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Wu JJ, Zhang J, Xia CY, Ding K, Li XX, Pan XG, Xu JK, He J, Zhang WK. Hypericin: A natural anthraquinone as promising therapeutic agent. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 111:154654. [PMID: 36689857 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypericin is a prominent secondary metabolite mainly existing in genus Hypericum. It has become a research focus for a quiet long time owing to its extensively pharmacological activities especially the anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-viral and neuroprotective effects. This review concentrated on summarizing and analyzing the existing studies of hypericin in a comprehensive perspective. METHODS The literature with desired information about hypericin published after 2010 was gained from electronic databases including PubMed, SciFinder, Science Direct, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases and Wan Fang DATA. RESULTS According to extensive preclinical and clinical studies conducted on the hypericin, an organized and comprehensive summary of the natural and artificial sources, strategies for improving the bioactivities, pharmacological activities, drug combination of hypericin was presented to explore the future therapeutic potential of this active compound. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this review offered a theoretical guidance for the follow-up research of hypericin. However, the pharmacological mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and structure activity relationship of hypericin should be further studied in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Wu
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital (Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100029, China; Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Cong-Yuan Xia
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kang Ding
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xin-Xin Li
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xue-Ge Pan
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jie-Kun Xu
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Wei-Ku Zhang
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital (Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100029, China; Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China.
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2
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De Simone BC, Mazzone G, Toscano M, Russo N. On the origin of photodynamic activity of hypericin and its iodine-containing derivatives. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:2037-2042. [PMID: 36129210 PMCID: PMC9826312 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The main photophysical properties, useful for establishing whether hypericin in anionic form and some of its derivatives containing heavy atoms such as iodine, can be proposed for their use in photodynamic therapy, were determined using density functional based computations. The results showed that in the anionic form and in the iodinated derivatives, the absorption wavelength undergoes a bathochromic shift, the singlet-triplet energy gap assumes values that allow to excite the oxygen molecule from its ground to the excited singlet state, and that the spin-orbit couplings between singlet and triplet states significantly increase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical TechnologiesUniversity of CalabriaRendeItaly
| | - Marirosa Toscano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical TechnologiesUniversity of CalabriaRendeItaly
| | - Nino Russo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical TechnologiesUniversity of CalabriaRendeItaly
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3
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Ahmed R, Siskos MG, Siddiqui H, Gerothanassis IP. Density functional theory calculations of δ( 13 C) and δ( 1 H) chemical shifts and 3 J( 13 COO 1 H) coupling constants as structural and analytical tools in hydroperoxides: Prospects and limitations of 1 H 13 C heteronuclear multiple bond correlation experiments. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2022; 60:970-984. [PMID: 35830967 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of δ(13 C) and δ(1 H) chemical shifts and 3 J(13 COO1 H) coupling constants of three model hydroperoxides of the naturally occurring cis-11-OOH and trans-9-OOH isomers of oleate and 9-cis, 11-trans-16-OOH endo hydroperoxide of methyl linolenate are reported. The computational δ(OOH) for various functionals and basis sets were found to be nearly identical for the cis/trans geometric isomers. The chemical shifts of the methine CHOOH protons and carbons, on the contrary, are highly diagnostic for the identification of cis/trans geometric isomerism. The chemical shifts of the olefinic protons and carbons strongly depend on the orientation of the hydroperoxide unit relative to the double bond and, thus, of importance in conformational analysis. The results are in very good agreement with the available experimental data. For the various diastereomeric pairs of the model endo-hydroperoxide, the strongly deshielded OOH resonances, due to the presence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the hydroperoxide proton and an oxygen of the endo-peroxide ring, along with the δ(CHOOH), are highly diagnostic for identification and structure elucidation of complex erythro- and threo- diastereomeric pairs of endo-hydroperoxides; the computational results are in very good agreement with the available experimental data. The 3 J(13 COO1 H) coupling constants were found to be < 2 Hz for the cis-trans geometric models and < 0.5 Hz for the endo-hydroperoxide and, thus, unimportant in stereochemical analysis. Sharp resonances of the hydroperoxide protons, with Δν1/2 < 3 Hz, are required for the successful implementation of the 1 H13 C heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheel Ahmed
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Michael G Siskos
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Hina Siddiqui
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ioannis P Gerothanassis
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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4
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Kontogianni VG, Gerothanassis IP. Analytical and Structural Tools of Lipid Hydroperoxides: Present State and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2022; 27:2139. [PMID: 35408537 PMCID: PMC9000705 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mono- and polyunsaturated lipids are particularly susceptible to peroxidation, which results in the formation of lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs) as primary nonradical-reaction products. LOOHs may undergo degradation to various products that have been implicated in vital biological reactions, and thus in the pathogenesis of various diseases. The structure elucidation and qualitative and quantitative analysis of lipid hydroperoxides are therefore of great importance. The objectives of the present review are to provide a critical analysis of various methods that have been widely applied, and more specifically on volumetric methods, applications of UV-visible, infrared, Raman/surface-enhanced Raman, fluorescence and chemiluminescence spectroscopies, chromatographic methods, hyphenated MS techniques, NMR and chromatographic methods, NMR spectroscopy in mixture analysis, structural investigations based on quantum chemical calculations of NMR parameters, applications in living cells, and metabolomics. Emphasis will be given to analytical and structural methods that can contribute significantly to the molecular basis of the chemical process involved in the formation of lipid hydroperoxides without the need for the isolation of the individual components. Furthermore, future developments in the field will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki G. Kontogianni
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis P. Gerothanassis
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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5
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Fatima S, Varras PC, Atia-Tul-Wahab, Choudhary MI, Siskos MG, Gerothanassis IP. On the molecular basis of H 2O/DMSO eutectic mixtures by using phenol compounds as molecular sensors: a combined NMR and DFT study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15645-15658. [PMID: 34268541 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05861k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
NMR and DFT studies of phenol compounds as molecular sensors were carried out to investigate H2O/DMSO eutectic mixtures at a molecular level. The experimental 1H NMR chemical shifts of the OH groups, δexp(OH), of phenol, paracoumaric acid, and vanillic acid show maximum deshielding and, thus, hydrogen bond interactions in the range of mole fractions 0.20 < χ(DMSO) < 0.33. In the mole fractions χ(DMSO) < 0.2, a progressive decrease in δexp(OH) was observed which demonstrates a decrease in hydrogen bond interactions at infinite dilution in H2O, despite the increase in the number of available hydrogen bond acceptor and donor sites. DFT calculated δcalc(OH) of minimum energy solvation clusters were shown to be in reasonable agreement with the pattern in experimental δexp(OH) data. The chemical shift deshielding and, thus, increased hydrogen bond interactions in the natural product + DMSO + nH2O (n = 2, 3) solvation clusters, relative to complexes in DMSO or H2O solutions, cannot be attributed to a single structural parameter of the cooperative interactions between H2O and DMSO molecules with the phenol OH groups of the natural products. The minimum energy conformers of phenol compounds + 2H2O + DMSO complexes are in excellent agreement with a recent low temperature neutron diffraction experiment of 3D2O + DMSO and demonstrate a general structural motif of solvation complexes. The combined use of 1H NMR and DFT studies with emphasis on δ(OH) of phenol compounds, as molecular sensors, can provide an effective method for the study of solute-solvent interactions at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Fatima
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 7527, Pakistan
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Hansen PE. NMR of Natural Products as Potential Drugs. Molecules 2021; 26:3763. [PMID: 34205539 PMCID: PMC8235798 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This review outlines methods to investigate the structure of natural products with emphasis on intramolecular hydrogen bonding, tautomerism and ionic structures using NMR techniques. The focus is on 1H chemical shifts, isotope effects on chemical shifts and diffusion ordered spectroscopy. In addition, density functional theory calculations are performed to support NMR results. The review demonstrates how hydrogen bonding may lead to specific structures and how chemical equilibria, as well as tautomeric equilibria and ionic structures, can be detected. All these features are important for biological activity and a prerequisite for correct docking experiments and future use as drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poul Erik Hansen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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7
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DFT Calculations of 1H NMR Chemical Shifts of Geometric Isomers of Conjugated Linolenic Acids, Hexadecatrienyl Pheromones, and Model Triene-Containing Compounds: Structures in Solution and Revision of NMR Assignments. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113477. [PMID: 34200468 PMCID: PMC8201138 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A DFT study of the 1H NMR chemical shifts, δ(1H), of geometric isomers of 18:3 conjugated linolenic acids (CLnAs), hexadecatrienyl pheromones, and model triene-containing compounds is presented, using standard functionals (B3LYP and PBE0) as well as corrections for dispersion interactions (B3LYP-D3, APFD, M06–2X and ωB97XD). The results are compared with literature experimental δ(1H) data in solution. The closely spaced “inside” olefinic protons are significantly more deshielded due to short-range through-space H…H steric interactions and appear close to or even beyond δ-values of aromatic systems. Several regularities of the computational δ(1H) of the olefinic protons of the conjugated double bonds are reproduced very accurately for the lowest-energy DFT-optimized single conformer for all functionals used and are in very good agreement with experimental δ(1H) in solution. Examples are provided of literature studies in which experimental resonance assignments deviate significantly from DFT predictions and, thus, should be revised. We conclude that DFT calculations of 1H chemical shifts of trienyl compounds are powerful tools (i) for the accurate prediction of δ(1H) even with less demanding functionals and basis sets; (ii) for the unequivocal identification of geometric isomerism of conjugated trienyl systems that occur in nature; (iii) for tackling complex problems of experimental resonance assignments due to extensive signal overlap; and (iv) for structure elucidation in solution.
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Reviglio AL, Martínez FA, Montero MDA, Garro-Linck Y, Aucar GA, Sperandeo NR, Monti GA. Accurate location of hydrogen atoms in hydrogen bonds of tizoxanide from the combination of experimental and theoretical models. RSC Adv 2021; 11:7644-7652. [PMID: 35423249 PMCID: PMC8695048 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10609g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To obtain detailed information about the position of hydrogen atoms in hydrogen bonds, HBs, of crystalline organic molecular compounds is not an easy task. In this work we propose a combination of ssNMR experimental data with theoretical procedures to get such information. Furthermore, the combination of experimental and theoretical models provides us with well-defined grounds to analyse the strength of π-stacking interactions between layers of hydrogen bonded molecules. Two different theoretical models were considered, both approaches being quite different. The first one is a solid-state model, so that the periodicity of a crystalline system underlies calculations of the electronic energy, the electronic density and NMR parameters. The other one is a molecular model in which molecules are taken as isolated monomers, dimers and tetramers. These two models were applied to the tizoxanide, TIZ, molecular crystal though it can widely be applied to any other molecular crystal. By the application of the quantum molecular model it was possible to learn about the way the intermolecular HBs affect the position of hydrogen atoms that belong to HBs in TIZ. This molecule has two intermolecular HBs that stabilize the structure of a basic dimer, but it also has an intramolecular HB in each monomer whose position should be optimized together with the other ones. We found that by doing this it is possible to obtain reliable results of calculations of NMR spectroscopic parameters. Working with the solid-state model we found that any local variation of the TIZ crystalline structure is correlated with the variation of the values of the NMR parameters of each nucleus. The excellent agreement between experimental and calculated chemical shifts leads to the conclusion that the N10-H10 bond distance should be (1.00 ± 0.02) Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Reviglio
- FAMAF, UNC Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), CONICET-UNC Córdoba Argentina
| | - Fernando A Martínez
- Institute of Modelling and Innovation on Technology (IMIT), CONICET-UNNE Corrientes Argentina
- Physics Department, Natural and Exact Science Faculty, Northeastern University of Argentina Corrientes Argentina
| | - Marcos D A Montero
- Institute of Modelling and Innovation on Technology (IMIT), CONICET-UNNE Corrientes Argentina
- Physics Department, Natural and Exact Science Faculty, Northeastern University of Argentina Corrientes Argentina
| | - Yamila Garro-Linck
- FAMAF, UNC Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), CONICET-UNC Córdoba Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Aucar
- Institute of Modelling and Innovation on Technology (IMIT), CONICET-UNNE Corrientes Argentina
- Physics Department, Natural and Exact Science Faculty, Northeastern University of Argentina Corrientes Argentina
| | - Norma R Sperandeo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, FCQ, UNC Córdoba Argentina
- UNITEFA-CONICET Córdoba Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Monti
- FAMAF, UNC Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), CONICET-UNC Córdoba Argentina
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Pehn R, Pann J, Ehrmann K, Viertl W, Roithmeyer H, Bendig M, Strabler C, Kopacka H, Müller T, Hofer T, Brüggeller P. Versatile Production of Novel PNP Based Metal Complexes Applicable as Water Reduction Catalysts Showing CH/M as Well as CH/π Interactions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Pehn
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine University of Innsbruck Innrain 80‐82 A‐6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Johann Pann
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine University of Innsbruck Innrain 80‐82 A‐6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Katharina Ehrmann
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine University of Innsbruck Innrain 80‐82 A‐6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Wolfgang Viertl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine University of Innsbruck Innrain 80‐82 A‐6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Helena Roithmeyer
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine University of Innsbruck Innrain 80‐82 A‐6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Marvin Bendig
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine University of Innsbruck Innrain 80‐82 A‐6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Christof Strabler
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine University of Innsbruck Innrain 80‐82 A‐6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Holger Kopacka
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine University of Innsbruck Innrain 80‐82 A‐6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine University of Innsbruck Innrain 80‐82 A‐6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Thomas Hofer
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine University of Innsbruck Innrain 80‐82 A‐6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Peter Brüggeller
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine University of Innsbruck Innrain 80‐82 A‐6020 Innsbruck Austria
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10
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Ahmed R, Varras PC, Siskos MG, Siddiqui H, Choudhary MI, Gerothanassis IP. NMR and Computational Studies as Analytical and High-Resolution Structural Tool for Complex Hydroperoxides and Diastereomeric Endo-Hydroperoxides of Fatty Acids in Solution-Exemplified by Methyl Linolenate. Molecules 2020; 25:E4902. [PMID: 33113947 PMCID: PMC7660186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of selective 1D Total Correlation Spectroscopy (TOCSY) and 1H-13C Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation (HMBC) NMR techniques has been employed for the identification of methyl linolenate primary oxidation products without the need for laborious isolation of the individual compounds. Complex hydroperoxides and diastereomeric endo-hydroperoxides were identified and quantified. Strongly deshielded C-O-O-H 1H-NMR resonances of diastereomeric endo-hydroperoxides in the region of 8.8 to 9.6 ppm were shown to be due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions of the hydroperoxide proton with an oxygen atom of the five-member endo-peroxide ring. These strongly deshielded resonances were utilized as a new method to derive, for the first time, three-dimensional structures with an assignment of pairs of diastereomers in solution with the combined use of 1H-NMR chemical shifts, Density Functional Theory (DFT), and Our N-layered Integrated molecular Orbital and molecular Mechanics (ONIOM) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheel Ahmed
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (R.A.); (M.I.C.)
| | - Panayiotis C. Varras
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece; (P.C.V.); (M.G.S.)
| | - Michael G. Siskos
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece; (P.C.V.); (M.G.S.)
| | - Hina Siddiqui
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (R.A.); (M.I.C.)
| | - M. Iqbal Choudhary
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (R.A.); (M.I.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 214412, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ioannis P. Gerothanassis
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (R.A.); (M.I.C.)
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece; (P.C.V.); (M.G.S.)
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11
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DFT Calculations of 1H- and 13C-NMR Chemical Shifts of Geometric Isomers of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (18:2 ω-7) and Model Compounds in Solution. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163660. [PMID: 32796664 PMCID: PMC7463970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A density functional theory (DFT) study of the 1H- and 13C-NMR chemical shifts of the geometric isomers of 18:2 ω-7 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and nine model compounds is presented, using five functionals and two basis sets. The results are compared with available experimental data from solution high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The experimental 1H chemical shifts exhibit highly diagnostic resonances due to the olefinic protons of the conjugated double bonds. The "inside" olefinic protons of the conjugated double bonds are deshielded than those of the "outside" protons. Furthermore, in the cis/trans isomers, the signals of the cis bonds are more deshielded than those of the trans bonds. These regularities of the experimental 1H chemical shifts of the olefinic protons of the conjugated double bonds are reproduced very accurately for the lowest energy DFT optimized single conformer, for all functionals and basis sets used. The other low energy conformers have negligible effects on the computational 1H-NMR chemical shifts. We conclude that proton NMR chemical shifts are more discriminating than carbon, and DFT calculations can provide a valuable tool for (i) the accurate prediction of 1H-NMR chemical shifts even with less demanding functionals and basis sets; (ii) the unequivocal identification of geometric isomerism of CLAs that occur in nature, and (iii) to derive high resolution structures in solution.
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12
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Mari SH, Varras PC, Atia-tul-Wahab, Choudhary IM, Siskos MG, Gerothanassis IP. Solvent-Dependent Structures of Natural Products Based on the Combined Use of DFT Calculations and 1H-NMR Chemical Shifts. Molecules 2019; 24:E2290. [PMID: 31226776 PMCID: PMC6631582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed solvent and temperature effects on the experimental 1H-NMR chemical shifts of the natural products chrysophanol (1), emodin (2), and physcion (3) are reported for the investigation of hydrogen bonding, solvation and conformation effects in solution. Very small chemical shift of │Δδ│ < 0.3 ppm and temperature coefficients │Δδ/ΔΤ│ ≤ 2.1 ppb/K were observed in DMSO-d6, acetone-d6 and CDCl3 for the C(1)-OH and C(8)-OH groups which demonstrate that they are involved in a strong intramolecular hydrogen bond. On the contrary, large chemical shift differences of 5.23 ppm at 298 K and Δδ/ΔΤ values in the range of -5.3 to -19.1 ppb/K between DMSO-d6 and CDCl3 were observed for the C(3)-OH group which demonstrate that the solvation state of the hydroxyl proton is a key factor in determining the value of the chemical shift. DFT calculated 1H-NMR chemical shifts, using various functionals and basis sets, the conductor-like polarizable continuum model, and discrete solute-solvent hydrogen bond interactions, were found to be in very good agreement with the experimental 1H-NMR chemical shifts even with computationally less demanding level of theory. The 1H-NMR chemical shifts of the OH groups which participate in intramolecular hydrogen bond are dependent on the conformational state of substituents and, thus, can be used as molecular sensors in conformational analysis. When the X-ray structures of chrysophanol (1), emodin (2), and physcion (3) were used as input geometries, the DFT-calculated 1H-NMR chemical shifts were shown to strongly deviate from the experimental chemical shifts and no functional dependence could be obtained. Comparison of the most important intramolecular data of the DFT calculated and the X-ray structures demonstrate significant differences for distances involving hydrogen atoms, most notably the intramolecular hydrogen bond O-H and C-H bond lengths which deviate by 0.152 tο 0.132 Å and 0.133 to 0.100 Å, respectively, in the two structural methods. Further differences were observed in the conformation of -OH, -CH3, and -OCH3 substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima H. Mari
- H.E.J. Research Institute of chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 7527, Pakistan; Saimahassanmari123@gmail (S.H.M.); (I.M.C.)
| | - Panayiotis C. Varras
- Section of Organic Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece; (P.C.V.); (M.G.S.)
| | - Atia-tul-Wahab
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 7527, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal M. Choudhary
- H.E.J. Research Institute of chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 7527, Pakistan; Saimahassanmari123@gmail (S.H.M.); (I.M.C.)
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 7527, Pakistan
| | - Michael G. Siskos
- Section of Organic Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece; (P.C.V.); (M.G.S.)
| | - Ioannis P. Gerothanassis
- H.E.J. Research Institute of chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 7527, Pakistan; Saimahassanmari123@gmail (S.H.M.); (I.M.C.)
- Section of Organic Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece; (P.C.V.); (M.G.S.)
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 7527, Pakistan
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13
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DFT-calculated structures based on 1H NMR chemical shifts in solution vs. structures solved by single-crystal X-ray and crystalline-sponge methods: Assessing specific sources of discrepancies. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Siskos MG, Choudhary MI, Gerothanassis IP. Refinement of labile hydrogen positions based on DFT calculations of 1H NMR chemical shifts: comparison with X-ray and neutron diffraction methods. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:4655-4666. [PMID: 28513720 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01019b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Numerous gas phase electron diffraction, ultra-fast electron diffraction, X-ray and neutron diffraction experiments on β-dicarbonyl compounds exhibiting enol-enol tautomeric equilibrium, with emphasis on acetylacetone and dibenzoylmethane, have so far been reported with conflicting results on the structural details of the O-HO intramolecular hydrogen bond and resulted in alternative hypotheses on the intramolecular hydrogen bond potential function either a double minimum potential corresponding to two tautomeric forms in equilibrium or a single symmetrical one. We demonstrate herein, firstly, that the DFT calculated OH 1H NMR chemical shifts of acetylacetone and dibenzoylmethane exhibit a strong linear dependence on the computed OO hydrogen bond length of ∼-50 ppm Å-1 and as a function of the O-HO bond angle of ∼1 ppm per degree, upon the transfer of the hydrogen atom from the ground state toward the transition state. Secondly, the refinement of labile hydrogen atomic positions in intramolecular hydrogen bonds based on the root-mean-square deviation between experimentally determined and DFT calculated 1H NMR chemical shifts in solution can provide high resolution structures of O-H and O(H)O bond lengths and O-HO bond angles with an accuracy of ∼10-2 Å and ∼0.5°, respectively. Thirdly, the calculated 1H NMR chemical shifts in solution of the two ground state tautomers in equilibrium of acetylacetone and dibenzoylmethane are in excellent agreement with the experimental value, even for moderate basis sets for energy minimization. In contrast, the single symmetrical structure in a strongly delocalized system is a transition state with calculated 1H NMR chemical shifts which strongly deviate from the experimental value. Fourth, the DFT calculated ground state O-H bond lengths of acetylacetone and dibenzoylmethane are in quantitative agreement with the literature data which take into account the effect of quantum nuclear motion. The DFT structural results are critically discussed with respect to the state-of-the-art variable temperature X-ray and neutron diffraction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Siskos
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, GR 45110, Greece.
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15
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Alexandri E, Ahmed R, Siddiqui H, Choudhary MI, Tsiafoulis CG, Gerothanassis IP. High Resolution NMR Spectroscopy as a Structural and Analytical Tool for Unsaturated Lipids in Solution. Molecules 2017; 22:E1663. [PMID: 28981459 PMCID: PMC6151582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mono- and polyunsaturated lipids are widely distributed in Nature, and are structurally and functionally a diverse class of molecules with a variety of physicochemical, biological, medicinal and nutritional properties. High resolution NMR spectroscopic techniques including 1H-, 13C- and 31P-NMR have been successfully employed as a structural and analytical tool for unsaturated lipids. The objective of this review article is to provide: (i) an overview of the critical 1H-, 13C- and 31P-NMR parameters for structural and analytical investigations; (ii) an overview of various 1D and 2D NMR techniques that have been used for resonance assignments; (iii) selected analytical and structural studies with emphasis in the identification of major and minor unsaturated fatty acids in complex lipid extracts without the need for the isolation of the individual components; (iv) selected investigations of oxidation products of lipids; (v) applications in the emerging field of lipidomics; (vi) studies of protein-lipid interactions at a molecular level; (vii) practical considerations and (viii) an overview of future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Alexandri
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Raheel Ahmed
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Hina Siddiqui
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad I Choudhary
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 214412, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Ioannis P Gerothanassis
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece.
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
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16
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Luis-Raya G, Ramírez-Cardona M, Luna-Bárcenas G, Hernández-Landaverde MA, Jiménez-Nieto A, García-Rivas JL, España-Sánchez BL, Sanchez IC. From Intermolecular Interactions to Texture in Polycrystalline Surfaces of 1,ω-alkanediols (ω = 10-13). Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22060956. [PMID: 28594367 PMCID: PMC6152643 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences on herringbone molecular arrangement in two forms of long-chain 1,ω-alkanediols (CnH2n+2O₂ with n = 10, 11, 12, 13) are explained from the analysis of O-H···O hydrogen-bond sequences in infinite chains and the role of a C-H···O intramolecular hydrogen-bond in stabilization of a gauche defect, as well as the inter-grooving effectiveness on molecular packing. GIXD (Glancing Incidence X-ray Diffraction) experiments were conducted on polycrystalline monophasic samples. Diffracted intensities were treated with the multi-axial March-Dollase method to correlate energetic and geometrical features of molecular interactions with the crystalline morphology and textural pattern of samples. The monoclinic (P2₁/c, Z = 2) crystals of the even-numbered members (n = 10, 12; DEDOL and DODOL, respectively) are diametrical prisms with combined form {104}/{-104}/{001} and present a two-fold platelet-like preferred orientation, whereas orthorhombic (P2₁2₁2₁, Z = 4) odd-numbered members (n = 11, 13; UNDOL and TRDOL, respectively) present a dominant needle-like orientation on direction [101] (fiber texture). We show that crystalline structures of medium complexity and their microstructures can be determined from rapid GIXD experiments from standard radiation, combined with molecular replacement procedure using crystal structures of compounds with higher chain lengths as reference data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilgamesh Luis-Raya
- Área Académica de Ciencias de la Tierra y Materiales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Col. Carboneras, Mineral de la Reforma, 42184 Hidalgo, Mexico.
- Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Cd. Sahagún km 20 Ex-Hacienda de Santa Bárbara, Zempoala, 43830 Hidalgo, Mexico.
| | - Màrius Ramírez-Cardona
- Área Académica de Ciencias de la Tierra y Materiales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Col. Carboneras, Mineral de la Reforma, 42184 Hidalgo, Mexico.
| | - Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Querétaro, Querétaro, 76200 Querétaro, Mexico.
| | | | - Adair Jiménez-Nieto
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Querétaro, Querétaro, 76200 Querétaro, Mexico.
| | - Jose Luis García-Rivas
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Toluca, Av. Tecnológico s/n Colonia Agrícola Bella Vista, 52149 Metepec, México.
| | | | - Isaac C Sanchez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712-1589 TX, USA.
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17
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Hansen PE, Spanget-Larsen J. NMR and IR Investigations of Strong Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds. Molecules 2017; 22:E552. [PMID: 28353675 PMCID: PMC6154318 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For the purpose of this review, strong hydrogen bonds have been defined on the basis of experimental data, such as OH stretching wavenumbers, νOH, and OH chemical shifts, δOH (in the latter case, after correction for ring current effects). Limits for O-H···Y systems are taken as 2800 > νOH > 1800 cm-1, and 19 ppm > δOH > 15 ppm. Recent results as well as an account of theoretical advances are presented for a series of important classes of compounds such as β-diketone enols, β-thioxoketone enols, Mannich bases, proton sponges, quinoline N-oxides and diacid anions. The O···O distance has long been used as a parameter for hydrogen bond strength in O-H···O systems. On a broad scale, a correlation between OH stretching wavenumbers and O···O distances is observed, as demonstrated experimentally as well as theoretically, but for substituted β-diketone enols this correlation is relatively weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poul Erik Hansen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Jens Spanget-Larsen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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18
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Siskos MG, Choudhary MI, Gerothanassis IP. Hydrogen Atomic Positions of O-H···O Hydrogen Bonds in Solution and in the Solid State: The Synergy of Quantum Chemical Calculations with ¹H-NMR Chemical Shifts and X-ray Diffraction Methods. Molecules 2017; 22:E415. [PMID: 28272366 PMCID: PMC6155303 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact knowledge of hydrogen atomic positions of O-H···O hydrogen bonds in solution and in the solid state has been a major challenge in structural and physical organic chemistry. The objective of this review article is to summarize recent developments in the refinement of labile hydrogen positions with the use of: (i) density functional theory (DFT) calculations after a structure has been determined by X-ray from single crystals or from powders; (ii) ¹H-NMR chemical shifts as constraints in DFT calculations, and (iii) use of root-mean-square deviation between experimentally determined and DFT calculated ¹H-NMR chemical shifts considering the great sensitivity of ¹H-NMR shielding to hydrogen bonding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Siskos
- Section of Organic Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina GR-45110, Greece.
| | - M Iqbal Choudhary
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Ioannis P Gerothanassis
- Section of Organic Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina GR-45110, Greece.
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
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19
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Grimblat N, Kaufman TS, Sarotti AM. Computational Chemistry Driven Solution to Rubriflordilactone B. Org Lett 2016; 18:6420-6423. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Grimblat
- Instituto de Química
Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas
y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha
531 (S2002LRK) Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Teodoro S. Kaufman
- Instituto de Química
Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas
y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha
531 (S2002LRK) Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Ariel M. Sarotti
- Instituto de Química
Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas
y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha
531 (S2002LRK) Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
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