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de Chiara M, Montano C, Costanza D, Coluccia P, Auletta L, Greco A, Pasolini MP. Doppler ultrasonographic measurements of the lateral digital palmar artery in pregnant mares. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2024; 65:279-287. [PMID: 38494832 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular changes have been reported in late pregnancy in mares. However, there are no data on changes in peripheral blood flow. Doppler ultrasound represents a sensitive method for assessing the blood flow directed to the hoof. The aims of this study were to evaluate the blood flow parameters of the lateral palmar digital artery (LPDA) in pregnant mares and to assess intra- and interrater agreement between two observers with different levels of experience. The LPDAs of pregnant Italian Standardbred mares were examined. The vessels were located with B-mode ultrasound and analyzed with color and pulsed wave Doppler. The following parameters were recorded by the operators: heart rate (HR), peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), and resistive index (RI). Measurements were performed between 2 and 3 months of gestation (T1), in the last month of pregnancy (T2) and a week after delivery (T3). Seventeen mares aged 3-18 years met the inclusion criteria. Ultrasound examinations of the LPDA were subjectively easy to perform and well tolerated by the mares. Interrater and intrarater agreement were good and moderate, respectively. The HR was higher at T2 than at T1 and T3. The PSV and RI changed significantly during pregnancy, with higher values at T2 and T3, whereas the EDV remained unchanged throughout the examination. Doppler examination showed that peripheral flow changes were present in mares in late pregnancy. However, the persistence of higher values after delivery invites further investigation to assess the correlation between metabolic/endocrine changes related to pregnancy and Doppler parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaelena de Chiara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Chiara Montano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Dario Costanza
- Interdepartmental Centre of Veterinary Radiology, University of Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Coluccia
- Interdepartmental Centre of Veterinary Radiology, University of Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Auletta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Adelaide Greco
- Interdepartmental Centre of Veterinary Radiology, University of Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Pasolini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre of Veterinary Radiology, University of Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
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Chompoosan C, Pongthaisong P, Kenchaiwong W, Pontaema T, Lerdweeraphon W. Effects of pregnancy on electrocardiographic, vasovagal tonus index, and echocardiographic variables in horses. Vet World 2023; 16:1765-1771. [PMID: 37766709 PMCID: PMC10521183 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1765-1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Pregnancy affects maternal hemodynamics. The changes in autonomic nervous system activity for hemodynamics adaptation in pregnant horses are still unclear. Thus, this study aimed to examine the effect of pregnancy on electrocardiographic, vasovagal tonus index, and echocardiographic variables in horses. Materials and Methods A total of 23 Thai native crossbred mares without any cardiac abnormalities were included in this study. The animals were assigned into two groups, a non-pregnant mare group (n =12) and a pregnant mare group (n = 11). Electrocardiogram recordings (paper speed = 25 mm/s and calibration = 10 mm/mV) were performed to obtain six limb leads (leads I, II, III, aVR, aVL, and aVF). The vasovagal tonus index (VVTI) was calculated to assess variability in heart rate over short periods using just 20 consecutive beats. Cardiac structure and function were evaluated by echocardiography. Results Heart rate, P wave duration, PR interval, QRS duration, QT interval, and T wave duration were significantly different between non-pregnant and pregnant horses (p < 0.05). Pregnant horses had significantly lower VVTI than non-pregnant (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in cardiac structures including % interventricular septum (IVS), % left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW), IVS in diastole, left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole, LVPW thickness at end-diastole, IVS in systole, left ventricular internal diameter at end-systole, LVPW thickness at end-systole, and left atrium/aortic roots ratio between the two groups. However, the pregnant horses had a significantly higher cardiac output and % ejection fraction than non-pregnant horses (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study provided the first evidence that hemodynamic adaptations during pregnancy modified cardiac conduction, vasovagal tonus index, and echocardiographic variables in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanon Chompoosan
- Applied Animal Physiology Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Pongphol Pongthaisong
- Applied Animal Physiology Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand
- Small Ruminant Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000,Thailand
| | - Wootichai Kenchaiwong
- Applied Animal Physiology Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand
- Small Ruminant Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000,Thailand
- Network Center for Animal Breeding and Omics Research, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Theerapong Pontaema
- Applied Animal Physiology Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Wichaporn Lerdweeraphon
- Applied Animal Physiology Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand
- Small Ruminant Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000,Thailand
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Klein CE, Stefanovski D, Gardner AK, Woodie JB, Embertson RM, Mudge MC, Hurcombe SD. A multicenter retrospective case-cohort study on the prevalence of incisional morbidities in late pregnant mares following exploratory celiotomy (2014-2019): 579 cases. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2023; 33:59-69. [PMID: 36468321 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the prevalence and risk factors for incisional morbidities in late pregnant and nonpregnant/early pregnant control mares following colic surgery. DESIGN Multicenter, retrospective, cohort study from January 2014 to December 2019. SETTING Two university teaching hospitals and 1 private referral center. ANIMALS Five hundred and seventy-nine fillies and mares ≥2 years old that underwent celiotomy. Pregnant mares (n = 54) were >240 days in gestation from the last known breeding date and were compared to control females (n = 525) undergoing colic surgery. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Morbidity rates were not different between mare groups with 56% of pregnant mares and 51% of control mares reporting at least 1 morbidity. Incisional swelling was the most common reported complication in both groups. Incisional swelling was associated with shorter hospital stays (odds ratio [OR], 0.18; P < 0.01), and drainage was associated with a longer hospital stay (OR, 1.27; P ≤ 0.01) and with use of an abdominal bandage (OR, 4.4; P < 0.01). Herniation was associated with hypercapnia under anesthesia (OR, 1.1; P = 0.048), previous abdominal surgery (OR, 8.3; P = 0.003), and with use of an abdominal bandage (OR, 56; P = 0.006). Body wall dehiscence was associated with longer hospital stay (OR, 1.2; P < 0.01). Nonsurvival was higher in pregnant mares (13%) compared to control mares (5%; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of incisional morbidities did not differ between pregnant and control mares undergoing colic surgery. Several factors were associated with incisional morbidities, including the duration of surgery and anesthesia, anesthetic variables, abdominal bandage use, previous ventral abdominal incision, and longer duration of hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Klein
- New Bolton Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Clinical Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- New Bolton Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alison K Gardner
- Galbreath Equine Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - J Brett Woodie
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Margaret C Mudge
- Galbreath Equine Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Samuel D Hurcombe
- New Bolton Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
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Serum Concentrations of Immunoglobulins and Cortisol Around Parturition in Clinically Healthy Sows and Sows with Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome (PDS). J Vet Res 2022; 66:245-250. [PMID: 35892109 PMCID: PMC9281519 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to determine the profile of immunoglobulins and cortisol concentrations in serum around the periparturient period in sows suffering from postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS) and in healthy sows. Material and Methods A total of 45 sows with lactation impairment (Group PDS) and 58 clinically healthy sows with a physiological peripartum period (Group H) were subjected to a serological test (ELISA) for measurement of serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, and IgA) and cortisol concentration. Results The serum contents of IgG, IgM and IgA had highly similar profiles in PDS-affected sows and healthy ones. A significantly higher concentration of IgG at 28 and 14 days ante partum compared to days 3 and 7 post partum was only observed in Group H. The mean cortisol content remained at a highly similar level throughout the entire experiment in both groups. Conclusion The results of the study indicate that lactation impairment such as PDS did not influence the immunoglobulin or cortisol concentration in sow serum.
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Utero-Placental Immune Milieu during Normal and Aglepristone-Induced Parturition in the Dog. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123598. [PMID: 34944375 PMCID: PMC8697996 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The tolerance of the maternal immune system towards the embryo is essential for the success of pregnancy in all mammals. The uterine immunological milieu is modulated in a species-dependent manner, and pro-inflammatory responses are observed in the uterus during parturition in several species. An analogous situation was suggested for the dog. Nevertheless, details regarding immune signaling in the canine utero-placental compartments remain veiled. The present investigation of gene expression and immunolocalization of several immune-related factors revealed moderate utero-placental activity during mid-pregnancy (maintenance period). However, several immune factors were upregulated during parturition, suggesting an increased incidence of cells involved in tissue remodeling and/or immune regulation. The involvement of progesterone in these mechanisms was further assessed by using samples from mid-pregnant dogs treated with the progesterone receptor blocker, aglepristone. Similarities were observed in the expression pattern of several immune factors between natural and induced parturition, supporting the involvement of progesterone signaling in the modulation of the uterine immune milieu. This study provides the basis for further investigations regarding the immune regulation of parturition in the dog. Furthermore, differences observed between natural and induced parturition could be related to different placental maturation and/or functional characteristics of aglepristone, and might be of clinical relevance. Abstract Maternal immunotolerance is required for the maintenance of pregnancy, in sharp contrast with the uterine pro-inflammatory activity observed during parturition in several species. Correspondingly, in the dog, increased immune signaling at term has been suggested, but a deeper understanding of the uterine immune milieu is still missing. Thus, the availability of 30 immune-related factors was assessed in utero-placental samples collected during post-implantation (days 18–25 of pregnancy) and mid-gestation (days 35–40) stages, and at the time of prepartum luteolysis. Gene expression and/or protein localization studies were employed. Samples collected from antigestagen (aglepristone)-treated dogs were further analyzed. Progression of pregnancy was associated with the downregulation of IL1β and upregulation of IL10 (p < 0.05) at mid-gestation. When compared with mid-gestation, a higher availability of several factors was observed at term (e.g., CD206, CD4, TLR4). However, in contrast with natural parturition, MHCII, CD25, CCR7, TNFα, IDO1 and AIF1 were upregulated after aglepristone treatment (p < 0.05), but not TNFR1 or CCL13 (p > 0.05). Altogether, these results show an increased immune activity during canine parturition, involving, i.a., M2 macrophages, Treg and Th cells, with strong support for progesterone-mediated immunomodulation. Furthermore, differences between term and induced parturition/abortion could relate to differences in placental maturation towards parturition and/or functional traits of antigestagens.
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Kaiser M, Dahl J, Jacobsen S, Jacobson M, Andersen PH, Bækbo P, Escribano D, Cerón JJ, Tecles F. Changes of adenosine deaminase activity in serum and saliva around parturition in sows with and without postpartum dysgalactia syndrome. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:352. [PMID: 34794425 PMCID: PMC8600890 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS) is associated with a significantly higher activation of the inflammatory and stress response at parturition than in the healthy sow. Therefore, reliable and possibly non-invasive biomarkers for substantial increases of inflammation are searched to support the PDS diagnosis. This report studies the possible changes of the inflammatory marker enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) in serum and saliva of 38 PDS positive sows (PDS+) and 38 healthy sows (PDS-). Sampling was performed every 24 h from 60 h before to 36 h after parturition. Isoenzyme 1 (ADA1) and isoenzyme 2 (ADA2), as well as total ADA (tADA), were measured and their statistical association with several serum and saliva biomarkers of inflammation and stress was investigated. RESULTS Compared to a baseline (60 to 36h prepartum), salivary activities of ADA1, ADA2 and tADA increased significantly over time in both PDS+ and PDS- sows, reaching their peaks after parturition. In serum from PDS- sows, no changes were observed over time in either ADA1, ADA2 or tADA. In PDS+ sows, serum ADA2 activity decreased temporarily after parturition followed by a significant increase compared to baseline. ADA1, ADA2 and tADA were all significantly associated with several inflammatory biomarkers and ADA1 in serum was associated with serum cortisol. Although serum activity was higher in PDS+ than in PDS- sows, the differences were not statistically significant. Further, no difference was noted between the groups in the analyses of saliva. CONCLUSIONS Salivary ADA1 and ADA2 increased in all sows after parturition, potentially as a response to the postpartum inflammation. However, no difference in the activity of ADA1, ADA2 and tADA were found between PDS+ and PDS- sows indicating inability to diagnose PDS under the conditions described in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Kaiser
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Jan Dahl
- Danish Agriculture and Food Council, Axelborg, Axeltorv 3, 1709 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Jacobson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pia Haubro Andersen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Poul Bækbo
- SEGES, Danish Pig Research Centre, Agro Food Park 15, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Damián Escribano
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional “Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional “Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional “Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Yaqub L, Ayo J, Habibu B, Kawu M, Rekwot P. Haematological responses and erythrocyte osmotic fragility in pregnant Yankasa ewes and their lambs. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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CRUZ-ALEIXO AS, CASTRO FERREIRA LIMA MD, HOLANDA DE ALBUQUERQUE AL, TORTORELLI TEIXEIRA R, ALVES DE PAULA R, GRANDI MC, LAURENTI FERREIRA DO, HARUMI TSUNEMI M, BIAGIO CHIACCHIO S, GOMES LOURENÇO ML. Heart rate variability in Dorper sheep in the fetal and neonatal periods until 120 days of age: Use of the technique in the field. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:17-27. [PMID: 33191386 PMCID: PMC7870394 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of the autonomic cardiac functions may be performed through the analysis of the heart rate variability. Heart rate variability is defined as the fluctuations in the heart rhythm or rate, and represents a useful tool in the evaluation of the autonomic nervous system through the sympathetic and parasympathetic components, as well as its balance and its reflexes on the cardiorespiratory control system. Fetal electrocardiography provides important information regarding the well-being of the fetus since, in human fetuses, there are changes in the behavior of the fetal heart rate during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy due to an increase in parasympathetic activity. Therefore, considering the importance of evaluating fetal viability, this study aims at evaluating the behavior of fetal heart rate and heart rate variability in Dorper sheep, as well as the activity of the autonomic nervous system during fetal life and in newborn lambs. The species is often used in experimental studies and autonomic nervous system activity is a prognostic index, therefore, the diagnosis of modifications in the sympathovagal balance may represent an early index for fetal viability and well-being in lambs. The analyses were performed in 10 Dorper sheep during pregnancy and in 10 lambs after birth until 120 days of age. There was a decrease in the fetal heart rate and heart rate variability indexes during the fifth month of pregnancy, but without statistical significance for the period evaluated. The heart rate of the lambs decreased gradually until they were 21 days old. The indexes SDNN (standard deviation of RR intervals) and RMSSD (square root of the mean of successive differences between adjacent RR intervals) diverged according to age, being high at day 60. Fetal viability is relevant in sheep fetuses to avoid losses during pregnancy and risks to the health of the mother. In the species, there seems to be a predominance of parasympathetic activity starting from the 21st day of age. Heart rate variability may be employed as a tool in the evaluation of the fetus and development of lambs, since changes in its behavior may represent an adverse effect to fetal and neonatal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sarita CRUZ-ALEIXO
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu,
São Paulo 18618681, Brazil
| | - Mayra De CASTRO FERREIRA LIMA
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu,
São Paulo 18618681, Brazil
| | - Ana Luísa HOLANDA DE ALBUQUERQUE
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu,
São Paulo 18618681, Brazil
| | - Raphael TORTORELLI TEIXEIRA
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu,
São Paulo 18618681, Brazil
| | - Renata ALVES DE PAULA
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu,
São Paulo 18618681, Brazil
| | - Marina Cecília GRANDI
- Diplomate in Veterinary Medicine, University of Marília, UNIMAR, Marília, São Paulo 17501-410, Brazil
| | - Danilo Otávio LAURENTI FERREIRA
- Secretariat of Agriculture and Supply of the State of São Paulo-SAA/SP, Coordination of Agricultural Defense−CDA, Agricultural
Defense Office of Bauru-EDA Bauru, São Paulo17020-310, Brazil
| | - Miriam HARUMI TSUNEMI
- Biostatistics Department São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-693, Brazil
| | - Simone BIAGIO CHIACCHIO
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu,
São Paulo 18618681, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia GOMES LOURENÇO
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu,
São Paulo 18618681, Brazil
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Nagel C, Melchert M, Aurich C, Aurich J. Differences in Endocrine and Cardiac Changes in Mares and Her Fetus before, during, and after Parturition in Horses of Different Size. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091577. [PMID: 32899617 PMCID: PMC7552300 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Monitoring of the pregnant mare and her fetus is based on hormone analysis and heart rate recordings which may differ among small, medium-size, and full-size horses. Therefore, Shetland (n = 6), Haflinger (n = 8), and Warmblood pregnancies (n = 9) were studied before and at foaling. Foal weight always approximated 10% of mare weight but relative placenta weight was highest in full-size mares. The concentrations of progestins (hormones that maintain pregnancy) and cortisol (a hormone involved in the onset of foaling but also in an animal’s response to stress) was highest in full-size mares. Progestin concentration decreased towards foaling while cortisol concentration increased. Heart rate of mares increased before foaling with the most pronounced increase in small mares. Overall, Shetland mares foaled earlier than larger-size mares. At foaling, atrio-ventricular blocks (physiological omission of heart beats) regularly occurred in full-size mares but only occasionally in medium-size and small mares, reflecting differences in heart efficiency. In conclusion, some differences exist before and at foaling in horses of different size. Abstract Equine fetomaternal monitoring is based on endocrine and cardiac parameters which may differ among small, medium-size, and full-size horses. Therefore, Shetland (n = 6), Haflinger (n = 8), and Warmblood pregnancies (n = 9) were studied during late gestation and at foaling. Weight of mares, foals and placenta, plasma progestin and cortisol concentration, heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) were determined. Foal weight always approximated 10% of mare weight but relative placenta weight was highest in full-size mares (p < 0.05). Progestin (p < 0.001) and cortisol (p < 0.05) concentration was highest in full-size mares. Progestin concentration decreased towards parturition (p < 0.001) while cortisol concentration increased (p < 0.01). Maternal heart rate increased before foaling with the most pronounced increase in small mares (p < 0.001). The HRV increased during foaling and decreased when delivery was completed (p < 0.001). Changes were most pronounced in full-size mares (p < 0.001). Atrio-ventricular blocks regularly occurred in parturient full-size mares but only occasionally in medium-size and small mares (time p < 0.05, time × group p < 0.05). This may reflect breed differences in cardiovascular efficiency. Fetal heart rate decreased towards birth (p < 0.001) with the most pronounced decrease in full-size horses (p < 0.01). Fetal HRV showed no consistent changes before birth but increased when the foal was born (p < 0.001), this increase being most pronounced in full-size foals (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrates both similarities and differences in peripartum endocrine and cardiac changes in horses of different size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nagel
- Graf Lehndorff Institute for Equine Science, Vetmeduni Vienna, 16845 Neustadt (Dosse), Germany;
| | - Maria Melchert
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Christine Aurich
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Jörg Aurich
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
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Silva M, Ribeiro Filho J, Dantas W, Valente F, Ribeiro B, Ermita P, Monteiro L, Costa C, Silva G, Alves S, Avanza M, Santos P, Manso Filho H. Hematological and biochemical profiles of Mangalarga Marchador mares in the transition period bred on pasture. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of the transition period on hematological and biochemical constituents in Mangalarga Marchador mares. Forty-eight mares were used to form a maintenance group (MG) and transition group (TG), formed by pregnant mares and, after delivery, infants. Blood samples were collected at the following times: T-60 (60 d pre-delivery), T-30 (30 d pre-delivery), T-15 (15 d pre-delivery), T0 (first 6h post-delivery), T15 (15 d post-delivery), T30 (30 d post-delivery), and T60 (60 d post-delivery). The TG had lower values (P< 0.05) of red blood cells, hematocrit and hemoglobin at T0, T15, T30 and T60 times than MG. The mean corpuscular volume was lower in MG (P< 0.05) than in TG (T0, T15, T30 and T60) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was higher (P< 0.05) in MG than in TG (T15, T30 and T60). On the other hand, the diameter distribution of red blood cells presented a lower value (P< 0.05) in MG than in TG (T15 and T30). Mares in transition period presented regenerative anemia. The results demonstrate physiological metabolic variations of different intensities during pregnancy, delivery and early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - P.A.N. Ermita
- Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Brazil
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Gaykwad CK, De UK, Jadhav SE, Chethan GE, Akhilesh, Sahoo NR, Mondal DB, Gaur GK, Verma MR, Chaudhuri P. Adding α-tocopherol-selenium and ascorbic acid to periparturient sow diets influences hemogram, lipid profile, leptin, oxidant/antioxidant imbalance, performance and neonatal piglet mortality. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:360-369. [PMID: 31376718 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-tocopherol-selenium (ATS) and ascorbic acid (AA) are the potent antioxidants. The present study investigated whether supplementation of ATS and AA in periparturient sows has positive effects on amelioration of oxidative stress, serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), lipid profile and sows performance. For this, twenty-four pregnant multiparous sows (landrace×indigenous) were randomly distributed into four groups (6 sows per group) 20 days before expected date of farrowing as Control (basal diet); ATS (basal diet + ATS); AA (basal diet + AA) and ATS-AA (basal diet + ATS plus AA). The results of the study revealed that the concentrations of triglyceride and cholesterol significantly reduced from day -7 to day 7 of farrowing irrespective of supplementations to sows, but the leptin concentration significantly reduced on day 7 of farrowing in ATS-AA supplemented sows (p<0.05). Moreover, sows of supplemented groups experienced decreased oxidative stress and cortisol level than control sows. The serum IgG concentration was significantly increased on day 7 post-farrowing in ATS group but it was much earlier on day 2 of farrowing in ATS-AA group (p<0.001). Supplementing sows with ATS and/or AA did not influence significantly the birth weight, weaning weight and litter size at weaning (p>0.05). Although piglet survival rate was not affected significantly by supplementation, however, piglet mortality rate was lowest in ATS-AA than any other groups. It was concluded that supplementation of ATS and/or AA to sows during late gestating and early lactating period ameliorated oxidative stress, improved lipid profile and serum IgG level without influencing reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Kiran Gaykwad
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ujjwal Kumar De
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sunil E Jadhav
- Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - G E Chethan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, CVSc & AH, CAU, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram 796014, India
| | - Akhilesh
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nihar Ranjan Sahoo
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - D B Mondal
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - G K Gaur
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Med Ram Verma
- Division of Livestock Economics, Statistics and Information Technology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pallab Chaudhuri
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Stress effects on the regulation of parturition in different domestic animal species. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 207:153-161. [PMID: 31054786 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes current knowledge on stress-like responses in parturient animals and their role for the onset and fine-tuning of parturition. The antepartum maternal cortisol increase is part of the endocrine changes that initiate parturition but a further increase in cortisol release during labor indicates a stress response. During the last minutes of delivery, sinus arrhythmias occur in 80% of foaling mares and 60% of calving cows. Expulsion of the neonate is thus characterized by parasympathetic dominance. In late-pregnant cows transported by road, cortisol concentrations increased but relations between transport stress and abortion remain unclear. In mares, transport not only elicited a stress response but also advanced the time of foaling. Transferring parturient rats, mice and pigs after birth of the first pup or piglet, respectively, to a stressful environment prolonged the time until delivery of the next littermate. In rats and pigs, this was caused by an increased opioidergic tone that restrained oxytocin release. In mice, a stress-induced delay of subsequent deliveries was caused by increased sympathoadrenal activity. When foaling mares were transferred to an uncomfortable stable at fetal membrane rupture, time until complete birth of the foal was doubled. As in mice, increased sympathetic activity was the mechanism delaying the progress of foaling. An increased sympathetic activity is also present in parturient cows disturbed during an early stage of calving. In equine and bovine neonates, the immediate postnatal period is characterised by high sympathetic activity and an increase in cortisol concentration, indicating a pronounced stress-like response.
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13
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Fazio E, Medica P, Cravana C, Ferlazzo AM, Ferlazzo A, Satué K. Plasma Glycosaminoglycans, Cortisol, Iron, and Hemoglobin in Term and Nursing Mares. J Equine Vet Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Kaiser M, Jacobson M, Andersen PH, Bækbo P, Cerón JJ, Dahl J, Escribano D, Jacobsen S. Inflammatory markers before and after farrowing in healthy sows and in sows affected with postpartum dysgalactia syndrome. BMC Vet Res 2018. [PMID: 29530043 PMCID: PMC5848515 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS) in sows is not fully elucidated and affected sows often present vague clinical signs. Accurate and timely diagnosis is difficult, and PDS is often recognized with a delay once piglets begin to starve. Increased rectal temperature of the sow is an important diagnostic parameter, but it may also be influenced by a number of other parameters and is thus difficult to interpret. Inflammatory markers may be important adjuncts to the clinical assessment of sows with PDS, but such markers have only been studied to a limited extent. The objective was to characterize the inflammatory response in healthy sows and in sows suffering from PDS, and to identify biomarkers that may assist in early identification of PDS-affected sows. Results Thirty-eight PDS-affected (PDS+) and 38 healthy (PDS-) sows underwent clinical examination and blood sampling every 24 h, from 60 h before the first piglet was born to 36 h after parturition. In both groups, inflammatory markers changed in relation to parturition. Most inflammatory markers changed 12-36 h after parturition [white blood cell counts (WBC), neutrophil counts, lymphocyte counts, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (Hp), iron (Fe) and albumin (ALB)]. Changes in neutrophil counts, lymphocyte counts, CRP, Fe and ALB were observed -12 to 0 h before parturition. WBC, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, Hp and Fe differed between PDS+ and PDS- sows. These differences were mainly apparent 12 to 36 h after parturition, but already at 12 h before parturition, PDS+ sows had lower lymphocyte counts than PDS- sows. Conclusions Parturition itself caused significant inflammatory changes, but PDS+ sows showed a more severe response than PDS- sows. WBC, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, and concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, Hp and Fe can be potential biomarkers for PDS. Lymphocyte counts may be used to detect PDS at pre-partum. To assess their diagnostic potential, these markers must be investigated further and most likely combined with assessment of clinical parameters and other biomarkers for improved identification of sows at risk of developing PDS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1382-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Kaiser
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Højbakkegård Alle 5, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark.
| | - Magdalena Jacobson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, p.o. Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pia Haubro Andersen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, p.o. Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Poul Bækbo
- SEGES, Danish Pig Research Center, Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Agro Food Park 15, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - José Joaquin Cerón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional "Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jan Dahl
- Danish Agriculture and Food Council, Axelborg, Axeltorv 3, 1709, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Damián Escribano
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional "Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Højbakkegård Alle 5, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark
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Nagel C, Trenk L, Wulf M, Ille N, Aurich J, Aurich C. Oxytocin treatment does not change cardiovascular parameters, hematology and plasma electrolytes in parturient horse mares. Theriogenology 2017; 91:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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