of cellulose membranes and the SPOT synthesis as well as cleavage of peptides from the support are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk F H Winkler
- Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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26
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Volkmer R. Synthesis and application of peptide arrays: quo vadis SPOT technology. Chembiochem 2009; 10:1431-42. [PMID: 19437530 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Volkmer
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, AG Molekulare Bibliotheken, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Strasse 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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Fowler SA, Blackwell HE. Structure-function relationships in peptoids: recent advances toward deciphering the structural requirements for biological function. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:1508-24. [PMID: 19343235 DOI: 10.1039/b817980h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligomers of N-substituted glycine, or peptoids, are versatile tools to probe biological processes and hold promise as therapeutic agents. An underlying theme in the majority of recent peptoid research is the connection between peptoid function and peptoid structure. For certain applications, well-folded peptoids are essential for activity, while unstructured peptoids appear to suffice, or even are superior, for other applications. Currently, these structure-function connections are largely made after the design, synthesis, and characterization process. However, as guidelines for peptoid folding are elucidated and the known biological activities are expanded, we anticipate these connections will provide a pathway toward the de novo design of functional peptoids. In this perspective, we review several of the peptoid structure-function relationships that have been delineated over the past five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Fowler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1322, USA
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Breitling F, Nesterov A, Stadler V, Felgenhauer T, Bischoff FR. High-density peptide arrays. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:224-34. [PMID: 19225611 DOI: 10.1039/b819850k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Arrays promise to advance biology by allowing parallel screening for many different binding partners. Meanwhile, lithographic methods enable combinatorial synthesis of > 50,000 oligonucleotides per cm(2), an advance that has revolutionized the whole field of genomics. A similar development is expected for the field of proteomics, provided that affordable, very high-density peptide arrays are available. However, peptide arrays lag behind oligonucleotide arrays. This review discusses recent developments in the field with an emphasis on methods that lead to very high-density peptide arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Breitling
- German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, Heidelberg, Germany.
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29
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Abstract
Peptide synthesis on cellulose using the SPOT technology follows the standard Fmoc-chemistry and can be performed manually or automated. This method allows the synthesis of low-cost peptide arrays containing around 900 large spots of addressable peptides on a cellulose sheet of 19 cm x 29 cm. These peptides can be cleaved from the cellulose support by ammonia gas and afterward spotted on glass microchips. Alternatively, the peptides can be synthesized on modified cellulose discs and CelluSpot microarrays can be produced.
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Günther K, Schips C, Ziegler T. Preparation of Some Glycosyl Amino Acid Building Blocks via Click Reaction and Construction of a Glycotetrapeptide Library Using Spot Synthesis. J Carbohydr Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300802419873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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The spot technique: synthesis and screening of peptide macroarrays on cellulose membranes. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 494:47-70. [PMID: 18726568 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-419-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Peptide arrays are a widely used tool for drug development. For peptide-based drug design it is necessary to screen a large number of peptides. However, there are often difficulties with this approach. Most common peptide synthesis techniques are able to simultaneously synthesize only up to a few hundred single peptides. Spot synthesis is a positionally addressable, multiple synthesis technique offering the possibility of synthesizing and screening up to 10,000 peptides or peptide mixtures on cellulose or other membrane surfaces. In this chapter we present the basic procedures and screening methods related to spot synthesis and outline protocols for easy-to-use detection methods on these peptide arrays.
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32
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Kim DH, Shin DS, Lee YS. Spot arrays on modified glass surfaces for efficient SPOT synthesis and on-chip bioassay of peptides. J Pept Sci 2007; 13:625-33. [PMID: 17694567 DOI: 10.1002/psc.884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To make SPOT synthesis of peptides and their assays on glass surfaces more convenient, a simple method for making spot arrays on a slide glass was designed through patterning with a photoresist and perfluorination followed by amination with various silane compounds and polymers. With these spot-arrayed glass surfaces, we could measure the coupling completion of each Fmoc amino acid on the glass surface by direct fluorescence analysis after fluorescence-labeling the amino groups on the surface of each spot. Then we synthesized several types of decapeptides and HPQ-pentapeptides on the spot-arrayed glasses and identified the optimal surface condition for stepwise peptide coupling and on-chip bioassay. After optimizing the surface conditions, we synthesized a model library of biotin-Gly-Ala-P(1)-Gly (P(1): one of 19 amino acids) and successfully replicated the well-known alpha-chymotrypsin subsite specificities through Cy5-streptavidin binding to the remaining biotin on the surface after the enzymatic digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyun Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
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Yuasa H, Honma H, Hashimoto H, Tsunooka M, Kojima-Aikawa K. Pentamer is the minimum structure for oligomannosylpeptoids to bind to concanavalin A. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5274-8. [PMID: 17689075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA) was performed for oligomannosylpeptoids, which were immobilized on microtiter plates through a streptavidin-biotin interaction. The other immobilization methods, a hydrophobic adsorption and a covalent attachment, were found inapplicable to the oligomannosylpeptoids. Penta- and hexamannosylpeptoids with a shorter or longer spacer were found to be significantly recognized by concanavalinA (ConA), while the smaller peptoids showed no bindings. A proportional relationship between the amount of bound ConA and the peptoid density on the microtiter plate was observed, indicating the absence of both cluster and overdense effects that would assist or inhibit the binding increasingly with the ligand density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideya Yuasa
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 J2-10, Nagatsutacho, Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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34
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Hilpert K, Winkler DFH, Hancock REW. Peptide arrays on cellulose support: SPOT synthesis, a time and cost efficient method for synthesis of large numbers of peptides in a parallel and addressable fashion. Nat Protoc 2007; 2:1333-49. [PMID: 17545971 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2007.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Peptide synthesis on cellulose using SPOT technology allows the parallel synthesis of large numbers of addressable peptides in small amounts. In addition, the cost per peptide is less than 1% of peptides synthesized conventionally on resin. The SPOT method follows standard fluorenyl-methoxy-carbonyl chemistry on conventional cellulose sheets, and can utilize more than 600 different building blocks. The procedure involves three phases: preparation of the cellulose membrane, stepwise coupling of the amino acids and cleavage of the side-chain protection groups. If necessary, peptides can be cleaved from the membrane for assays performed using soluble peptides. These features make this method an excellent tool for screening large numbers of peptides for many different purposes. Potential applications range from simple binding assays, to more sophisticated enzyme assays and studies with living microbes or cells. The time required to complete the protocol depends on the number and length of the peptides. For example, 400 9-mer peptides can be synthesized within 6 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hilpert
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, #2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3.
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35
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Hilpert K, Winkler DFH, Hancock REW. Cellulose-bound Peptide Arrays: Preparation and Applications. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2007; 24:31-106. [DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2007.10648093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Kumaresan PR, Lam KS. Screening chemical microarrays: methods and applications. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2006; 2:259-70. [PMID: 16880944 DOI: 10.1039/b602004f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pappanaicken R Kumaresan
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Cancer Center, University of California Davis, 4501 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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37
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Reddy MM, Kodadek T. Protein "fingerprinting" in complex mixtures with peptoid microarrays. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:12672-7. [PMID: 16123137 PMCID: PMC1200257 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0501208102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here that microarrays comprised of several thousand peptoids (oligo-N-substituted glycines) are useful tools for the identification of proteins via a "fingerprinting" approach. By using maltose-binding protein, glutathione S-transferase, and ubiquitin, a specific and highly reproducible pattern of binding was observed when fluorescently labeled protein was hybridized to the array. A similar pattern was obtained when binding of an unlabeled protein to the array was visualized by secondary hybridization of a labeled antibody against that protein, showing that native proteins can be identified without the requirement for prior chemical labeling. This work suggests that small-molecule microarrays might be used for more complex fingerprinting assays of potential diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Muralidhar Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Translational Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9185, USA
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38
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Abstract
In the year 2003 there was a 17% increase in the number of publications citing work performed using optical biosensor technology compared with the previous year. We collated the 962 total papers for 2003, identified the geographical regions where the work was performed, highlighted the instrument types on which it was carried out, and segregated the papers by biological system. In this overview, we spotlight 13 papers that should be on everyone's 'must read' list for 2003 and provide examples of how to identify and interpret high-quality biosensor data. Although we still find that the literature is replete with poorly performed experiments, over-interpreted results and a general lack of understanding of data analysis, we are optimistic that these shortcomings will be addressed as biosensor technology continues to mature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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39
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Kodadek T, Reddy MM, Olivos HJ, Bachhawat-Sikder K, Alluri PG. Synthetic molecules as antibody replacements. Acc Chem Res 2004; 37:711-8. [PMID: 15379586 DOI: 10.1021/ar030145l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies are by far the most versatile, valuable, and widely used protein-binding agents. They are essential tools in biological research and are increasingly being developed as therapeutic reagents. However, antibodies have a number of practical limitations, and it would be desirable in many applications to replace them with simpler, more robust synthetic molecules. Unfortunately, synthetic protein-binding agents rarely exhibit the high affinity and specificity typical of a good antibody. This article reviews efforts to overcome these limitations and to develop a facile, high-throughput methodology for the isolation of synthetic protein ligands with antibody-like binding characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kodadek
- Center for Biomedical Inventions, Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8573, USA.
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