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Shinde D, Bhat SK, Ganesh CB. The opioid peptide leucine enkephalin modulates hypothalamic-hypophysial axis in the cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus. Anim Reprod Sci 2024; 263:107451. [PMID: 38490066 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
In vertebrates, opioid peptides are thought to be involved in the regulation of reproduction; however, the significance of enkephalins in testicular function remains unclear. We examined the influence of δ-opioid receptor agonist leucine enkephalin (L-ENK) on the hypophysial-testicular axis of the cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus. Treatment with a low dose of L-ENK (60 µg) caused a significant increase in the numbers of primary and secondary spermatocytes and early and late spermatids, concomitant with intense immunolabelling of testicular androgen receptors, but did not significantly alter serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) levels compared to those of controls. Nevertheless, treatment with a high dose of L-ENK (200 µg) caused a significant reduction in the numbers of secondary spermatocytes as well as late spermatids associated with marginal immunolabelling of androgen receptors and significantly lower concentrations of serum 11-KT and LH compared to controls. In addition, the serum cortisol level was not affected in low-dose L-ENK-treated fish, but its level was significantly increased in the high-dose L-ENK-treated group. Together, these findings indicate that a low dose of L-ENK stimulates the germ cells at the meiosis stage and promotes further stages of spermatogenesis, whereas a high concentration of L-ENK inhibits spermatogenesis at the advanced stages. This effect appears to be mediated through the suppression of testicular steroidogenesis and the reduction of LH release in the pituitary gland of tilapia. The findings also suggest that elevated L-ENK levels in teleosts may exert their inhibitory influence on the hypophysial-testicular axis via glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Shinde
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India
| | - Shilpa K Bhat
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India
| | - C B Ganesh
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India.
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Diehl B, Oster M, Vernunft A, Wimmers K, Bostedt H. Intrinsic challenges of neonatal adaptation in swine. Arch Anim Breed 2022; 65:427-438. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-65-427-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The losses of piglets in commercial pig farming remain at
concerning levels and need to be addressed through the implementation of new
sustainable breeding and management strategies. In fact, piglets are
especially at risk in the first days of life. Both genetics and the
farrowing process have been shown to impact piglet vitality. In addition,
knowledge of the animal-intrinsic responses in adapting to extra-uterine
life is particularly important but is scarcely described in the scientific
literature. In this review, the three phases that constitute neonatal
adaptation in the pig are systematically presented. The first phase of early
adaptation involves primarily the development of cardiorespiratory function
(within the first 10 min of life) as well as thermoregulatory processes
and acid–base balance (up to 24 h of life). In the second phase,
homeostasis is established, and organ maturation takes place (up to 14 d
post natum). The final third phase aims at the development of neurological,
immunological and muscular features (up to 28 d of life). The involvement
of aggravating and ameliorating factors such as dystocia, low colostrum
yield and heat supply is key to the development of strategies to reduce
piglet losses and increase vitality. The insights are of particular value in
addressing current concerns in pig farming and to further improve animal
welfare in pig production across different management types.
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Yu CH, Chen CY, Chang CC. The immediate effects of weaning stress on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal alteration of newly weaned piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1218-1223. [PMID: 30994220 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the effects of weaning stress on gene expression of specific markers in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and neuronal activity in the newly weaned piglets. Twelve 28-days-old, newly weaned crossbred (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) male piglets from 6 l (2 piglets/l) were randomly categorized into two groups: (a) weaning stress: piglets were separated from their dams, relocated and mixed with the unacquainted domestic piglets for 2 hr (stress, n = 6); (b) no-stress: piglets stayed with their dams in the farrowing house (NS; n = 6). After weaning stress, all piglets were electrically euthanized and the blood samples/HPA tissues were collected for subsequent analysis, including plasma cortisol and mRNA expression of c-fos, c-jun, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), CRH receptor 1 (CRHR-1) and adrenocorticotropin hormone receptor (MC2R). Results: Weaning stress significantly (p < 0.05) increased the plasma cortisol level and suppressed the expression of c-fos and CRH in hypothalamus. In addition, weaning stress enhanced the mRNA abundance of c-jun and CRHR-1 in the pituitary gland. No significant differences in the gene expression of MC2R and CRHR-1 were observed in the adrenal gland between treatment groups. Taken together, HPA involved in weaning stress and CRHR-1 and c-jun could be potential markers to evaluate the activation of HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ho Yu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Abstract
Stress is an integral part of life. Activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the adult can be viewed as mostly adaptive to restore homeostasis in the short term. When stress occurs during development, and specifically during periods of vulnerability in maturing systems, it can significantly reprogram function, leading to pathologies in the adult. Thus, it is critical to understand how the HPA axis is regulated during developmental periods and what are the factors contributing to shape its activity and reactivity to environmental stressors. The HPA axis is not a passive system. It can actively participate in critical physiological regulation, inducing parturition in the sheep for instance or being a center stage actor in the preparation of the fetus to aerobic life (lung maturation). It is also a major player in orchestrating mental function, metabolic, and cardiovascular function often reprogrammed by stressors even prior to conception through epigenetic modifications of gametes. In this review, we review the ontogeny of the HPA axis with an emphasis on two species that have been widely studied-sheep and rodents-because they each share many similar regulatory mechanism applicable to our understanding of the human HPA axis. The studies discussed in this review should ultimately inform us about windows of susceptibility in the developing brain and the crucial importance of early preconception, prenatal, and postnatal interventions designed to improve parental competence and offspring outcome. Only through informed studies will our public health system be able to curb the expansion of many stress-related or stress-induced pathologies and forge a better future for upcoming generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Wood
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Claire-Dominique Walker
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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An R, Li B, You LS, Wang XH. Improvement of Kidney yang syndrome by icariin through regulating hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Chin J Integr Med 2015; 21:765-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-015-2063-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Smith AK, Newport DJ, Ashe MP, Brennan PA, LaPrairie JL, Calamaras M, Nemeroff CB, Ritchie JC, Cubells JF, Stowe ZN. Predictors of neonatal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity at delivery. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011; 75:90-5. [PMID: 21521269 PMCID: PMC3367094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.03998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical and preclinical studies indicate that maternal stress during pregnancy may exert long-lasting adverse effects on offspring. This investigation sought to identify factors mediating the relationship between maternal and neonatal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes in pregnant women with past or family psychiatric history. PATIENTS Two hundred and five pairs of maternal and umbilical cord blood samples from a clinical population were collected at delivery. MEASUREMENTS Maternal and neonatal HPA axis activity measures were plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), total cortisol, free cortisol and cortisol-binding globulin concentrations. The effects of maternal race, age, body mass index, psychiatric diagnosis (DSM-IV), birth weight, delivery method and estimated gestational age (EGA) at delivery on both maternal and neonatal HPA axis measures were also examined. Incorporating these independent predictors as covariates where necessary, we evaluated whether neonatal HPA axis activity measures could be predicted by the same maternal measure using linear regression. RESULTS Delivery method was associated with umbilical cord plasma ACTH and both total and free cord cortisol concentrations (T = 10·53-4·21; P < 0·0001-0·010). After accounting for method of delivery and EGA, we found that maternal plasma ACTH concentrations predicted 23·9% of the variance in foetal plasma ACTH concentrations (T = 6·76; P < 0·0001), and maternal free and total plasma cortisol concentrations predicted 39·8% and 32·3% of the variance in foetal plasma free and total cortisol concentrations (T = 5·37-6·90; P < 0·0001), respectively. CONCLUSION These data suggest that neonatal response is coupled with maternal HPA axis activity at delivery. Future investigations will scrutinize the potential long-term sequelae for the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia K. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - D. Jeffrey Newport
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Morgan P. Ashe
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | - Martha Calamaras
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Charles B. Nemeroff
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - James C. Ritchie
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph F. Cubells
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zachary N. Stowe
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Du F, Yin L, Shi M, Cheng H, Xu X, Liu Z, Zhang G, Wu Z, Feng G, Zhao G. Involvement of microglial cells in infrasonic noise-induced stress via upregulated expression of corticotrophin releasing hormone type 1 receptor. Neuroscience 2010; 167:909-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kalbe C, Puppe B. Long-term cognitive enrichment affects opioid receptor expression in the amygdala of domestic pigs. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2010; 9:75-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2009.00536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Li X, Yang X, Shan B, Shi J, Xia D, Wegner J, Zhao R. Meat quality is associated with muscle metabolic status but not contractile myofiber type composition in premature pigs. Meat Sci 2008; 81:218-23. [PMID: 22063985 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2008] [Revised: 07/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Longissimus muscles were sampled from Erhualian (EHL) and Pietrain (PIE) pigs at 20kg of body weight. No breed differences were detected in either the proportions or the mRNA/protein expression of respective MyHC isoforms, or the mRNA expression of PGC-1α (all P>0.10). However, meat quality traits were already divergent between breeds, and were associated with distinct energy metabolic status, as reflected by dramatically lower AMPK activity yet higher CK and LDH activities (all P<0.01) in longissimus muscle of EHL pigs. Moreover, mRNA expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was found to be higher (P<0.05) in longissimus muscle of EHL pigs. These results indicate that the differences in meat quality traits occur early in premature pigs, and these are attributed to skeletal muscle energy metabolism and not contractile myofiber type composition. Breed-specific GR expression in muscle may be related to the pattern of energy metabolism and meat quality, yet the mechanism awaits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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Lay DC, Kattesh HG, Cunnick JE, Daniels MJ, McMunn KA, Toscano MJ, Roberts MP. Prenatal stress effects on pig development and response to weaning1. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:1316-24. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Montgomery DL, Van Olphen A, Van Campen H, Hansen TR. The Fetal Brain in Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-infected Calves: Lesions, Distribution, and Cellular Heterogeneity of Viral Antigen at 190 Days Gestation. Vet Pathol 2008; 45:288-96. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-3-288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the brain is a target of persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and have demonstrated viral tropism for neurons as well as other endogenous cell types in diverse brain areas. Apart from foci of mild residual inflammation in some postnatal calves, consistent brain lesions, per se, have not been reported. No similar comprehensive studies of the brain have been reported in bovine fetuses. In the current study, 12 BVDV-seronegative heifers were inoculated intranasally with a 2-ml 4.4 log10 TCID50/ml dose of noncytopathic type 2 BVDV at 75 and 175 days of gestation to create persistently and transiently infected fetuses, respectively. In only persistently infected fetuses, encephaloclastic lesions resulting in pseudocysts were observed in the subependymal zone in the region of the median eminence and adjacent corona radiata as well as in the region of the external capsule associated with lenticulostriate arteries. Additionally, areas of rarefaction in white matter were observed at the tips of cerebrocortical gyri and in the external capsule. The distribution of viral antigen was examined by immunohistochemical labeling using the 15C5 anti-BVDV monoclonal antibody. Viral antigen was detected only in calves inoculated at 75 days of gestation, i.e., persistently infected. The pattern of BVDV immunolabeling revealed both similarities and differences compared with previous studies in postnatal calves, suggesting that viral infection in the brain is a dynamic and progressive rather than static process.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. L. Montgomery
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - A. Van Olphen
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - H. Van Campen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - T. R. Hansen
- Department and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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Otten W, Kanitz E, Tuchscherer M, Puppe B, Nürnberg G. Repeated administrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone during gestation in gilts: Effects on growth, behaviour and immune responses of their piglets. Livest Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Lind NM, Moustgaard A, Jelsing J, Vajta G, Cumming P, Hansen AK. The use of pigs in neuroscience: Modeling brain disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31:728-51. [PMID: 17445892 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of pigs in neuroscience research has increased in the past decade, which has seen broader recognition of the potential of pigs as an animal for experimental modeling of human brain disorders. The volume of available background data concerning pig brain anatomy and neurochemistry has increased considerably in recent years. The pig brain, which is gyrencephalic, resembles the human brain more in anatomy, growth and development than do the brains of commonly used small laboratory animals. The size of the pig brain permits the identification of cortical and subcortical structures by imaging techniques. Furthermore, the pig is an increasingly popular laboratory animal for transgenic manipulations of neural genes. The present paper focuses on evaluating the potential for modeling symptoms, phenomena or constructs of human brain diseases in pigs, the neuropsychiatric disorders in particular. Important practical and ethical aspects of the use of pigs as an experimental animal as pertaining to relevant in vivo experimental brain techniques are reviewed. Finally, current knowledge of aspects of behavioral processes including learning and memory are reviewed so as to complete the summary of the status of pigs as a species suitable for experimental models of diverse human brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Marie Lind
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Zou LP, Zhang WH, Wang HM, Zen M, Chen K, Mix E. Maternal IgG suppresses NMDA-induced spasms in infant rats and inhibits NMDA-mediated neurotoxicity in hippocampal neurons. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 181:106-11. [PMID: 17027092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) was derived from Wistar rats that just delivered the new offsprings. We examined the effect of this maternal IgG on infantile spasms induced by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) in immature rats. Pup animals were treated subcutaneously with 10 mg/kg/day maternal IgG from day 11 to day 15 after birth followed by a single intraperitoneal dose of NMDA (15 mg/kg). Administration of maternal IgG decreased the severity and increased the number of ACTH immunoreactive cells in the cortex of rats with NMDA-induced spasms. Furthermore, maternal IgG inhibited NMDA-induced intracellular LDH activity in cultured hippocampal neurons in a dose-dependent manner. The results indicate that maternal IgG can attenuate NMDA-induced seizures. In infantile spasms, some factors may during pregnancy negatively affect the transfer of maternal IgG from mother to fetus thereby causing a decrease in the amount of protective maternal IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Zou
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, The Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100045, China.
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