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Zhang B, He J, Gao Y, Levy L, Oderinde MS, Palkowitz MD, Dhar TGM, Mandler MD, Collins MR, Schmitt DC, Bolduc PN, Chen T, Clementson S, Petersen NN, Laudadio G, Bi C, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Complex molecule synthesis by electrocatalytic decarboxylative cross-coupling. Nature 2023; 623:745-751. [PMID: 37788684 PMCID: PMC10754231 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Modern retrosynthetic analysis in organic chemistry is based on the principle of polar relationships between functional groups to guide the design of synthetic routes1. This method, termed polar retrosynthetic analysis, assigns partial positive (electrophilic) or negative (nucleophilic) charges to constituent functional groups in complex molecules followed by disconnecting bonds between opposing charges2-4. Although this approach forms the basis of undergraduate curriculum in organic chemistry5 and strategic applications of most synthetic methods6, the implementation often requires a long list of ancillary considerations to mitigate chemoselectivity and oxidation state issues involving protecting groups and precise reaction choreography3,4,7. Here we report a radical-based Ni/Ag-electrocatalytic cross-coupling of substituted carboxylic acids, thereby enabling an intuitive and modular approach to accessing complex molecular architectures. This new method relies on a key silver additive that forms an active Ag nanoparticle-coated electrode surface8,9 in situ along with carefully chosen ligands that modulate the reactivity of Ni. Through judicious choice of conditions and ligands, the cross-couplings can be rendered highly diastereoselective. To demonstrate the simplifying power of these reactions, concise syntheses of 14 natural products and two medicinally relevant molecules were completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benxiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jiayan He
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura Levy
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martins S Oderinde
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Maximilian D Palkowitz
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - T G Murali Dhar
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Michael D Mandler
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Michael R Collins
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Daniel C Schmitt
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Cheng Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Qu H, Gu X, Liu Z, Min BJ, Hruby VJ. Asymmetric Eschenmoser-Claisen rearrangement for anti-beta-substituted gamma,delta-unsaturated amino acids. Org Lett 2007; 9:3997-4000. [PMID: 17760455 PMCID: PMC2587277 DOI: 10.1021/ol701704h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Optically active anti-beta-substituted gamma,delta-unsaturated amino acids are important synthetic building blocks in organic synthesis and for peptidomimetics. A novel asymmetric Eschenmoser-Claisen rearrangement with use of a C2-symmetric chiral auxiliary was developed to generate this type of amino acid. Excellent diastereoselectivities and high enantioselectivities (87-93% ee) were obtained after the chiral auxiliary was removed via iodolactonization/zinc reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchang Qu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721,
| | - Xuyuan Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721,
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721,
| | - Byoung J. Min
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721,
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721,
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5
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Ley SV, Sheppard TD, Myers RM, Chorghade MS. Chiral Glycolate Equivalents for the Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Hydroxycarbonyl Compounds. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.80.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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6
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Aydillo C, Jiménez-Osés G, Busto JH, Peregrina JM, Zurbano MM, Avenoza A. Theoretical Evidence for Pyramidalized Bicyclic Serine Enolates in Highly Diastereoselective Alkylations. Chemistry 2007; 13:4840-8. [PMID: 17366514 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new chiral serine equivalent and its enantiomer have been synthesized from (S)- and (R)-N-Boc-serine methyl esters (Boc: tert-butyloxycarbonyl). The use of these compounds as chiral building blocks has been demonstrated in the synthesis of alpha-alkyl alpha-amino acids by diastereoselective potassium enolate alkylation reactions and subsequent acid hydrolyses. Theoretical studies were performed to elucidate the stereochemical outcome of both the formation of five-membered cyclic N,O-acetals and the subsequent alkylation process, which occurs with total retention of configuration. This feature could be explained in terms of the high degree of pyramidalization of enolate intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Aydillo
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, UA-CSIC, 26006 Logroño, Spain
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7
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Abstract
1,2-Diacetals are readily prepared, rigid structural motifs that provide a wide range of opportunities for applications in natural product assembly. These uses encompass selective 1,2-diol or alpha-hydroxy acid protection, enantiotopic recognition and desymmetrization methods, chiral memory applications, and reactivity control in oligosaccharide synthesis, as well as functioning as templating components, chiral auxiliaries, and building blocks. 1,2-Diacetals are often more stable and lead to products with enhanced crystallinity compared to their five-ring acetonide counterparts. Many 1,2-diacetals have favorable NMR parameters, which facilitate structural assignment, particularly during asymmetric reaction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K.
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Vogt H, Bräse S. Recent approaches towards the asymmetric synthesis of α,α-disubstituted α-amino acids. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:406-30. [PMID: 17252120 DOI: 10.1039/b611091f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The class of alpha,alpha-disubstituted alpha-amino acids has gained considerable attention in the past decades and continues doing so. The ongoing interest in biological and chemical properties of the substance class has inspired the development of many new methodologies for their asymmetric construction, which have not found their way into the general focus of organic chemistry yet. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the developments in the field since 1998.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Vogt
- Center for Sustainable and Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Building 201, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
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Ley SV, Diez E, Dixon DJ, Guy RT, Michel P, Nattrass GL, Sheppard TD. Preparation of enantiopure butane-2,3-diacetals of glycolic acid and alkylation reactions leading to α-hydroxyacid and amide derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2004; 2:3608-17. [PMID: 15592619 DOI: 10.1039/b412788a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of butane-2,3-diacetal protected glycolic acid and related systems is described together with highly selective alkylation reactions of (R,R) and (S,S) butanediacetal protected glycolic acid. These compounds are readily deprotected to give enantiopure alpha-hydroxyacids, alpha-hydroxyesters or alpha-hydroxyamides by suitable choice of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK CB2 1EW.
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