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Fang J, Zhang X, Chen X, Wang Z, Zheng S, Cheng Y, Liu S, Hao L. The role of insulin-like growth factor-1 in bone remodeling: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 238:124125. [PMID: 36948334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is a polypeptide hormone with vital biological functions in bone cells. The abnormal expression of IGF-1 has a serious effect on bone growth, particularly bone remodeling. Evidence from animal models and human disease suggested that both IGF-1 deficiency and excess cause changes in bone remodeling equilibrium, resulting in profound alterations in bone mass and development. Here, we first introduced the functions and mechanisms of the members of IGFs in bone. Subsequently, the critical role of IGF-1 in the process of bone remodeling were emphasized from the aspects of bone resorption and bone formation respectively. This review explains the mechanism of IGF-1 in maintaining bone mass and bone homeostasis to a certain extent and provides a theoretical basis for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Fang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xunming Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhaoguo Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shuo Zheng
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yunyun Cheng
- College of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Songcai Liu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Linlin Hao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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2
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Chen Y, Guo Y, Liu Y, Zhang C, Huang F, Chen L. Identification of Di/Tripeptide(s) With Osteoblasts Proliferation Stimulation Abilities of Yak Bone Collagen by in silico Screening and Molecular Docking. Front Nutr 2022; 9:874259. [PMID: 35711539 PMCID: PMC9197386 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.874259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), cannabinoid receptor 2 (CBR2), and estrogen receptor α (ERα) play vital roles in osteoblasts proliferation. Also, collagen peptides have osteoblasts proliferation stimulation abilities, and di/tri-peptides could be absorbed by the intestine more easily. This study obtained three di/tripeptides with potential osteoblasts proliferation stimulation abilities of yak bone collagen, namely, MGF, CF, and MF, by in silico screening. Results suggested that these three peptides exhibited good absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties. They also had strong affinities with EPCR, CBR2, and ERα, and the total -CDOCKER energy (-CE) values were 150.9469, 113.1835, and 115.3714 kcal/mol, respectively. However, further Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays indicated that only MGF could significantly (P < 0.05) stimulate osteoblasts proliferation at 0.3 mg/ml. At the same time, the proliferating index (PI) of the osteoblasts treated with MGF increased significantly (P < 0.05), and the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity decreased highly significantly (P < 0.01). In summary, MGF exhibited the potential to be an effective treatment for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkai Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yujie Guo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yusi Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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3
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Extravascular coagulation in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell regulation. Blood 2018; 132:123-131. [PMID: 29866813 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-12-768986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemostatic system plays pivotal roles in injury repair, innate immunity, and adaptation to inflammatory challenges. We review the evidence that these vascular-protective mechanisms have nontraditional roles in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance in their physiological bone marrow (BM) niches at steady-state and under stress. Expression of coagulation factors and the extrinsic coagulation initiator tissue factor by osteoblasts, tissue-resident macrophages, and megakaryocytes suggests that endosteal and vascular HSC niches are functionally regulated by extravascular coagulation. The anticoagulant endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR; Procr) is highly expressed by primitive BM HSCs and endothelial cells. EPCR is associated with its major ligand, activated protein C (aPC), in proximity to thrombomodulin-positive blood vessels, enforcing HSC integrin α4 adhesion and chemotherapy resistance in the context of CXCL12-CXCR4 niche retention signals. Protease-activated receptor 1-biased signaling by EPCR-aPC also maintains HSC retention, whereas thrombin signaling activates HSC motility and BM egress. Furthermore, HSC mobilization under stress is enhanced by the fibrinolytic and complement cascades that target HSCs and their BM niches. In addition, coagulation, fibrinolysis, and HSC-derived progeny, including megakaryocytes, synergize to reestablish functional perivascular HSC niches during BM stress. Therapeutic restoration of the anticoagulant pathway has preclinical efficacy in reversing BM failure following radiation injury, but questions remain about how antithrombotic therapy influences extravascular coagulation in HSC maintenance and hematopoiesis.
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Yoshida K, Akita N, Okamoto T, Asanuma K, Uchida A, Sudo A, Shimaoka M, Suzuki K, Hayashi T. Activated protein C suppresses osteoclast differentiation via endothelial protein C receptor, protease-activated receptor-1, sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor, and apolipoprotein E receptor 2. Thromb Res 2018; 163:30-40. [PMID: 29334656 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bone remodeling relies on a delicate balance between formation and resorption of bone tissues, processes in which bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts play central roles. Recently, we reported that anticoagulant activated protein C (APC) promotes osteoblast proliferation, but the role of the blood coagulation system in bone remodeling remains unclear. In this study, to further elucidate the relationship between bone remodeling and blood coagulation, we investigated the effect of APC on osteoclast differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Normal human osteoclast precursor cells were cultured in their growth medium including soluble RANKL, M-CSF, and FBS, and on days 4 and 7, the culture medium was replaced with the same medium containing various concentrations of APC, protein C (PC), sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonist, FTY720, or APC+various substances without FBS. On day 8, TRAP-positive multinucleated cells (≥3 nuclei) were counted manually using a light microscope. The effects of APC on NF-κB and NFATc1 activation were evaluated using specific ELISA. RESULTS APC suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation, and this APC-induced suppression of osteoclast differentiation was inhibited by zymogen protein C and aprotinin, a serine protease inhibitor. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR analyses suggested that endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) and protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) were expressed in osteoclast precursor cells and osteoclasts. Both anti-PAR-1 antibody and anti-EPCR antibody (RCR-252), which blocks APC binding to EPCR, inhibited the APC-induced suppression of osteoclast differentiation. FTY720 had no effect on osteoclast differentiation. However, FTY 720 and S1P receptor antagonist, VP 23019, inhibited the APC-induced suppression of osteoclast differentiation. On the other hand, recombinant soluble human ApoER2 and anti-human ApoER2 inhibited the APC-induced suppression of osteoclast differentiation. Further, APC had no effect on NF-κB and NFATc1 activation. CONCLUSIONS APC suppresses human osteoclast differentiation mainly by inhibiting the formation of multinucleated cells via EPCR, PAR-1, S1P receptor, and ApoER2 in a manner that depends on APC protease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakunoshin Yoshida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu-city, Mie, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Akita
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka-city, Mie, Japan
| | - Takayuki Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane-city, Shimane, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Asanuma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu-city, Mie, Japan
| | - Atsumasa Uchida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu-city, Mie, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sudo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu-city, Mie, Japan
| | - Motomu Shimaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu-city, Mie, Japan
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka-city, Mie, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hayashi
- Faculty of Nursing Science, Mie Prefectural College of Nursing, Tsu-city, Mie, Japan.
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5
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Walters G, Pountos I, Giannoudis PV. The cytokines and micro-environment of fracture haematoma: Current evidence. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e1662-e1677. [PMID: 29047220 DOI: 10.1002/term.2593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fracture haematoma formation is the first and foremost important stage of fracture healing. It orchestrates the inflammatory and cellular processes leading to the formation of callus and the restoration of the continuity of the bone. Evidence suggests that blocking this initial stage could lead to an impairment of the overall bone healing process. This review aims to analyse the existing evidence of molecular contributions to bone healing within fracture haematoma and to determine the potential to modify the molecular response to fracture in the haematoma with the aim of improving union times. A comprehensive search of literature documenting fracture haematoma cytokine content was performed. Suitable papers according to prespecified criteria were identified and analysed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. A total of 89 manuscripts formed the basis of this analysis. Low oxygen tension, high acidity, and high calcium characterised initially the fracture haematoma micro-environment. In addition, a number of cytokines have been measured with concentrations significantly higher than those found in peripheral circulation. Growth factors have also been isolated, with an observed increase in bone morphogenetic proteins, platelet-derived growth factor, and transforming growth factor. Although molecular modification of fracture haematoma has been attempted, more research is required to determine a suitable biological response modifier leading to therapeutic effects. The cytokine content of fracture haematoma gives insight into processes occurring in the initial stages of fracture healing. Manipulation of signalling molecules represents a promising pathway to target future therapies aiming to upregulate the osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Walters
- Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ippokratis Pountos
- Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter V Giannoudis
- Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Unit, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
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6
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Abnormal joint and bone wound healing in hemophilia mice is improved by extending factor IX activity after hemarthrosis. Blood 2016; 129:2161-2171. [PMID: 28039188 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-08-734053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing requires interactions between coagulation, inflammation, angiogenesis, cellular migration, and proliferation. Healing in dermal wounds of hemophilia B mice is delayed when compared with hemostatically normal wild-type (WT) mice, with abnormal persistence of iron deposition, inflammation, and neovascularity. We observed healing following induced joint hemorrhage in WT and factor IX (FIX) knockout (FIX-/-) mice, examining also parameters previously studied in an excisional skin wound model. Hemostatically normal mice tolerated this joint bleeding challenge, cleared blood from the joint, and healed with minimal pathology, even if additional autologous blood was injected intra-articularly at the time of wounding. Following hemarthrosis, joint wound healing in hemophilia B mice was impaired and demonstrated similar abnormal histologic features as previously described in hemophilic dermal wounds. Therefore, studies of pathophysiology and therapy of hemophilic joint bleeding performed in hemostatically normal animals are not likely to accurately reflect the healing defect of hemophilia. We additionally explored the hypothesis that the use of a FIX replacement protein with extended circulating FIX activity could improve synovial and osteochondral wound healing in hemophilic mice, when compared with treatment with unmodified recombinant FIX (rFIX) in the established joint bleeding model. Significantly improved synovial wound healing and preservation of normal osteochondral architecture are achieved by extending FIX activity after hemarthrosis using glycoPEGylated FIX when compared with an equivalent dose of rFIX. These results suggest that treating joint bleeding only until hemostasis is achieved may not result in optimal joint healing, which is improved by extending factor activity.
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7
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Gur-Cohen S, Kollet O, Graf C, Esmon CT, Ruf W, Lapidot T. Regulation of long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells by EPCR/PAR1 signaling. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1370:65-81. [PMID: 26928241 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The common developmental origin of endothelial and hematopoietic cells is manifested by coexpression of several cell surface receptors. Adult murine bone marrow (BM) long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs), endowed with the highest repopulation and self-renewal potential, express endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), which is used as a marker to isolate them. EPCR/protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) signaling in endothelial cells has anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory roles, while thrombin/PAR1 signaling induces coagulation and inflammation. Recent studies define two new PAR1-mediated signaling cascades that regulate EPCR(+) LT-HSC BM retention and egress. EPCR/PAR1 signaling facilitates LT-HSC BM repopulation, retention, survival, and chemotherapy resistance by restricting nitric oxide (NO) production, maintaining NO(low) LT-HSC BM retention with increased VLA4 expression, affinity, and adhesion. Conversely, acute stress and clinical mobilization upregulate thrombin generation and activate different PAR1 signaling that overcomes BM EPCR(+) LT-HSC retention, inducing their recruitment to the bloodstream. Thrombin/PAR1 signaling induces NO generation, TACE-mediated EPCR shedding, and upregulation of CXCR4 and PAR1, leading to CXCL12-mediated stem and progenitor cell mobilization. This review discusses new roles for factors traditionally viewed as coagulation related, which independently act in the BM to regulate PAR1 signaling in bone- and blood-forming progenitor cells, navigating their fate by controlling NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Gur-Cohen
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orit Kollet
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Claudine Graf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Third Medical Department, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Charles T Esmon
- Coagulation Biology Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and Departments of Pathology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Tsvee Lapidot
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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8
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Characterization of mice harboring a variant of EPCR with impaired ability to bind protein C: novel role of EPCR in hematopoiesis. Blood 2015; 126:673-82. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-02-558940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Mutation of the PC-binding domain of EPCR results in viable mice that exhibit procoagulant and proinflammatory phenotype when challenged. EPCRR84A/R84A mice develop splenomegaly as a result of BM failure, suggesting that EPCR plays an important role in hematopoiesis.
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9
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Shen K, Murphy CM, Chan B, Kolind M, Cheng TL, Mikulec K, Peacock L, Xue M, Park SY, Little DG, Jackson CJ, Schindeler A. Activated protein C (APC) can increase bone anabolism via a protease-activated receptor (PAR)1/2 dependent mechanism. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:1549-56. [PMID: 25224138 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Activated Protein C (APC) is an anticoagulant with strong cytoprotective properties that has been shown to promote wound healing. In this study APC was investigated for its potential orthopedic application using a Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (rhBMP-2) induced ectopic bone formation model. Local co-administration of 10 µg rhBMP-2 with 10 µg or 25 µg APC increased bone volume at 3 weeks by 32% (N.S.) and 74% (p<0.01) compared to rhBMP-2 alone. This was associated with a significant increase in CD31+ and TRAP+ cells in tissue sections of ectopic bone, consistent with enhanced vascularity and bone turnover. The actions of APC are largely mediated by its receptors endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) and protease-activated receptors (PARs). Cultured pre-osteoblasts and bone nodule tissue sections were shown to express PAR1/2 and EPCR. When pre-osteoblasts were treated with APC, cell viability and phosphorylation of ERK1/2, Akt, and p38 were increased. Inhibition with PAR1 and sometimes PAR2 antagonists, but not with EPCR blocking antibodies, ameliorated the effects of APC on cell viability and kinase phosphorylation. These data indicate that APC can affect osteoblast viability and signaling, and may have in vivo applications with rhBMP-2 for bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Shen
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute at Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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10
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McKelvey K, Jackson CJ, Xue M. Activated protein C: A regulator of human skin epidermal keratinocyte function. World J Biol Chem 2014; 5:169-179. [PMID: 24921007 PMCID: PMC4050111 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v5.i2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) is a physiological anticoagulant, derived from its precursor protein C (PC). Independent of its anticoagulation, APC possesses strong anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and barrier protective properties which appear to be protective in a number of disorders including chronic wound healing. The epidermis is the outermost skin layer and provides the first line of defence against the external environment. Keratinocytes are the most predominant cells in the epidermis and play a critical role in maintaining epidermal barrier function. PC/APC and its receptor, endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), once thought to be restricted to the endothelium, are abundantly expressed by skin epidermal keratinocytes. These cells respond to APC by upregulating proliferation, migration and matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity and inhibiting apoptosis/inflammation leading to a wound healing phenotype. APC also increases barrier function of keratinocyte monolayers by promoting the expression of tight junction proteins and re-distributing them to cell-cell contacts. These cytoprotective properties of APC are mediated through EPCR, protease-activated receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor or Tie2. Future preventive and therapeutic uses of APC in skin disorders associated with disruption of barrier function and inflammation look promising. This review will focus on APC’s function in skin epidermis/keratinocytes and its therapeutical potential in skin inflammatory conditions.
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Xue M, Jackson CJ. Activated protein C and its potential applications in prevention of islet β-cell damage and diabetes. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2014; 95:323-63. [PMID: 24559924 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800174-5.00013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) is derived from its precursor, protein C (PC). Originally thought to be synthesized exclusively by the liver, recent reports have shown that PC is also produced by many other cells including pancreatic islet β cells. APC functions as a physiological anticoagulant with anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and barrier-stabilizing properties. APC exerts its protective effects via an intriguing mechanism requiring combinations of endothelial PC receptor, protease-activated receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor, Tie2 or CD11b, depending on cell types. Diabetes is a chronic condition resulted from the body's inability to produce and/or properly use insulin. The prevalence of diabetes has risen dramatically and has become one of the major causes of premature mortality and morbidity worldwide. Diabetes prevention is an ideal approach to reduce this burden. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are the major forms of diabetes mellitus, and both are characterized by an autoimmune response, intraislet inflammation, β-cell apoptosis, and progressive β-cell loss. Protecting β-cell from damage is critical in both prevention and treatment of diabetes. Recent in vitro and animal studies show that APC's strong anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties are beneficial in preventing β-cell destruction and diabetes in the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Future preventive and therapeutic uses of APC in diabetes look very promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilang Xue
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Christopher J Jackson
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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12
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Activated protein C differentially regulates both viability and differentiation of osteoblasts mediated by bisphosphonates. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e9. [PMID: 23412516 PMCID: PMC3584664 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) is a cytoprotective anticoagulant that can promote cutaneous healing. We examined the effect of APC on viability and differentiation of the osteoblastic line, MG63, in the presence and absence of bisphosphonates (BPs). Osteoblasts were cultured and treated for 24 or 48 h with Alendronate (Aln), Zoledronate (Zol) or Pamidronate (Pam) at concentrations ranging from 10−4 to 10−6 ℳ. Cell differentiation was measured using type 1 collagen production, Alizarin red staining and alkaline phosphatase activity, whereas cell viability was assessed using MTT and crystal violet assays. All three BPs induced MG63 cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Pam- and Zol-related cell death was prevented by APC treatment; however, cell death induced by Aln was accelerated by APC. APC induced MG63 cell differentiation that was enhanced by Aln, but inhibited by Pam or Zol. Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) was expressed by MG63 cells and mediated the protective effect of APC on Zol-induced viability. In summary, we have demonstrated that (1) APC favorably regulates MG63 viability and differentiation toward bone growth, (2) APC differentially regulates the effects of specific BPs and (3) at least part of the effects of APC is mediated through EPCR. These findings highlight the potential importance of the PC pathway in bone physiology and provide strong evidence that APC may influence bone cells and has potential to be a therapeutic drug for bone regeneration, depending on concurrent BP treatment.
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13
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Montes R, Puy C, Molina E, Hermida J. Is EPCR a multi-ligand receptor? Pros and cons. Thromb Haemost 2012; 107:815-26. [PMID: 22318610 DOI: 10.1160/th11-11-0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the endothelial cell protein C/activated protein C receptor (EPCR) has received considerable attention. The role initially attributed to EPCR, i.e. the enhancement of protein C (PC) activation by the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex on the surface of the large vessels, although important, did not go beyond the haemostasis scenario. However, the discovery of the cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic features of the activated PC (APC) and the required involvement of EPCR for APC to exert such actions did place the receptor in a privileged position in the crosstalk between coagulation and inflammation. The last five years have shown that PC/APC are not the only molecules able to interact with EPCR. Factor VII/VIIa (FVII/VIIa) and factor Xa (FXa), two other serine proteases that play a central role in haemostasis and are also involved in signalling processes influencing wound healing, tissue remodelling, inflammation or metastasis, have been reported to bind to EPCR. These observations have paved the way for an exploration of unsuspected new roles for the receptor. This review aims to offer a new image of EPCR in the light of its extended panel of ligands. A brief update of what is known about the APC-evoked EPCR-dependent cell signalling mechanisms is provided, but special care has been taken to assemble all the information available about the interaction of EPCR with FVII/VIIa and FXa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Montes
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Laboratory of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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14
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Navarro S, Bonet E, Estellés A, Montes R, Hermida J, Martos L, España F, Medina P. The endothelial cell protein C receptor: Its role in thrombosis. Thromb Res 2011; 128:410-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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