1
|
Miranda S, Talbot M, Gouin-Thibault I, Espinasse B, Mahe G. Unresolved questions on venous thromboembolic disease. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) management in obese patients. Consensus statement of the French Society of Vascular Medicine (SFMV). JOURNAL DE MEDECINE VASCULAIRE 2024; 49:170-175. [PMID: 39278696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdmv.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is an alarming worldwide public health issue and is defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30kg/m2 or more. It is considered as a risk factor for first thrombotic event and is associated with a significant risk of recurrence. Consequently, obese patients are often treated by anticoagulant therapy but data from randomised control trial are scarce. We will review in this narrative review the state of the art of the prescription of anticoagulant for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in obese patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Miranda
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Marjolaine Talbot
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Benjamin Espinasse
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Brest, Brest, France; UMR 1304, Groupe d'Étude de Thrombose de Bretagne Occidentale, CIC-Inserm 1412, Brest University, Brest, France
| | - Guillaume Mahe
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Rennes, Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Karakasis P, Ktenopoulos N, Pamporis K, Sagris M, Soulaidopoulos S, Gerogianni M, Leontsinis I, Giannakoulas G, Tousoulis D, Fragakis N, Tsioufis K. Efficacy and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants versus Warfarin in Obese Patients (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2) with Atrial Fibrillation or Venous Thromboembolism: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3784. [PMID: 38999350 PMCID: PMC11242099 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13133784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Real-world data show limited utilization of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in obese patients (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m2) due to concerns regarding their efficacy and safety in this demographic. Aim: This review aimed to consolidate current evidence on the efficacy and safety of DOACs versus warfarin in obese patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) or venous thromboembolism (VTE). The primary efficacy outcome assessed a composite of all-cause mortality, stroke, systemic embolism (SE), and myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Cochrane databases from inception to December 28, 2023. Data were synthesized using random-effects meta-analysis. Results: A total of 35 studies involving 434,320 participants were analyzed. DOAC use was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of the composite outcome (RR = 0.80, 95% CI [0.65, 0.98], I2 = 95%), hemorrhagic stroke (RR = 0.58, 95% CI [0.38, 0.88], I2 = 92%), major bleeding (RR = 0.76, 95% CI [0.63, 0.92], I2 = 94%), gastrointestinal bleeding (RR = 0.59, 95% CI [0.49, 0.72], I2 = 88%), and intracranial bleeding (RR = 0.45, 95% CI [0.34, 0.60], I2 = 44%) compared to warfarin. A non-significant benefit of DOACs was observed for all-cause mortality, MI, the composite of stroke or SE, ischemic stroke, SE, VTE, and minor bleeding compared to warfarin. Subgroup analysis indicated no significant effect modification based on the indication for anticoagulation or study design. Conclusions: DOACs demonstrated a favorable efficacy and safety profile in obese individuals compared to warfarin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paschalis Karakasis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Ktenopoulos
- School of Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Pamporis
- School of Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Department of Hygiene, Social-Preventive Medicine & Medical Statistics, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marios Sagris
- School of Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Stergios Soulaidopoulos
- School of Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Gerogianni
- Endocrine Unit, 2nd Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12641 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Leontsinis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Giannakoulas
- First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- School of Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Fragakis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tsioufis
- School of Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rehman A, Bahk J, Baloch HNU, Salman S, Sharma V, Singh A, Steiger DJ. Association of Different Anticoagulation Strategies With Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized With Acute Pulmonary Embolism. Cureus 2024; 16:e61545. [PMID: 38962644 PMCID: PMC11219246 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic anticoagulation is the cornerstone of treatment for pulmonary embolism (PE), but the impact of different anticoagulation strategies on patient outcomes remains unclear. In this study, we assessed the association of different anticoagulation strategies with the outcomes of patients with acute PE. Methods A retrospective chart review of 207 patients with acute PE who were admitted to one of three urban teaching hospitals in the Mount Sinai Health System (in New York City) from January 2020 to September 2022 was performed. Demographic, clinical, and radiographic data were recorded for all patients. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to assess the association of different outcomes with the approach of therapeutic anticoagulation used. Results The median age of the included patients was 65 years, and 50.2% were women. The most common approach (n = 153, 73.9%) to therapeutic anticoagulation was initial treatment with unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin followed by a direct-acting oral anticoagulant (DOAC), while heparin alone (either unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin) was used in 37 (17.9%) patients, and another 17 (8.2%) patients were treated with heparin followed by bridging to warfarin. Hospital length of stay was longer for patients in the "heparin to warfarin" group (risk-adjusted incidence rate ratio of 2.52). The rates of in-hospital bleeding, all-cause 30-day mortality, and all-cause 30-day re-admissions did not have any significant association with the therapeutic anticoagulation approach used. Conclusion Patients with acute PE who were initially treated with heparin and subsequently bridged to warfarin had a longer hospital stay. Rates of in-hospital bleeding, 30-day mortality, and 30-day re-admission were not associated with the strategy of therapeutic anticoagulation employed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rehman
- Internal Medicine, Rutgers University New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA
| | - Jeeyune Bahk
- Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, USA
| | | | - Sidra Salman
- Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, USA
| | - Venus Sharma
- Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, USA
| | - Avinash Singh
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, USA
| | - David J Steiger
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tu ZH, Perez AD, Diaz TE, Loop MS, Clarke M. Safety and Efficacy of Direct Oral Anticoagulants vs Warfarin in Patients With Obesity and Venous Thromboembolism: A Retrospective Analysis. Tex Heart Inst J 2024; 51:e238260. [PMID: 38748549 PMCID: PMC11095664 DOI: 10.14503/thij-23-8260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current venous thromboembolism guidelines recommend using direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) over warfarin regardless of obesity status; however, evidence remains limited for the safety and efficacy of DOAC use in patients with obesity. This retrospective analysis sought to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of DOACs compared with warfarin in a diverse population of patients with obesity in light of current prescribing practices. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a large academic health system between July 2014 and September 2019. Adults with an admission diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism, with weight greater than 120 kg or a body mass index greater than 40, and who were discharged on an oral anticoagulant were included. Outcomes included occurrence of a thromboembolic event (DVT, pulmonary embolism, or ischemic stroke), bleeding event requiring hospitalization, and all-cause mortality within 12 months following index admission. RESULTS Out of 787 patients included, 520 were in the DOAC group and 267 were in the warfarin group. Within 12 months of index hospitalization, thromboembolic events occurred in 4.23% of patients in the DOAC group vs 7.12% of patients in the warfarin group (hazard ratio, 0.6 [95% CI, 0.32-1.1]; P = .082). Bleeding events requiring hospitalization occurred in 8.85% of DOAC patients vs 10.1% of warfarin patients (hazard ratio, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.57-1.5]; P = .82). A DVT occurred in 1.7% and 4.9% of patients in the DOAC and warfarin groups, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.35 [95% CI, 0.15-0.84]; P = .046). CONCLUSION No significant differences could be determined between DOACs and warfarin for cumulative thromboembolic or bleeding events, pulmonary embolism, ischemic stroke, or all-cause mortality. The risk of DVT was lower with apixaban and rivaroxaban. Regardless of patient weight or body mass index, physicians prescribed DOACs more commonly than warfarin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe H. Tu
- Department of Pharmacy, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Alejandro D. Perez
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Thomas E. Diaz
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matthew S. Loop
- Department of Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Megan Clarke
- Department of Pharmacy, Novant Health New Hanover Regional Medical Center, Wilmington, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sperry JD, Loeb A, Smith MJ, Brighton TB, Ehret JA, Fermo JD, Gentili ME, Lancaster JW, Mazur JN, Spezzano K, Szwak JA. Retrospective, multicenter analysis of the safety and effectiveness of direct oral anticoagulants for the treatment of venous thromboembolism in obesity. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2024; 57:603-612. [PMID: 38409303 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-024-02955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are the preferred treatment for venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, DOAC use in patients with a BMI greater than 40 kg/m2 has not been well studied despite the growing prevalence of obesity, and current literature is often underpowered. METHODS This multicenter, retrospective, observational study evaluated patients 18 years and older who received DOACs for acute VTE treatment. Patients receiving DOACs for recurrent VTE or for failure of another agent were excluded. The primary efficacy outcome was recurrent VTE and the primary safety outcome was major bleeding within 12 months (or one month after stopping anticoagulation therapy). A propensity score analysis was performed to balance patient characteristics and evaluate the primary endpoints by BMI group. Time-to-event outcomes were analyzed using weighted Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS There were 165 patients with a BMI of at least 40 kg/m2 and 320 patients with a BMI less than 40 kg/m2. The majority received apixaban (373, 77%). Recurrent VTE occurred in 5 (3.0%) and 13 (4.1%) of patients in the higher and lower BMI groups, respectively (adjusted OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.16-2.69). Major bleeding occurred in 5 (3.0%) and 15 (4.7%) of patients in the higher and lower BMI groups, respectively (adjusted OR: 1.19; 95% CI: 0.36-3.92). CONCLUSION There was no significant difference in VTE recurrence or major bleeding related to BMI among patients treated with DOACs. This study showed that DOACs may be a safe and effective VTE treatment option in patients with obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Sperry
- UC Health Memorial Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Aletha Loeb
- Department of Pharmacy, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Melissa J Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tessa B Brighton
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Julie A Ehret
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Joli D Fermo
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Morgan E Gentili
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Beth Israel Lahey Health, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Jason W Lancaster
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer N Mazur
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Katherine Spezzano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jennifer A Szwak
- Department of Pharmacy, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhuo X, Wang J, Shao L. Comparing the Clinical Outcomes Observed with Rivaroxaban Versus Warfarin for the Management of Obese Patients with Non-valvular Atrial Fibrillation: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2024; 38:79-89. [PMID: 35763193 PMCID: PMC10876499 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-022-07361-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an irregular heart rhythm which is becoming more and more common in this new era. Obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular events, and obese patients are more at risk for stroke. The Framingham Heart Study demonstrated an increase in the developmental risk of AF by 4% for every unit (kg/m2) increase in body mass index (BMI). An anticoagulant is often required for the management of such patients. In this analysis, we aimed to systematically compare the clinical outcomes which were associated with rivaroxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of obese patients with non-valvular AF. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, http://www. CLINICALTRIALS gov , Google Scholar, and Cochrane Central were the searched databases. Clinical outcomes including stroke, systemic embolism, and major bleeding were the endpoints. In this study, dichotomous data were analyzed by the RevMan software version 5.4. Risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used for result interpretation. RESULTS Ten studies consisting of a total number of 168,081 obese participants were included whereby 81,332 participants were treated with rivaroxaban and 86,749 participants were treated with warfarin. The risks of ischemic (RR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.74-0.84; P = 0.00001) and hemorrhagic stroke (RR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.48-0.76; P = 0.0001) as well as systemic embolism (RR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.62-0.87; P = 0.0004) were significantly lower with rivaroxaban compared to warfarin for the management of these obese patients with non-valvular AF. Rivaroxaban was also associated with a significantly lower risk of major bleeding (RR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.65-0.87; P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION Based on this analysis, rivaroxaban seemed to be a better option in comparison to warfarin, due to its association with significantly lower risks of stroke and bleeding outcomes in obese patients with non-valvular AF. However, this hypothesis should further be confirmed in larger clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhuo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihui Shao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bhat RV, Young G, Sharathkumar AA. How I treat pediatric venous thromboembolism in the DOAC era. Blood 2024; 143:389-403. [PMID: 37390311 PMCID: PMC10862368 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022018966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) rivaroxaban and dabigatran are newly licensed for the treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in children and mark a renaissance in pediatric anticoagulation management. They provide a convenient option over standard-of-care anticoagulants (heparins, fondaparinux, and vitamin K antagonists) because of their oral route of administration, child-friendly formulations, and significant reduction in monitoring. However, limitations related to therapeutic monitoring when needed and the lack of approved reversal agents for DOACs in children raise some safety concerns. There is accumulating experience of safety and efficacy of DOACs in adults for a broad scope of indications; however, the cumulative experience of using DOACs in pediatrics, specifically for those with coexisting chronic illnesses, is sparse. Consequently, clinicians must often rely on their experience for treating VTE and extrapolate from data in adults while using DOACs in children. In this article, the authors share their experience of managing 4 scenarios that hematologists are likely to encounter in their day-to-day practice. Topics addressed include (1) appropriateness of indication; (2) use for special populations of children; (3) considerations for laboratory monitoring; (4) transition between anticoagulants; (5) major drug interactions; (6) perioperative management; and (7) anticoagulation reversal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rukhmi V. Bhat
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Guy Young
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anjali A. Sharathkumar
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rueda-Camino JA, Barba R, Otálora S, Bura-Riviere A, Visonà A, Mahé I, Alda-Lozano A, Alfonso Megido J, Pacheco-Gómez N, Rosovsky RP, Monreal M. Real life results of direct-acting oral anticoagulants recommended-dose in obese vs normal-weight patients with venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res 2024; 233:165-172. [PMID: 38070219 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is scarce evidence on the effectiveness and safety of recommended-dose direct acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in obese patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE). MATERIAL AND METHODS We used the data in the RIETE registry to compare the rates of VTE recurrences and major bleeding during long-term therapy with DOACs at recommended doses in patients with body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 (obese) vs. those with BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 (normal weight). We performed regression models with competing risks for death. RESULTS From January 2013 through October 2022, 2885 obese patients and 2676 with normal weight in RIETE received rivaroxaban (n = 3020), apixaban (n = 1754), edoxaban (n = 636) or dabigatran (n = 151). Median age was 63 years and 52 % were female. At baseline, obese patients were more likely to have diabetes (18.6 % vs. 8.4 %), hypertension (51.9 % vs. 31.4 %) or pulmonary embolism (67.7 % vs. 61 %), and less likely to have renal insufficiency (5.3 % vs. 16 %) or anaemia (21.8 % vs. 28 %%). During anticoagulation (median, 147 vs. 101 days), the obese had a similar rate of VTE recurrences (1.71 vs. 2.14 events per 100 patients-years; hazard ratio (HR): 0.81; 95 % CI: 0.49-1.34) or major bleeding (1.45 vs. 1.76 per 100 patients-years; HR: 0.91; 95 % CI: 0.52-1.59) than those with normal weight. These findings persisted after multivariable analysis (recurrent VTE, HR: 0.80; 95 % CI: 0.48-1.32; major bleeding, HR: 1.11; 95 % CI: 0.60-2.07). CONCLUSION The use of DOACs at recommended doses in obese patients with VTE was associated with similar rates of VTE recurrences or major bleeding than in patients with normal weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Rueda-Camino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raquel Barba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Otálora
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Adriana Visonà
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Ospedale Castelfranco Veneto, Castelfranco Veneto, Italy
| | - Isabelle Mahé
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Colombes, France; Université Paris Cité, France, INSERM UMR-S-1140, Paris, France
| | - Alicia Alda-Lozano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Reina Sofía, Tudela, Navarra, Spain
| | | | | | - Rachel P Rosovsky
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Manuel Monreal
- Chair for the Study of Thromboembolic Disease, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM - Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Speed V, Czuprynska J, Patel JP, Arya R. Use of direct oral anticoagulants for venous thromboembolism treatment at extremes of body weight, renal and liver function: an illustrated review. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2023; 7:102240. [PMID: 38193047 PMCID: PMC10772894 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.102240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have been a welcome addition to clinical practice due to the practical advantages they confer over traditional anticoagulants. In many countries, DOACs are now used as first-line treatment for the management of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Traditional anticoagulants allow for a degree of individualization, either through monitoring the international normalized ratio in the case of vitamin-K antagonists or through dose titration according to bodyweight in the case of low-molecular-weight heparin. However, the use of fixed doses and removal of the need for routine monitoring has created uncertainty in prescribing DOACs for patients at the extremes of bodyweight, renal function, and patients with liver impairment, who were not well represented in the DOAC licensing clinical trials. The discipline of pharmacokinetics is concerned with the movement of drugs through the body. Although the extremes of bodyweight and renal and liver function will influence the pharmacokinetics of DOACs, are these changes significant enough to affect clinical outcomes of bleeding and thrombosis? In other words, can the fixed-dosing strategy of DOACs accommodate these differences in physiology? In this review, we recap key pharmacokinetic principles for drug dosing; review venous thromboembolism trial and real-world data on patients prescribed DOACs at the extremes of bodyweight, renal function, and liver function; relate this to the pharmacokinetic properties of DOACs; and summarize the state of the field and current unknowns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Speed
- King’s Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King’s College Hospital Foundation NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Czuprynska
- King’s Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King’s College Hospital Foundation NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jignesh P. Patel
- King’s Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King’s College Hospital Foundation NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roopen Arya
- King’s Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King’s College Hospital Foundation NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Giannis D, Geropoulos G, Kakos CD, Lu W, El Hadwe S, Fornasiero M, Robertson A, Parmar C. Portomesenteric Vein Thrombosis in Patients Undergoing Sleeve Gastrectomy: an Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 101,914 Patients. Obes Surg 2023; 33:2991-3007. [PMID: 37523131 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-023-06714-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Portomesenteric vein thrombosis (PMVT) is a rare but potentially fatal complication of sleeve gastrectomy (SG). The rising prevalence of SG has led to a surge in the occurrence of PMVT, while the associated risk factors have not been fully elucidated. This study aims to determine the incidence and risk factors of PMVT in patients undergoing SG. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed and EMBASE databases. Proportion and regression meta-analyses were conducted. RESULTS In a total of 76 studies including 101,914 patients undergoing SG, we identified 357 patients with PMVT. Mean follow-up was 14.4 (SD: 16.3) months. The incidence of PMVT was found to be 0.50% (95%CI: 0.40-0.61%). The majority of the population presented with abdominal pain (91.8%) at an average of 22.4 days postoperatively and PMVT was mainly diagnosed with computed tomography (CT) (96.0%). Hematologic abnormalities predisposing to thrombophilia were identified in 34.9% of the population. Advanced age (p=0.02) and low center volume (p <0.0001) were significantly associated with PMVT, while gender, BMI, hematologic abnormality, prior history of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, type of prophylactic anticoagulation, and duration of prophylactic anticoagulation were not associated with the incidence of PMVT in meta-regression analyses. Treatment included therapeutic anticoagulation in 93.4% and the mortality rate was 4/357 (1.1%). CONCLUSION PMVT is a rare complication of sleeve gastrectomy with an incidence rate <1% that is associated with low center volume and advanced age but is not affected by the duration or type of thromboprophylaxis administered postoperatively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Giannis
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital/Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA.
| | | | - Christos D Kakos
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Weiying Lu
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Salim El Hadwe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge School of Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | | | - Chetan Parmar
- Department of Surgery, Whittington Hospital, London, N19 5NF, UK
- Department of Surgery, UCLH, London, NW1 2BU, UK
- Apollo Hospitals, Research and Education Foundation, Delhi, 500096, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bikdeli B, Lo YC, Khairani CD, Bejjani A, Jimenez D, Barco S, Mahajan S, Caraballo C, Secemsky EA, Klok FA, Hunsaker AR, Aghayev A, Muriel A, Wang Y, Hussain MA, Appah-Sampong A, Lu Y, Lin Z, Aneja S, Khera R, Goldhaber SZ, Zhou L, Monreal M, Krumholz HM, Piazza G. Developing Validated Tools to Identify Pulmonary Embolism in Electronic Databases: Rationale and Design of the PE-EHR+ Study. Thromb Haemost 2023; 123:649-662. [PMID: 36809777 PMCID: PMC11200175 DOI: 10.1055/a-2039-3222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contemporary pulmonary embolism (PE) research, in many cases, relies on data from electronic health records (EHRs) and administrative databases that use International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes. Natural language processing (NLP) tools can be used for automated chart review and patient identification. However, there remains uncertainty with the validity of ICD-10 codes or NLP algorithms for patient identification. METHODS The PE-EHR+ study has been designed to validate ICD-10 codes as Principal Discharge Diagnosis, or Secondary Discharge Diagnoses, as well as NLP tools set out in prior studies to identify patients with PE within EHRs. Manual chart review by two independent abstractors by predefined criteria will be the reference standard. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values will be determined. We will assess the discriminatory function of code subgroups for intermediate- and high-risk PE. In addition, accuracy of NLP algorithms to identify PE from radiology reports will be assessed. RESULTS A total of 1,734 patients from the Mass General Brigham health system have been identified. These include 578 with ICD-10 Principal Discharge Diagnosis codes for PE, 578 with codes in the secondary position, and 578 without PE codes during the index hospitalization. Patients within each group were selected randomly from the entire pool of patients at the Mass General Brigham health system. A smaller subset of patients will also be identified from the Yale-New Haven Health System. Data validation and analyses will be forthcoming. CONCLUSIONS The PE-EHR+ study will help validate efficient tools for identification of patients with PE in EHRs, improving the reliability of efficient observational studies or randomized trials of patients with PE using electronic databases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behnood Bikdeli
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Thrombosis Research Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- YNHH/Yale Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Cardiovascular Research Foundation (CRF), New York, New York, United States
| | - Ying-Chih Lo
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Candrika D Khairani
- Thrombosis Research Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Antoine Bejjani
- Thrombosis Research Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - David Jimenez
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Medicine Department, Universidad de Alcalá (Instituto de Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefano Barco
- Department of Angiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shiwani Mahajan
- YNHH/Yale Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - César Caraballo
- YNHH/Yale Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Eric A Secemsky
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Frederikus A Klok
- Department of Medicine - Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andetta R Hunsaker
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ayaz Aghayev
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Alfonso Muriel
- Clinical Biostatistics Unit. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. IRYCIS, CIBERESP: Universidad de Alcalá. Madrid, Spain
| | - Yun Wang
- YNHH/Yale Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Mohamad A Hussain
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Centre for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Abena Appah-Sampong
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Yuan Lu
- YNHH/Yale Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Zhenqiu Lin
- YNHH/Yale Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Sanjay Aneja
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Rohan Khera
- YNHH/Yale Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Samuel Z Goldhaber
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Thrombosis Research Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Li Zhou
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Manuel Monreal
- Cátedra de Enfermedad Tromboembólica, Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Harlan M Krumholz
- YNHH/Yale Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Gregory Piazza
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Thrombosis Research Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Martin KA, Lancki N, Li C, Eyster ME, Sanfilippo K, Woller IA, Woller SC, Kreuziger LB, Rosovsky RP. DOAC compared with warfarin for VTE in patients with obesity: a retrospective cohort study conducted through the VENUS network. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2023; 55:685-690. [PMID: 36757644 PMCID: PMC10233612 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-023-02774-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) compared with warfarin remains uncertain in obese patients. We assessed the comparative effectiveness and safety of DOACs with warfarin for the treatment of VTE among obese patients. This multi-center retrospective cohort study included adults with a BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 or weight ≥ 120 kg prescribed either DOAC (apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, rivaroxaban) or warfarin for a VTE diagnosis. The primary outcome was the 12-month rate of recurrent VTE. The secondary outcome was the 12-month rate of major bleeding. Among 5626 patients, 67% were prescribed warfarin and 33% were prescribed a DOAC. The 12-month VTE recurrence rate was 3.6% (67/1823) for patients treated with DOAC compared with 3.8% (143/3664) for patients treated with warfarin [odds ratio for recurrent VTE on warfarin versus DOAC (OR) (95% CI).07 (0.80, 1.45)]. The 12-month major bleeding rate was 0.5% (10/1868) for patients on DOAC versus 2.4% (89/3758) on warfarin [OR 4.25 (2.19, 8.22)]. Similar proportions of recurrent VTE occurred across BMI thresholds on DOAC and warfarin: for BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 (N = 5412), 3.6% versus 3.8%, respectively [OR 1.08 (0.80, 1.46)]; for BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 (N = 2321), 4.4% versus 3.5%, respectively [OR 0.80 (0.51, 1.26)]; and for BMI ≥ 50 kg/m2 (N = 560), 3.1% versus 3.7%, respectively [OR 1.18 (0.39, 3.56)]. Similar proportions of recurrent VTE occurred in patients with obesity treated for VTE with DOACs and warfarin. DOACs were associated with lower major bleeding compared to warfarin in patients with obesity and VTE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karlyn A Martin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N Michigan Ave, Suite 1020, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Nicola Lancki
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Celina Li
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Kristen Sanfilippo
- Washington University St. Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Saint Louis Veterans Administration Medical Center, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Scott C Woller
- Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lisa Baumann Kreuziger
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Rachel P Rosovsky
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Park DY, An S, Arif AW, Sana MK, Vij A. Factor Xa inhibitors versus vitamin K antagonist in morbidly obese patients with venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:100. [PMID: 36814196 PMCID: PMC9945392 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Guidelines have endorsed non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs), consisting of factor Xa inhibitors (xabans) and direct thrombin inhibitors, as the first line of treatment in venous thromboembolism (VTE) and atrial fibrillation. However, morbidly obese patients were under-represented in landmark trials of NOACs. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically review and perform a meta-analysis of studies on xabans versus vitamin K antagonist (VKA) in this high-risk population with VTE. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Medline, Cochrane library, and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify studies that compared xabans and VKA in treating morbidly obese patients with VTE. Morbid obesity was defined as body weight ≥ 120 kg or BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2. Outcomes of interest included recurrent VTE, major bleeding, and clinically relevant non-major bleeding (CRNMB). RESULTS Eight studies comprising 30,895 patients were included. A total of 12,755 patients received xabans while 18,140 received VKAs. No significant difference in the odds of recurrent VTE (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.55-1.01) and CRNMB (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.44-1.09) was observed between the xabans group and the VKA group. However, the xabans group was associated with lower odds of major bleeding (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.59-0.83). CONCLUSION Xabans have lower odds of major bleeding but similar odds of recurrent VTE when compared with VKAs in treating VTE in morbidly obese patients. Large registry analyses or future randomized controlled trials will be helpful in confirming these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dae Yong Park
- Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seokyung An
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Abdul Wahab Arif
- Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Muhammad Khawar Sana
- Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aviral Vij
- Division of Cardiology, Cook County Health, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Division of Cardiology, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rosovsky RP, Kline-Rogers E, Lake L, Minichiello T, Piazza G, Ragheb B, Waldron B, Witt DM, Moll S. Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Obese Patients with Venous Thromboembolism: Results of an Expert Consensus Panel. Am J Med 2023; 136:523-533. [PMID: 36803697 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In clinical practice, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are increasingly used for venous thromboembolism treatment and prevention. A substantial proportion of patients with venous thromboembolism are also obese. International guidance published in 2016 stated that DOACs could be used in standard doses in patients with obesity up to a body mass index [BMI] of 40 kg/m2, but should not be used in those with severe obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m2) owing to limited supporting data at the time. Although updated guidance in 2021 removed this limitation, some healthcare providers still avoid DOACs even in patients with lower levels of obesity. Furthermore, there are still evidence gaps regarding treatment of severe obesity, the role of peak and trough DOAC levels in these patients, use of DOACs after bariatric surgery, and appropriateness of DOAC dose reduction in the setting of secondary venous thromboembolism prevention. This document describes proceedings and outcomes of a multidisciplinary panel convened to review these and other key issues regarding DOAC use for treatment or prevention of venous thromboembolism in individuals with obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P Rosovsky
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Eva Kline-Rogers
- University of Michigan, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Leslie Lake
- National Blood Clot Alliance, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tracy Minichiello
- University of California, Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco, California
| | - Gregory Piazza
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bishoy Ragheb
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Daniel M Witt
- University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacotherapy, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Stephan Moll
- Department of Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao Y, Guo M, Li D, Xu W, Pan C, He C, Cui X. Pharmacokinetics and Dosing Regimens of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Morbidly Obese Patients: An Updated Literature Review. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2023; 29:10760296231153638. [PMID: 36760080 PMCID: PMC9943962 DOI: 10.1177/10760296231153638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Data on the impact of morbid obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 40 kg/m2) on the pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD) of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are relatively limited, making it difficult to design optimal dosing regimens in morbidly obese patients.To review literature on PK/PD profile, efficacy, and safety of DOACs in venous thromboembolism (VTE) and nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with morbid obesity and make recommendations regarding optimal dosing regimens in these patient populations.A detailed literature search was conducted (from inception to June 22, 2022) for relevant articles involving PK/PD and clinical data on DOACs use in morbidly obese patients with VTE or AF, or healthy volunteers.A total of 28 studies were identified. DOAC-specific PK variations and clinical outcomes have been observed. Obesity may have a modest effect on PK/PD of dabigatran, apixaban, or rivaroxaban. Dabigatran was effective in AF patients with morbid obesity but might increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. Standard dosing of apixaban or rivaroxaban is effective and safe for VTE and AF patients with morbid obesity. Trough edoxaban concentration and anti-Xa activity were similar in different BMI groups (18.5 to >40 kg/m2), and standard dosing of edoxaban may be effective and safe for AF patients.Current evidence suggests dabigatran should be used with caution in patients with AF as it might increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding; Standard dosing of apixaban or rivaroxaban can be used in VTE or AF patients; Standard dosing of edoxaban may be considered in AF patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiangli Cui
- Xiangli Cui, Department of Pharmacy,
Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
A Real-World Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Rivaroxaban versus Vitamin K Antagonists for the Treatment of Symptomatic Venous Thromboembolism: Lessons from the REMOTEV Registry. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59010181. [PMID: 36676804 PMCID: PMC9867052 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) represents a health and economic burden with consequent healthcare resource utilization. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have emerged as the mainstay option for VTE treatment but few data exist on their cost-effectiveness as compared to the standard therapy (vitamin K antagonists (VKAs)). This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of rivaroxaban compared to VKAs in VTE treatment by calculating the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER). Materials and methods: We conducted a prospective observational study based on the REMOTEV registry, including patients hospitalized for VTE from 23 October 2013 to 31 July 2015, to evaluate the impact of the anticoagulant treatment (DOACs versus VKAs) on 6-month complications: major or clinically relevant non-major bleeding, VTE recurrence and all-cause death. Rivaroxaban was the only DOAC prescribed in this study. The ICER was calculated as the difference in costs divided by the difference in effectiveness. Results: Among the 373 patients included, 279 were treated with rivaroxaban (63.1 ± 17.9 years old; 49% men) and 94 with VKAs (71.3 ± 16.6 years old; 46% men). The mean cost was EUR 5662 [95% CI 6606; 9060] for rivaroxaban and EUR 7721 [95% CI 5130; 6304] for VKAs, while effectiveness was 0.0586 95% CI [0.0114; 0.126] for DOACs and 0.0638 [95% CI 0.0208; 0.109] for VKAs. The rivaroxaban treatment strategy was dominant with costs per patient EUR 2059 lower [95% CI -3582; -817] and a higher effectiveness of 0.00527 [95% CI -0.0606; 0.0761] compared to VKAs. Conclusions: This study provides real-world evidence that rivaroxaban is not only an efficient and safe alternative to VKAs for eligible VTE patients, but also cost-saving.
Collapse
|
17
|
Karnick C, Modany A, McGraw M, Ludwig J, Marr D, Hammonds T, Good CB, Culley E. Comparison of real-world clinical and economic outcomes in patients receiving oral anticoagulants: A retrospective claims analysis. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2022; 28:1304-1315. [PMID: 36282935 PMCID: PMC10372967 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2022.28.11.1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have become widely used for the prevention of stroke in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) and for the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Warfarin, the standard of care prior to DOACs, requires monitoring and dose adjustment to ensure patients remain appropriately anticoagulated. DOACs do not require monitoring but are significantly more expensive. We sought to examine real-world effectiveness and costs of DOACs and warfarin in patients with AF and VTE. OBJECTIVE: To examine clinical and economic outcomes. The clinical objectives were to determine the bleeding and thrombotic event rates associated with DOACs vs warfarin. The economic objectives were to determine the cost associated with these events, as well as the all-cause medical and pharmacy costs associated with DOACs vs warfarin. METHODS: This analysis was an observational, propensity-matched comparison of retrospective medical and pharmacy claims data for members enrolled in an integrated health plan between October 1, 2015, and September 30, 2020. Members who were older than 18 years of age with at least 1 30-day supply of warfarin or a DOAC filled within 30 days of a new diagnosis of VTE or nonvalvular AF were eligible for the analysis. Cox hazard ratios were used to compare differences in clinical outcomes, where paired t-tests were used to evaluate economic outcomes. RESULTS: After matching, there were 893 patients in each group. Among matched members, warfarin was associated with increased risk of nonmajor bleeds relative to apixaban (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.526; P = 0.0048) and increased risk of pulmonary embolism relative to both DOACs (apixaban: HR = 1.941 [P = 0.0328]; rivaroxaban: HR = 1.833 [P = 0.0489]). No statistically significant difference was observed in hospitalizations or in length of stay between warfarin and either DOAC. The difference-in-difference (DID) in total costs of care per member per month for apixaban and rivaroxaban relative to warfarin were $801.64 (P = 0.0178) and $534.23 (P = 0.0998) more, respectively. DID in VTE-related cost for apixaban was $177.09 less, relative to warfarin (P = 0.0098). DID in all-cause pharmacy costs for apixaban and rivaroxaban relative to warfarin were $342.47 (P < 0.0001) and $386.42 (P < 0.001) more, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Warfarin use was associated with a significant decrease in total cost of care despite a significant increase in VTE-related costs vs apixaban. Warfarin was also associated with a significant increase in other nonmajor bleeds relative to apixaban, as well as a significant increase in pulmonary embolism relative to both DOACs. Warfarin was associated with a significant reduction in all-cause pharmacy cost compared with either DOAC. DISCLOSURES: The authors of this study have nothing to disclose.
Collapse
|
18
|
Novak AR, Shakowski C, Trujillo TC, Wright GC, Mueller SW, Kiser TH. Evaluation of safety and efficacy outcomes of direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin in normal and extreme body weights for the treatment of atrial fibrillation or venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2022; 54:276-286. [PMID: 35689140 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-022-02668-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite evolving evidence, the use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients with extremes of body weight remains controversial. This study aimed to measure the impact of DOACs compared to warfarin on safety and efficacy outcomes in extreme body weight patients. This multi-center, health system, retrospective study examined the outcomes of patients with all body weights and extreme body weights prescribed a DOAC (rivaroxaban, apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban) or warfarin for atrial fibrillation or venous thromboembolism over a 9-year period. The primary outcome was a composite of thromboembolism, symptomatic recurrent VTE, or severe bleeding; analyzed by pre-determined BMI cutoffs. A total of 19,697 patients were included in the study: 11,604 in the DOAC group and in the 8093 in the warfarin group. 295 patients were underweight and 9108 patients were pre-obese to obese class 3. After adjusting for potential confounders, warfarin patients had higher odds of experiencing the composite outcome compared to DOAC patients (OR 1.337, 95% CI 1.212-1.475). Additionally, obese patients were 24.6% more likely to experience the outcome compared to normal BMI patients. Adjusted modeling showed that warfarin patients experienced higher bleed rates compared to DOAC patients (OR 1.432, 95% CI 1.266-1.620). Obese patients were less likely to be diagnosed with a bleed (OR 0.749, 95% CI 0.658-0.854), and underweight patients were more likely to be diagnosed with a bleed (OR 1.522, 95% CI 1.095-2.115) compared to normal BMI patients. In conclusion, DOACs for atrial fibrillation or VTE in patients with extreme body weights appear safe and effective when compared to warfarin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison R Novak
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E Montview Blvd, C238, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Hospital, UCHealth, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Courtney Shakowski
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E Montview Blvd, C238, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Hospital, UCHealth, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Toby C Trujillo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E Montview Blvd, C238, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Garth C Wright
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E Montview Blvd, C238, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Scott W Mueller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E Montview Blvd, C238, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Hospital, UCHealth, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tyree H Kiser
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E Montview Blvd, C238, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Hospital, UCHealth, Aurora, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang L, Yao W. A Cohort Study on the Safety and Efficacy of Warfarin and Rivaroxaban in Anticoagulant Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4611383. [PMID: 35845939 PMCID: PMC9283039 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4611383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To observe the safety and efficacy of warfarin and rivaroxaban in anticoagulation therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods A total of 96 patients with AF treated in our hospital from June 2019 to February 2021 were enrolled in this study. According to the different modes of drug administration, the patients were divided into the warfarin group and rivaroxaban group. Demographic and clinical data such as age, body weight, and previous drug use were collected. The blood routine, liver and kidney function, blood coagulation routine, and cardiac color ultrasound were accessed. The valvular atrial fibrillation and anticoagulant taboos were excluded, and the risk of embolism and bleeding was evaluated. Among them, 48 patients in the warfarin group were given warfarin once a day, and the international ratio (INR) was used to adjust the dose, and the INR was controlled between 2.0 and 3.0. In contrast, 48 patients in the rivaroxaban group received a fixed dose of rivaroxaban 20 mg or 15 mg once a day. After administration, regular telephone or outpatient follow-up was given once a month, to monitor patients' drug compliance and ask if there was bleeding, and to detect blood routine, urine routine, fecal routine+occult blood, and liver and kidney function. In addition, at the beginning of 3, 6, and 12 months of follow-up, each patient was given cardiac color Doppler ultrasound, peripheral vascular color ultrasound, and brain CT to determine whether there were mural thrombosis, stroke, and peripheral arterial thromboembolism. The INR attainment rate, coagulation index, thromboembolism, bleeding, and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results There was no significant difference in serum Dmurd and NT-proBNP levels between the two groups before treatment and 3, 6, and 9 months after treatment. There was no significant difference in the number of venous embolism, pulmonary embolism, cerebral embolism, and total embolism between the two groups (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the number of mild, moderate, and severe bleeding between the two groups (P > 0.05), but the total number of bleeding in the rivaroxaban group was lower than that in the warfarin group (P < 0.05). During the treatment, side effects such as nausea and vomiting, elevated transaminase, glutamyl transpeptidase, and diarrhea occurred between the two groups, and there was no significant difference in the number of adverse reactions between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion Compared with warfarin, rivaroxaban anticoagulant therapy has the same advantage in tolerance and prevention of thromboembolism in patients with AF, but rivaroxaban can effectively reduce the risk of bleeding in patients with AF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anji People's Hospital, Huzhou City, Zhejiang, Province 313300, China
| | - Wentao Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Anji People's Hospital, Huzhou City, Zhejiang, Province 313300, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Humphrey TJ, O'Brien TD, Melnic CM, Verrier KI, Bedair HS, Ahmed KF. Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing Primary Total Joint Arthroplasty May Experience Higher Rates of Venous Thromboembolism When Prescribed Direct Oral Anticoagulants vs Aspirin. J Arthroplasty 2022; 37:1189-1197. [PMID: 35131389 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2022.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morbidly obese (body mass index [BMI] >40 kg/m2) patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty (TJA) are at high risk for postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE); however, there is debate surrounding the optimal pharmacologic agent for prevention of VTE after TJA in this patient subset. Current guidelines recommend against direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients of BMI >40 kg/m2 due to low quality evidence justifying their use. We evaluated whether patients of BMI >40 kg/m2 undergoing primary unilateral TJA would have increased risk of postoperative VTE if prescribed DOACs compared to non-DOAC agents such as aspirin. METHODS This retrospective study analyzed 897 patients of BMI >40 kg/m2 undergoing primary unilateral TJA. Demographic and comorbidity-related variables were collected. The association between postoperative VTE and prophylactic pharmacologic agent prescribed was evaluated by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS After controlling for comorbidities, we found that the sole use of DOACs, specifically apixaban, for VTE prophylaxis was associated with an increased risk of developing VTE compared to prophylaxis with aspirin alone in patients of BMI >40 kg/m2 (odds ratio 2.962, P = .016). Regardless of VTE prophylactic agent, patients with BMI >40 kg/m2 undergoing TKA had at least 4.5-fold increased odds of developing VTE compared to patients undergoing THA (OR 4.830, P = .019). CONCLUSION In our retrospective study of a large sample size of patients with BMI >40 kg/m2, we found that the use of DOACs, specifically apixaban, for VTE prophylaxis following TJA was associated with increased odds of a VTE complication compared to the use of aspirin alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Humphrey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Kaplan Joint Center, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, MA
| | - Todd D O'Brien
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, North Shore Medical Center, Danvers, MA
| | - Christopher M Melnic
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Kaplan Joint Center, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, MA
| | - Kimberly I Verrier
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, North Shore Medical Center, Danvers, MA
| | -
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Quality and Patient Experience, Mass General Brigham, Somerville, MA
| | - Hany S Bedair
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Kaplan Joint Center, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, MA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Berger JS, Laliberté F, Kharat A, Lejeune D, Moore KT, Jung Y, Lefebvre P, Ashton V. Effectiveness, safety, and healthcare costs associated with rivaroxaban versus warfarin among venous thromboembolism patients with obesity: a real-world study in the United States. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2022; 54:438-448. [PMID: 35562510 PMCID: PMC9553828 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-022-02661-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prior observational studies suggest rivaroxaban is safe and effective among patients with morbid obesity who suffered a venous thromboembolism (VTE) event, but existing data are more limited in the broader population of VTE patients with obesity. This study assessed VTE recurrence, major bleeding, healthcare resource utilization, and healthcare costs among VTE patients with obesity who received rivaroxaban versus warfarin. VTE patients with obesity who initiated rivaroxaban or warfarin after a first VTE (index date) were identified from the IQVIA PharMetrics® Plus database (01/02/2011–09/30/2019). The follow-up period spanned from the index date until health plan disenrollment, end of data availability, cancer diagnosis/treatment, end of the 12 month post-index period, or (for the analysis of major bleeding) anticoagulant discontinuation or switch. Patient characteristics were balanced using inverse probability of treatment weighting. The weighted rivaroxaban (N = 8666) and warfarin cohorts (N = 5946) were well balanced (mean age = 51 years, females = 52%). Over a 9.6 months mean observation period, rivaroxaban users had a significantly lower risk of VTE recurrence [7.0% vs. 8.2%, HR(95% CI) = 0.85(0.75;0.97)] and a similar risk of major bleeding [4.1% vs. 3.6%, HR(95% CI) = 1.11(0.89;1.37)] relative to warfarin users at 12 months. Relative to warfarin users, rivaroxaban users had significantly fewer all-cause outpatient visits [RR(95% CI) = 0.71(0.70;0.74)]. The higher pharmacy costs incurred by rivaroxaban recipients (cost difference = $1252) were offset by lower medical costs (cost difference = − $2515, all p < 0.05) compared with warfarin recipients. Our findings suggest that rivaroxaban is safe and effective versus warfarin, and associated with lower medical costs among VTE patients with obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - François Laliberté
- Groupe d'analyse, Ltée, 1190 avenue des Canadiens-de-Montréal, Suite 1500, Montréal, QC, H3B 0G7, Canada
| | - Akshay Kharat
- Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC., Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Dominique Lejeune
- Groupe d'analyse, Ltée, 1190 avenue des Canadiens-de-Montréal, Suite 1500, Montréal, QC, H3B 0G7, Canada.
| | | | - Young Jung
- Groupe d'analyse, Ltée, 1190 avenue des Canadiens-de-Montréal, Suite 1500, Montréal, QC, H3B 0G7, Canada
| | - Patrick Lefebvre
- Groupe d'analyse, Ltée, 1190 avenue des Canadiens-de-Montréal, Suite 1500, Montréal, QC, H3B 0G7, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Weaver P, Ng TH, Breeden T, Edwin SB, Haan B, Giuliano C. Management of Venous Thromboembolism in Morbid Obesity With Rivaroxaban or Warfarin. Ann Pharmacother 2022; 56:1315-1324. [PMID: 35505606 DOI: 10.1177/10600280221089008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rivaroxaban is a first-line option for the management of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, limited data are available regarding its effectiveness in morbidly obese patients. OBJECTIVE To evaluate rates of thrombosis and bleeding in morbidly obese patients receiving rivaroxaban or warfarin for VTE. METHODS A multicenter, retrospective cohort study was conducted to compare rates of bleeding and thrombosis in patients receiving rivaroxaban versus warfarin for acute VTE. Patients were included if they were older than 18 years and had a body mass index (BMI) greater than 40 kg/m2 or weight greater than 120 kg. The primary effectiveness outcome was hazard of VTE recurrence; the primary safety outcome was hazard of major bleeding. Patients were followed for up to 12 months. RESULTS A total of 1281 patients were identified for acute VTE and were included in this study with 487 patients receiving rivaroxaban and 785 receiving warfarin. The average cohort age was 57.6 ± 14.6 years, and the average weight was 136.4 ± 27.2 kg. After controlling for confounding factors, the use of rivaroxaban was not associated with an increased hazard of VTE events when compared with warfarin (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.42-1.08, P = 0.12) or major bleeding (HR = 1.29, 95% CI: 0.66-2.30, P = 0.52). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE No difference was observed in obese patients with weight >120 kg or BMI >40 kg/m2 receiving rivaroxaban or warfarin for VTE treatment in hazard of VTE or major bleeding. Either agent may be considered an appropriate treatment option in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paige Weaver
- Department of Pharmacy, Ascension Genesys Hospital, Grand Blanc, MI, USA.,Department of Pharmacy, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Tsz Hin Ng
- Department of Pharmacy, Detroit Receiving Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Pharmacy, Ascension St. John Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Thomas Breeden
- Department of Pharmacy, Ascension Genesys Hospital, Grand Blanc, MI, USA
| | - Stephanie B Edwin
- Department of Pharmacy, Ascension St. John Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bradley Haan
- Department of Pharmacy, Ascension Genesys Hospital, Grand Blanc, MI, USA
| | -
- Department of Pharmacy, Ascension Genesys Hospital, Grand Blanc, MI, USA.,Department of Pharmacy, Ascension St. John Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Christopher Giuliano
- Department of Pharmacy, Ascension St. John Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Scott LC, Li J, Cafuir LA, Gaddh M, Kempton CL. Comparing direct oral anticoagulants and vitamin K antagonist use in morbidly obese patients with venous thromboembolism: A single center retrospective cohort study. EJHAEM 2022; 3:457-462. [PMID: 35846040 PMCID: PMC9175804 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Limited data exists on the safety and efficacy of direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOAC) use in morbidly obese patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE). Given the benefits of DOAC use over vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), in terms of monitoring requirements, and dietary and drug interactions, it is important to evaluate whether this is consistent in the higher risk for VTE recurrence morbidly obese group body mass index (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2). Materials and methods: This retrospective, single-center cohort study included patients with a BMI of at least 40 kg/m2 who were admitted to Emory University Hospital from 1st January 2012 to 31st May 2020 with acute VTE, and subsequently initiated on anticoagulation treatment with either DOAC or VKA (warfarin). Univariate and bivariate analyses were used to evaluate differences in demographics by treatment type and BMI. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression was used to assess the risk of VTE recurrence by type of treatment among morbidly obese patient subgroup. Results: There were 247 (11.8%) morbidly obese (≥ 40 kg/m2) patients who were more likely than non-obese patients to be younger, female, and of non-white race. Thirty percent of the study population (n=74) had a BMI >50 kg/m2. T ime-to-event analysis confirmed that the hazard of experiencing a recurrent thrombosis was not statistically significantly different among morbidly obese patients treated with a DOAC compared with VKA (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.28, confidence interval [CI] 0.07-1.11, p = 0.07). Conclusions: This study aligns with previous literature and confirms that morbidly obese patients receiving DOAC or VKA have similar risks of recurrent VTE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lia C. Scott
- Department of Hematology and Medical OncologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Hematology and Medical OncologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Lorraine A. Cafuir
- Department of Hematology and Medical OncologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Manila Gaddh
- Department of Hematology and Medical OncologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Christine L Kempton
- Department of Hematology and Medical OncologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Paro A, Dalmacy D, Hyer JM, Tsilimigras DI, Diaz A, Pawlik TM. Impact of Perioperative Thromboembolic Complications on Future Long-term Risk of Venous Thromboembolism among Medicare Beneficiaries Undergoing Complex Gastrointestinal Surgery. J Gastrointest Surg 2021; 25:3064-3073. [PMID: 34282525 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-021-05080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), represents a common cause of morbidity and mortality following complex gastrointestinal surgery. Whether perioperative VTE also exposes patients to a higher long-term risk of VTE events remains poorly defined. METHODS The Medicare 100% Standard Analytic Files were used to identify patients undergoing esophageal, hepatic, pancreatic, and colorectal resection between 2013 and 2017. The impact of perioperative VTE, defined as a VTE episode occurring during the index hospitalization or within 30 days of discharge, on the risk of developing subsequent long-term VTE episodes (i.e., more than 30 days following discharge) was examined. RESULTS Among 253,212 patients who underwent complex gastrointestinal surgery, 1.9% (n=4763) developed a VTE episode perioperatively. With a median follow-up period of 553 days (IQR 194-1052), a total of 11,052 patients (4.4%) developed a long-term VTE episode. Of note, patients who developed a DVT perioperatively had a higher risk of experiencing a long-term VTE episode than patients who had no perioperative thromboembolic complications (HR 6.50, 95%CI 6.04-6.98). The increase in risk was more pronounced among patients who had a PE (HR 27.97, 95%CI 25.39-30.80) at the time of surgery. Risk factors for long-term thromboembolic events following complex GI surgery included Black patients (HR 1.20, 95%CI 1.11-1.30), receipt of surgery at a teaching hospital (HR 1.09, 95%CI 1.04-1.13), nonelective surgery (HR 1.19, 95%CI 1.14-1.24), as well as a diagnosis of cancer (HR 1.10, 95%CI 1.05-1.16). The development of a perioperative DVT was associated with an increased long-term risk of VTE in both cancer (HR 5.59, 95%CI 5.29-6.61) and non-cancer patients (HR 6.98, 95%CI 6.37-7.64). Similarly, experiencing a PE at the time of surgery led to a higher long-term risk of VTE in cancer (HR 24.30, 95%CI 21.08-28.02), as well as non-cancer (HR 30.81, 95%CI 27.01-35.15) patients. CONCLUSIONS Patients with a history of perioperative VTE had a higher risk of developing subsequent VTE events within 1-2 years following complex GI surgery. The risk was more pronounced among patients who had perioperative PE rather than DVT. These findings were consistent among both cancer and non-cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Paro
- Department of Surgery, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Djhenne Dalmacy
- Department of Surgery, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J Madison Hyer
- Department of Surgery, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Diamantis I Tsilimigras
- Department of Surgery, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Adrian Diaz
- Department of Surgery, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Timothy M Pawlik
- Department of Surgery, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nasser MF, Jabri A, Gandhi S, Rader F. Oral Anticoagulant Use in Morbid Obesity and Post Bariatric Surgery: A Review. Am J Med 2021; 134:1465-1475. [PMID: 34403701 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery has emerged as a therapy for obesity and the associated comorbidities. Obesity has been shown to be a risk factor for atrial fibrillation as well as venous thromboembolism, both of which are conditions that warrant anticoagulation. There is significant underrepresentation of the morbidly obese population in prospective trials that evaluated direct oral anticoagulants and vitamin K antagonists in atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism. We aim to review all the available data that assessed these oral anticoagulants in the morbidly obese population (body mass index >40 kg/m2 and weight >120 kg) and in the post-bariatric surgery population. Our findings suggest that direct oral anticoagulants may be safe and effective for anticoagulation in morbidly obese patients for both atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism. However, warfarin is the preferred agent in the post-bariatric surgery population, given the limited number of studies on direct oral anticoagulants in this population. Further adequately powered randomized control trials are needed to confirm the safety and efficacy of these oral anticoagulants in the morbidly obese and post-bariatric surgery population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Farhan Nasser
- Heart and Vascular Center, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ahmad Jabri
- Heart and Vascular Center, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sanjay Gandhi
- Heart and Vascular Center, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Florian Rader
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Samaranayake CB, Keir G, Slader SAA, Tseng T, Tran K, Anderson J, McCann A, McCabe C, Upham JW. Use of direct oral anticoagulants for acute pulmonary embolisms in obesity: a propensity-matched, multicentre case-control study. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00379-2021. [PMID: 34476251 PMCID: PMC8405875 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00379-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are widely used as first-line treatment for pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients without contraindications [1]; however, limited data exists on the efficacy and safety in obesity. The most recent International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis guidelines recommend avoiding DOACs in individuals with body mass index (BMI) >40 kg·m−2 or body weight >120 kg, due to lack of robust clinical efficacy data. Obtaining serum drug levels for therapeutic monitoring in this population has been suggested; however, testing of DOAC levels is neither widely available nor well validated in real-world clinical settings [2]. Given the ongoing uncertainty regarding the clinical outcomes with DOACs in treating acute PE in obese patients, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DOACs compared to warfarin in this population. Assessment of efficacy and safety of DOACs in treatment of pulmonary embolisms in obese patients provides reassurance that treatment with DOACs carries similar rates of recurrent VTE and bleeding complications to warfarinhttps://bit.ly/2VdrSXX
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory Keir
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - T Tseng
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Khoa Tran
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Logan Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James Anderson
- Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | | | - Colm McCabe
- Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Trust, London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - John W Upham
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Beyer-Westendorf J, Fay M, Amara W. The Importance of Appropriate Dosing of Nonvitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants for Stroke Prevention in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. TH OPEN 2021; 5:e353-e362. [PMID: 34435170 PMCID: PMC8382498 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventing thromboembolic events, while minimizing bleeding risks, remains challenging when managing patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Several factors contribute to current dosing patterns of nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs), including patient characteristics, comorbidities, and physician judgment. Application of NOAC doses inconsistent with the drug labels may cause patients to receive either subtherapeutic (increasing stroke risk) or supratherapeutic (increasing bleeding risk) anticoagulant levels. In clinical practice, under- or over-dosing of NOACs in patients with AF is not uncommon. This analysis of prospective and retrospective registry and database studies on NOAC use in patients with AF (with at least 250 patients in each treatment arm) showed that under-dosing may be associated with reduced effectiveness for stroke prevention, with similar or even increased bleeding than with the standard dose. This may reflect underlying conditions and patient factors that increase bleeding despite NOAC dose reduction. Such factors could drive the observed overuse of reduced NOAC dosages, often making the prescription of reduced-dose NOAC an intentional label deviation. In contrast, over-dosing more likely occurs accidentally; instead of providing benefits, it may be associated with worse safety outcomes than the standard dose, including increased bleeding risk and higher all-cause mortality rates. This review summarizes the main findings on NOAC doses usually prescribed to patients with AF in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Beyer-Westendorf
- Thrombosis Research Unit, Division Hematology, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital "Carl Gustav Carus" Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Haematology, Kings Thrombosis Service, Kings College London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Fay
- Westcliffe Medical Practice, Westcliffe Road, Shipley, United Kingdom
| | - Walid Amara
- Groupe Hospitalier Intercommunal Le Raincy-Montfermeil, Montfermeil, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang TF, Carrier M, Fournier K, Siegal DM, Le Gal G, Delluc A. Oral anticoagulant use in patients with morbid obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost 2021; 122:830-841. [PMID: 34399433 DOI: 10.1055/a-1588-9155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity is associated with increased risks of atrial fibrillation (AF) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) for which anticoagulation is commonly used. However, data on the efficacy and safety of oral anticoagulants in patients with morbid obesity are limited. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) or vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) for AF or VTE in patients with morbid obesity. RESULTS We included 3 randomized controlled trials (5 studies) and 18 observational studies in adult patients with a body weight ≥ 120 kg, body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m2 or classified as morbid obesity who received DOACs or VKAs for AF or VTE (N=77,687). The primary efficacy outcome was stroke/systemic embolism or recurrent VTE, and the primary safety outcome was major bleeding. DOACs were associated with a pooled incidence rate of stroke/systemic embolism of 1.16 per 100 person-years, compared to 1.18 with VKAs. The incidence of recurrent VTE on DOACs was 3.83 per 100 person-years, compared to 6.81 on VKAs. In both VTE and AF populations, DOACs were associated with lower risks of major bleeding compared to VKAs. However, all observational studies had moderate to serious risks of bias. CONCLUSIONS Patients with morbid obesity on DOACs had similar risks of stroke/systemic embolism, lower rates of recurrent VTE and major bleeding events compared to those on VKAs. However, the certainty of evidence was low given that studies were mostly observational with high risk of confounding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Fei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Marc Carrier
- Department of Medicine. University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Deborah M Siegal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Grégoire Le Gal
- Thrombosis Program, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France.,INNOVTE (INvestigation Network On Venous ThromboEmbolism) F-CRIN (French Clinical Research Infrastructure) Network, Saint Etienne, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Martin KA, Beyer-Westendorf J, Davidson BL, Huisman MV, Sandset PM, Moll S. Use of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with obesity for treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism: Updated communication from the ISTH SSC Subcommittee on Control of Anticoagulation. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:1874-1882. [PMID: 34259389 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have widespread first-line use for treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE), uncertainty remains regarding their efficacy and safety in patients with obesity. We reviewed available data for use of DOACs for VTE treatment and prevention in patients with obesity, including phase 3, phase 4, meta-analyses, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics studies. In addition, we reviewed available data regarding DOACs in bariatric surgery. We provide updated guidance recommendations on using DOACs in patients with obesity for treatment and prevention of VTE, as well as following bariatric surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karlyn A Martin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jan Beyer-Westendorf
- Thrombosis Research Unit, Division Hematology and Hemostasis, Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital, Technische University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bruce L Davidson
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington State University Elson S Floyd College of Medicine and Providence Health System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Menno V Huisman
- Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Per Morten Sandset
- Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephan Moll
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Direct oral anticoagulant use in special populations. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2021; 27:311-318. [PMID: 34115699 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The pivotal phase III trials demonstrating efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) or nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) excluded patients with important and common comorbidities, including obesity, advanced chronic kidney disease, cirrhosis, cancer and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Despite the lack of large prospective randomized control trials in these patient populations, the use of DOACs has led to a wealth of efficacy and safety data within these groups. RECENT FINDINGS Retrospective studies, meta-analyses, national databases and pharmacokinetic data have shed light on the efficacy and safety of DOACs in these patient populations. Although DOACs should be avoided in those with high-risk triple positive antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, advanced cirrhosis, advanced kidney disease and intact gastrointestinal cancers, and used with caution in genitourinary cancers, their use extends beyond the inclusion criteria of the initial randomized control trials. SUMMARY DOACs have revolutionized anticoagulant management and have become the cornerstone for VTE treatment and stroke prevention in NVAF. The decision to use DOACs must be individualized. Patient preference, underlying comorbidities and informed consent must always be considered when selecting the most appropriate anticoagulant.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in the USA. Several risk factors have been identified, and obesity has become one of prominent concern. Excessive weight is considered a risk factor for CVD based on evidence linking it to a hypercoagulable state. Considering the prevalence of CVD and obesity in the USA, along with the increased risk for thrombus-related events, anticoagulation plays a significant role in prevention and treatment. Direct oral anticoagulants have taken the place of many traditional anticoagulants. Considering the recently approved indications and continued postmarketing studies conducted with rivaroxaban, this updated review provides data on the overall impact of obesity on this compound. This includes data obtained from both healthy obese volunteers and obese patients with various CVD conditions enrolled in rivaroxaban clinical trials, along with data obtained from postmarketing real-world evidence studies. Assessment of the clinical pharmacology and population pharmacokinetics in obese individuals revealed no clinically relevant effects of increased weight. Additionally, subgroup analyses from each of the pivotal phase III trials supporting the current approved labeling also demonstrated consistent efficacy and safety results in obese patients. Lastly, these findings are further supported by several recent real-world evidence studies assessing the continued effectiveness and safety of rivaroxaban. In conclusion, rivaroxaban's overall pharmacological and clinical profile remained consistent in obese adults when assessed in both drug development and postmarketing studies, supporting the premise that higher weight does not necessitate adjustment in either dose strength or regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ashton
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Janssen Scientific Affairs, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ, 08560, USA
| | - Lana Mudarris
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Janssen Medical Affairs, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ, 08560, USA
| | - Kenneth T Moore
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Janssen Medical Affairs, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ, 08560, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Katel A, Aryal M, Neupane A, Gosain R, Pathak R, Bhandari Y, Kouides P. Efficacy and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Venous Thromboembolism Compared to Traditional Anticoagulants in Morbidly Obese Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus 2021; 13:e14572. [PMID: 34026385 PMCID: PMC8135070 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Randomized clinical trials comparing the efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) with vitamin K antagonist (VKA) or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) generally exclude patients who are morbidly obese (body mass index ≥ 40 kg/m2 or weight ≥ 120 kg). Recently, smaller studies have compared DOACs with warfarin or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in morbidly obese patients with VTE. We aim to systematically review and do a meta-analysis of the studies that directly compared DOACs with VKAs or LMWH in morbidly obese patients. Methods Studies comparing DOAC with warfarin or LMWH in patients with acute VTE were identified through electronic literature searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, clinicaltrials.gov, and the Cochrane Library up to March 2020. The primary efficacy outcome was recurrent VTE and the primary safety outcome was major bleeding as defined by the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) guidelines. Study-specific odds ratios (OR) were calculated and combined using a random-effects model meta-analysis. Result Five studies were identified. Recurrent VTE occurred in 95 of 3207 (2.96%) patients in the DOAC group and 81 of 3181 (2.54%) patients in the VKA and LMWH group (OR: 1.17; 95% CI 0.87 to 1.59, p=.30). Major bleeding occurred in 63 of 3316 (1.89%) patients in the DOAC group, and 83 of 3259(2.54%) patients in the VKA or LMWH group (OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.53 to 1.03, p=.08). Sensitivity analysis comparing factor Xa inhibitors apixaban and rivaroxaban to warfarin also yielded consistent findings. Conclusion DOACs showed similar efficacy and safety in the prevention of recurrent VTE risk and major bleeding events in morbidly obese patients when compared to warfarin/LMWH. Our study underscores the need for further modifications of therapy to reduce the high VTE recurrence rate irrespective of whether the patient is on a DOAC or VKA. This might be possible through a very large multi-institutional randomized clinical trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjan Katel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, NPL
| | - Madan Aryal
- Department of Medicine, Enloe Medical Center, Enloe Regional Cancer Center, California, USA
| | - Arun Neupane
- Department of Nursing and Critical Care, Alta Bates Summit Medical Center, California, USA
| | - Rohit Gosain
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Institute, New York, USA
| | - Ranjan Pathak
- Department of Oncology, Nepal Medical College Pvt. Ltd., Kathmandu, NPL
| | | | - Peter Kouides
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Buck MM, Haddon AM, Paneccasio A, Skoloda DJ, Zimmerman DE, Guarascio AJ, Nemecek BD, Covvey JR, Montepara CA. Safety and Efficacy of Rivaroxaban and Apixaban in Patients with Increased Body Mass: a Systematic Review. Clin Drug Investig 2021; 41:353-369. [PMID: 33677803 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-021-01019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Rivaroxaban and apixaban are direct oral anticoagulants increasing in popularity as convenient alternatives to warfarin. However, current guidelines recommend against use in patients with a BMI > 40 kg/m2 or bodyweight > 120 kg unless drug-specific levels are measured, which may not be feasible across all clinical practices. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to broadly examine literature evaluating the clinical outcomes of rivaroxaban and/or apixaban in patients with increased body mass. METHODS A systematic literature review (guided by PRISMA) was performed through January 27, 2021 using PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. Key search term clusters included drug and weight-related concepts (overweight/obese, body mass index [BMI], waist circumference). DistillerSR was utilized to review and process search results. Studies met inclusion if they analyzed the risk of bleeding and/or thrombosis in patients with increased body mass (i.e., via BMI or other criteria) receiving rivaroxaban or apixaban. Clinical guidelines, case reports/series, pharmacokinetic/dynamic analyses, and commentaries were excluded. Bias was examined qualitatively across studies. RESULTS After duplicates were removed, the original search rendered 1822 abstracts and 200 full-texts for screening, ultimately providing a final set of 24 studies for qualitative review. Of these studies, 13 (54.2%) enabled comparisons between patients of increased versus normal body mass, while 11 (45.8%) reported outcomes only for patients of increased body mass. The working definition of 'increased body mass' varied amongst the studies, including 11 (45.8%) studies that utilized BMI, seven (29.2%) with a combination of BMI and body measurement, two (8.3%) that relied on body weight alone, and four (16.7%) that identified obesity-related ICD codes. All 13 comparative studies found similar or reduced rates of safety and efficacy outcomes with rivaroxaban and apixaban. CONCLUSION The literature reports similar or lower bleeding and thrombotic risk for rivaroxaban and apixaban in patients of increased body mass compared to patients of normal body mass. Future prospective controlled studies are needed to further define guidelines for use in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Buck
- Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Alexa M Haddon
- Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Skoloda
- Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - David E Zimmerman
- Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center - Mercy Hospital, 1400 Locust St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Anthony J Guarascio
- Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
- Allegheny General Hospital, 320 E North Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA
| | - Branden D Nemecek
- Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center - Mercy Hospital, 1400 Locust St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Jordan R Covvey
- Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Courtney A Montepara
- Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.
- Allegheny General Hospital, 320 E North Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Direct Oral Anticoagulant Use in Special Populations: Elderly, Obesity, and Renal Failure. Curr Cardiol Rep 2021; 23:27. [PMID: 33655373 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-021-01456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to examine the safety and effectiveness of direct oral anticoagulants and provide recommendations for the treatment of venous thromboembolism and atrial fibrillation in obese patients, elderly patients, and patients with chronic kidney disease. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple retrospective cohort studies have shown no difference in bleeding, stroke, or venous thromboembolism outcomes between DOACs and warfarin in patients who are obese, elderly, or those with chronic kidney disease or on dialysis. Some studies have shown that DOACs have a lower bleeding risk than warfarin in these populations. DOACs may be a safe and effective alternative to warfarin for the prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation patients who are obese, elderly, or those with chronic kidney disease or on dialysis. Apixaban may improve clinical outcomes by lowering the risk of bleeding versus warfarin. DOACs may also be an effective and safe alternative to warfarin for the treatment of venous thromboembolism in obese patients; however, additional studies are needed to assess their use in elderly patients and those with CKD.
Collapse
|
35
|
Speed V, Roberts LN, Arya R, Patel JP. Fixed dose rivaroxaban can be used in extremes of bodyweight: A population pharmacokinetic analysis - Reply to Jacobs & Ryan comment. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:872-873. [PMID: 33650251 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Speed
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's Thrombosis Centre, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lara N Roberts
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's Thrombosis Centre, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Roopen Arya
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's Thrombosis Centre, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jignesh P Patel
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's Thrombosis Centre, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Dobesh PP, Kernan MM, Lueshen JJ. Direct Oral Anticoagulants in the Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism: Use in Patients with Advanced Renal Impairment, Obesity, or Other Weight-Related Special Populations. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 42:233-249. [PMID: 33601428 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1723952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There are currently more than 7 million patients taking a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC), with more new prescriptions per year than warfarin. Despite impressive efficacy and safety data for the treatment of venous thromboembolism, patients with obesity or advanced renal impairment represented a small portion of the patients enrolled in the phase 3 clinical trials. Therefore, to evaluate the potential use of DOACs in these special populations, clinicians need to have an understanding of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these agents in these settings. Since data from randomized controlled trials are limited, data from observational trials are helpful in gaining comfort with the use of DOACs in these special populations. Selecting the appropriate dose for each agent is imperative in achieving optimal patient outcomes. We provide an extensive review of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, phase 3 clinical trials, and observational studies on the use of DOACs in patients with advanced renal impairment, obesity, or other weight-related special populations to provide clinicians with a comprehensive understanding of the data for optimal drug and dose selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul P Dobesh
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Molly M Kernan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jenni J Lueshen
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Beyer-Westendorf J. Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Atrial Fibrillation: Practical Considerations and Remaining Issues. Hamostaseologie 2021; 41:35-41. [PMID: 33588453 DOI: 10.1055/a-1329-2430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventing thromboembolic events, while minimizing bleeding risks, remains challenging when managing patients with atrial fibrillation. Despite large and successful trial programs, several clinical concerns remain which commonly relate to fears of over- or underexposure to drugs and unfavorable outcomes. After a short summary of the main phase III trial findings, this short review discusses the evidence and clinical relevance of common clinical concerns (correct direct oral anticoagulant [DOAC] dosing; DOAC in moderate-to-severe renal impairment; and the relevance of fasting, nasogastric tube feeding, or high body mass index) on DOAC plasma levels. Finally, the need for specific DOAC antidotes will be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Beyer-Westendorf
- Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine I, Division Hematology, University Hospital "Carl Gustav Carus" Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lachant DJ, Bach C, Fe A, White RJ, Lachant NA. Direct oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with morbid obesity after intermediate- or high-risk pulmonary emboli. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00554-2020. [PMID: 33569503 PMCID: PMC7861033 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00554-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is little reported on the efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in morbid obesity after venous thromboembolism (VTE). In this observational study, patients were followed up after intermediate- or high-risk pulmonary embolism (PE) at the University of Rochester Pulmonary Hypertension Clinic 2-4 months after the initial event. All patients had echocardiography and V/Q imaging regardless of symptoms. Outcomes of interest were the rates of recurrent VTE, thrombus resolution and development of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) in patients with morbid obesity treated with a DOAC compared to treatment with vitamin K antagonists and to non-morbidly obese patients after PE. Using the electronic medical record, recurrent events were assessed up to 12 months after the event. 107 patients (body mass index (BMI)>40 kg·m-2, n=32; BMI 30-39.9 kg·m-2, n=39; BMI<30 kg·m-2, n=36) attended follow-up appointments after treatment for PE. A DOAC was used in 70 patients (BMI>40 kg·m-2, n=19; BMI 30-39.9 kg·m-2, n=27; BMI<30 kg·m-2, n=24). There were no recurrent events within the first 12 months of initial diagnosis based on symptoms and imaging in any patient. There was no difference in rate of residual unmatched perfusion defect with DOACs or conventional anticoagulation (49% versus 49%). This finding remained in the subset of morbidly obese patients (47% versus 50%). For the overall cohort, there was no difference in the rate of CTEPH development based on anticoagulation with a DOAC (5% versus 8% with warfarin). There were no major bleeding complications with a DOAC. DOAC therapy appears to be effective and safe in morbid obesity even after intermediate- or high-risk PE. .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Lachant
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Christina Bach
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Fe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - R James White
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Neil A Lachant
- Division of Hematology at The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abildgaard A, Madsen SA, Hvas AM. Dosage of Anticoagulants in Obesity: Recommendations Based on a Systematic Review. Semin Thromb Hemost 2020; 46:932-969. [PMID: 33368113 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1718405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anticoagulants are frequently used as thromboprophylaxis and in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) or venous thromboembolism (VTE). While obesity rates are reaching epidemic proportions worldwide, the optimal dosage for obese patients has not been established for most anticoagulants, including low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOAC), and pentasaccharides (fondaparinux). The aim of the present systematic review was to summarize the current knowledge and provide recommendations on dosage of LMWH, NOAC, and fondaparinux in obese patients (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m2 or body weight ≥ 100 kg). Based on a systematic search in PubMed and Embase, a total of 72 studies were identified. For thromboprophylaxis with LMWH in bariatric surgery (n = 20 studies), enoxaparin 40 mg twice daily, dalteparin 5,000 IE twice daily, or tinzaparin 75 IU/kg once daily should be considered for patients with BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2. For thromboprophylaxis with LMWH in nonbariatric surgery and in medical inpatients (n = 8 studies), enoxaparin 0.5 mg/kg once or twice daily or tinzaparin 75 IU/kg once daily may be considered in obese patients. For treatment with LMWH (n = 18 studies), a reduced weight-based dose of enoxaparin 0.8 mg/kg twice daily should be considered in patients with BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2, and no dose capping of dalteparin and tinzaparin should be applied for body weight < 140 kg. As regards NOAC, rivaroxaban, apixaban, or dabigatran may be used as thromboprophylaxis in patients with BMI < 40 kg/m2 (n = 4 studies), whereas rivaroxaban and apixaban may be administered to obese patients with VTE or AF, including BMI > 40 kg/m2, at standard fixed-dose (n = 20 studies). The limited available evidence on fondaparinux (n = 3 studies) indicated that the treatment dose should be increased to 10 mg once daily in patients weighing > 100 kg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Abildgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sofie A Madsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Hvas
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Streiff MB, Abutalib SA, Farge D, Murphy M, Connors JM, Piazza G. Update on Guidelines for the Management of Cancer-Associated Thrombosis. Oncologist 2020; 26:e24-e40. [PMID: 33275332 DOI: 10.1002/onco.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. Over the past 2 decades, enormous advances have been made in the management of CAT. The growing evidence base informing practice has led to the publication of a number of guidelines and guidance documents on the diagnosis and treatment of CAT. The goal of this review is to examine the latest versions of evidence-based guidelines, highlighting the differences and similarities in their methodology, their disease-specific content, and recommendations for management. Our analysis shows that for most clinical topics, the different guidelines provide roughly similar management advice. However, there are a number of important clinical topics in CAT that are not currently covered by the existing guidelines. We think inclusion of these topics in future versions of the guidelines will facilitate ongoing efforts to optimize the care of patients with CAT. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) is a common complication in patients with cancer. This review examines the differences and similarities of the current CAT guidelines methods and recommendations. Current guidelines largely agree on many aspects of CAT management. However, there are a number of topics in CAT that are not currently included in guidelines where evidence-based guidance would be very helpful for clinicians. Coverage of these topics in future guidelines is encouraged to optimize clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Streiff
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Dominique Farge
- Unité de Médecine Interne: Maladies Auto-immunes et Pathologie Vasculaire (UF 04), Université de Paris, IRSL, Recherche clinique appliquée à l'hématologie, Paris, France.,Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Martina Murphy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jean M Connors
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cardiovascular Medicine Division at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Brigham and Womens Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory Piazza
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cardiovascular Medicine Division at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mai V, Marceau-Ferron E, Bertoletti L, Lacasse Y, Bonnet S, Lega JC, Provencher S. Direct oral anticoagulants in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism in patients with obesity: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105317. [PMID: 33246169 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct oral anticoagulants' (DOAC) pharmacokinetics are affected by obesity. Their efficacy and safety in obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m2) and morbid obesity (BMI≥40 kg/m2) are still unclear in the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE). OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy/safety of DOAC versus vitamin K antagonist (VKA)/low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for the treatment of VTE in patients with obesity and morbid obesity. The primary efficacy/safety outcomes were VTE recurrence and major bleeding (MB). Clinically relevant non-MB and mortality were also evaluated. METHODS A systematic literature search (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Web of Science) identified studies evaluating DOAC in the treatment of VTE in patients with obesity and reporting one of the outcomes. Relative risks (RR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using the Mantel-Haenszel method. RESULTS We included 21 studies (50,360pts) of which 16,150 patients had a BMI≥30 kg/m2 and 6443 patients had a BMI≥40 kg/m2. VTE recurrence was similar with DOAC compared to VKA/LMWH in patients with obesity (RR 1.03;95 %CI 0.93-1.15;p = 0.55) and morbid obesity (RR 1.06;95 %CI 0.94-1.19;p = 0.35). DOAC were also associated with a reduction in MB (RR 0.57;95 %CI 0.34-0.94;p = 0.03 and RR 0.71;95 %CI 0.50-1.00;p = 0.05 in patients with obesity and morbid obesity, respectively). Subgroup analyses comparing randomized controlled trials to observational studies showed consistent results. No difference was observed in regards of clinically relevant non-MB and mortality. CONCLUSION There is no signal for differences in VTE recurrence in patients with obesity and morbid obesity treated with DOAC compared to VKA/LMWH, while DOAC likely reduce the risk of MB compared to VKA/LMWH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Mai
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada; Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, (http://phrg.ca)
| | - E Marceau-Ferron
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - L Bertoletti
- Department of Vascular and Therapeutic Medicine, CHU de St-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France; Université Jean-Monnet, UMR 1059, SAINBIOSE, St-Etienne, France; INSERM CIC 1408, St-Etienne, France; Groupe d'Etude Multidisciplinaire des Maladies Thrombotiques (GEMMAT), Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Y Lacasse
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - S Bonnet
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada; Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, (http://phrg.ca); Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - J C Lega
- Groupe d'Etude Multidisciplinaire des Maladies Thrombotiques (GEMMAT), Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Univ Lyon, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France; Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - S Provencher
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada; Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, (http://phrg.ca); Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Falk K, McComb MN, Shapiro NL, Uppuluri EM. Prescribing Pattern of Oral Anticoagulants in Patients With Obesity. J Pharm Pract 2020; 35:248-255. [DOI: 10.1177/0897190020969276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: There is limited efficacy and safety data for direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients with obesity, and it has been suggested to avoid DOACs in this patient population. Objective: Describe the prescribing pattern of oral anticoagulants in obese patients in an urban university setting and assess efficacy, safety, and adherence. Methods: Retrospective, cohort study in patients ≥18 years with a history of VTE and/or atrial fibrillation. Patients with a BMI >40 kg/m2 and/or weight >120 kilograms and a prescription for warfarin or a DOAC from August 25, 2014 until August 25, 2017 are included. The primary outcome is the number of warfarin or DOAC prescriptions. Secondary outcomes include thromboembolism and bleeding events. Patient adherence was evaluated using time in therapeutic range (TTR), adherence rate to clinic appointments, and medication possession ratio (MPR). Results: Of the 276 patients who met eligibility criteria, 158 (57.2%) were prescribed warfarin and 118 (42.8%) were prescribed a DOAC. There was no difference in the rate of stroke or recurrent VTE between groups (3.2% vs. 3.4%, p = 0.944). There was also no difference in the rate of bleeding between groups (16.1% vs. 17.8%, p = 0.707). The TTR for the warfarin group was 44.8 ± 23%, and appointment adherence was 78.6 ± 20%. The MPR for the DOAC group was 0.93 ± 0.24. Conclusions: Despite limited data in obese patients, DOACs are prescribed in this population. Results suggest no difference in safety and efficacy compared to warfarin, but barriers to quality anticoagulation may exist in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Falk
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Meghan N. McComb
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nancy L. Shapiro
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ellen M. Uppuluri
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Costa OS, Beyer-Westendorf J, Ashton V, Milentijevic D, Moore KT, Bunz TJ, Coleman CI. Rivaroxaban Versus Warfarin for Management of Obese African Americans With Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation or Venous Thromboembolism: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2020; 26:1076029620954910. [PMID: 33085526 PMCID: PMC7588768 DOI: 10.1177/1076029620954910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
African Americans (AAs) and obese individuals have increased thrombotic risk.
This study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of rivaroxaban versus warfarin
in obese, AAs with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) or venous
thromboembolism (VTE). Optum® De-Identified Electronic Health Record (EHR) data
was used to perform separate propensity-score matched analyses of adult, oral
anticoagulant (OAC)-naïve AAs with NVAF or acute VTE, respectively; who had a
body mass index≥30kg/m2 and ≥12-months EHR activity with ≥1-encounter
before OAC initiation. Cox regression was performed and reported as hazard
ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). For the NVAF analysis, 1,969
rivaroxaban- and 1,969 warfarin-users were matched. Rivaroxaban was not
associated with a difference in stroke/systemic embolism versus warfarin (HR =
0.88, 95%CI = 0.60-1.28), but less major bleeding (HR = 0.68, 95%CI = 0.50-0.94)
was observed. Among 683 rivaroxaban-users with VTE, 1:1 matched to
warfarin-users, rivaroxaban did not alter recurrent VTE (HR = 1.36, 95%CI =
0.79-2.34) or major bleeding (HR = 0.80, 95%CI = 0.37-1.71) risk versus warfarin
at 6-months (similar findings observed at 3- and 12-months). Rivaroxaban
appeared to be associated with similar thrombotic, and similar or lower major
bleeding risk versus warfarin in these obese, AA cohorts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S Costa
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT, USA.,Evidence-Based Practice Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Jan Beyer-Westendorf
- Thrombosis Unit, University Hospital "Carl Gustav Carus", Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Craig I Coleman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT, USA.,Evidence-Based Practice Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Speed V, Patel JP, Roberts LN, Patel RK, Arya R. UK real-world experience of prescribing rivaroxaban for acute venous thromboembolism in obesity: Results from the FIRST Registry. Thromb Res 2020; 197:16-19. [PMID: 33160116 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Speed
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - J P Patel
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - L N Roberts
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - R K Patel
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - R Arya
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
How I treat obese patients with oral anticoagulants. Blood 2020; 135:904-911. [PMID: 31978224 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019003528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a major threat to health worldwide. The prevalence of obesity is rapidly increasing, so much so that the World Health Organization has declared obesity as a global epidemic. Obesity is associated with multiple health problems, including venous thromboembolism and atrial fibrillation, both of which are treated with anticoagulation. However, obesity and treatments for obesity such as bariatric surgery can influence absorption, excretion, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of various anticoagulants. This results in uncertainty regarding the best antithrombotic strategies in this population, particularly in the morbidly obese. In the recent years, several studies have attempted to investigate anticoagulation use in this population and provided more insight. Herein, we present 4 cases of anticoagulant use in the obese to illustrate the common challenges faced by clinicians and discuss our approach. Whenever possible, we provide a review of the literature and base our recommendations on the best available evidence.
Collapse
|
46
|
Speed V, Green B, Roberts LN, Woolcombe S, Bartoli-Abdou J, Barsam S, Byrne R, Gee E, Czuprynska J, Brown A, Duffy S, Vadher B, Patel R, Scott V, Gazes A, Patel RK, Arya R, Patel JP. Fixed dose rivaroxaban can be used in extremes of bodyweight: A population pharmacokinetic analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:2296-2307. [PMID: 32511863 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging safety and efficacy data for rivaroxaban suggest traditional therapy and rivaroxaban are comparable in the morbidly obese. However, real-world data that indicate pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters are comparable at the extremes of body size are lacking. The International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Scientific and Standardisation Committee (ISTH SSC) suggests avoiding the use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients weighing >120 kg or with a body mass index >40 kg/m2 and gives no recommendation on the use of DOACs in those <50 kg. OBJECTIVES To generate a population PK model to understand the influence of bodyweight on rivaroxaban exposure from clinical practice data. METHOD Rivaroxaban plasma concentrations and patient characteristics were collated between 2013 and 2018 at King's College Hospital anticoagulation clinic. A population PK model was developed using a nonlinear mixed effects approach and then used to simulate rivaroxaban concentrations at the extremes of bodyweight. RESULTS A robust population PK model derived from 913 patients weighing between 39 kg and 172 kg was developed. The model included data from n = 86 >120 kg, n = 74 BMI >40 kg/m2 , and n = 30 <50 kg. A one-compartment model with between-subject variability on clearance and a proportional error model best described the data. Creatinine clearance calculated by Cockcroft-Gault, with lean bodyweight as the weight descriptor in this equation, was the most significant covariate influencing rivaroxaban exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our work demonstrates rivaroxaban can be used at extremes of bodyweight provided renal function is satisfactory. We recommend that the ISTH SSC revises the current guidance with respect to rivaroxaban at extremes of body size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Speed
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Lara N Roberts
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sarah Woolcombe
- Department of Oral Surgery, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John Bartoli-Abdou
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sarah Barsam
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rosalind Byrne
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emma Gee
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Julia Czuprynska
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alison Brown
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sinead Duffy
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Bipin Vadher
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rachna Patel
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Valerie Scott
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anna Gazes
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Raj K Patel
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Roopen Arya
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jignesh P Patel
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Costa OS, Beyer-Westendorf J, Ashton V, Milentijevic D, Moore KT, Bunz TJ, Coleman CI. Effectiveness and safety of rivaroxaban versus warfarin in obese patients with acute venous thromboembolism: analysis of electronic health record data. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2020; 51:349-358. [PMID: 32588288 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-020-02199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There is limited data evaluating clinical outcomes of rivaroxaban versus warfarin in obese patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE). Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of rivaroxaban versus warfarin in obese VTE patients. We performed a cohort analysis using Optum® De-Identified Electronic Health Record data from 11/1/2012 to 9/30/2018. Patients with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 admitted to the hospital, emergency department or observation unit for VTE, prescribed rivaroxaban or warfarin as their first oral anticoagulant (OAC) within 7-days and had ≥12-months of EHR activity prior were included. We excluded patients with OAC use at baseline or cancer. Patients were 1:1 matched (standard differences<0.10). Primary outcomes were recurrent VTE and major bleeding at 3-, 6- and 12-months using an intent-to-treat approach. Subanalyses of BMI 30.0-34.9, 35.0-39.9 and ≥ 40 kg/m2 were performed. Risk was compared using Cox regression and reported as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We identified 6755 rivaroxaban and 6755 warfarin users with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 and incident VTE. At 3-, 6- and 12-months, rivaroxaban was associated with a reduced hazard of recurrent VTE compared to warfarin (HR 0.61, 95%CI 0.51-0.72; HR 0.65, 95%CI 0.55-0.77; HR 0.63, 95%CI 0.54-0.74) with no difference in major bleeding (HR 0.99, 95%CI 0.68-1.44; HR 0.90, 95%CI 0.64-1.26; HR 1.00, 95%CI 0.73-1.36). No statistical difference was found across BMI categories for either recurrent VTE (p-interaction≥0.43) or major bleeding (p-interaction ≥ 0.58) at any time point. In obese VTE patients, prescription of rivaroxaban was associated with a significantly reduced risk of recurrent VTE versus warfarin, without impacting major bleeding. Our findings remained consistent across BMI classes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S Costa
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.,Evidence-Based Practice Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Jan Beyer-Westendorf
- Thrombosis Unit, University Hospital "Carl Gustav Carus", Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Craig I Coleman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA. .,Evidence-Based Practice Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Elshafei MN, Mohamed MFH, El-Bardissy A, Ahmed MB, Abdallah I, Elewa H, Danjuma M. Comparative effectiveness and safety of direct oral anticoagulants compared to warfarin in morbidly obese patients with acute venous thromboembolism: systematic review and a meta-analysis. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2020; 51:388-396. [PMID: 32556939 PMCID: PMC7886743 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-020-02179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) agents are becoming the anticoagulation strategy of choice. However, their use in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) in morbidly obese patients (bodyweight of > 120 kg or BMI > 40 kg/m2) guarded. This is due to the scarce data supporting their use in this population. As a result, the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis recommended against their use in this cohort of patients. New data emerged supporting the use of DOACs in these patients. Hence, we aimed to systematically review the literature exploring the efficacy and safety of these agents compared to warfarin in VTE treatment in morbidly obese patients. A systematic review of PubMed and EMBASE since inception until 01/04/2020. Subsequently, a non-inferiority (NI of 1.75) meta-analysis utilizing the random-effects model. Five observational studies (6585 patients) were included in our meta-analysis. DOAC analogs were non-inferior compared to warfarin in reducing the primary efficacy outcome of VTE recurrence (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.93-1.23) and the primary safety outcome (major bleeding events) (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.54-1.17). Our meta-analysis comprising real-world observational data concludes that the use of DOAC analogs in morbidly obese patients (bodyweight of > 120 kg or BMI > 40 kg/m2) is non-inferior with regards to efficacy and safety compared to warfarin. This finding helps to resolve the uncertainty associated with the use of DOACs in this cohort. Additionally, it invites for a confirmatory non-inferiority randomized controlled trial testing DOAC vs. Warfarin in this group of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ibtihal Abdallah
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hazem Elewa
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Mohammed Danjuma
- Internal Medicine Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sebaaly J, Kelley D. Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Obesity: An Updated Literature Review. Ann Pharmacother 2020; 54:1144-1158. [PMID: 32443941 DOI: 10.1177/1060028020923584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review literature on the use of direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients with high body weight (BW) and/or high body mass index (BMI) and to make recommendations regarding use in this patient population. DATA SOURCES A search using PubMed was conducted (inception to April 13, 2020) using the term DOAC AND the terms obesity OR body weight. A separate search was also conducted with individual DOACs (dabigatran, apixaban, rivaroxaban, edoxaban) and the aforementioned terms. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Studies included examined the effect of BW and/or BMI on DOAC pharmacokinetics, efficacy, or safety. Included studies had DOAC indications of prevention of stroke in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, or treatment or long-term prevention of venous thromboembolism. DATA SYNTHESIS The efficacy and safety of DOACs in patients with high BW/BMI has not yet been elucidated by randomized trials; however, 2016 international guidelines suggest avoiding their use in patients with a BW >120 kg or BMI >40 kg/m2. Since 2016, several studies have been published examining use of DOACs in this patient population. RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE This review thoroughly discusses the literature on DOACs in patients with a BW >120 kg or BMI >40 kg/m2 pre-2016 and post-2016 guidelines. CONCLUSIONS Evidence indicates that each DOAC may have differences in outcomes when used in patients with a high BW/BMI. Currently, low-quality data are available that support avoiding dabigatran and considering apixaban or rivaroxaban; lack of sufficient data preclude a recommendation for edoxaban use in this patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Denise Kelley
- Ascension Seton Medical Center Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Coons JC, Albert L, Bejjani A, Iasella CJ. Effectiveness and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants versus Warfarin in Obese Patients with Acute Venous Thromboembolism. Pharmacotherapy 2020; 40:204-210. [DOI: 10.1002/phar.2369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James C. Coons
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics Clinical Pharmacist, Cardiology UPMC Presbyterian Hospital University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren Albert
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea Bejjani
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Carlo J. Iasella
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics Clinical Pharmacist, Lung Transplantation UPMC Presbyterian Hospital University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|