1
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Salvatti BA, Chagas MA, Fernandes PO, Ladeira YFX, Bozzi AS, Valadares VS, Valente AP, de Miranda AS, Rocha WR, Maltarollo VG, Moraes AH. Understanding the Enzyme ( S)-Norcoclaurine Synthase Promiscuity to Aldehydes and Ketones. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:4462-4474. [PMID: 38776464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The (S)-norcoclaurine synthase from Thalictrum flavum (TfNCS) stereoselectively catalyzes the Pictet-Spengler reaction between dopamine and 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde to give (S)-norcoclaurine. TfNCS can catalyze the Pictet-Spengler reaction with various aldehydes and ketones, leading to diverse tetrahydroisoquinolines. This substrate promiscuity positions TfNCS as a highly promising enzyme for synthesizing fine chemicals. Understanding carbonyl-containing substrates' structural and electronic signatures that influence TfNCS activity can help expand its applications in the synthesis of different compounds and aid in protein optimization strategies. In this study, we investigated the influence of the molecular properties of aldehydes and ketones on their reactivity in the TfNCS-catalyzed Pictet-Spengler reaction. Initially, we compiled a library of reactive and unreactive compounds from previous publications. We also performed enzymatic assays using nuclear magnetic resonance to identify some reactive and unreactive carbonyl compounds, which were then included in the library. Subsequently, we employed QSAR and DFT calculations to establish correlations between substrate-candidate structures and reactivity. Our findings highlight correlations of structural and stereoelectronic features, including the electrophilicity of the carbonyl group, to the reactivity of aldehydes and ketones toward the TfNCS-catalyzed Pictet-Spengler reaction. Interestingly, experimental data of seven compounds out of fifty-three did not correlate with the electrophilicity of the carbonyl group. For these seven compounds, we identified unfavorable interactions between them and the TfNCS. Our results demonstrate the applications of in silico techniques in understanding enzyme promiscuity and specificity, with a particular emphasis on machine learning methodologies, DFT electronic structure calculations, and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunno A Salvatti
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Chagas
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, João Monlevade, Minas Gerais 35930-314, Brazil
| | - Phillipe O Fernandes
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Yan F X Ladeira
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Aline S Bozzi
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Veronica S Valadares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Valente
- Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21.941-902, Brazil
| | - Amanda S de Miranda
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Willian R Rocha
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Vinicius G Maltarollo
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Adolfo H Moraes
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
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2
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Zhang R, Chen N, Ning T, Zhang Y, Ling Y, Wang X, Zhu W, Zhu G. Branched Porous Ni 3N as a Catalytic Electrode for Selective Semidehydrogenation of Tetrahydroisoquinoline. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:17433-17443. [PMID: 37817640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen evolution in electrochemical water splitting needs a high overpotential that significantly reduces the energy efficiency. To explore an alternative anodic reaction to promote the production of hydrogen at the other end of water splitting and at the same time to get high-value-added chemicals is highly desirable. Herein, we demonstrate a novel branched porous Ni3N catalyst that is prepared for dehydrogenation of tetrahydroisoquinoline, which acts as an anodic oxidation reaction to promote H2 formation on the other end. Interestingly, the Ni3N catalytic electrode can induce effective semidehydrogenation with the selective formation of dihydroisoquinoline, which is difficult to be obtained by the usual direct synthesis route. The catalytic electrode exhibits a low potential of 1.55 V (vs RHE) for a catalytic current density of 61 mA cm-2 with dehydrogenation of tetrahydroisoquinoline and hydrogen production. In situ Raman spectra studies suggest that NiOOH is formed on the electrode surface, which mediates the oxidation semidehydrogenation process. This work also provides a strategy to fabricate nitride materials for applications beyond selective semidehydrogenation of tetrahydroisoquinoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianya Ning
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yizhou Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yizhou Ling
- School of Educational Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Guoxing Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
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3
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Zhang M, Huang ZY, Su Y, Chen FF, Chen Q, Xu JH, Zheng GW. Engineering a norcoclaurine synthase for one-step synthesis of (S)-1-aryl-tetrahydroisoquinolines. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:15. [PMID: 38647611 PMCID: PMC10992437 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids (THIQAs) are ubiquitous compounds with important pharmaceutical and biological activity. Their key N-heterocyclic structural motifs are synthesised via Pictet-Spengler (P-S) reaction by norcoclaurine synthases (NCS) in plants. The synthesis of 1-aryl-tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids has attracted increasing attention due to their antitumor and antivirus activities. Herein, the L68T/M97V mutant of NCS from Thalictrum flavum with improved activity was developed by semi-rational design. This mutant not only showed higher catalytic performance (> 96% conversion) toward benzaldehyde and dopamine over the wild-type enzyme, but also catalysed the P-S reaction of the bulky substrate 4-biphenylaldehyde and dopamine with high conversion (> 99%) for the effective synthesis of 1-aryl-THIQA. In terms of stereoselectivity, all products synthesised by the L68T/M97V mutant showed high optical purity (92-99% enantiomeric excess).
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, College of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, College of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Su
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, College of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei-Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, College of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, College of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, College of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Gao-Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, College of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Control of parallelized bioreactors II: probabilistic quantification of carboxylic acid reductase activity for bioprocess optimization. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:1939-1954. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02797-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAutonomously operated parallelized mL-scale bioreactors are considered the key to reduce bioprocess development cost and time. However, their application is often limited to products with very simple analytics. In this study, we investigated enhanced protein expression conditions of a carboxyl reductase from Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in E. coli. Cells were produced with exponential feeding in a L-scale bioreactor. After the desired cell density for protein expression was reached, the cells were automatically transferred to 48 mL-scale bioreactors operated by a liquid handling station where protein expression studies were conducted. During protein expression, the feed rate and the inducer concentration was varied. At the end of the protein expression phase, the enzymatic activity was estimated by performing automated whole-cell biotransformations in a deep-well-plate. The results were analyzed with hierarchical Bayesian modelling methods to account for the biomass growth during the biotransformation, biomass interference on the subsequent product assay, and to predict absolute and specific enzyme activities at optimal expression conditions. Lower feed rates seemed to be beneficial for high specific and absolute activities. At the optimal investigated expression conditions an activity of $$1153\ U\ mL^{-1}$$
1153
U
m
L
-
1
was estimated with a $$90\%$$
90
%
credible interval of $$[992, 1321]\ U\ mL^{-1}$$
[
992
,
1321
]
U
m
L
-
1
. This is about 40-fold higher than the highest published data for the enzyme under investigation. With the proposed setup, 192 protein expression conditions were studied during four experimental runs with minimal manual workload, showing the reliability and potential of automated and digitalized bioreactor systems.
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5
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Scharf MJ, List B. A Catalytic Asymmetric Pictet-Spengler Platform as a Biomimetic Diversification Strategy toward Naturally Occurring Alkaloids. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15451-15456. [PMID: 35976162 PMCID: PMC9446894 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) alkaloids constitute a
large and
diverse class of bioactive natural products, with the parent compounds
and related downstream biosynthetic secondary metabolites spanning
thousands of isolated structures. Chemoenzymatic synthetic approaches
toward the relevant THIQs rely on Pictet–Spenglerases such
as norcoclaurine synthase (NCS), the scope of which is strictly limited
to dopamine-related phenolic substrates. To overcome these limitations
in the context of chemical synthesis, we herein report asymmetric
Pictet–Spengler reactions of N-carbamoyl-β-arylethylamines
with diverse aldehydes toward enantioenriched THIQs. The obtained
products proved to be competent intermediates in the synthesis of
THIQ, aporphine, tetrahydroberberine, morphinan, and androcymbine
natural products. Novel catalyst design with regard to the stabilization
of cationic intermediates was crucial to accomplish high reactivity
while simultaneously achieving unprecedented stereoselectivity for
the reaction of biologically relevant substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel J Scharf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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6
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Abstract
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinolines form a valuable scaffold for a variety of bioactive secondary metabolites and commercial pharmaceuticals. Due to the harsh or complex conditions of the conventional chemical synthesis of this molecular motif, alternative mild reaction pathways are in demand. Here we present an easy-to-operate chemoenzymatic one-pot process for the synthesis of tetrahydroisoquinolines starting from benzylic alcohols and an amino alcohol. We initially demonstrate the oxidation of 12 benzylic alcohols by a laccase/TEMPO system to the corresponding aldehydes, which are subsequently integrated in a phosphate salt mediated Pictet–Spengler reaction with m-tyramine. The reaction conditions of both individual reactions were analyzed separately, adapted to each other, and a straightforward one-pot process was developed. This enables the production of 12 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines with yields of up to 87% with constant reaction conditions in phosphate buffer and common laboratory glass bottles without the supplementation of any additives.
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7
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Sangster JJ, Marshall JR, Turner NJ, Mangas-Sanchez J. New Trends and Future Opportunities in the Enzymatic Formation of C-C, C-N, and C-O bonds. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100464. [PMID: 34726813 PMCID: PMC9401909 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic chemistry provides society with fundamental products we use daily. Concerns about the impact that the chemical industry has over the environment is propelling major changes in the way we manufacture chemicals. Biocatalysis offers an alternative to other synthetic approaches as it employs enzymes, Nature's catalysts, to carry out chemical transformations. Enzymes are biodegradable, come from renewable sources, operate under mild reaction conditions, and display high selectivities in the processes they catalyse. As a highly multidisciplinary field, biocatalysis benefits from advances in different areas, and developments in the fields of molecular biology, bioinformatics, and chemical engineering have accelerated the extension of the range of available transformations (E. L. Bell et al., Nat. Rev. Meth. Prim. 2021, 1, 1-21). Recently, we surveyed advances in the expansion of the scope of biocatalysis via enzyme discovery and protein engineering (J. R. Marshall et al., Tetrahedron 2021, 82, 131926). Herein, we focus on novel enzymes currently available to the broad synthetic community for the construction of new C-C, C-N and C-O bonds, with the purpose of providing the non-specialist with new and alternative tools for chiral and sustainable chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Sangster
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - James R Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Juan Mangas-Sanchez
- Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.,ARAID Foundation, Zaragoza, Spain
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8
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Recent advances in biocatalysis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107813. [PMID: 34450199 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocycles (N-heterocycles) are ubiquitous in both organisms and pharmaceutical products. Biocatalysts are providing green approaches for synthesizing various N-heterocycles under mild reaction conditions. This review summarizes the recent advances in the biocatalysis of N-heterocycles through the discovery and engineering of natural N-heterocycle synthetic pathway, and the design of artificial synthetic routes, with an emphasis on biocatalysts applied in retrosynthetic design for preparing complex N-heterocycles. Furthermore, this review discusses the future prospects and challenges of biocatalysts involved in the synthesis of N-heterocycles.
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9
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Roddan R, Subrizi F, Broomfield J, Ward JM, Keep NH, Hailes HC. Chemoenzymatic Cascades toward Methylated Tetrahydroprotoberberine and Protoberberine Alkaloids. Org Lett 2021; 23:6342-6347. [PMID: 34355910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydroprotoberberine and protoberberine alkaloids are a group of biologically active natural products with complex molecular scaffolds. Isolation from plants is challenging and stereoselective synthetic routes, particularly of methylated compounds are limited, reducing the potential use of these compounds. In this work, we describe chemoenzymatic cascades toward various 13-methyl-tetrahydroprotoberberbine scaffolds using a stereoselective Pictet-Spenglerase, regioselective catechol O-methyltransferases and selective chemical Pictet-Spengler reactions. All reactions could be performed sequentially, without the workup or purification of any synthetic intermediates. Moreover, the naturally occurring alkaloids have the (+)-configuration and importantly here, a strategy to the (-)-isomers was developed. A methyl group at C-8 was also introduced with some stereocontrol, influenced by the stereochemistry at C-13. Furthermore, a single step reaction was found to convert tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloids into the analogous protoberberine scaffold, avoiding the use of harsh oxidizing conditions or a selective oxidase. This work provides facile, selective routes toward novel analogues of bioactive alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Roddan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Building, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Fabiana Subrizi
- Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Building, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Joseph Broomfield
- Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Building, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - John M Ward
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Bernard Katz Building, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Nicholas H Keep
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, U.K
| | - Helen C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Building, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
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10
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Subrizi F, Wang Y, Thair B, Méndez‐Sánchez D, Roddan R, Cárdenas‐Fernández M, Siegrist J, Richter M, Andexer JN, Ward JM, Hailes HC. Multienzyme One-Pot Cascades Incorporating Methyltransferases for the Strategic Diversification of Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18673-18679. [PMID: 34101966 PMCID: PMC8457072 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) ring system is present in a large variety of structurally diverse natural products exhibiting a wide range of biological activities. Routes to mimic the biosynthetic pathways to such alkaloids, by building cascade reactions in vitro, represents a successful strategy and can offer better stereoselectivities than traditional synthetic methods. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferases are crucial in the biosynthesis and diversification of THIQs; however, their application is often limited in vitro by the high cost of SAM and low substrate scope. In this study, we describe the use of methyltransferases in vitro in multi-enzyme cascades, including for the generation of SAM in situ. Up to seven enzymes were used for the regioselective diversification of natural and non-natural THIQs on an enzymatic preparative scale. Regioselectivites of the methyltransferases were dependent on the group at C-1 and presence of fluorine in the THIQs. An interesting dual activity was also discovered for the catechol methyltransferases used, which were found to be able to regioselectively methylate two different catechols in a single molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Subrizi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Benjamin Thair
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | | | - Rebecca Roddan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Max Cárdenas‐Fernández
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonBernard Katz BuildingLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Jutta Siegrist
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstr. 2579104FreiburgGermany
| | - Michael Richter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB)Branch BiocatSchulgasse 11a94315StraubingGermany
| | - Jennifer N. Andexer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstr. 2579104FreiburgGermany
| | - John M. Ward
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonBernard Katz BuildingLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Helen C. Hailes
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
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11
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Subrizi F, Wang Y, Thair B, Méndez‐Sánchez D, Roddan R, Cárdenas‐Fernández M, Siegrist J, Richter M, Andexer JN, Ward JM, Hailes HC. Multienzyme One-Pot Cascades Incorporating Methyltransferases for the Strategic Diversification of Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 133:18821-18827. [PMID: 38505091 PMCID: PMC10947541 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) ring system is present in a large variety of structurally diverse natural products exhibiting a wide range of biological activities. Routes to mimic the biosynthetic pathways to such alkaloids, by building cascade reactions in vitro, represents a successful strategy and can offer better stereoselectivities than traditional synthetic methods. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferases are crucial in the biosynthesis and diversification of THIQs; however, their application is often limited in vitro by the high cost of SAM and low substrate scope. In this study, we describe the use of methyltransferases in vitro in multi-enzyme cascades, including for the generation of SAM in situ. Up to seven enzymes were used for the regioselective diversification of natural and non-natural THIQs on an enzymatic preparative scale. Regioselectivites of the methyltransferases were dependent on the group at C-1 and presence of fluorine in the THIQs. An interesting dual activity was also discovered for the catechol methyltransferases used, which were found to be able to regioselectively methylate two different catechols in a single molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Subrizi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Benjamin Thair
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | | | - Rebecca Roddan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Max Cárdenas‐Fernández
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonBernard Katz BuildingLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Jutta Siegrist
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstr. 2579104FreiburgGermany
| | - Michael Richter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB)Branch BiocatSchulgasse 11a94315StraubingGermany
| | - Jennifer N. Andexer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstr. 2579104FreiburgGermany
| | - John M. Ward
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonBernard Katz BuildingLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Helen C. Hailes
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
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12
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Romero E, Jones BS, Hogg BN, Rué Casamajo A, Hayes MA, Flitsch SL, Turner NJ, Schnepel C. Enzymkatalysierte späte Modifizierungen: Besser spät als nie. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 133:16962-16993. [PMID: 38505660 PMCID: PMC10946893 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
AbstractDie Enzymkatalyse gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung in der Synthesechemie. Die durch Bioinformatik und Enzym‐Engineering stetig wachsende Zahl von Biokatalysatoren eröffnet eine große Vielfalt selektiver Reaktionen. Insbesondere für späte Funktionalisierungsreaktionen ist die Biokatalyse ein geeignetes Werkzeug, das oftmals der konventionellen De‐novo‐Synthese überlegen ist. Enzyme haben sich als nützlich erwiesen, um funktionelle Gruppen direkt in komplexe Molekülgerüste einzuführen sowie für die rasche Diversifizierung von Substanzbibliotheken. Biokatalytische Oxyfunktionalisierungen, Halogenierungen, Methylierungen, Reduktionen und Amidierungen sind von besonderem Interesse, da diese Strukturmotive häufig in Pharmazeutika vertreten sind. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über die Stärken und Schwächen der enzymkatalysierten späten Modifizierungen durch native und optimierte Enzyme in der Synthesechemie. Ebenso werden wichtige Beispiele in der Wirkstoffentwicklung hervorgehoben.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Romero
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGötheborgSchweden
| | - Bethan S. Jones
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Bethany N. Hogg
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Arnau Rué Casamajo
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Martin A. Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGötheborgSchweden
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Christian Schnepel
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
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13
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Romero E, Jones BS, Hogg BN, Rué Casamajo A, Hayes MA, Flitsch SL, Turner NJ, Schnepel C. Enzymatic Late-Stage Modifications: Better Late Than Never. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16824-16855. [PMID: 33453143 PMCID: PMC8359417 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme catalysis is gaining increasing importance in synthetic chemistry. Nowadays, the growing number of biocatalysts accessible by means of bioinformatics and enzyme engineering opens up an immense variety of selective reactions. Biocatalysis especially provides excellent opportunities for late-stage modification often superior to conventional de novo synthesis. Enzymes have proven to be useful for direct introduction of functional groups into complex scaffolds, as well as for rapid diversification of compound libraries. Particularly important and highly topical are enzyme-catalysed oxyfunctionalisations, halogenations, methylations, reductions, and amide bond formations due to the high prevalence of these motifs in pharmaceuticals. This Review gives an overview of the strengths and limitations of enzymatic late-stage modifications using native and engineered enzymes in synthesis while focusing on important examples in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Romero
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Bethan S. Jones
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Bethany N. Hogg
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Arnau Rué Casamajo
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Martin A. Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Christian Schnepel
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
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14
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Wulkesch C, Czekelius C. Straightforward Synthesis of Fluorinated Enals via Photocatalytic α-Perfluoroalkenylation of Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7425-7438. [PMID: 34008975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
(Per)fluorinated substances represent an important compound class with regard to drug design and material chemistry. We found a mild, operationally simple, and inexpensive photocatalytic perfluoroalkenylation reaction giving tetrasubstituted, highly electron-deficient enals straight from aldehydes. This one-step reaction tolerates various functional groups and can be applied to a wide range of substrates giving the products in yields of 52-84%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wulkesch
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Constantin Czekelius
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Tanács D, Bajtai A, Berkecz R, Forró E, Fülöp F, Lindner W, Péter A, Ilisz I. Cinchona-alkaloid-based zwitterionic chiral stationary phases as potential tools for high-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of cationic compounds of pharmaceutical relevance. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2735-2743. [PMID: 33999502 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomers of cationic compounds of pharmaceutical relevance, namely tetrahydro-ß-carboline and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline analogs, were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Separations were performed on Cinchona-alkaloid-based zwitterionic ion exchanger type chiral stationary phases applied as cation exchangers using mixtures of methanol and acetonitrile or tetrahydrofuran as bulk solvent components containing triethylammonium acetate or ammonium acetate as organic salt additives. On the zwitterionic ZWIX(+) and ZWIX(-) columns investigated, retention and enantioseparation of the studied basic analytes were influenced by the nature and concentration of the organic components of the mobile phase. The effect of organic salt additives on the retention behavior of the studied analytes can be described by the stoichiometric displacement model related to the counterion concentration. Investigations on the structure-retention relationships were performed applying different mobile phase systems for the two types of cationic analytes. For the thermodynamic characterization, parameters such as changes in standard enthalpy (Δ(ΔH°)), entropy (Δ(ΔS°)), and free energy (Δ(ΔG°)) were calculated on the basis of van't Hoff plots derived from the ln α versus 1/T curves. In most cases, enthalpy-driven enantioseparations were observed, with a consistent dependence of the calculated thermodynamic parameters on the mobile phase composition. Elution sequences of the studied compounds were determined in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Tanács
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Bajtai
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Róbert Berkecz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Enikő Forró
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Wolfgang Lindner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antal Péter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Ilisz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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16
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Weber D, Patsch D, Neumann A, Winkler M, Rother D. Production of the Carboxylate Reductase from Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in a Soluble, Active Form for in vitro Applications. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1823-1832. [PMID: 33527702 PMCID: PMC8251736 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Accessing aldehydes from carboxylate moieties is often a challenging task. In this regard, carboxylate reductases (CARs) are promising catalysts provided by nature that are able to accomplish this task in just one step, avoiding over-reduction to the alcohol product. However, the heterologous expression of CARs can be quite difficult due to the excessive formation of insoluble protein, thus hindering further characterization and application of the enzyme. Here, the heterologous production of the carboxylate reductase from Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (NoCAR) was optimized by a combination of i) optimized cultivation conditions, ii) post-translational modification with a phosphopantetheinyl transferase and iii) selection of an appropriate expression strain. Especially, the selection of Escherichia coli tuner cells as host had a strong effect on the final 110-fold increase in the specific activity of NoCAR. This highly active NoCAR was used to reduce sodium benzoate to benzaldehyde, and it was successfully assembled with an in vitro regeneration of ATP and NADPH, being capable of reducing about 30 mM sodium benzoate with high selectivity in only 2 h of reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Weber
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1)Biotechnology Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHLeo-Brandt-Str. 152425JülichGermany
- Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt)RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 152074AachenGermany
| | - David Patsch
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1)Biotechnology Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHLeo-Brandt-Str. 152425JülichGermany
| | - Annika Neumann
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1)Biotechnology Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHLeo-Brandt-Str. 152425JülichGermany
| | - Margit Winkler
- acib-Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyPetersgasse148010GrazAustria
- Institute of MolecularBiotechnology, Graz University of TechnologyPetersgasse148010GrazAustria
| | - Dörte Rother
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1)Biotechnology Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHLeo-Brandt-Str. 152425JülichGermany
- Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt)RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 152074AachenGermany
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17
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Grewal PS, Samson JA, Baker JJ, Choi B, Dueber JE. Peroxisome compartmentalization of a toxic enzyme improves alkaloid production. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:96-103. [PMID: 33046851 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-00668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells compartmentalize metabolic pathways in organelles to achieve optimal reaction conditions and avoid crosstalk with cytosolic factors. We found that cytosolic expression of norcoclaurine synthase (NCS), the enzyme that catalyzes the first committed reaction in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, is toxic in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and, consequently, restricts (S)-reticuline production. We developed a compartmentalization strategy that alleviates NCS toxicity while promoting increased (S)-reticuline titer. This strategy is achieved through efficient targeting of toxic NCS to the peroxisome while, crucially, taking advantage of the free flow of metabolite substrates and products across the peroxisome membrane. We demonstrate that expression of engineered transcription factors can mimic the oleate response for larger peroxisomes, further increasing benzylisoquinoline alkaloid titer without the requirement for peroxisome induction with fatty acids. This work specifically addresses the challenges associated with toxic NCS expression and, more broadly, highlights the potential for engineering organelles with desired characteristics for metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parbir S Grewal
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Samson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Sound Agriculture, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Jordan J Baker
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- UC Berkeley and UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Brian Choi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - John E Dueber
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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18
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Eger E, Schrittwieser JH, Wetzl D, Iding H, Kuhn B, Kroutil W. Asymmetric Biocatalytic Synthesis of 1-Aryltetrahydro-β-carbolines Enabled by "Substrate Walking". Chemistry 2020; 26:16281-16285. [PMID: 33017078 PMCID: PMC7756766 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stereoselective catalysts for the Pictet-Spengler reaction of tryptamines and aldehydes may allow a simple and fast approach to chiral 1-substituted tetrahydro-β-carbolines. Although biocatalysts have previously been employed for the Pictet-Spengler reaction, not a single one accepts benzaldehyde and its substituted derivatives. To address this challenge, a combination of substrate walking and transfer of beneficial mutations between different wild-type backbones was used to develop a strictosidine synthase from Rauvolfia serpentina (RsSTR) into a suitable enzyme for the asymmetric Pictet-Spengler condensation of tryptamine and benzaldehyde derivatives. The double variant RsSTR V176L/V208A accepted various ortho-, meta- and para-substituted benzaldehydes and produced the corresponding chiral 1-aryl-tetrahydro-β-carbolines with up to 99 % enantiomeric excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Eger
- Institute of Chemistry, Biocatalytic SynthesisUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 28/II8010GrazAustria
| | - Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- Institute of Chemistry, Biocatalytic SynthesisUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 28/II8010GrazAustria
| | - Dennis Wetzl
- Process Chemistry & CatalysisF. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.Grenzacherstrasse 1244070BaselSwitzerland
| | - Hans Iding
- Process Chemistry & CatalysisF. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.Grenzacherstrasse 1244070BaselSwitzerland
| | - Bernd Kuhn
- Pharma Research & Early DevelopmentF. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.Grenzacherstrasse 1244070BaselSwitzerland
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, Biocatalytic SynthesisUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 28/II8010GrazAustria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth—University of Graz8010GrazAustria
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19
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Roddan R, Sula A, Méndez-Sánchez D, Subrizi F, Lichman BR, Broomfield J, Richter M, Andexer JN, Ward JM, Keep NH, Hailes HC. Single step syntheses of (1S)-aryl-tetrahydroisoquinolines by norcoclaurine synthases. Commun Chem 2020; 3:170. [PMID: 36703392 PMCID: PMC9814250 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00416-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The 1-aryl-tetrahydroisoquinoline (1-aryl-THIQ) moiety is found in many biologically active molecules. Single enantiomer chemical syntheses are challenging and although some biocatalytic routes have been reported, the substrate scope is limited to certain structural motifs. The enzyme norcoclaurine synthase (NCS), involved in plant alkaloid biosynthesis, has been shown to perform stereoselective Pictet-Spengler reactions between dopamine and several carbonyl substrates. Here, benzaldehydes are explored as substrates and found to be accepted by both wild-type and mutant constructs of NCS. In particular, the variant M97V gives a range of (1 S)-aryl-THIQs in high yields (48-99%) and e.e.s (79-95%). A co-crystallised structure of the M97V variant with an active site reaction intermediate analogue is also obtained with the ligand in a pre-cyclisation conformation, consistent with (1 S)-THIQs formation. Selected THIQs are then used with catechol O-methyltransferases with exceptional regioselectivity. This work demonstrates valuable biocatalytic approaches to a range of (1 S)-THIQs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Roddan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Building, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Altin Sula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Daniel Méndez-Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Building, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Fabiana Subrizi
- Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Building, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Benjamin R Lichman
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Bernard Katz Building, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Joseph Broomfield
- Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Building, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Michael Richter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Schulgasse 11a, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Jennifer N Andexer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - John M Ward
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Bernard Katz Building, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Nicholas H Keep
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
| | - Helen C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Building, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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20
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Bradley SA, Zhang J, Jensen MK. Deploying Microbial Synthesis for Halogenating and Diversifying Medicinal Alkaloid Scaffolds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:594126. [PMID: 33195162 PMCID: PMC7644825 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.594126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce some of the most potent therapeutics and have been used for thousands of years to treat human diseases. Today, many medicinal natural products are still extracted from source plants at scale as their complexity precludes total synthesis from bulk chemicals. However, extraction from plants can be an unreliable and low-yielding source for human therapeutics, making the supply chain for some of these life-saving medicines expensive and unstable. There has therefore been significant interest in refactoring these plant pathways in genetically tractable microbes, which grow more reliably and where the plant pathways can be more easily engineered to improve the titer, rate and yield of medicinal natural products. In addition, refactoring plant biosynthetic pathways in microbes also offers the possibility to explore new-to-nature chemistry more systematically, and thereby help expand the chemical space that can be probed for drugs as well as enable the study of pharmacological properties of such new-to-nature chemistry. This perspective will review the recent progress toward heterologous production of plant medicinal alkaloids in microbial systems. In particular, we focus on the refactoring of halogenated alkaloids in yeast, which has created an unprecedented opportunity for biosynthesis of previously inaccessible new-to-nature variants of the natural alkaloid scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael K. Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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21
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Morris JS, Caldo KMP, Liang S, Facchini PJ. PR10/Bet v1-like Proteins as Novel Contributors to Plant Biochemical Diversity. Chembiochem 2020; 22:264-287. [PMID: 32700448 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins constitute a broad class of plant proteins with analogues found throughout nature from bacteria to higher eukaryotes. PR proteins were first noted in plants as part of the hypersensitive response, but have since been assigned an array of biological roles. The PR10/Bet v1-like proteins are a subset of PR proteins characterized by an ability to bind a wide range of lipophilic ligands, uniquely positioning them as contributors to specialized biosynthetic pathways. PR10/Bet v1-like proteins participate in the production of plant alkaloids and phenolics including flavonoids, both as general binding proteins and in special cases as catalysts. Owing initially to the perceived allergenic properties of PR10/Bet v1-like proteins, many were studied at the structural level to elucidate the basis for ligand binding. These studies provided a foundation for more recent efforts to understand higher-level structural order and how PR10/Bet v1-like proteins catalyse key reactions in plant pathways. Synthetic biology aimed at reconstituting plant-specialized metabolism in microorganisms uses knowledge of these proteins to fine-tune performance in new systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N N4, Canada
| | - Kristian Mark P Caldo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N N4, Canada
| | - Siyu Liang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N N4, Canada
| | - Peter J Facchini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N N4, Canada
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22
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Nett RS, Lau W, Sattely ES. Discovery and engineering of colchicine alkaloid biosynthesis. Nature 2020; 584:148-153. [PMID: 32699417 PMCID: PMC7958869 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Few complete pathways have been established for the biosynthesis of medicinal compounds from plants. Accordingly, many plant-derived therapeutics are isolated directly from medicinal plants or plant cell culture1. A lead example is colchicine, a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatment for inflammatory disorders that is sourced from Colchicum and Gloriosa species2-5. Here we use a combination of transcriptomics, metabolic logic and pathway reconstitution to elucidate a near-complete biosynthetic pathway to colchicine without prior knowledge of biosynthetic genes, a sequenced genome or genetic tools in the native host. We uncovered eight genes from Gloriosa superba for the biosynthesis of N-formyldemecolcine, a colchicine precursor that contains the characteristic tropolone ring and pharmacophore of colchicine6. Notably, we identified a non-canonical cytochrome P450 that catalyses the remarkable ring expansion reaction that is required to produce the distinct carbon scaffold of colchicine. We further used the newly identified genes to engineer a biosynthetic pathway (comprising 16 enzymes in total) to N-formyldemecolcine in Nicotiana benthamiana starting from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. This study establishes a metabolic route to tropolone-containing colchicine alkaloids and provides insights into the unique chemistry that plants use to generate complex, bioactive metabolites from simple amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Nett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Warren Lau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Sattely
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
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23
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Green Synthesis of 1-Aryl-2,3,4,9-Tetrahydro-1H-B-Carbolines using Fe(Iii)-Montmorillonite and Study of their Antimicrobial Activity. Pharm Chem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-020-02205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Pyne ME, Kevvai K, Grewal PS, Narcross L, Choi B, Bourgeois L, Dueber JE, Martin VJJ. A yeast platform for high-level synthesis of tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3337. [PMID: 32620756 PMCID: PMC7335070 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) moiety is a privileged substructure of many bioactive natural products and semi-synthetic analogs. Plants manufacture more than 3,000 THIQ alkaloids, including the opioids morphine and codeine. While microbial species have been engineered to synthesize a few compounds from the benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) family of THIQs, low product titers impede industrial viability and limit access to the full chemical space. Here we report a yeast THIQ platform by increasing production of the central BIA intermediate (S)-reticuline to 4.6 g L−1, a 57,000-fold improvement over our first-generation strain. We show that gains in BIA output coincide with the formation of several substituted THIQs derived from amino acid catabolism. We use these insights to repurpose the Ehrlich pathway and synthesize an array of THIQ structures. This work provides a blueprint for building diverse alkaloid scaffolds and enables the targeted overproduction of thousands of THIQ products, including natural and semi-synthetic opioids. Plants synthesize more than 3000 tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) alkaloids, but only a few of them have been produced by engineered microbes and titers are very low. Here, the authors increase (S)-reticuline titer to 4.6 g/L and repurpose the yeast Ehrlich pathway to synthesize a diverse array of THIQ scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Pyne
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kaspar Kevvai
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Parbir S Grewal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Narcross
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brian Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Leanne Bourgeois
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - John E Dueber
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Vincent J J Martin
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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25
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Roddan R, Ward JM, Keep NH, Hailes HC. Pictet-Spenglerases in alkaloid biosynthesis: Future applications in biocatalysis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 55:69-76. [PMID: 31978651 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pictet-Spenglerases provide a key role in the biosynthesis of many biologically active alkaloids. There is increasing use of these biocatalysts as an alternative to traditional organic synthetic methods as they provide stereoselective and regioselective control under mild conditions. Products from these enzymes also contain privileged drug scaffolds (such as tetrahydroisoquinoline or β-carboline moieties), so there is interest in the characterization and use of these enzymes as versatile biocatalysts to synthesize analogs of the corresponding natural products for drug discovery. This review discusses all known Pictet-Spenglerase enzymes and their applications as biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Roddan
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 8HX, UK; Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - John M Ward
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nicholas H Keep
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 8HX, UK
| | - Helen C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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26
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Calcaterra A, Mangiardi L, Delle Monache G, Quaglio D, Balducci S, Berardozzi S, Iazzetti A, Franzini R, Botta B, Ghirga F. The Pictet-Spengler Reaction Updates Its Habits. Molecules 2020; 25:E414. [PMID: 31963860 PMCID: PMC7024544 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pictet-Spengler reaction (P-S) is one of the most direct, efficient, and variable synthetic method for the construction of privileged pharmacophores such as tetrahydro-isoquinolines (THIQs), tetrahydro-β-carbolines (THBCs), and polyheterocyclic frameworks. In the lustro (five-year period) following its centenary birthday, the P-S reaction did not exit the stage but it came up again on limelight with new features. This review focuses on the interesting results achieved in this period (2011-2015), analyzing the versatility of this reaction. Classic P-S was reported in the total synthesis of complex alkaloids, in combination with chiral catalysts as well as for the generation of libraries of compounds in medicinal chemistry. The P-S has been used also in tandem reactions, with the sequences including ring closing metathesis, isomerization, Michael addition, and Gold- or Brønsted acid-catalyzed N-acyliminium cyclization. Moreover, the combination of P-S reaction with Ugi multicomponent reaction has been exploited for the construction of highly complex polycyclic architectures in few steps and high yields. The P-S reaction has also been successfully employed in solid-phase synthesis, affording products with different structures, including peptidomimetics, synthetic heterocycles, and natural compounds. Finally, the enzymatic version of P-S has been reported for biosynthesis, biotransformations, and bioconjugations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Calcaterra
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Laura Mangiardi
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giuliano Delle Monache
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Deborah Quaglio
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Silvia Balducci
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Simone Berardozzi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH-Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Iazzetti
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Roberta Franzini
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Bruno Botta
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Francesca Ghirga
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy;
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27
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Yang L, Zhu J, Sun C, Deng Z, Qu X. Biosynthesis of plant tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids through an imine reductase route. Chem Sci 2020; 11:364-371. [PMID: 32190259 PMCID: PMC7067268 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03773j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report a biocatalytic approach to synthesize plant tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids (THIQAs) from dihydroisoquinoline (DHIQ) precursors using imine reductases and N-methyltransferase (NMT). The imine reductase IR45 was engineered to significantly expand its substrate specificity, enabling efficient and stereoselective conversion of 1-phenyl and 1-benzyl 6,7-dimethoxy-DHIQs into the corresponding (S)-tetrahydroisoquinolines (S-THIQs). Coclaurine N-methyltransferase (CNMT) was able to further efficiently convert these (S)-THIQ intermediates into (S)-THIQAs. By assembling IRED, CNMT, and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) in one reaction, we effectively constituted two artificial biosynthetic pathways in Escherichia coli and successfully applied them to the production of five (S)-THIQAs. This highly efficient (100% yield from DHIQs) and easily tailorable (adding other genes) biosynthetic approach will be useful for producing a variety of plant THIQAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism , School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China .
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430071 , China
| | - Jinmei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430071 , China
| | - Chenghai Sun
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430071 , China
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism , School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China .
| | - Xudong Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism , School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China .
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430071 , China
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28
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Roddan R, Gygli G, Sula A, Méndez-Sánchez D, Pleiss J, Ward JM, Keep NH, Hailes HC. Acceptance and Kinetic Resolution of α-Methyl-Substituted Aldehydes by Norcoclaurine Synthases. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Roddan
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 8HX, U.K
| | - Gudrun Gygli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Altin Sula
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 8HX, U.K
| | - Daniel Méndez-Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - John M. Ward
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Nicholas H. Keep
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 8HX, U.K
| | - Helen C. Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
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29
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Zou LH, Zhu H, Zhu S, Shi K, Yan C, Li PG. Copper-Catalyzed Ring-Opening/Reconstruction of Anthranils with Oxo-Compounds: Synthesis of Quinoline Derivatives. J Org Chem 2019; 84:12301-12313. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Hua Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue 1800, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue 1800, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue 1800, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Kai Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue 1800, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue 1800, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Ping-Gui Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue 1800, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
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30
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Bajtai A, Lajkó G, Németi G, Szatmári I, Fülöp F, Péter A, Ilisz I. High-performance liquid chromatographic and subcritical fluid chromatographic separation of α-arylated ß-carboline, N-alkylated tetrahydroisoquinolines and their bioisosteres on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2779-2787. [PMID: 31216124 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
New, pharmacologically interesting chiral amino compounds, namely, stereoisomers of α-hydroxynaphthyl-ß-carboline, benz[d]azepine and benz[c]azepine analogs as well as N-α-hydroxynaphthylbenzyl-substituted isoquinolines were enantioseparated by high-performance liquid chromatographic and subcritical fluid chromatographic methods on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases. Separation of the stereoisomers was optimized in both subcritical fluid chromatography and normal phase liquid chromatographic modes by investigating the effects of the composition of the bulk solvent, temperature, and the structures of the analytes and selectors. Both normal phase liquid chromatography and subcritical fluid chromatography exhibited satisfactory performance, albeit with somewhat different effectiveness in the separation of the stereoisomers studied. The optimized methods offer the possibility to apply preparative-scale separations thereby enabling further pharmacological investigations of the enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Bajtai
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gyula Lajkó
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Németi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Szatmári
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Antal Péter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Ilisz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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31
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Sheng X, Himo F. Enzymatic Pictet–Spengler Reaction: Computational Study of the Mechanism and Enantioselectivity of Norcoclaurine Synthase. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11230-11238. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sheng
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Zhao J, Méndez-Sánchez D, Ward JM, Hailes HC. Biomimetic Phosphate-Catalyzed Pictet-Spengler Reaction for the Synthesis of 1,1'-Disubstituted and Spiro-Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids. J Org Chem 2019; 84:7702-7710. [PMID: 31095375 PMCID: PMC7007230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) alkaloids
are an important group
of compounds that exhibit a range of bioactivities. Here, a phosphate
buffer-catalyzed Pictet–Spengler reaction (PSR) using unreactive
ketone substrates is described. A variety of 1,1′-disubstituted
and spiro-tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids were readily prepared in
one-step and high yields, highlighting the general applicability of
this approach. This study features the role of phosphate in the aqueous-based
PSR and provides an atom-efficient, sustainable route to new THIQs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , Christopher Ingold Building, 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , U.K
| | - Daniel Méndez-Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , Christopher Ingold Building, 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , U.K
| | - John M Ward
- Department of Biochemical Engineering , University College London , London WC1E 6BT , U.K
| | - Helen C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , Christopher Ingold Building, 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , U.K
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33
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Wang Y, Tappertzhofen N, Méndez‐Sánchez D, Bawn M, Lyu B, Ward JM, Hailes HC. Design and Use of de novo Cascades for the Biosynthesis of New Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Nadine Tappertzhofen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Daniel Méndez‐Sánchez
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Maria Bawn
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Boyu Lyu
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - John M. Ward
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Helen C. Hailes
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
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34
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Wang Y, Tappertzhofen N, Méndez-Sánchez D, Bawn M, Lyu B, Ward JM, Hailes HC. Design and Use of de novo Cascades for the Biosynthesis of New Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10120-10125. [PMID: 31100182 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are an important group of secondary metabolites from higher plants and have been reported to show significant biological activities. The production of BIAs through synthetic biology approaches provides a higher-yielding strategy than traditional synthetic methods or isolation from plant material. However, the reconstruction of BIA pathways in microorganisms by combining heterologous enzymes can also give access to BIAs through cascade reactions. Most importantly, non-natural BIAs can be generated through such artificial pathways. In the current study, we describe the use of tyrosinases and decarboxylases and combine these with a transaminase enzyme and norcoclaurine synthase for the efficient synthesis of several BIAs, including six non-natural alkaloids, in cascades from l-tyrosine and analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Nadine Tappertzhofen
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Daniel Méndez-Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Maria Bawn
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Boyu Lyu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - John M Ward
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Helen C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
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35
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Cravens A, Payne J, Smolke CD. Synthetic biology strategies for microbial biosynthesis of plant natural products. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2142. [PMID: 31086174 PMCID: PMC6513858 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09848-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic engineers endeavor to create a bio-based manufacturing industry using microbes to produce fuels, chemicals, and medicines. Plant natural products (PNPs) are historically challenging to produce and are ubiquitous in medicines, flavors, and fragrances. Engineering PNP pathways into new hosts requires finding or modifying a suitable host to accommodate the pathway, planning and implementing a biosynthetic route to the compound, and discovering or engineering enzymes for missing steps. In this review, we describe recent developments in metabolic engineering at the level of host, pathway, and enzyme, and discuss how the field is approaching ever more complex biosynthetic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Cravens
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, MC 4245, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - James Payne
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, MC 4245, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Christina D Smolke
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, MC 4245, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois St, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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36
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Albano G, Morelli M, Lissia M, Aronica LA. Synthesis of Functionalised Indoline and Isoquinoline Derivatives through a Silylcarbocyclisation/Desilylation Sequence. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201900524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Albano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13; 56124 Pisa Italy Fax: (+)390502219260
| | - Martina Morelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13; 56124 Pisa Italy Fax: (+)390502219260
| | - Margherita Lissia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13; 56124 Pisa Italy Fax: (+)390502219260
| | - Laura A. Aronica
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13; 56124 Pisa Italy Fax: (+)390502219260
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37
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Patil MD, Grogan G, Yun H. Biocatalyzed C−C Bond Formation for the Production of Alkaloids. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh D. Patil
- Department of Systems BiotechnologyKonkuk University Seoul 143-701 Korea
| | - Gideon Grogan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of York Heslington York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Systems BiotechnologyKonkuk University Seoul 143-701 Korea
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38
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Pressnitz D, Fischereder E, Pletz J, Kofler C, Hammerer L, Hiebler K, Lechner H, Richter N, Eger E, Kroutil W. Asymmetric Synthesis of (
R
)‐1‐Alkyl‐Substituted Tetrahydro‐ß‐carbolines Catalyzed by Strictosidine Synthases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Pressnitz
- Department of Chemistry, Organic und Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Eva‐Maria Fischereder
- Department of Chemistry, Organic und Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Jakob Pletz
- Department of Chemistry, Organic und Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Christina Kofler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic und Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Lucas Hammerer
- Department of Chemistry, Organic und Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- ACIB GmbH—Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Katharina Hiebler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic und Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Horst Lechner
- Department of Chemistry, Organic und Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Nina Richter
- ACIB GmbH—Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Elisabeth Eger
- Department of Chemistry, Organic und Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Department of Chemistry, Organic und Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
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39
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Bennett MR, Thompson ML, Shepherd SA, Dunstan MS, Herbert AJ, Smith DRM, Cronin VA, Menon BRK, Levy C, Micklefield J. Structure and Biocatalytic Scope of Coclaurine N-Methyltransferase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10600-10604. [PMID: 29791083 PMCID: PMC6099451 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are a structurally diverse family of plant secondary metabolites, which have been exploited to develop analgesics, antibiotics, antitumor agents, and other therapeutic agents. Biosynthesis of BIAs proceeds via a common pathway from tyrosine to (S)-reticulene at which point the pathway diverges. Coclaurine N-methyltransferase (CNMT) is a key enzyme in the pathway to (S)-reticulene, installing the N-methyl substituent that is essential for the bioactivity of many BIAs. In this paper, we describe the first crystal structure of CNMT which, along with mutagenesis studies, defines the enzymes active site architecture. The specificity of CNMT was also explored with a range of natural and synthetic substrates as well as co-factor analogues. Knowledge from this study could be used to generate improved CNMT variants required to produce BIAs or synthetic derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Bennett
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Mark L. Thompson
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Sarah A. Shepherd
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Mark S. Dunstan
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Abigail J. Herbert
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Duncan R. M. Smith
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Victoria A. Cronin
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Binuraj R. K. Menon
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Colin Levy
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Jason Micklefield
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
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40
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Bennett MR, Thompson ML, Shepherd SA, Dunstan MS, Herbert AJ, Smith DRM, Cronin VA, Menon BRK, Levy C, Micklefield J. Structure and Biocatalytic Scope of Coclaurine
N
‐Methyltransferase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Bennett
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Mark L. Thompson
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Sarah A. Shepherd
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Mark S. Dunstan
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Abigail J. Herbert
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Duncan R. M. Smith
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Victoria A. Cronin
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Binuraj R. K. Menon
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Colin Levy
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Jason Micklefield
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
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41
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Pressnitz D, Fischereder E, Pletz J, Kofler C, Hammerer L, Hiebler K, Lechner H, Richter N, Eger E, Kroutil W. Asymmetric Synthesis of (R)-1-Alkyl-Substituted Tetrahydro-ß-carbolines Catalyzed by Strictosidine Synthases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10683-10687. [PMID: 29852524 PMCID: PMC6146909 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Stereoselective methods for the synthesis of tetrahydro-ß-carbolines are of significant interest due to the broad spectrum of biological activity of the target molecules. In the plant kingdom, strictosidine synthases catalyze the C-C coupling through a Pictet-Spengler reaction of tryptamine and secologanin to exclusively form the (S)-configured tetrahydro-ß-carboline (S)-strictosidine. Investigating the biocatalytic Pictet-Spengler reaction of tryptamine with small-molecular-weight aliphatic aldehydes revealed that the strictosidine synthases give unexpectedly access to the (R)-configured product. Developing an efficient expression method for the enzyme allowed the preparative transformation of various aldehydes, giving the products with up to >98 % ee. With this tool in hand, a chemoenzymatic two-step synthesis of (R)-harmicine was achieved, giving (R)-harmicine in 67 % overall yield in optically pure form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Pressnitz
- Department of Chemistry, Organic und Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Eva‐Maria Fischereder
- Department of Chemistry, Organic und Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Jakob Pletz
- Department of Chemistry, Organic und Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Christina Kofler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic und Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Lucas Hammerer
- Department of Chemistry, Organic und Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
- ACIB GmbH—Austrian Center of Industrial BiotechnologyPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
| | - Katharina Hiebler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic und Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Horst Lechner
- Department of Chemistry, Organic und Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Nina Richter
- ACIB GmbH—Austrian Center of Industrial BiotechnologyPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
| | - Elisabeth Eger
- Department of Chemistry, Organic und Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Department of Chemistry, Organic und Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
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42
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Complex molecules, clever solutions – Enzymatic approaches towards natural product and active agent syntheses. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1285-1303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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43
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Zhao J, Lichman BR, Ward JM, Hailes HC. One-pot chemoenzymatic synthesis of trolline and tetrahydroisoquinoline analogues. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:1323-1326. [PMID: 29345260 PMCID: PMC5804477 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08024g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemoenzymatic reaction cascades can provide access to chiral compounds from low-cost starting materials in one pot. Here we describe one-pot asymmetric routes to tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids (THIAs) using the Pictet-Spenglerase norcoclaurine synthase (NCS) followed by a cyclisation, to give alkaloids with two new heterocyclic rings. These reactions operated with a high atom economy to generate THIAs in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , Christopher Ingold Building, 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
| | - Benjamin R. Lichman
- Department of Biochemical Engineering , University College London , Gower Street , London , WC1E 6BT , UK
| | - John M. Ward
- Department of Biochemical Engineering , University College London , Gower Street , London , WC1E 6BT , UK
| | - Helen C. Hailes
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , Christopher Ingold Building, 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
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44
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Lechner H, Soriano P, Poschner R, Hailes HC, Ward JM, Kroutil W. Library of Norcoclaurine Synthases and Their Immobilization for Biocatalytic Transformations. Biotechnol J 2017; 13:e1700542. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Horst Lechner
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Pablo Soriano
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Roman Poschner
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Helen C. Hailes
- Department of Chemistry; University College London; 20 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AJ London UK
| | - John M. Ward
- Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London UK
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
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45
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Efficient lipase-catalysed route for the kinetic resolution of salsolidine and its ß-carboline analogue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Green Routes for the Production of Enantiopure Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112464. [PMID: 29156609 PMCID: PMC5713430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are among the most important plant secondary metabolites, in that they include a number of biologically active substances widely employed as pharmaceuticals. Isolation of BIAs from their natural sources is an expensive and time-consuming procedure as they accumulate in very low levels in plant. Moreover, total synthesis is challenging due to the presence of stereogenic centers. In view of these considerations, green and scalable methods for BIA synthesis using fully enzymatic approaches are getting more and more attention. The aim of this paper is to review fully enzymatic strategies for producing the benzylisoquinoline central precursor, (S)-norcoclaurine and its derivatives. Specifically, we will detail the current status of synthesis of BIAs in microbial hosts as well as using isolated and recombinant enzymes.
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47
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Lichman BR, Sula A, Pesnot T, Hailes HC, Ward JM, Keep NH. Structural Evidence for the Dopamine-First Mechanism of Norcoclaurine Synthase. Biochemistry 2017; 56:5274-5277. [PMID: 28915025 PMCID: PMC5637010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
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Norcoclaurine
synthase (NCS) is a Pictet-Spenglerase that catalyzes
the first key step in plant benzylisoquinoline alkaloid metabolism,
a compound family that includes bioactive natural products such as
morphine. The enzyme has also shown great potential as a biocatalyst
for the formation of chiral isoquinolines. Here we present new high-resolution
X-ray crystallography data describing Thalictrum flavum NCS bound to a mechanism-inspired ligand. The structure supports
two key features of the NCS “dopamine-first” mechanism:
the binding of dopamine catechol to Lys-122 and the position of the
carbonyl substrate binding site at the active site entrance. The catalytically
vital residue Glu-110 occupies a previously unobserved ligand-bound
conformation that may be catalytically significant. The potential
roles of inhibitory binding and alternative amino acid conformations
in the mechanism have also been revealed. This work significantly
advances our understanding of the NCS mechanism and will aid future
efforts to engineer the substrate scope and catalytic properties of
this useful biocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Lichman
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Altin Sula
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London , Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, U.K
| | - Thomas Pesnot
- Department of Chemistry, University College London , Christopher Ingold Building, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Helen C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London , Christopher Ingold Building, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - John M Ward
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Nicholas H Keep
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London , Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, U.K
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48
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Hönig M, Sondermann P, Turner NJ, Carreira EM. Enantioselective Chemo- and Biocatalysis: Partners in Retrosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8942-8973. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Hönig
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Philipp Sondermann
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology & School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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49
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Hönig M, Sondermann P, Turner NJ, Carreira EM. Enantioselektive Chemo- und Biokatalyse: Partner in der Retrosynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Hönig
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Philipp Sondermann
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology & School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Schweiz
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50
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Lichman BR, Zhao J, Hailes HC, Ward JM. Enzyme catalysed Pictet-Spengler formation of chiral 1,1'-disubstituted- and spiro-tetrahydroisoquinolines. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14883. [PMID: 28368003 PMCID: PMC5382262 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pictet–Spengler reaction (PSR) involves the condensation and ring closure between a β-arylethylamine and a carbonyl compound. The combination of dopamine and ketones in a PSR leads to the formation of 1,1′-disubstituted tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs), structures that are challenging to synthesize and yet are present in a number of bioactive natural products and synthetic pharmaceuticals. Here we have discovered that norcoclaurine synthase from Thalictrum flavum (TfNCS) can catalyse the PSR between dopamine and unactivated ketones, thus facilitating the facile biocatalytic generation of 1,1′-disubstituted THIQs. Variants of TfNCS showing improved conversions have been identified and used to synthesize novel chiral 1,1′-disubstituted and spiro-THIQs. Enzyme catalysed PSRs with unactivated ketones are unprecedented, and, furthermore, there are no equivalent stereoselective chemical methods for these transformations. This discovery advances the utility of enzymes for the generation of diverse THIQs in vitro and in vivo. The Pictet-Spengler condensation of β-arylethylamine and carbonyl compounds is an important step in the synthesis of bioactive alkaloids. Here, the authors report a Pictet-Spengler reaction between dopamine and unactivated ketones catalysed by norcoclaurine synthase and its engineered variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Lichman
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jianxiong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Building, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Helen C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Building, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - John M Ward
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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