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Solvent-controlled synthesis of bulky and polar-bulky galactonoamidines. Carbohydr Res 2022; 513:108520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Blériot Y, Auberger N, Désiré J. Sugar-Derived Amidines and Congeners: Structures, Glycosidase Inhibition and Applications. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1271-1292. [PMID: 34951354 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666211222164545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycosidases, the enzymes responsible for the breakdown of glycoconjugates including di-, oligo- and polysaccharides are ubiquitous through all kingdoms of life. The extreme chemical stability of the glycosidic bond combined with the catalytic rates achieved by glycosidases makes them among the most proficient of all enzymes.
Given their multitude of roles in vivo, inhibition of these enzymes is highly attractive with potential in the treatment of a vast array of pathologies ranging from lysosomal storage and diabetes to viral infections. Therefore great efforts have been invested in the last three decades to design and synthesize inhibitors of glycosidases leading to a number of drugs currently on the market. Amongst the vast array of structures that have been disclosed, sugars incorporating an amidine moiety have been the focus of many research groups around the world because of their glycosidase transition state-like structure. In this review we report and discuss the structure, the inhibition profile and the use of these molecules including related structural congeners as transition state analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Blériot
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR CNRS 7285, Equipe "OrgaSynth", Groupe Glycochimie 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9. France
| | - Nicolas Auberger
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR CNRS 7285, Equipe "OrgaSynth", Groupe Glycochimie 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9. France
| | - Jérôme Désiré
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR CNRS 7285, Equipe "OrgaSynth", Groupe Glycochimie 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9. France
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Striegler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 345 North Campus Drive, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Babloo Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 345 North Campus Drive, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Ifedi Orizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 345 North Campus Drive, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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Sharma B, Pickens JB, Striegler S, Barnett JD. Biomimetic Glycoside Hydrolysis by a Microgel Templated with a Competitive Glycosidase Inhibitor. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Babloo Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 345 North Campus Drive, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Jessica B. Pickens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 345 North Campus Drive, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Susanne Striegler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 345 North Campus Drive, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - James D. Barnett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 345 North Campus Drive, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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Pickens JB, Mills LG, Wang F, Striegler S. Evaluating hydrophobic galactonoamidines as transition state analogs for enzymatic β-galactoside hydrolysis. Bioorg Chem 2018; 77:144-151. [PMID: 29353731 PMCID: PMC5857253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A spectroscopic examination of six galactonoamidines with inhibition constants and efficacy in the low nanomolar concentration range (Ki = 6-11 nM, IC50 = 12-36 nM) suggested only two of them as putative transition state analogs for the hydrolysis of β-galactosides by β-galactosidase (A. oryzae). A rationale for the experimental results was elaborated using docking and molecular dynamics studies. An analysis of the combined observations reveals several common factors of the compounds suggested as transition state analogs (TSAs): the putative TSAs have a similar orientation in the active site; show conserved positioning of the glycon; display a large number of H-bond interactions toward the catalytically active amino acid residues via their glycon; and exhibit hydrophobic interactions at the outer rim of the active site with small changes of the position and orientation of their respective aglycons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Pickens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 345 N Campus Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Logan G Mills
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 345 N Campus Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 345 N Campus Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | - Susanne Striegler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 345 N Campus Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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Pickens JB, Wang F, Striegler S. Picomolar inhibition of β-galactosidase (bovine liver) attributed to loop closure. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5194-5202. [PMID: 28844803 PMCID: PMC5632213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to examine similarities in the active sites of glycosidases within the GH35 family, we performed a structure-activity-relationship study using our recently described library of galactonoamidines. The kinetic evaluation based on UV/Vis spectroscopy disclosed inhibition of β-galactosidase (bovine liver) in the picomolar concentration range indicating significantly higher inhibitor affinity than previously determined for β-galactosidase (A. oryzae). Possible alterations in the secondary protein structure or folding were excluded after further examination of the inhibitor binding using CD spectroscopy. Molecular dynamics studies suggested loop closing interactions as a rationale for the disparity of the active sites in the β-galactosidases under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Pickens
- University of Arkansas, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 345N Campus Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- University of Arkansas, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 345N Campus Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Susanne Striegler
- University of Arkansas, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 345N Campus Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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Pickens JB, Striegler S, Fan QH. Arabinoamidine synthesis and its inhibition toward β-glucosidase (sweet almonds) in comparison to a library of galactonoamidines. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3371-7. [PMID: 27298003 PMCID: PMC4955783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at the development of potent inhibitors of β-glucosidases, a small library of galactonoamidines and one arabinoamidine derived in analogy were studied as inhibitors of sweet almond β-glucosidase. The five-membered glycon in arabinoamidine was shown to interact with the proton donor in the active site of the retaining enzyme, but not with the nucleophile. By contrast, the corresponding galactonoamidine with a six-membered glycon and identical aglycon interacts with both hydrolysis-promoting amino acids in the active site and inhibits the enzymatic hydrolysis of β-glucosides in the low nanomolar concentration range. While both inhibitors are competitive, their inhibition ability is more than 37,000-fold different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Pickens
- University of Arkansas, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 345 N Campus Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Susanne Striegler
- University of Arkansas, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 345 N Campus Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | - Qiu-Hua Fan
- University of Arkansas, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 345 N Campus Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Illuminating the binding interactions of galactonoamidines during the inhibition of β-galactosidase (E. coli). Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:661-71. [PMID: 26740154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several galactonoamidines were previously identified as very potent competitive inhibitors that exhibit stabilizing hydrophobic interactions of the aglycon in the active site of β-galactosidase (Aspergillus oryzae). To elucidate the contributions of the glycon to the overall inhibition ability of the compounds, three glyconoamidine derivatives with alteration in the glycon at C-2 and C-4 were synthesized and evaluated herein. All amidines are competitive inhibitors of β-galactosidase (Escherichia coli) and show significantly reduced inhibition ability when compared to the parent. The results highlight strong hydrogen-bonding interactions between the hydroxyl group at C-2 of the amidine glycon and the active site of the enzyme. Slightly weaker H-bonds are promoted through the hydroxyl group at C-4. The inhibition constants were determined to be picomolar for the parent galactonoamidine, and nanomolar for the designed derivatives rendering all glyconoamidines very potent inhibitors of glycosidases albeit the derivatized amidines show up to 700-fold lower inhibition activity than the parent.
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Striegler S, Pickens JB. Discrimination of chiral copper(ii) complexes upon binding of galactonoamidine ligands. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:15203-15210. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02153k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chiral binuclear Cu(ii) complexes are differentiated upon binding top-methylbenzyl-d-galactonoamidine. A sequential binding model is elaborated reflecting the altered coordination sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Striegler
- University of Arkansas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Fayetteville
- USA
| | - Jessica B. Pickens
- University of Arkansas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Fayetteville
- USA
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Fan QH, Claunch KA, Striegler S. Structure–Activity Relationship of Highly Potent Galactonoamidine Inhibitors toward β-Galactosidase (Aspergillus oryzae). J Med Chem 2014; 57:8999-9009. [PMID: 25295392 DOI: 10.1021/jm501111y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Hua Fan
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 345 North Campus Drive, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Kailey A. Claunch
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 345 North Campus Drive, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Susanne Striegler
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 345 North Campus Drive, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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11
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Fan QH, Striegler S, Langston RG, Barnett JD. Evaluating N-benzylgalactonoamidines as putative transition state analogs for β-galactoside hydrolysis. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:2792-800. [PMID: 24668069 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00153b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence is provided for p-methylbenzyl-D-galactonoamidine to function as a true transition state analog for the enzymatic hydrolysis of aryl-β-D-galactopyranosides by β-galactosidase (A. oryzae). The compound exhibits inhibition constants in the low nanomolar concentration range (12-56 nM) for a selection of substrates. Along these lines, a streamlined synthetic method based on phase-transfer catalysis was optimized to afford the required variety of new aryl-β-D-galactopyranosides. Last, the stability of the galactonoamidines under the assay conditions was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Hua Fan
- 119 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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