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The Use of Zidovudine Pharmacophore in Multi-Target-Directed Ligands for AIDS Therapy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238502. [PMID: 36500608 PMCID: PMC9738661 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of polypharmacology embraces multiple drugs combined in a therapeutic regimen (drug combination or cocktail), fixed dose combinations (FDCs), and a single drug that binds to different targets (multi-target drug). A polypharmacology approach is widely applied in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), providing life-saving therapies for millions of people living with HIV. Despite the success in viral load suppression and patient survival of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), the development of new drugs has become imperative, owing to the emergence of resistant strains and poor adherence to cART. 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine, also known as azidothymidine or zidovudine (AZT), is a widely applied starting scaffold in the search for new compounds, due to its good antiretroviral activity. Through the medicinal chemistry tool of molecular hybridization, AZT has been included in the structure of several compounds allowing for the development of multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) as antiretrovirals. This review aims to systematically explore and critically discuss AZT-based compounds as potential MTDLs for the treatment of AIDS. The review findings allowed us to conclude that: (i) AZT hybrids are still worth exploring, as they may provide highly active compounds targeting different steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle; (ii) AZT is a good starting point for the preparation of co-drugs with enhanced cell permeability.
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19β,28-Epoxy-18α-olean-3β-ol-2-furoate from Allobetulin (19β,28-Epoxy-18α-olean-3β-ol). MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The E ring of betulin rearranges and forms a cyclic ether when treated with an acid. Treatment of betulin with iodine generated hydrogen iodide in situ, which went on to promote the rearrangement at C-19 and C-20, followed by cyclization to form allobetulin. A reaction of allobetulin with 2-furoyl chloride yielded 19β,28-Epoxy-18α-olean-3β-ol-2-furoate.
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Nistor G, Trandafirescu C, Prodea A, Milan A, Cristea A, Ghiulai R, Racoviceanu R, Mioc A, Mioc M, Ivan V, Șoica C. Semisynthetic Derivatives of Pentacyclic Triterpenes Bearing Heterocyclic Moieties with Therapeutic Potential. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196552. [PMID: 36235089 PMCID: PMC9572482 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been used by humans since ancient times for the treatment of various diseases and currently represent the main source of a variety of phytocompounds, such as triterpenes. Pentacyclic triterpenes have been subjected to numerous studies that have revealed various biological activities, such as anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective effects, which can be employed in therapy. However, due to their high lipophilicity, which is considered to exert a significant influence on their bioavailability, their current use is limited. A frequent approach employed to overcome this obstacle is the chemical derivatization of the core structure with different types of moieties including heterocycles, which are considered key elements in medicinal chemistry. The present review aims to summarize the literature published in the last 10 years regarding the derivatives of pentacyclic triterpenes bearing heterocyclic moieties and focuses on the biologically active derivatives as well as their structure-activity relationships. Predominantly, the targeted positions for the derivatization of the triterpene skeleton are C-3 (hydroxyl/oxo group), C-28 (hydroxyl/carboxyl group), and C-30 (allylic group) or the extension of the main scaffold by fusing various heterocycles with the A-ring of the phytocompound. In addition, numerous derivatives also contain linker moieties that connect the triterpenic scaffold with heterocycles; one such linker, the triazole moiety, stands out as a key pharmacophore for its biological effect. All these studies support the hypothesis that triterpenoid conjugates with heterocyclic moieties may represent promising candidates for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Nistor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Trandafirescu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexandra Prodea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (A.M.); Tel.: +40-256-494-604 (A.P.)
| | - Andreea Milan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (A.M.); Tel.: +40-256-494-604 (A.P.)
| | - Andreea Cristea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Ghiulai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Racoviceanu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexandra Mioc
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marius Mioc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Viviana Ivan
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Codruța Șoica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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Al Omar R, Micklewright R, Masud K, Naz T, Vemulpad S, Jamie J. The genus Alphitonia Reissek ex Endl. (Rhamnaceae): A review of its customary uses, phytochemistry and biological activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 294:115168. [PMID: 35304273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alphitonia Reissek ex Endl. is a relatively small genus of the family Rhamnaceae. Plants of this genus are found predominantly in the tropical regions of Southeast Asia, Australia and the Pacific, with some species being widely distributed and others endemic to a region. Almost half of the species of the Alphitonia genus have been reported for their customary (traditional and contemporary) medicinal uses. This includes for the treatment of skin conditions, headache, stomachache, inflammation, and body pain such as joint pain and childbirth. AIM OF THE REVIEW The aim of this review is to provide the first comprehensive account on the customary uses including ethnomedicinal uses, and phytochemistry and biological activities of the Alphitonia genus, and to identify gaps in current knowledge and scope for future research of plants of this genus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information relevant to the genus Alphitonia was collected by searching the scientific databases (SciFinder, Google Scholar, ACS publications, PubMed, Wiley Online Library and International Plant name Index). Species names were validated using the World Flora Online database (www.worldfloraonline.org). RESULTS Eight plants from the Alphitonia genus have been reported to be used as customary medicines, i.e. A. excelsa, A. ferruginea, A. franguloides, A. incana, A. neocaledonica, A. petriei, A. philippinensis and A. zizyphoides. A. excelsa, A. petriei, A. philippinensis and A. zizyphoides, have been shown to have biological activities that align with their customary uses, including antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Only five Alphitonia species reported for their medicinal customary uses have been explored for their phytochemistry, i.e. A. excelsa, A. neocaledonica, A. petriei, A. philippinensis and A. zizyphoides. Compounds identified from these plants include those that are well known for their medicinal importance. A. macrocarpa, A. whitei and A. xerocarpus have also been examined for their phytochemistry and have been found to have the same or similar bioactive compounds to those found in customarily used Alphitonia species. No biological activities or phytochemistry studies have been reported for the known customarily used medicinal plants A. ferruginea, A. franguloides and A. incana. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the customary uses, biological activities and phytochemistry of plants of the Alphitonia Reissek ex Endl. genus and highlights the significance of the knowledge systems of Indigenous peoples. Of the plants that have been researched for their biological activities and phytochemistry, there is good correlation with these properties and their customary medicinal uses. However, over half of the plants of the Alphitonia genus, including those that are already reported in the public domain for their customary medicinal uses, have had none or limited biological activities or phytochemistry studies conducted. While only eight species of the Alphitonia genus have been reported as customary medicines, other Alphitonia species also possess medicinally important compounds, and it is possible that they are customary medicines but their uses have not been shared publicly by the Indigenous knowledge custodians. There is clearly much scope for further investigation of this genus with regards to their ethnomedicinal uses and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Al Omar
- Indigenous Bioresources Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Rachael Micklewright
- Indigenous Bioresources Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Kalpa Masud
- Indigenous Bioresources Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Tarannum Naz
- Indigenous Bioresources Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Subramanyam Vemulpad
- Indigenous Bioresources Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Joanne Jamie
- Indigenous Bioresources Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.
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Kuczynska K, Bończak B, Rárová L, Kvasnicová M, Strnad M, Pakulski Z, Cmoch P, Fiałkowski M. Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of 1,2,3-triazoles derived from 2,3-seco-dihydrobetulin via a click chemistry approach. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Pokorný J, Olejníková D, Frydrych I, Lišková B, Gurská S, Benická S, Šarek J, Kotulová J, Hajdúch M, Džubák P, Urban M. Substituted dienes prepared from betulinic acid - Synthesis, cytotoxicity, mechanism of action, and pharmacological parameters. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113706. [PMID: 34311159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A set of new substituted dienes were synthesized from betulinic acid by its oxidation to 30-oxobetulinic acid followed by the Wittig reaction. Cytotoxicity of all compounds was tested in vitro in eight cancer cell lines and two noncancer fibroblasts. Almost all dienes were more cytotoxic than betulinic acid. Compounds 4.22, 4.30, 4.33, 4.39 had IC50 below 5 μmol/L; 4.22 and 4.39 were selected for studies of the mechanism of action. Cell cycle analysis revealed an increase in the number of apoptotic cells at 5 × IC50 concentration, where activation of irreversible changes leading to cell death can be expected. Both 4.22 and 4.39 led to the accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase with partial inhibition of DNA/RNA synthesis at 1 × IC50 and almost complete inhibition at 5 × IC50. Interestingly, compound 4.39 at 5 × IC50 caused the accumulation of cells in the S phase. Higher concentrations of tested drugs probably inhibit more off-targets than lower concentrations. Mechanisms disrupting cellular metabolism can induce the accumulation of cells in the S phase. Both compounds 4.22 and 4.39 trigger selective apoptosis in cancer cells via intrinsic pathway, which we have demonstrated by changes in the expression of the crucial apoptosis-related protein. Pharmacological parameters of derivative 4.22 were superior to 4.39, therefore 4.22 was the finally selected candidate for the development of anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pokorný
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Olejníková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Frydrych
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Lišková
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Gurská
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Sandra Benická
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šarek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kotulová
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marián Hajdúch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Džubák
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Urban
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Garlatti L, Huet R, Alvarez K. Efficient access to 3′-deoxy-3′-(4-substituted-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-thymidine derivatives via ligand-promoted CuAAC. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lugiņina J, Linden M, Bazulis M, Kumpiņš V, Mishnev A, Popov SA, Golubeva TS, Waldvogel SR, Shults EE, Turks M. Electrosynthesis of Stable Betulin‐Derived Nitrile Oxides and their Application in Synthesis of Cytostatic Lupane‐Type Triterpenoid‐Isoxazole Conjugates. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jevgeņija Lugiņina
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry RigaTechnical University P. Valdena Str.3 Riga 1007 Latvia
| | - Martin Linden
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 Mainz 55128 Germany
| | - Māris Bazulis
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry RigaTechnical University P. Valdena Str.3 Riga 1007 Latvia
| | - Viktors Kumpiņš
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry RigaTechnical University P. Valdena Str.3 Riga 1007 Latvia
| | - Anatoly Mishnev
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis Aizkraukles Str. 21 Riga 1006 Latvia
| | - Sergey A. Popov
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry Academician Lavrentjev Ave. 9 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Tatiana S. Golubeva
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics Acad. Lavrentyev Ave., 10 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 Mainz 55128 Germany
| | - Elvira E. Shults
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry Academician Lavrentjev Ave. 9 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Māris Turks
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry RigaTechnical University P. Valdena Str.3 Riga 1007 Latvia
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Bębenek E, Bober-Majnusz K, Siudak S, Chrobak E, Kadela-Tomanek M, Wietrzyk J, Boryczka S. Application of TLC to Evaluate the Lipophilicity of Newly Synthesized Betulin Derivatives. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 58:323-333. [PMID: 31942956 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Designing a new drug has recently become a very important topic that many researches are concerned with. This work relates to a newly synthesized betulin and betulone derivatives which have anticancer activity. Thin-layer chromatography was applied to evaluate the lipophilicity of these triterpenes in order to find the correlation between theoretically and experimentally calculated values of lipophilicity and the structure of compounds investigated. Moreover, the relationships between lipophilicity and pharmacokinetic parameters or anticancer activity were carried out. The similarity analysis was also done for the purpose to divide the compounds investigated into groups pointing which of these can meet the criteria for medicine substances. The cluster analysis showed the differences in the compounds grouping in relation which the values of lipophilicity are considered, i.e., calculated by computer software or obtained experimentally by use of TLC. Analysis clearly shows that those theoretically calculated values of lipophilicity are strongly connected to the structure of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Bębenek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bober-Majnusz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Szymon Siudak
- Zdrowit Pharmacy, 19a Ludowa Str., 41-300 Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland
| | - Elwira Chrobak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Monika Kadela-Tomanek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Joanna Wietrzyk
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, 12 Rudolfa Weigla Str., 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Stanisław Boryczka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Chromatographic and Computational Screening of Lipophilicity and Pharmacokinetics of Newly Synthesized Betulin-1,4-quinone Hybrids. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipophilicity is one of the most important parameters determining the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, as well as the toxicity of many compounds. The subject of the research was to determine the lipophilicity of betulin-1,4-quinone hybrids using thin layer chromatography in reverse phase system and computer programs to calculate its theoretical models. The correlation between the experimental and theoretical values of lipophilicity was analyzed. Lipinski’s and Veber’s rules, as well as penetration through the blood–brain barrier were also determined using computer programs. For all of the analyzed values, a similarity analysis was performed. The dendrograms for the experimental and theoretical lipophilicity show that there is a correlation between them. However, the dendrograms for the experimental lipophilicity and pharmacokinetic parameters indicate that there is no correlation between the structure and the pharmacological properties. Hybrids exhibit a high biological activity against cancer cell lines, with a high level of NAD[P]H-quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) protein. The enzymatic assay used has shown that these compounds are good NQO1 substrates, as evidenced by the increasing metabolic rates relative to that of streptonigrin. The similarity analysis has also shown that there is no correlation between lipophilicity and biological activity for the tested compounds.
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Grymel M, Pastuch-Gawołek G, Lalik A, Zawojak M, Boczek S, Krawczyk M, Erfurt K. Glycoconjugation of Betulin Derivatives Using Copper-Catalyzed 1,3-Dipolar Azido-Alkyne Cycloaddition Reaction and a Preliminary Assay of Cytotoxicity of the Obtained Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25246019. [PMID: 33353244 PMCID: PMC7766341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25246019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentacyclic lupane-type triterpenoids, such as betulin and its synthetic derivatives, display a broad spectrum of biological activity. However, one of the major drawbacks of these compounds as potential therapeutic agents is their high hydrophobicity and low bioavailability. On the other hand, the presence of easily transformable functional groups in the parent structure makes betulin have a high synthetic potential and the ability to form different derivatives. In this context, research on the synthesis of new betulin derivatives as conjugates of naturally occurring triterpenoid with a monosaccharide via a linker containing a heteroaromatic 1,2,3-triazole ring was presented. It has been shown that copper-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) provides an easy and effective way to synthesize new molecular hybrids based on natural products. The chemical structures of the obtained betulin glycoconjugates were confirmed by spectroscopic analysis. Cytotoxicity of the obtained compounds was evaluated on a human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) and colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT 116). The obtained results show that despite the fact that the obtained betulin glycoconjugates do not show interesting antitumor activity, the idea of adding a sugar unit to the betulin backbone may, after some modifications, turn out to be correct and allow for the targeted transport of betulin glycoconjugates into the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Grymel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (G.P.-G.); (M.Z.); (S.B.); (M.K.)
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-032-237-1873
| | - Gabriela Pastuch-Gawołek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (G.P.-G.); (M.Z.); (S.B.); (M.K.)
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Anna Lalik
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Zawojak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (G.P.-G.); (M.Z.); (S.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Seweryn Boczek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (G.P.-G.); (M.Z.); (S.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Monika Krawczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (G.P.-G.); (M.Z.); (S.B.); (M.K.)
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Karol Erfurt
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Petrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
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12
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Feng LS, Zheng MJ, Zhao F, Liu D. 1,2,3-Triazole hybrids with anti-HIV-1 activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 354:e2000163. [PMID: 32960467 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the major etiological agent responsible for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is a serious infectious disease and remains one of the most prevalent problems at present. Currently, combined antiretroviral therapy is the primary modality for the treatment and management of HIV/AIDS, but the long-term use can result in major drawbacks such as the development of multidrug-resistant viruses and multiple side effects. 1,2,3-Triazole is the common framework in the development of new drugs, and its derivatives have the potential to inhibit various HIV-1 enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease, consequently possessing a potential anti-HIV-1 activity. This review covers the recent advances regarding the 1,2,3-triazole hybrids with potential anti-HIV-1 activity; it focuses on the chemical structures, structure-activity relationship, and mechanisms of action, covering articles published from 2010 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Duan Liu
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
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13
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Özdemir Z, Rybková M, Vlk M, Šaman D, Rárová L, Wimmer Z. Synthesis and Pharmacological Effects of Diosgenin-Betulinic Acid Conjugates. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153546. [PMID: 32756514 PMCID: PMC7435711 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The target diosgenin–betulinic acid conjugates are reported to investigate their ability to enhance and modify the pharmacological effects of their components. The detailed synthetic procedure that includes copper(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (click reaction), and palladium-catalyzed debenzylation by hydrogenolysis is described together with the results of cytotoxicity screening tests. Palladium-catalyzed debenzylation reaction of benzyl ester intermediates was the key step in this synthetic procedure due to the simultaneous presence of a 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole ring in the molecule that was a competing coordination site for the palladium catalyst. High pressure (130 kPa) palladium-catalyzed procedure represented a successful synthetic step yielding the required products. The conjugate 7 showed selective cytotoxicity in human T-lymphoblastic leukemia (CEM) cancer cells (IC50 = 6.5 ± 1.1 µM), in contrast to the conjugate 8 showing no cytotoxicity, and diosgenin (1), an adaptogen, for which a potential to be active on central nervous system was calculated in silico. In addition, 5 showed medium multifarious cytotoxicity in human T-lymphoblastic leukemia (CEM), human cervical cancer (HeLa), and human colon cancer (HCT 116). Betulinic acid (2) and the intermediates 3 and 4 showed no cytotoxicity in the tested cancer cell lines. The experimental data obtained are supplemented by and compared with the in silico calculated physico-chemical and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) parameters of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zülal Özdemir
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (Z.Ö.); (M.V.)
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Michaela Rybková
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Vlk
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (Z.Ö.); (M.V.)
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 11519 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - David Šaman
- Department of NMR Spectroscopy, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Lucie Rárová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Zdeněk Wimmer
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (Z.Ö.); (M.V.)
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +420-241-062-457
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14
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Wu HF, Morris-Natschke SL, Xu XD, Yang MH, Cheng YY, Yu SS, Lee KH. Recent advances in natural anti-HIV triterpenoids and analogs. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2339-2385. [PMID: 32666531 DOI: 10.1002/med.21708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic is one of the world's most serious health challenges. Although combination antiretroviral therapy provides effective viral suppression, current medicines used against HIV cannot completely eradicate the infectious disease and often have associated toxicities and severe side effects in addition to causing drug resistance. Therefore, the continued development of new antiviral agents with diverse structures and novel mechanisms of action remains a vital need for the management of HIV/AIDS. Natural products are an important source of drug discovery, and certain triterpenes and their analogs have demonstrated potential as pharmaceutical precursors for the treatment of HIV. Over the past decade, natural triterpenoids and analogs have been extensively studied to find new anti-HIV drugs. This review discusses the anti-HIV triterpenoids and analogs reported during the period of 2009-2019. The article includes not only a comprehensive review of the recent anti-HIV agent development from the perspective of medicinal chemistry, but also discusses structure-activity relationship analyses of the described triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Wu
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xu-Dong Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mei-Hua Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yung-Yi Cheng
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Shan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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15
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Lipeeva AV, Dolgikh MP, Tolstikova TG, Shults EE. A Study of Plant Coumarins. 18. Conjugates of Coumarins with Lupane Triterpenoids and 1,2,3-Triazoles: Synthesis and Anti-Inflammatory Activity. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Guo WB, Zhang H, Yan WQ, Liu YM, Zhou F, Cai DS, Zhang WX, Huang XM, Jia XH, Chen HS, Qi JC, Wang PL, Xu B, Lei HM. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of ligustrazine - betulin amino-acid/dipeptide derivatives as anti-tumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 185:111839. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Kadela-Tomanek M, Bębenek E, Chrobak E, Marciniec K, Latocha M, Kuśmierz D, Jastrzębska M, Boryczka S. Betulin-1,4-quinone hybrids: Synthesis, anticancer activity and molecular docking study with NQO1 enzyme. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 177:302-315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Hodon J, Borkova L, Pokorny J, Kazakova A, Urban M. Design and synthesis of pentacyclic triterpene conjugates and their use in medicinal research. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111653. [PMID: 31499360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids are natural products from plants and many other organisms that have various biological activities, such as antitumor, antiviral, antimicrobial, and protective activities. This review covers the synthesis and biological evaluation of pentacyclic triterpene (PT) conjugates with other molecules that have been found to increase the IC50 or improve the pharmacological profile of the parent PT. Some of these molecules are designed to target specific proteins or cellular organelles, which has resulted in highly selective lead structures for drug development. Other PT conjugates are useful for investigating their mechanism of action. This concept has been very successful: 1) Many compounds, especially mitochondria-targeting PT conjugates, have reached a selective cytotoxicity at low nanomolar concentrations in cancer cells. 2) A number of PT conjugates have had high activity against HIV or the influenza virus. 3) Fluorescent PT conjugates have been able to visualize the PT in living cells, which has allowed quantification of the uptake and distribution of the PT within the cell. 4) Biotinylated PT conjugates have been used to identify target proteins, which may help to show their mechanism of action. 5) A large number of PT conjugates with polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyamines, etc. form nanometer-sized micelles that have a much better pharmacological profile than the PT alone. In summary, the connection of a PT to an appropriate modifying molecule has resulted in extremely useful semisynthetic compounds with a high potential to treat cancer or viral infections or compounds that are useful for the study of the mechanism of action of PTs at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Hodon
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Borkova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pokorny
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Kazakova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Urban
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinská 5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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19
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Grymel M, Zawojak M, Adamek J. Triphenylphosphonium Analogues of Betulin and Betulinic Acid with Biological Activity: A Comprehensive Review. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:1719-1730. [PMID: 31141361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring pentacyclic lupane triterpenoids such as betulin (1) or betulinic acid (2) and their synthetic derivatives display a broad spectrum of biological activities and, therefore, have been the subject of great interest. However, the use of these compounds as potential therapeutic agents is limited by their low bioavailability, high hydrophobicity, and insufficient intracellular accumulation. In this context, research on modifications of the parent structures that will improve their pharmacokinetic properties is particularly important. In the past few years, methods of synthesis as well as cytotoxic and antiparasitic properties of a series of lupane triterpenoids modified by introducing one or two triphenylphosphonium moieties at the C-2, C-3, C-28, or C-30 positions by carbon-carbon or ester bonds have been described. The presence of triphenylphosphonium groups affects not only physical properties but also the mechanism of action of a potential drug. This review summarizes published findings on synthetic methods and biological properties of the triphenylphosphonium derivatives of betulin and betulinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Grymel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology , Silesian University of Technology , 44-100 Gliwice , Poland
- Biotechnology Center of Silesian University of Technology , 44-100 Gliwice , Poland
| | - Mateusz Zawojak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology , Silesian University of Technology , 44-100 Gliwice , Poland
| | - Jakub Adamek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology , Silesian University of Technology , 44-100 Gliwice , Poland
- Biotechnology Center of Silesian University of Technology , 44-100 Gliwice , Poland
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20
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Okada M, Suzuki K, Mawatari Y, Tabata M. Biopolyester prepared using unsaturated betulin (betulinol) extracted from outer birch bark and dicarboxylic acid dichlorides and its thermal-induced crosslinking. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Csuk R, Deigner HP. The potential of click reactions for the synthesis of bioactive triterpenes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:949-958. [PMID: 30799214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Click reactions between alkynes and azides using the privileged scaffold of triterpenes have been of interest for biological chemistry. Many publications deal with the synthesis of novel bioactive molecules; these conjugates have also been used for bioanalytical and diagnostic purposes. As a result, conjugates of better physicochemical properties were obtained; even compounds of improved solubility in water and physiological fluids were made through the introduction of a triazol residue. "Hybrid-structures", i.e. molecules consisting of two independently bioactive subunits linked by a triazole residue were higher bioactive than their parent compounds but not as active as expected, and with a few exceptions the ultimate breakthrough has not yet been achieved. Only in the synthesis of compounds with anti-leishmanial activity some new and promising lead structures were found. As a consequence, triazole modified triterpenes seem to hold their greatest future prospect rather as diagnostic reagents and molecular probes than as drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Csuk
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Furtwangen University, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Jakob-Kienzle Str. 17, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
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22
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Farooq S, Hussain A, Qurishi MA, Hamid A, Koul S. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Triazoles Linked 7-hydroxycoumarin as Potent Cytotoxic Agents. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 18:1531-1539. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666171229222956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
BacCancer is regarded as second leading cause of death worldwide. Therefore, there is
a high demand for the discovery, development and improvement of novel anti-cancer agents which could efficiently
prevent proliferative pathways and clonal expansion of cells.
Objective:
In view of this, a new series of bioactive scaffolds viz triazoles linked 7-hydroxycoumarin (1) were
synthesized using click chemistry approach.
Method:
All the synthesized compounds were screened for cytotoxicity against a panel of seven different human
cancer cell lines viz. Colon (Colo-205 and HCT-116), breast (MCF-7), lung (NCI-H322 and A549), prostate
(PC-3) and skin (A-431) using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-yl)-diphenyl tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay.
Results:
Among all tested analogs, compound 5, displayed better cytotoxic activity as compared to the parent 7-
hydroxycoumarin (1) with IC50 of 5.1, 22.7, 14.3 and 10.2 µM against breast (MCF-7), lung (NCI- H322), prostate
(PC-3) and skin (A-431) cancer cell lines, respectively; the compound 5 was 8-fold more sensitive against
MCF-7 than the parent 7-hydroxycoumarin. Moreover, Compound 5 induced both cytotoxic as well as cytostatic
effects via induction of apoptosis and G1 phase arrest, respectively in breast cancer cells (MCF-7). The apoptotic
cell population enhanced to 18.8% at 8 µM of 5 from 9.8% in case of negative control, while G1 phase arrest
increased to 54.4% at 8 µM compared to negative control of 48.1%. Moreover, Compound 5 also exhibited a
remarkable decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΛΨm) leading to apoptosis of cancer cells used.
Conclusion:
The structure-activity relationship study revealed that the derivatives bearing electron-withdrawing
substituents were more effective. The present study resulted in identification of the compounds demonstrating
broad spectrum cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Farooq
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal road Jammu-180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Aashiq Hussain
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal road Jammu-18000, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mushtaq A. Qurishi
- Islamic University of Science & Technology, Department of Chemistry, Awantipora, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Abid Hamid
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal road Jammu-18000, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - S. Koul
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal road Jammu-180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Karagöz AÇ, Leidenberger M, Hahn F, Hampel F, Friedrich O, Marschall M, Kappes B, Tsogoeva SB. Synthesis of new betulinic acid/betulin-derived dimers and hybrids with potent antimalarial and antiviral activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 27:110-115. [PMID: 30503412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe malaria and viral infections cause life-threatening diseases in millions of people worldwide every year. In search for effective bioactive hybrid molecules, which may possess improved properties compared to their parent compounds, a series of betulinic acid/betulin based dimer and hybrid compounds carrying ferrocene and/or artesunic acid moieties, was designed and, synthesized de novo. Furthermore, they were analyzed in vitro against malaria parasites (growth inhibition of 3D7-strain P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). From this series of hybrids/dimers, the betulinic acid/betulin and artesunic acid hybrids 11 and 12 showed the most potent activities against P. falciparum and HCMV. On the strength of results, additive and/or synergistic effects between the natural or semisynthetic products, such as betulinic acid-/betulin- and artesunic acid-derived compounds, are suggested on the basis of putatively complex modes of antimicrobial action. This advantage may be taken into account in future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Çapcı Karagöz
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Leidenberger
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Hahn
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Kappes
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Svetlana B Tsogoeva
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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24
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Kumar P, Bhadauria AS, Singh AK, Saha S. Betulinic acid as apoptosis activator: Molecular mechanisms, mathematical modeling and chemical modifications. Life Sci 2018; 209:24-33. [PMID: 30076920 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A natural product betulinic acid (BA) has gained a huge significance in the recent years for its strong cytotoxicity. Surprisingly, in spite of being an interesting cancer protecting agent on a variety of tumor cells, the normal cells and tissues are rarely affected by BA. Betulinic acid and analogues (BAs) generally exert through the mechanisms that provokes an event of direct cell death and bypass the resistance to normal chemotherapeutics. Although the major mechanism associated with its ability to induce direct cell death is mitochondrial apoptosis, there are several other mechanisms explored recently. Importantly, mathematical modeling of apoptosis has been an important tool to explore the precise mechanism involved in mitochondrial apoptosis. Thus, this review is an endeavor to sum up the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of BA and future directions to apply mathematical modeling technique to better understand the precise mechanism of BA-induced apoptosis. The last section of the review encompasses the plausible structural modifications and formulations to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Archana S Bhadauria
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273009, India
| | - Ashok K Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Sudipta Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India.
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25
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Structure and Anti-HIV Activity of Betulinic Acid Analogues. Curr Med Sci 2018; 38:387-397. [PMID: 30074203 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-018-1891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Firstly discovered in 1980s, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to affect more and more people. However, there is no effective drug available for the therapy of HIV infection. Betulinic acid existing in various medicinal herbs and fruits exhibits multiple biological effects, especially its outstanding anti-HIV activity, which has drawn the attentions of many pharmacists. Among the derivatives of betulinic acid, some compounds exhibited inhibitory activities at the nanomolar concentration, and have entered phase II clinical trials. This paper summarizes the current investigations on the anti-HIV activity of betulinic acid analogues, and provides valuable data for subsequent researches.
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26
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Pavlogradskaya LV, Shemyakina DA, Eroshenko DV, Borisova IA, Glushkov VA. Synthesis of Di- and Triterpenoid Ferrocenyltriazoles. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428018010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Bębenek E, Jastrzębska M, Kadela-Tomanek M, Chrobak E, Orzechowska B, Zwolińska K, Latocha M, Mertas A, Czuba Z, Boryczka S. Novel Triazole Hybrids of Betulin: Synthesis and Biological Activity Profile. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111876. [PMID: 29104263 PMCID: PMC6150379 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Betulin derivatives containing a 1,2,3-triazole ring possess a wide spectrum of biological activities, including antiviral, anticancer, and antibacterial activity. A series of novel triazoles were prepared by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between the alkyne derivatives of betulin and organic azides. The chemical structures of the obtained compounds were defined by ¹H and 13C NMR, IR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) analysis. The target triazoles were screened for their antiviral activity against DNA and RNA viruses. The cytotoxic activity of the obtained compounds 5a-k and 6a-h was determined using five human cancer cell lines (T47D, MCF-7, SNB-19, Colo-829, and C-32) by a WST-1 assay. The bistriazole 6b displayed a promising IC50 value (0.05 μM) against the human ductal carcinoma T47D (500-fold higher potency than cisplatin). The microdilution method was applied for an evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of all of the compounds. The triazole 5e containing a 3'-deoxythymidine-5'-yl moiety exhibited antibacterial activity against two gram-negative bacteria vz. Klebsiellapneumoniae and Escherichia coli (minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 0.95-1.95 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Bębenek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Maria Jastrzębska
- Department of Solid State Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 4 Uniwersytecka Str., 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland.
| | - Monika Kadela-Tomanek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Elwira Chrobak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Beata Orzechowska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Virology, 12 Rudolfa Weigla Str., 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Zwolińska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Virology, 12 Rudolfa Weigla Str., 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Latocha
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 8 Jedności Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec.
| | - Anna Mertas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 19 Jordana Str., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Zenon Czuba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 19 Jordana Str., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Stanisław Boryczka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
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Anh DTT, Giang LNT, Hien NT, Cuc DT, Thanh NH, Ha NTT, Chinh PT, Van Tuyen N, Van Kiem P. Synthesis and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Betulin–Triazole–AZT Hybrids. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701201010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Betulin was converted to the corresponding alkyne-functionalized esters and amides and subsequently deployed as substrates for a ‘click’ chemistry-mediated coupling with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythydimine (AZT) to furnish a novel betulin–triazole–AZT hybrid compounds. Eleven new hybrids were thus successfully prepared and evaluated as cytotoxic agents, revealing an interesting anticancer activity in KB and HepG2 cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Thi Tuyet Anh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Nhat Thuy Giang
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Hien
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Thi Cuc
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Ha Thanh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Ha
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham The Chinh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Tuyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phan Van Kiem
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, VAS, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Suman P, Patel A, Solano L, Jampana G, Gardner ZS, Holt CM, Jonnalagadda SC. Synthesis and cytotoxicity of Baylis-Hillman template derived betulinic acid-triazole conjugates. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Khlebnicova TS, Piven YA, Baranovsky AV, Lakhvich FA, Shishkina SV, Zicāne D, Tetere Z, Rāviņa I, Kumpiņš V, Rijkure I, Mieriņa I, Peipiņš U, Turks M. Synthesis of novel lupane triterpenoid-indazolone hybrids with oxime ester linkage. Steroids 2017; 117:77-89. [PMID: 27500691 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An efficient protocol for the synthesis of novel lupane triterpenoid-indazolone hybrids with oxime ester linkage has been developed from naturally accessible precursor betulin. For the first time a series of betulonic acid-indazolone hybrids have been synthesized via an acylation of corresponding 6,7-dihydro-1H-indazol-4(5H)-one oximes with betulonic acid chloride. Diastereoselective reduction of the obtained betulonic acid conjugates with NaBH4 resulted in a formation of betulinic acid-indazolone hybrids in excellent yields. The configuration of the key compounds has been fully established by X-ray and 2D NMR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana S Khlebnicova
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Acad. Kuprevicha Str. 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Yuri A Piven
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Acad. Kuprevicha Str. 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Alexander V Baranovsky
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Acad. Kuprevicha Str. 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Fedor A Lakhvich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Acad. Kuprevicha Str. 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Svetlana V Shishkina
- Institute for Single Crystals, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, pr. Lenina 60, Kharkiv 61001, Ukraine
| | - Daina Zicāne
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, Riga LV-1048, Latvia
| | - Zenta Tetere
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, Riga LV-1048, Latvia
| | - Irisa Rāviņa
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, Riga LV-1048, Latvia
| | - Viktors Kumpiņš
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, Riga LV-1048, Latvia
| | - Inese Rijkure
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, Riga LV-1048, Latvia
| | - Inese Mieriņa
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, Riga LV-1048, Latvia
| | - Uldis Peipiņš
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, Riga LV-1048, Latvia
| | - Māris Turks
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, Riga LV-1048, Latvia.
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Jonnalagadda S, Suman P, Morgan D, Seay J. Recent Developments on the Synthesis and Applications of Betulin and Betulinic Acid Derivatives as Therapeutic Agents. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63930-1.00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Huo Y, Gao Y, Mi J, Wang X, Jiang H, Zhang H. Isolation and Simultaneous Quantification of Nine Triterpenoids from Rosa davurica Pall. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 55:130-136. [PMID: 27733480 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Rosa davurica Pall. has been used as a traditional Oroqen medicine to treat dyspepsia, gastroenterologia, menoxenia and other diseases. In this study, the chemical constituents research on the fruit pulp of R. davurica led to the isolation and identification of nine bioactive pentacyclic triterpenoids and five of them were isolated from the plant for the first time. Subsequently a simple and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was established for the simultaneous quantification of the nine triterpenoids. The separation was performed on a Merges reverse phase (RP) C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column through 40 min gradient delivery of 0.05% phosphoric acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min at 30°C and the detection wavelength selected was 210 nm. All of the calibration curves showed good linearity (R2 > 0.9990) in the tested ranges. The limit of detection and the limit of quantitation were in the range of 0.21-1.27 μg/mL and 0.63-3.80 μg/mL, respectively. The established method also showed good precision, repeatability and recovery and can be used to the routine quality control of R. davurica and other herbs containing pentacyclic triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayu Huo
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jie Mi
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xinrui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Huimin Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
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Gao P, Sun L, Zhou J, Li X, Zhan P, Liu X. Discovery of novel anti-HIV agents via Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click chemistry-based approach. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:857-71. [PMID: 27400283 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1210125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, a variety of new synthetic methodologies and concepts have been proposed in the search for new pharmaceutical lead structures and optimization. Notably, the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click chemistry approach has drawn great attention and has become a powerful tool for the generation of privileged medicinal skeletons in the discovery of anti-HIV agents. This is due to the high degree of reliability, complete specificity (chemoselectivity and regioselectivity), mild conditions, and the biocompatibility of the reactants. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors describe the progress thus far on the discovery of novel anti-HIV agents via the CuAAC click chemistry-based approach. EXPERT OPINION CuAAC click chemistry is a proven protocol for synthesizing triazole products which could serve as basic pharmacophores, act as replacements of traditional scaffold or substituent modification, be a linker of dual-target or dual-site inhibitors and more for the discovery of novel anti-HIV agents. What's more, it also provides convenience and feasibility for dynamic combinatorial chemistry and in situ screening. It is envisioned that click chemistry will draw more attention and make more contributions in anti-HIV drug discovery in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gao
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , P. R. China
| | - Lin Sun
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , P. R. China
| | - Junsu Zhou
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , P. R. China
| | - Xiao Li
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhan
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , P. R. China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , P. R. China
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Kacprzak K, Skiera I, Piasecka M, Paryzek Z. Alkaloids and Isoprenoids Modification by Copper(I)-Catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition (Click Chemistry): Toward New Functions and Molecular Architectures. Chem Rev 2016; 116:5689-743. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karol Kacprzak
- Bioorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Ul. Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Iwona Skiera
- Bioorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Ul. Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Monika Piasecka
- Bioorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Ul. Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Zdzisław Paryzek
- Bioorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Ul. Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Betulin alleviated ethanol-induced alcoholic liver injury via SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway. Pharmacol Res 2016; 105:1-12. [PMID: 26776965 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of betulin, a triterpene from the bark of Betula platyphylla Suk, against ethanol-induced alcoholic liver injury and its possible underlying mechanisms. In vitro, human hepatic stellate cell line, LX-2 cells were treated with betulin (6.25, 12.5 and 25 μM) prior to ethanol (50mM) for 24h. Cell viability was analyzed by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay, protein expressions were assessed by Western blot. In vivo, we induced alcoholic liver injury in male C57BL/6 mice, placing them on Lieber-DeCarli ethanol-containing diets for 10 days and then administering a single dose of ethanol (5 g/kg body weight) via gavage. Betulin (20 and 50mg/kg) were given by gavage every day. In vitro results showed that betulin effectively decreased LX-2 cell viability, attenuated collagen-I, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) levels, activated liver kinase B-1 (LKB1) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. Betulin suppressed the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), and genetic deletion of AMPK blocked the effect of betulin on SREBP-1 in ethanol treated LX-2 cells. In vivo, betulin attenuated the increases in serum aminotransferase and triglyceride levels in the mice fed with chronic-binge ethanol, while significantly inhibited SREBP-1 expression and activated LKB1-AMPK phosphorylation. Additionally, betulin enhanced the sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression mediated by ethanol. Taken together, betulin alleviates alcoholic liver injury possibly through blocking the regulation of SREBP-1 on fatty acid synthesis and activating SIRT1-LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway.
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Ali-Seyed M, Jantan I, Vijayaraghavan K, Bukhari SNA. Betulinic Acid: Recent Advances in Chemical Modifications, Effective Delivery, and Molecular Mechanisms of a Promising Anticancer Therapy. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 87:517-36. [PMID: 26535952 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An important method of drug discovery is examination of diverse life forms, including medicinal plants and natural products or bioactive compounds isolated from these sources. In cancer research, lead structures of compounds from natural sources can be used to design novel chemotherapies with enhanced biological properties. Betulinic acid (3β-hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid or BetA) is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpene with a wide variety of biological activities, including potent antitumor properties. Non-malignant cells and normal tissues are not affected by BetA. Because BetA exerts its effects directly on the mitochondrion and triggers death of cancerous cells, it is an important alternative when certain chemotherapy drugs fail. Mitochondrion-targeted agents such as BetA hold great promise to circumvent drug resistance in human cancers. BetA is being developed by a large network of clinical trial groups with the support of the U.S. National Cancer Institute. This article discusses recent advances in research into anticancer activity of BetA, relevant modes of delivery, and the agent's therapeutic efficacy, mechanism of action, and future perspective as a pipeline anticancer drug. BetA is a potentially important agent in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali-Seyed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti, Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), The National University of Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300, Malaysia.,School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman University, Vandalur, Chennai, 600048, India
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti, Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), The National University of Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300, Malaysia
| | | | - Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti, Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), The National University of Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300, Malaysia
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Endogenous and Exogenous Calcium Involved in the Betulin Production from Submerged Culture of Phellinus linteus Induced by Hydrogen Sulfide. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 178:594-603. [PMID: 26472674 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1896-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Using pharmacological and biochemical approaches, Ca(2+) involved in the betulin production in mycelia of Phellinus linteus induced by hydrogen sulfide (H2S) were investigated. The results showed that 2 mM H2S donor NaHS or 10 mM CaCl2 was found to enhance the betulin content in the mycelia of Phellinus to the maximum, which were 112.43 and 93.24% higher than that in the control, respectively. Further, NaHS and CaCl2 co-treatment also showed positive outcome, which were 128.95 or 24.52% higher than that in the control or NaHS treatment. At the same time, NaHS also enhanced the content of Ca(2+) and CaM. But, the above positive inductive effects for Ca(2+), CaM, and betulin production can be blocked with either Ca(2+) channel blocker (LaCl3, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate) or Ca(2+) chelator (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)). Among of them, betulin content was reduced 35.06% by NaHS and EGTA to the minimum, and this reduction could be reversed by the application of CaCl2 (NaHS + EGTA + CaCl2). From above results, it can be concluded that endogenous and exogenous calcium involved in the betulin production from submerged culture of P. linteus induced by hydrogen sulfide.
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel betulinic acid derivative as an inducer of apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells (HT-29). Eur J Med Chem 2015; 102:93-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Synthesis of Betulin 28-(2-Bromoacetate) Conjugates with Uracil and its Methyl-Substituted Homologs. Chem Nat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-015-1325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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40
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Sidoryk K, Korda A, Rárová L, Oklešťková J, Strnad M, Cmoch P, Pakulski Z, Gwardiak K, Karczewski R, Luboradzki R. Synthesis and biological activity of new homolupanes and homolupane saponins. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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41
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New hybrids between triterpenoid acids and nucleoside HIV-RT inhibitors. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Synthesis and cytotoxic evaluation of novel amide–triazole-linked triterpenoid–AZT conjugates. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Shi W, Tang N, Yan WD. Synthesis and cytotoxicity of triterpenoids derived from betulin and betulinic acid via click chemistry. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2014; 17:159-169. [PMID: 25379995 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2014.979164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a series of triazole substituted betulin and betulinic acid derivatives was designed and synthesized via click chemistry at C-30 position. Eighteen target compounds were evaluated in vitro for their antitumor activities against leukemia cell-line HL-60. Seventeen compounds have not reported before. The cytotoxic experiment showed that most of betulinic acid derived triazoles have higher cytotoxic profile than betulinic acid. Among them, compound 30-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl] betulinic acid (7b) showed the best IC50 value (1.3 μM) against leukemia cell-line HL-60 (eight- to ninefold higher potency than betulinic acid).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- a Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
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Anikina LV, Shemyakina DA, Pavlogradskaya LV, Nedugov AN, Glushkov VA. Synthesis of ferrocene conjugates with di- and triterpenes by click chemistry method. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428014080181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Farooq S, Shakeel-u-Rehman, Hussain A, Hamid A, Qurishi MA, Koul S. Click chemistry inspired synthesis and bioevaluation of novel triazolyl derivatives of osthol as potent cytotoxic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 84:545-54. [PMID: 25062005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new series of diverse triazoles linked through the hydroxyl group of lactone ring opened osthol (1) were synthesized using click chemistry approach. All the derivatives were subjected to 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-yl)-diphenyl tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) cytotoxicity screening against a panel of seven different human cancer cell lines viz. colon (colo-205), colon (HCT-116), breast (T47D), lung (NCI-H322), lung (A549), prostate (PC-3) and Skin (A-431) to check their cytotoxic potential. Interestingly, among the tested molecules, most of the analogs displayed better cytotoxic activity than the parent osthol (1). Of the synthesized triazoles, compounds 8 showed the best activity with IC50 of 1.3, 4.9, 3.6, 41.0, 35.2, 26.4 and 7.2 μM against colon (Colo-205 and HCT-116), breast (T47D), lung (NCI-H322 and A549), prostate (PC-3) and Skin (A-431) cancer lines respectively. Compound 8 induced potent apoptotic effects in Colo-205 cells. The population of apoptotic cells increased from 11.4% in case of negative control to 24.1% at 25 μM of 8. Compound 8 also induced a remarkable decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΛΨm) leading to apoptosis of cancer cells used. The present study resulted in identification of broad spectrum cytotoxic activity of analogs bearing electron withdrawing substituents, besides the enhanced selective activity of analogs with electron donating moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Farooq
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.
| | - Shakeel-u-Rehman
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar 190005, India
| | - Aashiq Hussain
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Abid Hamid
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Mushtaq A Qurishi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Surrinder Koul
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.
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Mohebbi M, Salehi P, Bararjanian M, Aliahmadi A, Safavi-Sohi R, Ghasemi JB. Synthesis, antibacterial activity, and CoMFA study of new 1,2,3-triazolyl 7-carboxamidodesacetoxy cephalosporanic acid derivatives. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Pettit GR, Melody N, Hempenstall F, Chapuis JC, Groy TL, Williams L. Antineoplastic agents. 595. Structural modifications of betulin and the X-ray crystal structure of an unusual betulin amine dimer. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:863-72. [PMID: 24694263 PMCID: PMC4010298 DOI: 10.1021/np400947d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The lupane-type triterpene betulin (1) has been subjected to a series of structural modifications for the purpose of evaluating resultant cancer cell growth inhibitory activity. The reaction sequence 7→11→12 was especially noteworthy in providing a betulin-derived amine dimer. Other unexpected synthetic results included the 11 and 13/14→17 conversions, which yielded an imidazo derivative. X-ray crystal structures of dimer 12 and intermediate 25 are reported. All of the betulin modifications were examined for anticancer activity against the P388 murine and human cell lines. Significant cancer cell growth inhibition was found for 4, 8, 9, 15/16, 19, 20, 24, and 26, which further defines the utility of the betulin scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R. Pettit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Noeleen Melody
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Frank Hempenstall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Jean-Charles Chapuis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Thomas L. Groy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
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Emmerich D, Vanchanagiri K, Baratto LC, Schmidt H, Paschke R. Synthesis and studies of anticancer properties of lupane-type triterpenoid derivatives containing a cisplatin fragment. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 75:460-6. [PMID: 24561674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Both betulinic acid 1 and cisplatin are promising antitumor agents, which induce apoptotic cell death of cancer cells. In the present investigation a new series of betulinic acid-cisplatin conjugates were synthesized and cytotoxicity and selectivity were assessed against five different tumor cell lines. The aim was to combine two structural units, both related with apoptosis induction. The derivatives exerted a dose-dependent antiproliferative action at micromolar concentrations and the effect of these structural variations on anticancer activity was studied and discussed. Several compounds revealed significant antitumor activity, as the most active substance 3-O-acetylbetulinic (2-(2-aminoethyl)aminoethyl)amide (IC50=1.30-2.24 μM). Interestingly, Betulinic acid-cisplatin conjugates were less cytotoxic than the precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Emmerich
- Biozentrum, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kranthi Vanchanagiri
- Biozentrum, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Leopoldo C Baratto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, 81531-970 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Harry Schmidt
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Reinhard Paschke
- Biozentrum, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Kotovshchikov YN, Latyshev GV, Lukashev NV, Beletskaya IP. Synthesis of novel 1,2,3-triazolyl derivatives of pregnane, androstane andd-homoandrostane. Tandem “click” reaction/Cu-catalyzedd-homo rearrangement. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:3707-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00404c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Khan I, Sangwan PL, Dar AA, Rafiq RA, Farrukh MR, Dhar JK, Tasduq SA, Koul S. A validated high-performance thin-layer chromatography method for the identification and simultaneous quantification of six markers from Platanus orientalis
and their cytotoxic profiles against skin cancer cell lines. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2602-10. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division; CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Jammu Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - Payare L. Sangwan
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division; CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Jammu Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - Alamgir A. Dar
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division; CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Jammu Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - Rather A. Rafiq
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division; CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Jammu Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - Mufti R. Farrukh
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division; CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Jammu Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - Jagdish K. Dhar
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division; CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Jammu Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - Sheikh A. Tasduq
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division; CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Jammu Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - Surrinder Koul
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division; CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Jammu Jammu and Kashmir India
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