1
|
McFarland DS, McFarland LM, Shaw DJ, Macrae AI. Calf Management: Individual or Paired Housing Affects Dairy Calf Health and Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1540. [PMID: 38891587 PMCID: PMC11171300 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research has indicated that preweaned dairy calves reared in pairs compared with individually have improved performance and indicators of animal welfare. One hundred and thirty Holstein female calves completed the trial, with eighty-five being allocated to paired housing and forty-five calves being allocated to individual housing. Daily live weight gain (DLWG), treatments and mortality were recorded throughout the preweaning period. Salivary cortisol, latency to feed and latency to approach a novel object were assessed at batching. There were no significant differences in DLWG, mortality and disease treatments between the average of the pair and the individually housed calves, although the pair-reared calves were quicker to approach the milk feed after batching and interacted more quickly with a novel object. The heaviest born calves within the pair had the highest DLWG from birth to weaning, with a higher percentage of calves approaching the novel object, compared with the lightest born calf within the pair. This study shows that calves within a pair may have significantly different performance and welfare during the preweaning period, with the heavier calf outperforming and displaying less fear and more exploratory behaviour than the lighter calf within a pair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S. McFarland
- Division of Farm Animal, Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (D.J.S.); (A.I.M.)
| | | | - Darren J. Shaw
- Division of Farm Animal, Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (D.J.S.); (A.I.M.)
| | - Alastair I. Macrae
- Division of Farm Animal, Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (D.J.S.); (A.I.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fischer-Tenhagen C, Meier J, Pohl A. "Do not look at me like that": Is the facial expression score reliable and accurate to evaluate pain in large domestic animals? A systematic review. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1002681. [PMID: 36561394 PMCID: PMC9763617 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1002681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Facial expression scoring has proven to be useful for pain evaluation in humans. In the last decade, equivalent scales have been developed for various animal species, including large domestic animals. The research question of this systematic review was as follows: is facial expression scoring (intervention) a valid method to evaluate pain (the outcome) in large domestic animals (population)? Method We searched two databases for relevant articles using the search string: "grimace scale" OR "facial expression" AND animal OR "farm animal" NOT "mouse" NOT "rat" NOT "laboratory animal." The risk of bias was estimated by adapting the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) checklist. Results The search strategy extracted 30 articles, with the major share on equids and a considerable number on cows, pigs, and sheep. Most studies evaluated facial action units (FAUs), including the eye region, the orbital region, the cheek or the chewing muscles, the lips, the mouth, and the position of the ears. Interobserver reliability was tested in 21 studies. Overall FAU reliability was substantial, but there were differences for individual FAUs. The position of the ear had almost perfect interobserver reliability (interclass coefficient (ICC): 0.73-0.97). Validity was tested in five studies with the reported accuracy values ranging from 68.2 to 80.0%. Discussion This systematic review revealed that facial expression scores provide an easy method for learning and reliable test results to identify whether an animal is in pain or distress. Many studies lack a reference standard and a true control group. Further research is warranted to evaluate the test accuracy of facial expression scoring as a live pen side test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carola Fischer-Tenhagen
- German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany,*Correspondence: Carola Fischer-Tenhagen
| | - Jennifer Meier
- German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alina Pohl
- Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nowak J, Joerling J, Sickinger M, Wehrend A. Comparative study of electrocardiographic parameters in calves born after eutocia versus dystocia. Vet World 2022; 15:2603-2610. [PMID: 36590128 PMCID: PMC9798071 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2603-2610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The mortality rate of perinatal calves is high, particularly in dystocia cases. Besides detectable conditions such as trauma or amniotic fluid aspiration, the potential salience of cardiological diseases in neonatal bovine deaths has received little attention. This study aimed to compare the electrocardiographic parameters of calves born under conditions of dystocia and eutocia. Materials and Methods Electrocardiographic, clinical, and laboratory diagnostic examinations were performed during the first 5 days of life on 40 calves. Of them, 20 calves were born under conditions of dystocia and 20 of eutocia. Results Electrocardiograms (ECGs) did not show detectable arrhythmias in all calves. Both groups exhibited tachycardia on their first ECGs. The QT and ST interval durations developed differently over time in both groups, suggesting that these may be related to conditions of birth. Conclusion The electrocardiographic differences between calves born of dystocia and eutocia could be a factor in the increased mortality rate of calves born of dystocia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nowak
- Clinic for Veterinary Obstetrics, Gynaecology, and Andrology for Large and Small Animals with Ambulance Service, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 106, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jessica Joerling
- Clinic for Ruminants, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 104, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Marlene Sickinger
- Clinic for Ruminants, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 104, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Axel Wehrend
- Clinic for Veterinary Obstetrics, Gynaecology, and Andrology for Large and Small Animals with Ambulance Service, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 106, 35392 Giessen, Germany,Corresponding author: Axel Wehrend, e-mail: Co-authors: JN: , JJ: , MS:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
López-Justo C, Pliego-Carrillo AC, Ledesma-Ramírez CI, Mendieta-Zerón H, Peña-Castillo MÁ, Echeverría JC, Rodríguez-Arce J, Reyes-Lagos JJ. Differences in the Asymmetry of Beat-to-Beat Fetal Heart Rate Accelerations and Decelerations at Preterm and Term Active Labor. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21248249. [PMID: 34960343 PMCID: PMC8704786 DOI: 10.3390/s21248249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The fetal autonomic nervous system responds to uterine contractions during active labor as identified by changes in the accelerations and decelerations of fetal heart rate (FHR). Thus, this exploratory study aimed to characterize the asymmetry differences of beat-to-beat FHR accelerations and decelerations in preterm and term fetuses during active labor. In an observational study, we analyzed 10 min of fetal R-R series collected from women during active preterm labor (32–36 weeks of pregnancy, n = 17) and active term labor (38–40 weeks of pregnancy, n = 27). These data were used to calculate the Deceleration Reserve (DR), which is a novel parameter that quantifies the asymmetry of the average acceleration and deceleration capacity of the heart. In addition, relevant multiscale asymmetric indices of FHR were also computed. Lower values of DR, calculated with the input parameters of T = 50 and s = 10, were associated with labor occurring at the preterm condition (p = 0.0131). Multiscale asymmetry indices also confirmed significant (p < 0.05) differences in the asymmetry of FHR. Fetuses during moderate premature labor may experience more decaying R-R trends and a lower magnitude of decelerations compared to term fetuses. These differences of FHR dynamics might be related to the immaturity of the fetal cardiac autonomic nervous system as identified by this system response to the intense uterine activity at active labor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina López-Justo
- Facultad de Medicina (School of Medicine), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (Autonomous University of Mexico State), Toluca de Lerdo 50180, Mexico; (C.L.-J.); (A.C.P.-C.); (C.I.L.-R.); (H.M.-Z.)
| | - Adriana Cristina Pliego-Carrillo
- Facultad de Medicina (School of Medicine), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (Autonomous University of Mexico State), Toluca de Lerdo 50180, Mexico; (C.L.-J.); (A.C.P.-C.); (C.I.L.-R.); (H.M.-Z.)
| | - Claudia Ivette Ledesma-Ramírez
- Facultad de Medicina (School of Medicine), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (Autonomous University of Mexico State), Toluca de Lerdo 50180, Mexico; (C.L.-J.); (A.C.P.-C.); (C.I.L.-R.); (H.M.-Z.)
| | - Hugo Mendieta-Zerón
- Facultad de Medicina (School of Medicine), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (Autonomous University of Mexico State), Toluca de Lerdo 50180, Mexico; (C.L.-J.); (A.C.P.-C.); (C.I.L.-R.); (H.M.-Z.)
- Hospital Materno Perinatal Mónica Pretelini Sáenz, Instituto de Salud del Estado de México (Health Institute of Mexico State), Toluca de Lerdo 50010, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Peña-Castillo
- División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería (Basic Science and Engineering Division), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa (Metropolitan Autonomous University Campus Iztapalapa), Iztapalapa 09340, Mexico; (M.Á.P.-C.); (J.C.E.)
| | - Juan Carlos Echeverría
- División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería (Basic Science and Engineering Division), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa (Metropolitan Autonomous University Campus Iztapalapa), Iztapalapa 09340, Mexico; (M.Á.P.-C.); (J.C.E.)
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Arce
- Facultad de Ingeniería (School of Engineering), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (Autonomous University of Mexico State), Toluca de Lerdo 50100, Mexico;
| | - José Javier Reyes-Lagos
- Facultad de Medicina (School of Medicine), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (Autonomous University of Mexico State), Toluca de Lerdo 50180, Mexico; (C.L.-J.); (A.C.P.-C.); (C.I.L.-R.); (H.M.-Z.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kasahara Y, Yoshida C, Saito M, Kimura Y. Assessments of Heart Rate and Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Activities of Normal Mouse Fetuses at Different Stages of Fetal Development Using Fetal Electrocardiography. Front Physiol 2021; 12:652828. [PMID: 33897461 PMCID: PMC8061630 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.652828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate is controlled by the activity of the autonomic nervous system: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems increase and suppress heart rate, respectively. To evaluate the activity of the autonomic nervous system, it is possible to determine heart rate variability using electrocardiography (ECG). During the fetal period, the heart and autonomic nerves develop in coordination; however, physiological changes, including autonomic nervous activities that occur during the fetal stage, remain largely unknown. Therefore, in this study, we measured ECG signals of mouse fetuses using our established method to evaluate the development of heart rate and autonomic nervous activity at different fetal developmental stages. We found that heart rate was significantly increased in fetal mice at embryonic day (E) 18.5 compared with that at E13.5, E15.5, and E17.5, indicating that fetal heart rate increases only at the stage immediately prior to birth. Interestingly, fetal parasympathetic nervous activity was reduced at E17.5 and E18.5 compared with that at E13.5, whereas fetal sympathetic nervous activity remained unchanged, at least from E13.5 to E18.5. These results indicate that parasympathetic activity rather than sympathetic activity affects fetal heart rate and that the decrease in parasympathetic activity toward the end of pregnancy could result in the observed increase in fetal heart rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kasahara
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Maternal and Child Health Care Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yoshida
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Saito
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kimura
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kovács L, Kézér FL, Bodó S, Ruff F, Palme R, Szenci O. Salivary cortisol as a non-invasive approach to assess stress in dystocic dairy calves. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6200. [PMID: 33737596 PMCID: PMC7973751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The intensity and the magnitude of saliva cortisol responses were investigated during the first 48 h following birth in newborn dairy calves which underwent normal (eutocic, EUT, n = 88) and difficult (dystocic, DYS, n = 70) calvings. The effects of parity and body condition of the dam, the duration of parturition, the time spent licking the calf, the sex and birth weight of the calf were also analyzed. Neonatal salivary cortisol concentrations were influenced neither by factors related to the dam (parity, body condition) nor the calf (sex, birth weight). The duration of parturition and the time spent licking the calf also had no effect on salivary cortisol levels. Salivary cortisol concentrations increased rapidly after delivery in both groups to reach their peak levels at 45 and 60 min after delivery in EUT and DYS calves, respectively supporting that the birth process means considerable stress for calves and the immediate postnatal period also appears to be stressful for newborn calves. DYS calves exhibited higher salivary cortisol concentrations compared to EUT ones for 0 (P = 0.022), 15 (P = 0.016), 30 (P = 0.007), 45 (P = 0.003), 60 (P = 0.001) and 120 min (P = 0.001), and for 24 h (P = 0.040), respectively. Peak levels of salivary cortisol and the cortisol release into saliva calculated as AUC were higher in DYS than in EUT calves for the 48-h of the sampling period (P = 0.009 and P = 0.003, respectively). The greater magnitude of saliva cortisol levels in DYS calves compared to EUT ones suggest that difficult parturition means severe stress for bovine neonates and salivary cortisol could be an opportunity for non-invasive assessment of stress during the early neonatal period in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Levente Kovács
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor utca 40, Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary.
- Bovine Research Division, Bona Adventure Ltd, Peres utca 44, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary.
| | - Fruzsina Luca Kézér
- Bovine Research Division, Bona Adventure Ltd, Peres utca 44, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Bodó
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor utca 40, Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Ruff
- Department of Methodology, Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Keleti Károly utca 5-7, Budapest, 1024, Hungary
| | - Rupert Palme
- Unit of Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Experimental Endocrinology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ottó Szenci
- Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
CRUZ-ALEIXO AS, CASTRO FERREIRA LIMA MD, HOLANDA DE ALBUQUERQUE AL, TORTORELLI TEIXEIRA R, ALVES DE PAULA R, GRANDI MC, LAURENTI FERREIRA DO, HARUMI TSUNEMI M, BIAGIO CHIACCHIO S, GOMES LOURENÇO ML. Heart rate variability in Dorper sheep in the fetal and neonatal periods until 120 days of age: Use of the technique in the field. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:17-27. [PMID: 33191386 PMCID: PMC7870394 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of the autonomic cardiac functions may be performed through the analysis of the heart rate variability. Heart rate variability is defined as the fluctuations in the heart rhythm or rate, and represents a useful tool in the evaluation of the autonomic nervous system through the sympathetic and parasympathetic components, as well as its balance and its reflexes on the cardiorespiratory control system. Fetal electrocardiography provides important information regarding the well-being of the fetus since, in human fetuses, there are changes in the behavior of the fetal heart rate during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy due to an increase in parasympathetic activity. Therefore, considering the importance of evaluating fetal viability, this study aims at evaluating the behavior of fetal heart rate and heart rate variability in Dorper sheep, as well as the activity of the autonomic nervous system during fetal life and in newborn lambs. The species is often used in experimental studies and autonomic nervous system activity is a prognostic index, therefore, the diagnosis of modifications in the sympathovagal balance may represent an early index for fetal viability and well-being in lambs. The analyses were performed in 10 Dorper sheep during pregnancy and in 10 lambs after birth until 120 days of age. There was a decrease in the fetal heart rate and heart rate variability indexes during the fifth month of pregnancy, but without statistical significance for the period evaluated. The heart rate of the lambs decreased gradually until they were 21 days old. The indexes SDNN (standard deviation of RR intervals) and RMSSD (square root of the mean of successive differences between adjacent RR intervals) diverged according to age, being high at day 60. Fetal viability is relevant in sheep fetuses to avoid losses during pregnancy and risks to the health of the mother. In the species, there seems to be a predominance of parasympathetic activity starting from the 21st day of age. Heart rate variability may be employed as a tool in the evaluation of the fetus and development of lambs, since changes in its behavior may represent an adverse effect to fetal and neonatal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sarita CRUZ-ALEIXO
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu,
São Paulo 18618681, Brazil
| | - Mayra De CASTRO FERREIRA LIMA
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu,
São Paulo 18618681, Brazil
| | - Ana Luísa HOLANDA DE ALBUQUERQUE
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu,
São Paulo 18618681, Brazil
| | - Raphael TORTORELLI TEIXEIRA
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu,
São Paulo 18618681, Brazil
| | - Renata ALVES DE PAULA
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu,
São Paulo 18618681, Brazil
| | - Marina Cecília GRANDI
- Diplomate in Veterinary Medicine, University of Marília, UNIMAR, Marília, São Paulo 17501-410, Brazil
| | - Danilo Otávio LAURENTI FERREIRA
- Secretariat of Agriculture and Supply of the State of São Paulo-SAA/SP, Coordination of Agricultural Defense−CDA, Agricultural
Defense Office of Bauru-EDA Bauru, São Paulo17020-310, Brazil
| | - Miriam HARUMI TSUNEMI
- Biostatistics Department São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-693, Brazil
| | - Simone BIAGIO CHIACCHIO
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu,
São Paulo 18618681, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia GOMES LOURENÇO
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu,
São Paulo 18618681, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Maki J, Eto E, Tamada S, Mitsui T, Hayata K, Nakamura K, Hiramatsu Y, Masuyama H. Assessment of glucose kinetics with real-time continuous glucose monitoring during labor. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2019; 45:1851-1859. [PMID: 31321843 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Changes in glucose levels during labor have not been sufficiently investigated in pregnant women. Using real-time continuous glucose monitoring, we aimed to assess glucose kinetics during labor among pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (PwGDM), and those with normal glucose tolerance (PwNGT). METHODS Japanese PwGDM and PwNGT who had planned a transvaginal delivery at Okayama University Hospital were enrolled. The correlation between changes in glucose levels during labor among the PwGDM and PwNGT groups at four time periods was assessed: (i) active phase of 1st stage of labor; (ii) 2nd stage of labor; (iii) postpartum 0-12 h; and (iv) postpartum 12-48 h. RESULTS In total, 18 and 22 PwGDM and PwNGT, respectively, were enrolled. During labor, both groups had similar changes in glucose levels over time, which peaked during period 3. The main effect of glucose level changes was the labor period (P < 0.001), not the presence of gestational diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, differences in glucose levels in the PwGDM group were observed between periods 1 and 2 (P = 0.037), 1 and 3 (P = 0.024), 3 and 4 (P = 0.005); differences in glucose levels in the PwNGT group were observed between periods 3 and 4 (P = 0.024). CONCLUSION During labor, both PwGDM and PwNGT groups showed similar changes in glucose levels over time. During delivery, the PwGDM who regularly measured their own glucose levels could be managed using the same nutritional management methods as those for PwNGT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jota Maki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eriko Eto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shoko Tamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Mitsui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kei Hayata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Hisashi Masuyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stress effects on the regulation of parturition in different domestic animal species. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 207:153-161. [PMID: 31054786 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes current knowledge on stress-like responses in parturient animals and their role for the onset and fine-tuning of parturition. The antepartum maternal cortisol increase is part of the endocrine changes that initiate parturition but a further increase in cortisol release during labor indicates a stress response. During the last minutes of delivery, sinus arrhythmias occur in 80% of foaling mares and 60% of calving cows. Expulsion of the neonate is thus characterized by parasympathetic dominance. In late-pregnant cows transported by road, cortisol concentrations increased but relations between transport stress and abortion remain unclear. In mares, transport not only elicited a stress response but also advanced the time of foaling. Transferring parturient rats, mice and pigs after birth of the first pup or piglet, respectively, to a stressful environment prolonged the time until delivery of the next littermate. In rats and pigs, this was caused by an increased opioidergic tone that restrained oxytocin release. In mice, a stress-induced delay of subsequent deliveries was caused by increased sympathoadrenal activity. When foaling mares were transferred to an uncomfortable stable at fetal membrane rupture, time until complete birth of the foal was doubled. As in mice, increased sympathetic activity was the mechanism delaying the progress of foaling. An increased sympathetic activity is also present in parturient cows disturbed during an early stage of calving. In equine and bovine neonates, the immediate postnatal period is characterised by high sympathetic activity and an increase in cortisol concentration, indicating a pronounced stress-like response.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lange K, Heuwieser W, Fischer-Tenhagen C. Influence of denaverine hydrochloride on calving ease in Holstein-Friesian heifers. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5410-5418. [PMID: 30904301 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Calving is assumed to be an exhausting and painful event. A drug that eases the calving procedure and alleviates pain would help cows, especially those suffering from dystocia. In a randomized, controlled, and blinded trial, we measured the effect of denaverine hydrochloride on physical and physiological calving parameters. Eighty-three Holstein-Friesian heifers were included in the analysis. Pulling force was measured using a digital force gauge interposed between the calf and a mechanical calf puller. The concentration of cortisol was measured in serum before and after parturition. There was no effect of treatment group on calving modality (i.e., spontaneous vs. assisted calving), duration of calving, and cortisol concentration. The area under the curve of pulling force × time (n = 44), however, was significantly smaller in the treatment group compared with the placebo group. Also, duration of calving assistance was numerically shorter in the treatment group compared with the placebo group. The results provide evidence that calving ease can be influenced by denaverine hydrochloride during calving assistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Lange
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - W Heuwieser
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - C Fischer-Tenhagen
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|