An efficient one-pot synthesis of functionally diverse 2-aminothiazoles from isothiocyanates, amidines/guanidines and halomethylenes

Glucose regulation by newly synthesized boronic acid functionalized molecules as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor: a potential compound for therapeutic intervention in hyperglycaemia

Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitors is gaining precedence as this enzyme plays an indispensable role in cleaving and inactivating peptides, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), incretin hormones, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). There are several DPP IV inhibitors used to treat T2DM, but limited by side effects such as disturbed GIT, flu-like symptoms, etc. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of novel and better DPP IV inhibitors for the management of the same. In the present study, we investigated the effect of new boronic acid-based thiazole compounds as DPP IV inhibitors. We used substituted anilines that were progressively modified through a multi-step synthesis and then chemically characterised. These molecules have good binding affinity and molecular interactions at the active site of the DPP IV enzyme. Two boronic acid-based molecules, i.e. PC06R58 and PC06R108, were used for the assessment of their in-vitro enzymatic activities. Both molecules (PC06108 and PC06R58) exhibited potent uncompetitive DPP IV enzyme inhibition at two different concentrations of 90.9 and 15.6 nM, respectively, compared to sitagliptin having an IC50 of 17.3 nM. Furthermore, the oral glucose tolerance test suggested significantly reduced blood glucose levels at 20 mg/kg of the body weight upon administration of PC06R58 and PC06R108 molecules in rats after glucose ingestion (2 g/kg of the body weight). The compounds showed satisfactory DPP IV inhibition. Furthermore, DPP IV inhibitory activity and acceptable pre-ADME/Tox profile indicate it is a lead compound in this novel class of DPP IV inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

An Overview on Synthetic 2-Aminothiazole-Based Compounds Associated with Four Biological Activities

Amongst sulfur- and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, the 2-aminothiazole scaffold is one of the characteristic structures in drug development as this essential revelation has several biological activities abiding it to act as an anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent, among other things. Additionally, various 2-aminothiazole-based derivatives as medical drugs have been broadly used to remedy different kinds of diseases with high therapeutic influence, which has led to their wide innovations. Owing to their wide scale of biological activities, their structural variations have produced attention amongst medicinal chemists. The present review highlights the recently synthesized 2-aminothiazole-containing compounds in the last thirteen years (2008-2020). The originality of this proposal is based on the synthetic strategies developed to access the novel 2-aminothiazole derivatives (N-substituted, 3-substituted, 4-substituted, multi-substituted, aryl/alkyl substituents or acyl/other substituents). The literature reports many synthetic pathways of these 2-aminothiazoles associated with four different biological activities (anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities). It is wished that this review will be accommodating for new views in the expedition for rationalistic designs of 2-aminothiazole-based medical synthetic pathways.

Access to highly substituted oxazoles by the reaction of α-azidochalcone with potassium thiocyanate

The reactivity of α-azidochalcones has been explored for the preparation of highly substituted oxazoles via a 2H-azirine intermediate. The azidochalcones, when treated with potassium thiocyanate in the presence of potassium persulfate, lead to 2,4,5-trisubstituted oxazoles in good yields. Incidentally, 2-aminothiazoles are the products when ferric nitrate is employed instead of persulfate in the above reaction.

Pharmacological investigation of quinoxaline-bisthiazoles as multitarget-directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent disease of old age leading to dementia. Complex AD pathogenesis involves multiple factors viz. amyloid plaque formation, neurofibrillary tangles and inflammation. Herein we report of a new series of quinoxaline-bisthiazoles as multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) targeting BACE-1 and inflammation concurrently. Virtual screening of a library of novel quinoxaline-bisthiazoles was performed by docking studies. The most active molecules from the docking library were taken up for synthesis and characterized by spectral data. Compounds 8a-8n showed BACE-1 inhibition in micro molar range. One of the compounds, 8n showed BACE-1 inhibition at IC₅₀ of 3 ± 0.07 µM. Rat paw edema inhibition in acute and chronic models of inflammation were obtained at 69 ± 0.45% and 55 ± 0.7%, respectively. Compound 8n also showed noteworthy results in AlCl₃ induced AD model. The treated rats exhibited excellent antiamnesic, antiamyloid, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. Behavioural parameters suggested improved cognitive functions which further validates the testimony of present study. Moreover, compound 8n was found to have inherent gastrointestinal safety. This new string of quinoxaline-bisthiazoles were identified as effective lead for the generation of potent MTDLs and compound 8n was found to showcase qualities to tackle AD pathogenesis.