1
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Moharir S, Akotkar L, Aswar U, Kumar D, Gawade B, Pal K, Rane R. Improved Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profile of Deuterium-Reinforced Tricyclic Antidepressants Doxepin, Dosulepin, and Clomipramine in Animal Models. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 49:181-190. [PMID: 38172422 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-023-00870-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Doxepin, dosulepin, and clomipramine are tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) that act as serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors. The metabolites formed by N-dealkylation of these tricyclic antidepressants contribute to overall poor pharmacokinetics and efficacy. Deuteration of the methyl groups at metabolically active sites has been reported to be a useful strategy for developing more selective and potent antidepressants. This isotopic deuteration can lead to better bioavailability and overall effectiveness. The objective is to study the effect of site-selective deuteration of TCAs on their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile by comparison with their nondeuterated counterparts. METHODS In the current study, the pharmacokinetic profile and antidepressant behavior of deuterated TCAs were evaluated using the forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST), using male Wistar rats and male Swiss albino mice, respectively; additionally, a synaptosomal reuptake study was carried out. RESULTS Compared with the nondeuterated parent drugs, deuterated forms showed improved efficacy in the behavior paradigm, indicating improved pharmacological activity. The pharmacokinetic parameters indicated increased maximum concentration in the plasma (Cmax), elimination half-life (t1/2), and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) in deuterated compounds. This can have a positive clinical impact on antidepressant treatment. Synaptosomal reuptake studies indicated marked inhibition of the reuptake mechanism of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine. CONCLUSIONS Deuterated TCAs can prove to be potentially better molecules in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders as compared with nondeuterated compounds. In addition, we have demonstrated a concept that metabolically active, site-selective deuteration can be beneficial for improving the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of TCAs. A further toxicological study of these compounds is needed to validate their future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyash Moharir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, 411038, India
| | - Likhit Akotkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, 411038, India
| | - Urmila Aswar
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, 411038, India
| | - Dileep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, 411038, India
| | - Bapu Gawade
- Cleanchem Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd., Kopar-Khairane, Navi Mumbai, 400710, India
| | - Kavita Pal
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Rajesh Rane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, 411038, India.
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2
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Sonstrom RE, Vang ZP, Scolati HN, Neill JL, Pate BH, Clark JR. Rapid Enantiomeric Excess Measurements of Enantioisotopomers by Molecular Rotational Resonance Spectroscopy. Org Process Res Dev 2023; 27:1185-1197. [PMID: 38046274 PMCID: PMC10691865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent work in drug discovery has shown that selectively deuterated small molecules can improve the safety and efficacy for active pharmaceutical ingredients. The advantages derive from changes in metabolism resulting from the kinetic isotope effect when deuterium is substituted for a hydrogen atom at a structural position where rate limiting C-H bond breaking occurs. This application has pushed the development of precision deuteration strategies in synthetic chemistry that can install deuterium atoms with high regioselectivity and with stereocontrol. Copper-catalyzed alkene transfer hydrodeuteration chemistry has recently been shown to have high stereoselectivity for deuteration at the metabolically important benzyl C-H position. In this case, stereocontrol results in the creation of enantioisotopomers-molecules that are chiral solely by virtue of the deuterium substitution-and chiral analysis techniques are needed to assess the reaction selectivity. It was recently shown that chiral tag molecular rotational resonance (MRR) spectroscopy provides a routine way to measure the enantiomeric excess and establish the absolute configuration of enantioisotopomers. High-throughput implementations of chiral tag MRR spectroscopy are needed to support optimization of the chemical synthesis. A measurement methodology for high-throughput chiral analysis is demonstrated in this work. The high-throughput ee measurements are performed using cavity-enhanced MRR spectroscopy, which reduces measurement times and sample consumption by more than an order-of-magnitude compared to the previous enantioisotopomer analysis using a broadband MRR spectrometer. It is also shown that transitions for monitoring the enantiomers can be selected from a broadband rotational spectrum without the need for spectroscopic analysis. The general applicability of chiral tag MRR spectroscopy is illustrated by performing chiral analysis on six enantioisotopomer reaction products using a single molecule as the tag for chiral discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoua Pa Vang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United States
| | - Haley N Scolati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Justin L Neill
- BrightSpec Inc., Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Brooks H Pate
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Joseph R Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United States
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3
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Chandra Mouli HM, Vinod A, Kumari S, Tiwari AK, Kathiravan MK, Ravichandiran V, Peraman R. Deuterated driven new chemical entities: An optimistic way to improve therapeutic efficacy. Bioorg Chem 2023; 135:106490. [PMID: 37001472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
In organic chemistry, the use of deuterium exchange as a tool to study the mechanism of chemical reaction has been well explored. Since two decades, the research focus on deuterated bioactive molecules has been gaining attention for investigating the therapeutic potential of deuterium replacement in a chemical structure. Recently, Food Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first deuterium-labeled drug "deutetrabenazine", and notified the deuterated drugs as new chemical entities (NCEs). Henceforth, the deuterium substitution driven structure activity relationship, preclinical pharmacokinetics, and toxicity studies were much initiated. Deuteration of a bioactive molecule often results in improved therapeutic efficacy due to the altered pharmacokinetic profile. This review provides a conceptual framework on the importance of deuterium atom in chemical structure of a drug, and its biological value in improved physiochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, biological target interaction, diagnosis, and toxicity. In addition, this review concisely updated the recent deuteration methods, chemical stability, challenges in drug development, deuterium-based imaging in diagnosis, and selected synthetic scheme of deuterated molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Chandra Mouli
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar 844102, India
| | - Adithya Vinod
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar 844102, India
| | - Shikha Kumari
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, OH 43614, United States
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, OH 43614, United States
| | - M K Kathiravan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Kattankulathur 603203, India
| | - V Ravichandiran
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar 844102, India
| | - Ramalingam Peraman
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar 844102, India.
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4
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Hintzsche SJ, Vang ZP, Rivera Torres E, Podoski M, Clark JR. Highly selective catalytic transfer hydrodeuteration of cyclic alkenes. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2023; 66:86-94. [PMID: 36772856 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Selective deuterium installation into small molecules is becoming increasingly desirable not only for the elucidation of mechanistic pathways and studying biological processes but also because of deuterium's ability to favorably adjust the pharmacokinetic parameters of bioactive molecules. Fused bicyclic moieties, especially those containing heteroatoms, are prevalent in drug discovery and pharmaceuticals. Herein, we report a copper-catalyzed transfer hydrodeuteration of cyclic and heterocyclic alkenes, which enables the synthesis of chromans, quinolinones, and tetrahydronaphthalenes that are precisely deuterated at the benzylic position. We also demonstrate the ability to place one deuterium atom at the homobenzylic site of these scaffolds with high regioselectivity by swapping transfer reagents for their isotopic analogs. Furthermore, examples of chemoselective transfer hydrogenation and transfer deuteration are disclosed, allowing for the simultaneous incorporation of two vicinal hydrogen or deuterium atoms into a double bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Hintzsche
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Zoua Pa Vang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Mykaela Podoski
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joseph R Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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5
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Abstract
Deuterated chemicals are becoming irreplaceable in pharmaceutical engineering, material science and synthetic chemistry. Many excellent reviews have discussed acid/base-dependent or metal-catalyzed deuteration reactions, but radical deuterations have been discussed less. With the development of radical chemistry, there has been a rapid growth in radical deuterium-labelling technology. Diverse mild, cheap and efficient strategies for deuterium atom installation have been reported, and this review summarizes the recent achievements of radical deuteration classified by the reaction types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yantao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiaopeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China. .,Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
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6
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Kopf S, Bourriquen F, Li W, Neumann H, Junge K, Beller M. Recent Developments for the Deuterium and Tritium Labeling of Organic Molecules. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6634-6718. [PMID: 35179363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organic compounds labeled with hydrogen isotopes play a crucial role in numerous areas, from materials science to medicinal chemistry. Indeed, while the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium gives rise to improved absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties in drugs and enables the preparation of internal standards for analytical mass spectrometry, the use of tritium-labeled compounds is a key technique all along drug discovery and development in the pharmaceutical industry. For these reasons, the interest in new methodologies for the isotopic enrichment of organic molecules and the extent of their applications are equally rising. In this regard, this Review intends to comprehensively discuss the new developments in this area over the last years (2017-2021). Notably, besides the fundamental hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reactions and the use of isotopically labeled analogues of common organic reagents, a plethora of reductive and dehalogenative deuteration techniques and other transformations with isotope incorporation are emerging and are now part of the labeling toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kopf
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Wu Li
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Kathrin Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., 18059 Rostock, Germany
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7
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Reyes A, Torres ER, Vang ZP, Clark JR. Highly Regioselective Copper-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrodeuteration of Unactivated Terminal Alkenes. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104340. [PMID: 34882859 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic transfer hydrodeuteration of unactivated alkenes is challenging because of the requirement that chemically similar hydrogen and deuterium undergo selective insertion across a π-bond. We now report a highly regioselective catalytic transfer hydrodeuteration of unactivated terminal alkenes across a variety of heteroatom- or heterocycle-containing substrates. The base-metal-catalyzed reaction is also demonstrated on two complex natural products. Reaction studies indicate modular conditions that can also be extended to perform either an alkene transfer hydrogenation or transfer deuteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Reyes
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233-1881, USA
| | | | - Zoua Pa Vang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233-1881, USA
| | - Joseph R Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233-1881, USA
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8
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Yang X, Ben H, Ragauskas AJ. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Deuterium‐Labeled Compounds. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of BioFibers and Eco-textiles Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 P. R. China
| | - Haoxi Ben
- State Key Laboratory of BioFibers and Eco-textiles Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 P. R. China
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- Center for Renewable Carbon Department of Forestry Wildlife and Fisheries University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture Knoxville TN 37996 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
- Joint Institute for Biological Science Biosciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI) Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
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9
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Ito S, Takahashi F, Yorimitsu H. Defluorinative Diborasodiation of Benzotrifluorides with Bis(pinacolato)Diboron and Sodium. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Ito
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Fumiya Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Hideki Yorimitsu
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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10
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Li H, Peng M, Lai Z, Ning L, Chen X, Zhang X, Wang P, Szostak R, Szostak M, An J. Acyl fluorides as direct precursors to fluoride ketyl radicals: reductive deuteration using SmI 2 and D 2O. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5195-5198. [PMID: 33908475 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01381e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly chemoselective reductive deuteration of acyl fluorides to provide α,α-dideuterio alcohols with exquisite levels of deuterium incorporation was developed using SmI2 and D2O as the deuterium source. This method introduces acyl fluorides as attractive radical precursors for the generation of reactive acyl-type fluoride ketyls that should find widespread application in many synthetic strategies involving single electron transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengzhao Li
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China. and Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengqi Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zemin Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Ning
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xingyue Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Pengjie Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Roman Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University, F. Joliot-Curie 14, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA.
| | - Jie An
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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11
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Asako S, Ilies L, De PB. Recent Advances in the Use of Sodium Dispersion for Organic Synthesis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1478-7061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThis short review describes the recent emergence of organosodium chemistry, motivated by the requirements of modern synthetic chemistry for sustainability, and powered by the use of sodium dispersion, a form of sodium that is commercially available, easy to handle, and has a large active surface area. We present recent methods for the preparation of organosodium compounds using sodium dispersion, and their applications to synthesis. Sodium amides and phosphides are also briefly discussed.1 Introduction2 Sodium Dispersion3 Preparation of Organosodium Compounds3.1 Two-Electron Reduction of Aryl Halides3.2 Halogen–Sodium Exchange3.3 Directed Metalation3.4 Cleavage of C–C and C–Heteroatom Bonds4 Synthetic Applications4.1 Reduction in Combination with a Proton Source4.1.1 Bouveault–Blanc Reduction4.1.2 Birch Reduction4.1.3 Reductive Deuteration4.1.4 Chemoselective Cleavage of Amides and Nitriles4.2 Difunctionalization of Alkenes and Alkynes5 Sodium Amides and Phosphides6 Conclusions and Outlook
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12
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Ning L, Li H, Lai Z, Szostak M, Chen X, Dong Y, Jin S, An J. Synthesis of α-Deuterated Primary Amines via Reductive Deuteration of Oximes Using D 2O as a Deuterium Source. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2907-2916. [PMID: 33486945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Selective introduction of the deuterium atom into the α-position of amines is important for the development of all types of novel deuterated drugs and agrochemicals due to the pervasive presence of amines. In this study, we report the first general single-electron-transfer reductive deuteration of both ketoximes and aldoximes using SmI2 as an electron donor and D2O as a deuterium source for the synthesis of α-deuterated primary amines with excellent levels of deuterium incorporations (>95% [D]). This protocol exhibits excellent chemoselectivity and tolerates a variety of functional groups. The potential application of this new method was showcased in the synthesis of deuterated drugs, such as rimantadine-d4, the tebufenpyrad analogue, derivatives of nabumetone and pregnenolone, and a series of building blocks for the rapid and general assembly of deuterated drugs and pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ning
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hengzhao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zemin Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Xingyue Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanhong Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuhui Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie An
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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13
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He Y, Yang H, Gao D, Ma J, Shao Y, An G, Li G. Visible Light-Mediated Metal-Free Decarboxylative Deuteration of Carboxylic Acid. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202111014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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15
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Liu X, Liu R, Qiu J, Cheng X, Li G. Chemical‐Reductant‐Free Electrochemical Deuteration Reaction using Deuterium Oxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering National Demonstration Center for, Experimental Chemistry Education Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Ruoyu Liu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering National Demonstration Center for, Experimental Chemistry Education Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jiaxing Qiu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering National Demonstration Center for, Experimental Chemistry Education Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering National Demonstration Center for, Experimental Chemistry Education Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering National Demonstration Center for, Experimental Chemistry Education Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas Tech University Lubbock TX USA
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16
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Liu X, Liu R, Qiu J, Cheng X, Li G. Chemical-Reductant-Free Electrochemical Deuteration Reaction using Deuterium Oxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13962-13967. [PMID: 32394494 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a method for the electrochemical deuteration of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds under catalyst- and external-reductant-free conditions, with deuteration rates as high as 99 % and yields up to 91 % in 2 h. The use of graphite felt for both the cathode and the anode was key to ensuring chemoselectivity and high deuterium incorporation under neutral conditions without the need for an external reductant. This method has a number of advantages over previously reported deuteration reactions that use stoichiometric metallic reductants. Mechanistic experiments showed that O2 evolution at the anode not only eliminates the need for an external reductant but also regulates the pH of the reaction mixture, keeping it approximately neutral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for, Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ruoyu Liu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for, Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiaxing Qiu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for, Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for, Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for, Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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17
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Li H, Hou Y, Liu C, Lai Z, Ning L, Szostak R, Szostak M, An J. Pentafluorophenyl Esters: Highly Chemoselective Ketyl Precursors for the Synthesis of α,α-Dideuterio Alcohols Using SmI2 and D2O as a Deuterium Source. Org Lett 2020; 22:1249-1253. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hengzhao Li
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuxia Hou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chengwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Zemin Lai
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Ning
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Roman Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University, F. Joliot-Curie 14, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Jie An
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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18
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Ding Y, Luo S, Weng C, An J. Reductive Deuteration of Nitriles Using D2O as a Deuterium Source. J Org Chem 2019; 84:15098-15105. [PMID: 31610121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Ding
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shihui Luo
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chaoqun Weng
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie An
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
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19
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Wang MM, Sui GH, Cui XC, Wang H, Qu JP, Kang YB. Radical α,β-Dehydrogenation of Saturated Amides via α-Oxidation with TEMPO under Transition Metal-Free Conditions. J Org Chem 2019; 84:8267-8274. [PMID: 31188594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A transition metal-free radical process for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of saturated amides under mild conditions is developed. Utilizing radical activation strategy, the challenging issue associated with the low α-acidity of amides is resolved. For the first time, α,β-unsaturated Weinreb amides and acrylamides could be efficiently prepared directly from corresponding saturated amides. Mechanistic studies confirm the radical nature of this transformation. Two gram scale α,β-dehydrogenation have also been performed to demonstrate the utility of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Mei Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Guo-Hui Sui
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Xian-Chao Cui
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Jian-Ping Qu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Yan-Biao Kang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
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20
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Asako S, Kodera M, Nakajima H, Takai K. Lithium‐Free Synthesis of Sodium 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidide and Its Synthetic Applications. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sobi Asako
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and TechnologyOkayama University 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
- Present Address: RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masato Kodera
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and TechnologyOkayama University 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Hirotaka Nakajima
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and TechnologyOkayama University 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and TechnologyOkayama University 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
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21
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Selective C-N σ Bond Cleavage in Azetidinyl Amides under Transition Metal-Free Conditions. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030459. [PMID: 30696043 PMCID: PMC6384560 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionalization of amide bond via the cleavage of a non-carbonyl, C-N σ bond remains under-investigated. In this work, a transition-metal-free single-electron transfer reaction has been developed for the C-N σ bond cleavage of N-acylazetidines using the electride derived from sodium dispersions and 15-crown-5. Of note, less strained cyclic amides and acyclic amides are stable under the reaction conditions, which features the excellent chemoselectivity of the reaction. This method is amenable to a range of unhindered and sterically encumbered azetidinyl amides.
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22
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Ding Y, Luo S, Adijiang A, Zhao H, An J. Reductive Deuteration of Nitriles: The Synthesis of α,α-Dideuterio Amines by Sodium-Mediated Electron Transfer Reactions. J Org Chem 2018; 83:12269-12274. [PMID: 30091922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The first general reductive deuteration of nitriles under single-electron transfer conditions has been developed for the synthesis of α,α-dideuterio amines. This practical and cost-efficient protocol requires only bench stable and commercially available sodium dispersions and EtOD- d1 and allows for the reductive deuteration of a variety of nitriles in excellent yields and deuterium incorporations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Ding
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Shihui Luo
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Adila Adijiang
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Hongye Zhao
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Jie An
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
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23
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Lei P, Ding Y, Zhang X, Adijiang A, Li H, Ling Y, An J. A Practical and Chemoselective Ammonia-Free Birch Reduction. Org Lett 2018; 20:3439-3442. [PMID: 29846078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel protocol for a significantly improved, practical, and chemoselective ammonia-free Birch reduction mediated by bench-stable sodium dispersions and recoverable 15-crown-5 ether is reported. A broad range of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds is reduced with excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lei
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Yuxuan Ding
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Xiaohe Zhang
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Adila Adijiang
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Hengzhao Li
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Yun Ling
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Jie An
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
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24
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Zhang B, Li H, Ding Y, Yan Y, An J. Reduction and Reductive Deuteration of Tertiary Amides Mediated by Sodium Dispersions with Distinct Proton Donor-Dependent Chemoselectivity. J Org Chem 2018; 83:6006-6014. [PMID: 29750511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A practical and scalable single electron transfer reduction mediated by sodium dispersions has been developed for the reduction and reductive deuteration of tertiary amides. The chemoselectivity of this method highly depends on the nature of the proton donor. The challenging reduction via C-N bond cleavage has been achieved using Na/EtOH, affording alcohol products, while the use of Na/NaOH/H2O leads to the formation of amines via selective C-O scission. Sodium dispersions with high specific surface areas are crucial to obtain high yields and good chemoselectivity. This new method tolerates a range of tertiary amides. Moreover, the corresponding reductive deuterations mediated by Na/EtOD- d1 and Na/NaOH/D2O afford useful α,α-dideuterio alcohols and α,α-dideuterio amines with an excellent deuterium content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Hengzhao Li
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Yuxuan Ding
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Yuhao Yan
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Jie An
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
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25
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Han M, Ding Y, Yan Y, Li H, Luo S, Adijiang A, Ling Y, An J. Transition-Metal-Free, Selective Reductive Deuteration of Terminal Alkynes with Sodium Dispersions and EtOD- d 1. Org Lett 2018; 20:3010-3013. [PMID: 29733218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A transition-metal-free single electron transfer reaction has been developed for the synthesis of [D3]-alkenes from terminal alkynes using sodium dispersions as the electron donor and EtOD- d1 as the deuterium source. Both reagents are cost-effective and bench-stable. This practical method exhibits remarkable terminal alkyne selectivity and exclusive alkene selectivity. Excellent deuterium incorporations and yields were achieved across a broad range of terminal alkynes without olefin isomerization. Of note, this reaction is highly solvent dependent. n-Hexane provides unique enhancement to this reductive deuteration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Han
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Yuxuan Ding
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Yuhao Yan
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Hengzhao Li
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Shihui Luo
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Adila Adijiang
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Yun Ling
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Jie An
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
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