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Choi J, Jeon Y, Roh Y, Jang J, Lee E, Villamante L, Kim M, Kwon MH. The dispensability of V H-V L pairing and the indispensability of V L domain integrity in the IgG1 secretion process. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1346259. [PMID: 38756530 PMCID: PMC11096469 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1346259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The CH1 domain of IgG antibodies controls assembly and secretion, mediated by the molecular chaperone BiP via the endoplasmic reticulum protein quality control (ERQC) mechanism. However, it is not clear whether the variable domains are necessary for this process. Methods: Here, we generated IgG1 antibodies in which the V domain (VH and/or VL) was either removed or replaced, and then assessed expression, assembly, and secretion in HEK293 cells. Results: All Ig variants formed a covalent linkage between the Cγ1 and Cκ, were successfully secreted in an assembled form. Replacement of the cognate Vκ with a non-secretory pseudo Vκ (ψVκ) hindered secretion of individual or assembled secretion of neither heavy chains (HCs) nor light chains (LCs). The ψLC (ψVκ-Cκ) exhibited a less folded structure compared to the wild type (wt) LC, as evidenced by enhanced stable binding to the molecular chaperone BiP and susceptibility to proteolytic degradation. Molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated dramatic alterations in overall structure of ψFab (Fd-ψLC) from wt Fab. Discussion: These findings suggest that V domains do not initiate HC:LC assembly and secretion; instead, the critical factor governing IgG assembly and secretion is the CH-CL pairing. Additionally, the structural integrity of the VL domain is crucial for IgG secretion. These data offer valuable insight into the design of bioactive molecules based on an IgG backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yerin Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngin Roh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyun Jang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Luigie Villamante
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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2
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Lee Z, Wan J, Shen A, Barnard G. Gene copy number, gene configuration and LC/HC mRNA ratio impact on antibody productivity and product quality in targeted integration CHO cell lines. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3433. [PMID: 38321634 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The augmentation of transgene copy numbers is a prevalent approach presumed to enhance transcriptional activity and product yield. CHO cell lines engineered via targeted integration (TI) offer an advantageous platform for investigating the interplay between gene copy number, mRNA abundance, product yield, and product quality. Our investigation revealed that incrementally elevating the gene copy numbers of both IgG heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) concurrently resulted in the attainment of plateaus in mRNA levels and product titers, notably occurring beyond four to five gene copies integrated at the same TI site. Furthermore, maintaining a fixed gene copy number while varying the position of genes within the vector influenced the LC/HC mRNA ratio, which subsequently exerted a substantial impact on product titer. Moreover, manipulation of the LC/HC gene ratio through the introduction of surplus LC gene copies led to heightened LC mRNA expression and a reduction in the levels of high molecular weight species. It is noteworthy that the effects of excess LC on product titer were dependent on the specific molecule under consideration. The strategic utilization of PCR tags enabled precise quantification of transcription from each expression slot within the vector, facilitating the identification of highly expressive and less expressive slots. Collectively, these findings significantly enhance our understanding of stable antibody production in TI CHO cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zion Lee
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amy Shen
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gavin Barnard
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
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3
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Roskoski R. Combination immune checkpoint and targeted protein kinase inhibitors for the treatment of renal cell carcinomas. Pharmacol Res 2024; 203:107181. [PMID: 38614375 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Kidney cancers comprise about 3% of all new malignancies in the United States. Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) are the most common type of renal malignancy making up about 85% of kidney cancer cases. Signs and symptoms of renal cell carcinomas can result from local tumor growth, paraneoplastic syndromes, or distant metastases. The classic triad of presentation with flank pain, hematuria, and a palpable abdominal mass occurs in fewer than 10% of patients. Most diagnoses result from incidental imaging findings (ultrasonography or abdominal CT imaging) performed for another reason. Localized disease is treated by partial nephrectomy, total nephrectomy, or ablation (tumor destruction with heat or cold). When the tumors have metastasized, systemic therapy with protein-tyrosine kinase antagonists including sorafenib, sunitinib, pazopanib, and tivozanib that target vascular endothelial, platelet-derived, fibroblast, hepatocyte, and stem cell factor growth factor receptors (VEGFR, PDGFR, FGFR, MET, and Kit) were prescribed after 2005. The monoclonal antibody immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab (targeting programed cell death protein 1, PD1) was approved for the treatment of RCCs in 2015. It is usually used now in combination with ipilimumab (targeting CTLA-4) or cabozantinib (a multikinase blocker). Other combination therapies include pembrolizumab (targeting PD1) and axitinib (a VEGFR and PDGFR blocker) or lenvatinib (a multikinase inhibitor). Since the KEYNOTE-426 clinical trial, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors is now the standard of care for most patients with metastatic renal cell carcinomas and monotherapies are used only in those individuals who cannot receive or tolerate immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 221 Haywood Knolls Drive, Hendersonville, NC 28791, United States.
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4
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Marques AC, Costa PC, Velho S, Amaral MH. Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Tumor-Targeted Antibody-Functionalized Nanoparticles. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:489. [PMID: 38672759 PMCID: PMC11051252 DOI: 10.3390/life14040489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The specific interaction between cell surface receptors and corresponding antibodies has driven opportunities for developing targeted cancer therapies using nanoparticle systems. It is challenging to design and develop such targeted nanomedicines using antibody ligands, as the final nanoconjugate's specificity hinges on the cohesive functioning of its components. The multicomponent nature of antibody-conjugated nanoparticles also complicates the characterization process. Regardless of the type of nanoparticle, it is essential to perform physicochemical characterization to establish a solid foundation of knowledge and develop suitable preclinical studies. A meaningful physicochemical evaluation of antibody-conjugated nanoparticles should include determining the quantity and orientation of the antibodies, confirming the antibodies' integrity following attachment, and assessing the immunoreactivity of the obtained nanoconjugates. In this review, the authors describe the various techniques (electrophoresis, spectroscopy, colorimetric assays, immunoassays, etc.) used to analyze the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles functionalized with antibodies and discuss the main results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Camila Marques
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo C. Costa
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgia Velho
- i3S—Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Helena Amaral
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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5
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Wong S, West ME, Morgan GJ. Kinetic evidence for multiple aggregation pathways in antibody light chain variable domains. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4871. [PMID: 38100259 PMCID: PMC10868443 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of antibody light chain proteins is associated with the progressive disease light chain amyloidosis. Patient-derived amyloid fibrils are formed from light chain variable domain residues in non-native conformations, highlighting a requirement that light chains unfold from their native structures in order to aggregate. However, mechanistic studies of amyloid formation have primarily focused on the self-assembly of natively unstructured peptides, and the role of native state unfolding is less well understood. Using a well-studied light chain variable domain protein known as WIL, which readily aggregates in vitro under conditions where the native state predominates, we asked how the protein concentration and addition of pre-formed fibril "seeds" alter the kinetics of aggregation. Monitoring aggregation with thioflavin T fluorescence revealed a distinctly non-linear dependence on concentration, with a maximum aggregation rate observed at 8 μM protein. This behavior is consistent with formation of alternate aggregate structures in the early phases of amyloid formation. Addition of N- or C-terminal peptide tags, which did not greatly affect the folding or stability of the protein, altered the concentration dependence of aggregation. Aggregation rates increased in the presence of pre-formed seeds, but this effect did not eliminate the delay before aggregation and became saturated when the proportion of seeds added was greater than 1 in 1600. The complexity of aggregation observed in vitro highlights how multiple species may contribute to amyloid pathology in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Wong
- Boston University Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Madeline E West
- Boston University Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- Boston University Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Madsen AV, Pedersen LE, Kristensen P, Goletz S. Design and engineering of bispecific antibodies: insights and practical considerations. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1352014. [PMID: 38333084 PMCID: PMC10850309 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1352014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) have attracted significant attention due to their dual binding activity, which permits simultaneous targeting of antigens and synergistic binding effects beyond what can be obtained even with combinations of conventional monospecific antibodies. Despite the tremendous therapeutic potential, the design and construction of bsAbs are often hampered by practical issues arising from the increased structural complexity as compared to conventional monospecific antibodies. The issues are diverse in nature, spanning from decreased biophysical stability from fusion of exogenous antigen-binding domains to antibody chain mispairing leading to formation of antibody-related impurities that are very difficult to remove. The added complexity requires judicious design considerations as well as extensive molecular engineering to ensure formation of high quality bsAbs with the intended mode of action and favorable drug-like qualities. In this review, we highlight and summarize some of the key considerations in design of bsAbs as well as state-of-the-art engineering principles that can be applied in efficient construction of bsAbs with diverse molecular formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas V. Madsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lasse E. Pedersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Steffen Goletz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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7
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Vazulka S, Schiavinato M, Tauer C, Wagenknecht M, Cserjan-Puschmann M, Striedner G. RNA-seq reveals multifaceted gene expression response to Fab production in Escherichia coli fed-batch processes with particular focus on ribosome stalling. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:14. [PMID: 38183013 PMCID: PMC10768439 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02278-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli is a cost-effective expression system for production of antibody fragments like Fabs. Various yield improvement strategies have been applied, however, Fabs remain challenging to produce. This study aimed to characterize the gene expression response of commonly used E. coli strains BL21(DE3) and HMS174(DE3) to periplasmic Fab expression using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Two Fabs, Fabx and FTN2, fused to a post-translational translocation signal sequence, were produced in carbon-limited fed-batch cultivations. RESULTS Production of Fabx impeded cell growth substantially stronger than FTN2 and yields of both Fabs differed considerably. The most noticeable, common changes in Fab-producing cells suggested by our RNA-seq data concern the cell envelope. The Cpx and Psp stress responses, both connected to inner membrane integrity, were activated, presumably by recombinant protein aggregation and impairment of the Sec translocon. The data additionally suggest changes in lipopolysaccharide synthesis, adjustment of membrane permeability, and peptidoglycan maturation and remodeling. Moreover, all Fab-producing strains showed depletion of Mg2+, indicated by activation of the PhoQP two-component signal transduction system during the early stage and sulfur and phosphate starvation during the later stage of the process. Furthermore, our data revealed ribosome stalling, caused by the Fabx amino acid sequence, as a contributor to low Fabx yields. Increased Fabx yields were obtained by a site-specific amino acid exchange replacing the stalling sequence. Contrary to expectations, cell growth was not impacted by presence or removal of the stalling sequence. Considering ribosome rescue is a conserved mechanism, the substantial differences observed in gene expression between BL21(DE3) and HMS174(DE3) in response to ribosome stalling on the recombinant mRNA were surprising. CONCLUSIONS Through characterization of the gene expression response to Fab production under industrially relevant cultivation conditions, we identified potential cell engineering targets. Thereby, we hope to enable rational approaches to improve cell fitness and Fab yields. Furthermore, we highlight ribosome stalling caused by the amino acid sequence of the recombinant protein as a possible challenge during recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vazulka
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Production of Next-Level Biopharmaceuticals in E. Coli, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matteo Schiavinato
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Computational Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Tauer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Production of Next-Level Biopharmaceuticals in E. Coli, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Wagenknecht
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV, GmbH & Co KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Cserjan-Puschmann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Production of Next-Level Biopharmaceuticals in E. Coli, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gerald Striedner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Production of Next-Level Biopharmaceuticals in E. Coli, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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Aschenbrenner I, Siebenmorgen T, Lopez A, Parr M, Ruckgaber P, Kerle A, Rührnößl F, Catici D, Haslbeck M, Frishman D, Sattler M, Zacharias M, Feige MJ. Assembly-dependent Structure Formation Shapes Human Interleukin-23 versus Interleukin-12 Secretion. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168300. [PMID: 37805067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 12 (IL-12) family cytokines connect the innate and adaptive branches of the immune system and regulate immune responses. A unique characteristic of this family is that each member is anα:βheterodimer. For human αsubunits it has been shown that they depend on theirβsubunit for structure formation and secretion from cells. Since subunits are shared within the family and IL-12 as well as IL-23 use the same βsubunit, subunit competition may influence cytokine secretion and thus downstream immunological functions. Here, we rationally design a folding-competent human IL-23α subunit that does not depend on itsβsubunit for structure formation. This engineered variant still forms a functional heterodimeric cytokine but shows less chaperone dependency and stronger affinity in assembly with its βsubunit. It forms IL-23 more efficiently than its natural counterpart, skewing the balance of IL-12 and IL-23 towards more IL-23 formation. Together, our study shows that folding-competent human IL-12 familyαsubunits are obtainable by only few mutations and compatible with assembly and function of the cytokine. These findings might suggest that human α subunits have evolved for assembly-dependent folding to maintain and regulate correct IL-12 family member ratios in the light of subunit competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Aschenbrenner
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Garching, Germany
| | - Till Siebenmorgen
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Garching, Germany; Helmholtz Munich, Molecular Targets & Therapeutics Center, Institute of Structural Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Abraham Lopez
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Bavarian NMR Center, Garching, Germany; Helmholtz Munich, Molecular Targets & Therapeutics Center, Institute of Structural Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marina Parr
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics, Freising, Germany
| | - Philipp Ruckgaber
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Garching, Germany
| | - Anna Kerle
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Garching, Germany
| | - Florian Rührnößl
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Garching, Germany
| | - Dragana Catici
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Haslbeck
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Garching, Germany
| | - Dmitrij Frishman
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Bavarian NMR Center, Garching, Germany; Helmholtz Munich, Molecular Targets & Therapeutics Center, Institute of Structural Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Zacharias
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Garching, Germany
| | - Matthias J Feige
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Garching, Germany.
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Wang J, Huang J, Ding H, Ma J, Zhong H, Wang F, Chen Y, Peng H. Functional analysis of tumor-derived immunoglobulin lambda and its interacting proteins in cervical cancer. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:929. [PMID: 37784026 PMCID: PMC10544594 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11426-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin lambda (Igλ) has been reported to be expressed in many normal and tumor tissues and cells. However, the function and clinical significance of tumor-derived Igλ remain unclear. METHODS The differential expressions of Immunoglobulin Lambda Constants (IGLCs) in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC) were examined with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx), and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) databases. The effects of IGLCs on patient clinical phenotypes and prognosis were explored via bioinformatics analyses based on the TCGA databases. We used the bioinformatics analyses based on the TCGA and GTEx databases to elucidate the correlations among IGLC expressions, immunomodulator expressions, tumor stemness, and infiltration scores of tumor infiltrating immune cells. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and silver staining combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were used to obtain potential tumor-derived Igλ-interacting proteins. Functional annotation of candidate proteins identified by LC-MS/MS was performed in Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). The bioinformatics analyses of 7 IGLCs in CESC and normal cervical tissues were performed based on TCGA, GTEx, and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 (GEPIA2) databases. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was analyzed based on tumor-derived Igλ-interacting proteins in Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to validate the expressions of IGLCs in CESC. RESULTS We found that the expressions of the majority of IGLCs (IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, IGLC4, IGLC5, IGLC6, and IGLC7) were upregulated in CESC tissues, compared with those in normal cervical tissues. The expressions of IGLC5 and IGLC7 had significant difference in different pathologic metastasis (M), one of tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) staging system, categories of CESC. Except for disease-free interval (DFI), 4 IGLC (IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, and IGLC7) expression levels were positively associated with patient overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and progression-free interval (PFI) respectively in CESC tissues. 5 IGLC (IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, IGLC6, and IGLC7) expressions were positively correlated with the expressions of a majority of immunomodulators respectively in CESC tissues. Tumor stemness was negatively correlated with the expressions of 4 IGLCs (IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, and IGLC7) respectively in CESC tissues. Except for IGLC4, IGLC5, and IGLC7, 4 IGLC (IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, and IGLC6) expressions were positively correlated with infiltration scores of 6 tumor-infiltrating immune cells (B cell, T cell CD4, T cell CD8, neutrophil, macrophage, and DC). After analyses of the above bioinformatics data of tumor-derived Igλ, Co-IP and LC-MS/MS were used to confirm that 4 proteins (RPL7, RPS3, H1-5, and H1-6) might interact with tumor-derived Igλ in cervical cancer cells. Functional analyses of these candidate proteins showed that they interacted with many proteins and were involved in various cellular biological processes. Finally, IHC was used to further confirm the above bioinformatics results, it was indicated that the expression level of Igλ in cervical adenocarcinoma and cervical squamous cell carcinoma was higher than that in normal cervical tissue. CONCLUSION This study comprehensively investigated the functions of tumor-derived Igλ and its interacting proteins based on bioinformatics analysis and the potential value of Igλ as a prognostic and therapeutic marker for CESC, providing new direction and evidence for CESC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juping Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
- Department of Pathology, Binhai Branch of National Regional Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Jiangni Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Haohua Zhong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Fanlu Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Yupeng Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Fujian Provincial Institutes of Brain Disorders and Brain Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Neurosurgery Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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10
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Wong S, West ME, Morgan GJ. Kinetic evidence for multiple aggregation pathways in antibody light chain variable domains. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.28.555139. [PMID: 37693524 PMCID: PMC10491100 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.28.555139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of antibody light chain proteins is associated with the progressive disease light chain amyloidosis. Patient-derived amyloid fibrils are formed from light chain variable domain residues in non-native conformations, highlighting a requirement that light chains unfold from their native structures in order to aggregate. However, mechanistic studies of amyloid formation have primarily focused on the self-assembly of natively unstructured peptides, and the role of native state unfolding is less well understood. Using a well-studied light chain variable domain protein known as WIL, which readily aggregates in vitro under conditions where the native state predominates, we asked how the protein concentration and addition of pre-formed fibril "seeds" alter the kinetics of aggregation. Monitoring aggregation with thioflavin T fluorescence revealed a distinctly non-linear dependence on concentration, with a maximum aggregation rate observed at 8 μM protein. This behavior is consistent with formation of alternate aggregate structures in the early phases of amyloid formation. Addition of N- or C-terminal peptide tags, which did not greatly affect the folding or stability of the protein, altered the concentration dependence of aggregation. Aggregation rates increased in the presence of pre-formed seeds, but this effect did not eliminate the delay before aggregation and became saturated when the proportion of seeds added was greater than 1 in 1600. The complexity of aggregation observed in vitro highlights how multiple species may contribute to amyloid pathology in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Wong
- Boston University Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Madeline E West
- Boston University Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- Boston University Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Rappazzo CG, Fernández-Quintero ML, Mayer A, Wu NC, Greiff V, Guthmiller JJ. Defining and Studying B Cell Receptor and TCR Interactions. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:311-322. [PMID: 37459189 PMCID: PMC10495106 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BCRs (Abs) and TCRs (or adaptive immune receptors [AIRs]) are the means by which the adaptive immune system recognizes foreign and self-antigens, playing an integral part in host defense, as well as the emergence of autoimmunity. Importantly, the interaction between AIRs and their cognate Ags defies a simple key-in-lock paradigm and is instead a complex many-to-many mapping between an individual's massively diverse AIR repertoire, and a similarly diverse antigenic space. Understanding how adaptive immunity balances specificity with epitopic coverage is a key challenge for the field, and terms such as broad specificity, cross-reactivity, and polyreactivity remain ill-defined and are used inconsistently. In this Immunology Notes and Resources article, a group of experimental, structural, and computational immunologists define commonly used terms associated with AIR binding, describe methodologies to study these binding modes, as well as highlight the implications of these different binding modes for therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreas Mayer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nicholas C. Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Victor Greiff
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jenna J. Guthmiller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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12
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Del Pozo-Yauner L, Herrera GA, Perez Carreon JI, Turbat-Herrera EA, Rodriguez-Alvarez FJ, Ruiz Zamora RA. Role of the mechanisms for antibody repertoire diversification in monoclonal light chain deposition disorders: when a friend becomes foe. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203425. [PMID: 37520549 PMCID: PMC10374031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system of jawed vertebrates generates a highly diverse repertoire of antibodies to meet the antigenic challenges of a constantly evolving biological ecosystem. Most of the diversity is generated by two mechanisms: V(D)J gene recombination and somatic hypermutation (SHM). SHM introduces changes in the variable domain of antibodies, mostly in the regions that form the paratope, yielding antibodies with higher antigen binding affinity. However, antigen recognition is only possible if the antibody folds into a stable functional conformation. Therefore, a key force determining the survival of B cell clones undergoing somatic hypermutation is the ability of the mutated heavy and light chains to efficiently fold and assemble into a functional antibody. The antibody is the structural context where the selection of the somatic mutations occurs, and where both the heavy and light chains benefit from protective mechanisms that counteract the potentially deleterious impact of the changes. However, in patients with monoclonal gammopathies, the proliferating plasma cell clone may overproduce the light chain, which is then secreted into the bloodstream. This places the light chain out of the protective context provided by the quaternary structure of the antibody, increasing the risk of misfolding and aggregation due to destabilizing somatic mutations. Light chain-derived (AL) amyloidosis, light chain deposition disease (LCDD), Fanconi syndrome, and myeloma (cast) nephropathy are a diverse group of diseases derived from the pathologic aggregation of light chains, in which somatic mutations are recognized to play a role. In this review, we address the mechanisms by which somatic mutations promote the misfolding and pathological aggregation of the light chains, with an emphasis on AL amyloidosis. We also analyze the contribution of the variable domain (VL) gene segments and somatic mutations on light chain cytotoxicity, organ tropism, and structure of the AL fibrils. Finally, we analyze the most recent advances in the development of computational algorithms to predict the role of somatic mutations in the cardiotoxicity of amyloidogenic light chains and discuss the challenges and perspectives that this approach faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Del Pozo-Yauner
- Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama-College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Guillermo A. Herrera
- Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama-College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States
| | | | - Elba A. Turbat-Herrera
- Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama-College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama-College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States
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13
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Kotler JLM, Street TO. Mechanisms of Protein Quality Control in the Endoplasmic Reticulum by a Coordinated Hsp40-Hsp70-Hsp90 System. Annu Rev Biophys 2023; 52:509-524. [PMID: 37159299 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-111622-091309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The Hsp40, Hsp70, and Hsp90 chaperone families are ancient, highly conserved, and critical to cellular protein homeostasis. Hsp40 chaperones can transfer their protein clients to Hsp70, and Hsp70 can transfer clients to Hsp90, but the functional benefits of these transfers are unclear. Recent structural and mechanistic work has opened up the possibility of uncovering how Hsp40, Hsp70, and Hsp90 work together as unified system. In this review, we compile mechanistic data on the ER J-domain protein 3 (ERdj3) (an Hsp40), BiP (an Hsp70), and Grp94 (an Hsp90) chaperones within the endoplasmic reticulum; what is known about how these chaperones work together; and gaps in this understanding. Using calculations, we examine how client transfer could impact the solubilization of aggregates, the folding of soluble proteins, and the triage decisions by which proteins are targeted for degradation. The proposed roles of client transfer among Hsp40-Hsp70-Hsp90 chaperones are new hypotheses, and we discuss potential experimental tests of these ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L M Kotler
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Timothy O Street
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA;
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14
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Pomarici ND, Cacciato R, Kokot J, Fernández-Quintero ML, Liedl KR. Evolution of the Immunoglobulin Isotypes-Variations of Biophysical Properties among Animal Classes. Biomolecules 2023; 13:801. [PMID: 37238671 PMCID: PMC10216798 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system arose around 500 million years ago in jawed fish, and, since then, it has mediated the immune defense against pathogens in all vertebrates. Antibodies play a central role in the immune reaction, recognizing and attacking external invaders. During the evolutionary process, several immunoglobulin isotypes emerged, each having a characteristic structural organization and dedicated function. In this work, we investigate the evolution of the immunoglobulin isotypes, in order to highlight the relevant features that were preserved over time and the parts that, instead, mutated. The residues that are coupled in the evolution process are often involved in intra- or interdomain interactions, meaning that they are fundamental to maintaining the immunoglobulin fold and to ensuring interactions with other domains. The explosive growth of available sequences allows us to point out the evolutionary conserved residues and compare the biophysical properties among different animal classes and isotypes. Our study offers a general overview of the evolution of immunoglobulin isotypes and advances the knowledge of their characteristic biophysical properties, as a first step in guiding protein design from evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Monica L. Fernández-Quintero
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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15
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Imamura H, Ooishi A, Honda S. Getting Smaller by Denaturation: Acid-Induced Compaction of Antibodies. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3898-3906. [PMID: 37093025 PMCID: PMC10150727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein denaturation is a ubiquitous process that occurs both in vitro and in vivo. While our molecular understanding of the denatured structures of proteins is limited, it is commonly accepted that the loss of unique intramolecular contacts makes proteins larger. Herein, we report compaction of the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) protein upon acid denaturation. Small-angle X-ray scattering coupled with size exclusion chromatography revealed that IgG1 radii of gyration at pH 2 were ∼75% of those at a neutral pH. Scattering profiles showed a compact globular shape, supported by analytical ultracentrifugation. The acid denaturation of proteins with a decrease in size is energetically costly, and acid-induced compaction requires an attractive force for domain reorientation. Such intramolecular aggregation may be widespread in immunoglobulin proteins as noncanonical structures. Herein, we discuss the potential biological significance of these noncanonical structures of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Imamura
- Biomedical
Research Institute, National Institute of
Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
- Department
of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science
and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Ayako Ooishi
- Biomedical
Research Institute, National Institute of
Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Shinya Honda
- Biomedical
Research Institute, National Institute of
Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
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16
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Oh YH, Becker ML, Mendola KM, Choe LH, Min L, Lee KH, Yigzaw Y, Seay A, Bill J, Li X, Roush DJ, Cramer SM, Menegatti S, Lenhoff AM. Characterization and implications of host-cell protein aggregates in biopharmaceutical processing. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:1068-1080. [PMID: 36585356 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the production of biopharmaceuticals such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and vaccines, the residual amounts of host-cell proteins (HCPs) are among the critical quality attributes. In addition to overall HCP levels, individual HCPs may elude purification, potentially causing issues in product stability or patient safety. Such HCP persistence has been attributed mainly to biophysical interactions between individual HCPs and the product, resin media, or residual chromatin particles. Based on measurements on process streams from seven mAb processes, we have found that HCPs in aggregates, not necessarily chromatin-derived, may play a significant role in the persistence of many HCPs. Such aggregates may also hinder accurate detection of HCPs using existing proteomics methods. The findings also highlight that certain HCPs may be difficult to remove because of their functional complementarity to the product; specifically, chaperones and other proteins involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR) are disproportionately present in the aggregates. The methods and findings described here expand our understanding of the origins and potential behavior of HCPs in cell-based biopharmaceutical processes and may be instrumental in improving existing techniques for HCP detection and clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hoon Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Kerri M Mendola
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Leila H Choe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Lie Min
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Kelvin H Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Yinges Yigzaw
- Purification Process Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alexander Seay
- Purification Process Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jerome Bill
- Purification Process Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xuanwen Li
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - David J Roush
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Steven M Cramer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abraham M Lenhoff
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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17
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Absmeier RM, Rottenaicher GJ, Svilenov HL, Kazman P, Buchner J. Antibodies gone bad - the molecular mechanism of light chain amyloidosis. FEBS J 2023; 290:1398-1419. [PMID: 35122394 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Light chain amyloidosis (AL) is a systemic disease in which abnormally proliferating plasma cells secrete large amounts of mutated antibody light chains (LCs) that eventually form fibrils. The fibrils are deposited in various organs, most often in the heart and kidney, and impair their function. The prognosis for patients diagnosed with AL is generally poor. The disease is set apart from other amyloidoses by the huge number of patient-specific mutations in the disease-causing and fibril-forming protein. The molecular mechanisms that drive the aggregation of mutated LCs into fibrils have been enigmatic, which hindered the development of efficient diagnostics and therapies. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on AL amyloidosis and discuss open issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona M Absmeier
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Georg J Rottenaicher
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Hristo L Svilenov
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Pamina Kazman
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Buchner
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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18
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Rottenaicher GJ, Absmeier RM, Meier L, Zacharias M, Buchner J. A constant domain mutation in a patient-derived antibody light chain reveals principles of AL amyloidosis. Commun Biol 2023; 6:209. [PMID: 36823438 PMCID: PMC9950467 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04574-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a debilitating disease in which mutant antibody light chains (LC), secreted by aberrant plasma cell clones, misfold and form insoluble fibrils, which can be deposited in various organs. In the majority of cases, the fibrillar deposits consist of LC variable domains (VL) containing destabilizing mutations compared to their germline counterparts. This is also true for the patient LC FOR005. However, this pathogenic LC sequence contains an additional mutation in the constant domain (CL). The mechanistic impact of CL mutations is not yet understood in the context of AL amyloidosis. Our analysis reveals that the FOR005 CL mutation influences the amyloid pathway in specific ways: (1) folding and stability of the patient CL domain are strongly impaired; (2) the mutation disrupts the LC dimer interface and weakens dimerization; (3) the CL mutation promotes proteolytic cleavage of the LC monomers resulting in an isolated, amyloidogenic VL domain while dimeric LCs are not cleaved. The enhanced proteolysis rates and the inability of full-length LCs to form amyloid fibrils even in the presence of a destabilized CL domain support a model for AL amyloidosis in which the CL domain plays a protective role and in which proteolytic cleavage precedes amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg J Rottenaicher
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Department of Biosciences, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University Munich, Boltzmannstr. 10, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Ramona M Absmeier
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Department of Biosciences, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University Munich, Boltzmannstr. 10, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Laura Meier
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Department of Biosciences, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University Munich, Boltzmannstr. 10, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Zacharias
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Department of Biosciences, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University Munich, Boltzmannstr. 10, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Buchner
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748, Garching, Germany.
- Department of Biosciences, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University Munich, Boltzmannstr. 10, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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19
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Marques AC, Costa PC, Velho S, Amaral MH. Lipid Nanoparticles Functionalized with Antibodies for Anticancer Drug Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010216. [PMID: 36678845 PMCID: PMC9864942 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology takes the lead in providing new therapeutic options for cancer patients. In the last decades, lipid-based nanoparticles-solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), liposomes, and lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles-have received particular interest in anticancer drug delivery to solid tumors. To improve selectivity for target cells and, thus, therapeutic efficacy, lipid nanoparticles have been functionalized with antibodies that bind to receptors overexpressed in angiogenic endothelial cells or cancer cells. Most papers dealing with the preclinical results of antibody-conjugated nanoparticles claim low systemic toxicity and effective tumor inhibition, which have not been successfully translated into clinical use yet. This review aims to summarize the current "state-of-the-art" in anticancer drug delivery using antibody-functionalized lipid-based nanoparticles. It includes an update on promising candidates that entered clinical trials and some explanations for low translation success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Camila Marques
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.M.); (M.H.A.)
| | - Paulo C. Costa
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgia Velho
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, R. Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Helena Amaral
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.M.); (M.H.A.)
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20
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Koga H, Yamano T, Betancur J, Nagatomo S, Ikeda Y, Yamaguchi K, Nabuchi Y, Sato K, Teranishi-Ikawa Y, Sato M, Hirayama H, Hayasaka A, Torizawa T, Haraya K, Sampei Z, Shiraiwa H, Kitazawa T, Igawa T, Kuramochi T. Efficient production of bispecific antibody by FAST-Ig TM and its application to NXT007 for the treatment of hemophilia A. MAbs 2023; 15:2222441. [PMID: 37339067 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2222441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient production of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) in single mammalian cells is essential for basic research and industrial manufacturing. However, preventing unwanted pairing of heavy chains (HCs) and light chains (LCs) is a challenging task. To address this, we created an engineering technology for preferential cognate HC/LC and HC/HC paring called FAST-Ig (Four-chain Assembly by electrostatic Steering Technology - Immunoglobulin), and applied it to NXT007, a BsAb for the treatment of hemophilia A. We introduced charged amino-acid substitutions at the HC/LC interface to facilitate the proper assembly for manufacturing a standard IgG-type BsAb. We generated CH1/CL interface-engineered antibody variants that achieved > 95% correct HC/LC pairing efficiency with favorable pharmacological properties and developability. Among these, we selected a design (C3) that allowed us to separate the mis-paired species with an unintended pharmacological profile using ion-exchange chromatography. Crystal structure analysis demonstrated that the C3 design did not affect the overall structure of both Fabs. To determine the final design for HCs-heterodimerization, we compared the stability of charge-based and knobs into hole-based Fc formats in acidic conditions and selected the more stable charge-based format. FAST-Ig was also applicable to stable CHO cell lines for industrial production and demonstrated robust chain pairing with different subclasses of parent BsAbs. Thus, it can be applied to a wide variety of BsAbs both preclinically and clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Koga
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamano
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Juan Betancur
- API Process Development Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Ukima, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Nagatomo
- Analytical Development Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Ukima, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yousuke Ikeda
- Analytical Development Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Ukima, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamaguchi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nabuchi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Motohiko Sato
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hirayama
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Hayasaka
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Torizawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenta Haraya
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Zenjiro Sampei
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hirotake Shiraiwa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takehisa Kitazawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Igawa
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Kuramochi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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21
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Melnyk A, Lang S, Sicking M, Zimmermann R, Jung M. Co-chaperones of the Human Endoplasmic Reticulum: An Update. Subcell Biochem 2023; 101:247-291. [PMID: 36520310 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-14740-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays central roles in the biogenesis of extracellular plus organellar proteins and in various signal transduction pathways. For these reasons, the ER comprises molecular chaperones, which are involved in import, folding, assembly, export, plus degradation of polypeptides, and signal transduction components, such as calcium channels, calcium pumps, and UPR transducers plus adenine nucleotide carriers/exchangers in the ER membrane. The calcium- and ATP-dependent ER lumenal Hsp70, termed immunoglobulin heavy-chain-binding protein or BiP, is the central player in all these activities and involves up to nine different Hsp40-type co-chaperones, i.e., ER membrane integrated as well as ER lumenal J-domain proteins, termed ERj or ERdj proteins, two nucleotide exchange factors or NEFs (Grp170 and Sil1), and NEF-antagonists, such as MANF. Here we summarize the current knowledge on the ER-resident BiP/ERj chaperone network and focus on the interaction of BiP with the polypeptide-conducting and calcium-permeable Sec61 channel of the ER membrane as an example for BiP action and how its functional cycle is linked to ER protein import and various calcium-dependent signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Melnyk
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sven Lang
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mark Sicking
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Richard Zimmermann
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Jung
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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22
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Madsen AV, Kristensen P, Buell AK, Goletz S. Generation of robust bispecific antibodies through fusion of single-domain antibodies on IgG scaffolds: a comprehensive comparison of formats. MAbs 2023; 15:2189432. [PMID: 36939220 PMCID: PMC10038023 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2189432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) enable dual binding of different antigens with potential synergistic targeting effects and innovative therapeutic possibilities. The formation of bsAbs is, however, often dependent on complex engineering strategies with a high risk of antibody chain mispairing leading to contamination of the final product with incorrectly assembled antibody species. This study demonstrates formation of bsAbs in a generic and conceptually easy manner through fusion of single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) onto IgG scaffolds through flexible 10 amino acid linkers to form high-quality bsAbs with both binding functionalities intact and minimal product-related impurities. SdAbs are attractive fusion partners due to their small and monomeric nature combined with antigen-binding capabilities comparable to conventional human antibodies. By systematically comparing a comprehensive panel of symmetric αPD-L1×αHER2 antibodies, including reversely mirrored antigen specificities, we investigate how the molecular geometry affects production, stability, antigen binding and CD16a binding. SdAb fusion of the heavy chain was generally preferred over light chain fusion for promoting good expression and high biophysical stability as well as maintaining efficient binding to both antigens. We find that N-terminal sdAb fusion might sterically hinder antigen-binding to the Fv region of the IgG scaffold, whereas C-terminal fusion might disturb antigen-binding to the fused sdAb. Our work demonstrates a toolbox of complementary methods for in-depth analysis of key features, such as in-solution dual antigen binding, thermal stability, and aggregation propensity, to ensure high bsAb quality. These techniques can be executed at high-throughput and/or with very low material consumption and thus represent valuable tools for bsAb screening and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas V Madsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Alexander K Buell
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Steffen Goletz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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23
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Pomarici ND, Fernández-Quintero ML, Quoika PK, Waibl F, Bujotzek A, Georges G, Liedl KR. Bispecific antibodies-effects of point mutations on CH3-CH3 interface stability. Protein Eng Des Sel 2022; 35:6873150. [PMID: 36468666 PMCID: PMC9741699 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new format of therapeutic proteins is bispecific antibodies, in which two different heavy chains heterodimerize to obtain two different binding sites. Therefore, it is crucial to understand and optimize the third constant domain (CH3-CH3) interface to favor heterodimerization over homodimerization, and to preserve the physicochemical properties, as thermal stability. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the dissociation process of 19 CH3-CH3 crystal structures that differ from each other in few point mutations. We describe the dissociation of the dimeric interface as a two-steps mechanism. As confirmed by a Markov state model, apart from the bound and the dissociated state, we observe an additional intermediate state, which corresponds to an encounter complex. The analysis of the interdomain contacts reveals key residues that stabilize the interface. We expect that our results will improve the understanding of the CH3-CH3 interface interactions and thus advance the developability and design of new antibodies formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy D Pomarici
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monica L Fernández-Quintero
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrick K Quoika
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria,Center for Protein Assemblies (CPA), Department of Physics, Chair of Theoretical Biophysics, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Franz Waibl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Bujotzek
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, 82377, Germany
| | - Guy Georges
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, 82377, Germany
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24
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Mark JKK, Lim CSY, Nordin F, Tye GJ. Expression of mammalian proteins for diagnostics and therapeutics: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10593-10608. [PMID: 35674877 PMCID: PMC9175168 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07651-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies have proven to be remarkably successful for biomedical applications. They play important roles in epidemiology and medicine from diagnostics of diseases to therapeutics, treating diseases from incessant chronic diseases such as rheumatology to pandemic outbreaks. With no end in sight for the demand for antibody products, optimizations and new techniques must be expanded to accommodate this. METHODS AND RESULTS This review discusses optimizations and techniques for antibody production through choice of discovery platforms, expression systems, cell culture mediums, and other strategies to increase expression yield. Each system has its own merits and demerits, and the strategy chosen is critical in addressing various biological aspects. CONCLUSIONS There is still insufficient evidence to validate the efficacy of some of these techniques, and further research is needed to consolidate these industrial production systems. There is no doubt that more strategies, systems, and pipelines will contribute to enhance biopharmaceutical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Kar Kei Mark
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Crystale Siew Ying Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No 1 Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Taman Connaught, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Fazlina Nordin
- Tissue Engineering Centre (TEC), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Minden, Malaysia.
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25
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Ott JA, Haakenson JK, Kelly AR, Christian C, Criscitiello MF, Smider VV. Evolution of surrogate light chain in tetrapods and the relationship between lengths of CDR H3 and VpreB tails. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1001134. [PMID: 36311706 PMCID: PMC9614664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1001134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian immune system, the surrogate light chain (SLC) shapes the antibody repertoire during B cell development by serving as a checkpoint for production of functional heavy chains (HC). Structural studies indicate that tail regions of VpreB contact and cover the third complementarity-determining region of the HC (CDR H3). However, some species, particularly bovines, have CDR H3 regions that may not be compatible with this HC-SLC interaction model. With immense structural and genetic diversity in antibody repertoires across species, we evaluated the genetic origins and sequence features of surrogate light chain components. We examined tetrapod genomes for evidence of conserved gene synteny to determine the evolutionary origin of VpreB1, VpreB2, and IGLL1, as well as VpreB3 and pre-T cell receptor alpha (PTCRA) genes. We found the genes for the SLC components (VpreB1, VpreB2, and IGLL1) only in eutherian mammals. However, genes for PTCRA occurred in all amniote groups and genes for VpreB3 occurred in all tetrapod groups, and these genes were highly conserved. Additionally, we found evidence of a new VpreB gene in non-mammalian tetrapods that is similar to the VpreB2 gene of eutherian mammals, suggesting VpreB2 may have appeared earlier in tetrapod evolution and may be a precursor to traditional VpreB2 genes in higher vertebrates. Among eutherian mammals, sequence conservation between VpreB1 and VpreB2 was low for all groups except rabbits and rodents, where VpreB2 was nearly identical to VpreB1 and did not share conserved synteny with VpreB2 of other species. VpreB2 of rabbits and rodents likely represents a duplicated variant of VpreB1 and is distinct from the VpreB2 of other mammals. Thus, rabbits and rodents have two variants of VpreB1 (VpreB1-1 and VpreB1-2) but no VpreB2. Sequence analysis of VpreB tail regions indicated differences in sequence content, charge, and length; where repertoire data was available, we observed a significant relationship between VpreB2 tail length and maximum DH length. We posit that SLC components co-evolved with immunoglobulin HC to accommodate the repertoire - particularly CDR H3 length and structure, and perhaps highly unusual HC (like ultralong HC of cattle) may bypass this developmental checkpoint altogether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine A. Ott
- Comparative Immunogenetics Lab, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jeremy K. Haakenson
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Abigail R. Kelly
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Claire Christian
- Comparative Immunogenetics Lab, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Michael F. Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Lab, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Vaughn V. Smider
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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26
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Xu Y, Wei Z, Feng M, Zhu D, Mei S, Wu Z, Feng Q, Chang W, Ji M, Liu C, Zhu Y, Shen L, Yang F, Chen Y, Feng Y, Xu J, Zhu D. Tumor-infiltrated activated B cells suppress liver metastasis of colorectal cancers. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111295. [PMID: 36044847 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 40% of patients with late-stage colorectal cancer (CRC) develop liver metastasis (LM). Which immune cells play important roles in CRC-LM and contribute to the difference between left-sided CRC (LCC) and right-sided CRC (RCC) remain unclear. By single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we not only find that activated B cells are significantly depleted in CRC with LM, but also find a subtype of B cells developed from activated B cells, namely immature plasma cell population alpha (iMPA), highly correlated with metastasis. Mechanistically, inhibition of the Wnt and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathways in cancer cell promotes activated B cell migration via the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis. This study reveals that B cell subpopulations in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) play a key role in CRC-LM as well as in LCC and RCC. The preventive effects of modulating B cell subpopulations in CRC may provide a rationale for subsequent drug development and CRC-LM management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiu Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhuang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Mei Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dexiang Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shenglin Mei
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhongen Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingyang Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenju Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Meiling Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chenglong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lian Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yijiao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuxiong Feng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianmin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Di Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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27
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Mann MJ, Flory AR, Oikonomou C, Hayes CA, Melendez-Suchi C, Hendershot LM. Identification of two rate-limiting steps in the degradation of partially folded immunoglobulin light chains. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:924848. [PMID: 36072336 PMCID: PMC9441772 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.924848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody monomers are produced from two immunoglobulin heavy chains and two light chains that are folded and assembled in the endoplasmic reticulum This process is assisted and monitored by components of the endoplasmic reticulum quality control machinery; an outcome made more fraught by the unusual genetic machinations employed to produce a seemingly unlimited antibody repertoire. Proper functioning of the adaptive immune system is as dependent on the success of this operation, as it is on the ability to identify and degrade those molecules that fail to reach their native state. In this study, two rate-limiting steps were identified in the degradation of a non-secreted κ light chain. Both focus on the constant domain (CL), which has evolved to fold rapidly and very stably to serve as a catalyst for the folding of the heavy chain CH1 domain. The first hurdle is the reduction of the disulfide bond in the CL domain, which is required for retrotranslocation to the cytosol. In spite of being reduced, the CL domain retains structure, giving rise to the second rate-limiting step, the unfolding of this domain at the proteasome, which results in a stalled degradation intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Mann
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ashley R. Flory
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Christina Oikonomou
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | | | | | - Linda M. Hendershot
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Linda M. Hendershot,
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28
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Underwood DJ, Bettencourt J, Jawad Z. The manufacturing considerations of bispecific antibodies. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:1043-1065. [PMID: 35771976 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2095900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibody therapies have made huge strides in providing safe and efficacious drugs for autoimmune, cancer and infectious disease. These bispecific antibodies can be assembled from the basic building blocks of IgGs, resulting in dozens of formats. AREAS COVERED It is important to consider the manufacturability of these formats early in the antibody discovery phases. Broadly categorizing bispecific antibodies into IgG-like, fragment-based, appended and hybrid formats can help in looking at early manufacturability considerations. EXPERT OPINION Ideally, bispecific antibody manufacturing should contain a minimal number of steps, with processes that give high yields of protein with no contaminants. Many of these have been determined for the fragment-based bispecific blinatumomab and the IgG-like bispecifics from hybridomas. However, for new formats, these need to be considered early in the research and development pipeline. The hybrid formats offer an unusual alternative in generating high pure yields of bispecific molecules if the engineering challenges can be deciphered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zahra Jawad
- Agenus inc., 3 Forbes Road, Lexington, MA, 02421-7305, United States.,Creasallis ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridgeshire, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
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29
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Hildenbrand K, Aschenbrenner I, Franke FC, Devergne O, Feige MJ. Biogenesis and engineering of interleukin 12 family cytokines. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:936-949. [PMID: 35691784 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 12 (IL-12) family cytokines are secreted proteins that regulate immune responses. Each family member is a heterodimer and nature uses shared building blocks to assemble the functionally distinct IL-12 cytokines. In recent years we have gained insights into the molecular principles and cellular regulation of IL-12 family biogenesis. For each of the family members, generally one subunit depends on its partner to acquire its native structure and be secreted from immune cells. If unpaired, molecular chaperones retain these subunits in cells. This allows cells to regulate and control secretion of the highly potent IL-12 family cytokines. Molecular insights gained into IL-12 family biogenesis, structure, and function now allow us to engineer IL-12 family cytokines to develop novel immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hildenbrand
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Isabel Aschenbrenner
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Fabian C Franke
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Odile Devergne
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), 75 013 Paris, France.
| | - Matthias J Feige
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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30
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Preisendörfer S, Ishikawa Y, Hennen E, Winklmeier S, Schupp JC, Knüppel L, Fernandez IE, Binzenhöfer L, Flatley A, Juan-Guardela BM, Ruppert C, Guenther A, Frankenberger M, Hatz RA, Kneidinger N, Behr J, Feederle R, Schepers A, Hilgendorff A, Kaminski N, Meinl E, Bächinger HP, Eickelberg O, Staab-Weijnitz CA. FK506-Binding Protein 11 Is a Novel Plasma Cell-Specific Antibody Folding Catalyst with Increased Expression in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Cells 2022; 11:1341. [PMID: 35456020 PMCID: PMC9027113 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are central effectors of the adaptive immune response, widespread used therapeutics, but also potentially disease-causing biomolecules. Antibody folding catalysts in the plasma cell are incompletely defined. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal chronic lung disease with increasingly recognized autoimmune features. We found elevated expression of FK506-binding protein 11 (FKBP11) in IPF lungs where FKBP11 specifically localized to antibody-producing plasma cells. Suggesting a general role in plasma cells, plasma cell-specific FKBP11 expression was equally observed in lymphatic tissues, and in vitro B cell to plasma cell differentiation was accompanied by induction of FKBP11 expression. Recombinant human FKBP11 was able to refold IgG antibody in vitro and inhibited by FK506, strongly supporting a function as antibody peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase. Induction of ER stress in cell lines demonstrated induction of FKBP11 in the context of the unfolded protein response in an X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1)-dependent manner. While deficiency of FKBP11 increased susceptibility to ER stress-mediated cell death in an alveolar epithelial cell line, FKBP11 knockdown in an antibody-producing hybridoma cell line neither induced cell death nor decreased expression or secretion of IgG antibody. Similarly, antibody secretion by the same hybridoma cell line was not affected by knockdown of the established antibody peptidyl-prolyl isomerase cyclophilin B. The results are consistent with FKBP11 as a novel XBP1-regulated antibody peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase and indicate significant redundancy in the ER-resident folding machinery of antibody-producing hybridoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Preisendörfer
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Helmholtz-Zentrum München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (S.P.); (E.H.); (L.K.); (I.E.F.); (L.B.); (M.F.); (A.H.); (O.E.)
| | - Yoshihiro Ishikawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (Y.I.); (H.P.B.)
| | - Elisabeth Hennen
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Helmholtz-Zentrum München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (S.P.); (E.H.); (L.K.); (I.E.F.); (L.B.); (M.F.); (A.H.); (O.E.)
| | - Stephan Winklmeier
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (S.W.); (E.M.)
| | - Jonas C. Schupp
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (J.C.S.); (B.M.J.-G.); (N.K.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Biomedical Research in End-Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Larissa Knüppel
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Helmholtz-Zentrum München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (S.P.); (E.H.); (L.K.); (I.E.F.); (L.B.); (M.F.); (A.H.); (O.E.)
| | - Isis E. Fernandez
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Helmholtz-Zentrum München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (S.P.); (E.H.); (L.K.); (I.E.F.); (L.B.); (M.F.); (A.H.); (O.E.)
- Department of Medicine V, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), 81377 Munich, Germany; (N.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Leonhard Binzenhöfer
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Helmholtz-Zentrum München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (S.P.); (E.H.); (L.K.); (I.E.F.); (L.B.); (M.F.); (A.H.); (O.E.)
| | - Andrew Flatley
- Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.F.); (R.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Brenda M. Juan-Guardela
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (J.C.S.); (B.M.J.-G.); (N.K.)
| | - Clemens Ruppert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medizinische Klinik II, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (C.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Andreas Guenther
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medizinische Klinik II, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (C.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Marion Frankenberger
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Helmholtz-Zentrum München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (S.P.); (E.H.); (L.K.); (I.E.F.); (L.B.); (M.F.); (A.H.); (O.E.)
| | - Rudolf A. Hatz
- Thoraxchirurgisches Zentrum, Klinik für Allgemeine-, Viszeral-, Transplantations-, Gefäß- und Thoraxchirurgie, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany;
- Asklepios Fachkliniken München-Gauting, 82131 Gauting, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Kneidinger
- Department of Medicine V, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), 81377 Munich, Germany; (N.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Jürgen Behr
- Department of Medicine V, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), 81377 Munich, Germany; (N.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Regina Feederle
- Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.F.); (R.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Aloys Schepers
- Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.F.); (R.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Anne Hilgendorff
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Helmholtz-Zentrum München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (S.P.); (E.H.); (L.K.); (I.E.F.); (L.B.); (M.F.); (A.H.); (O.E.)
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (J.C.S.); (B.M.J.-G.); (N.K.)
| | - Edgar Meinl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (S.W.); (E.M.)
| | - Hans Peter Bächinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (Y.I.); (H.P.B.)
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Helmholtz-Zentrum München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (S.P.); (E.H.); (L.K.); (I.E.F.); (L.B.); (M.F.); (A.H.); (O.E.)
| | - Claudia A. Staab-Weijnitz
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Helmholtz-Zentrum München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (S.P.); (E.H.); (L.K.); (I.E.F.); (L.B.); (M.F.); (A.H.); (O.E.)
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Vazulka S, Schiavinato M, Wagenknecht M, Cserjan-Puschmann M, Striedner G. Interaction of Periplasmic Fab Production and Intracellular Redox Balance in Escherichia coli Affects Product Yield. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:820-834. [PMID: 35041397 PMCID: PMC8859853 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibody fragments such as Fab's require the formation of disulfide bonds to achieve a proper folding state. During their recombinant, periplasmic expression in Escherichia coli, oxidative folding is mediated by the DsbA/DsbB system in concert with ubiquinone. Thereby, overexpression of Fab's is linked to the respiratory chain, which is not only immensely important for the cell's energy household but also known as a major source of reactive oxygen species. However, the effects of an increased oxidative folding demand and the consequently required electron flux via ubiquinone on the host cell have not been characterized so far. Here, we show that Fab expression in E. coli BL21(DE3) interfered with the intracellular redox balance, thereby negatively impacting host cell performance. Production of four different model Fab's in lab-scale fed-batch cultivations led to increased oxygen consumption rates and strong cell lysis. An RNA sequencing analysis revealed transcription activation of the oxidative stress-responsive soxS gene in the Fab-producing strains. We attributed this to the accumulation of intracellular superoxide, which was measured using flow cytometry. An exogenously supplemented ubiquinone analogue improved Fab yields up to 82%, indicating that partitioning of the quinone pool between aerobic respiration and oxidative folding limited ubiquinone availability and hence disulfide bond formation capacity. Combined, our results provide a more in-depth understanding of the profound effects that periplasmic Fab expression and in particular disulfide bond formation has on the host cell. Thereby, we show new possibilities to elaborate cell engineering and process strategies for improved host cell fitness and process outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vazulka
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Production of Next-Level Biopharmaceuticals in E. Coli, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matteo Schiavinato
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Computational Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Wagenknecht
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Cserjan-Puschmann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Production of Next-Level Biopharmaceuticals in E. Coli, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Striedner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Production of Next-Level Biopharmaceuticals in E. Coli, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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32
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Kim M, Lee J, Choi J, Seo Y, Park G, Jeon J, Jeon Y, Lee MG, Kwon MH. A Recombinant Ig Fragment (IgCw-γεκ) Comprising the Cγ 1-Cε 2-4 and C κ Domains Is an Alternative Reagent to Human IgE. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:772-779. [PMID: 35022271 PMCID: PMC8802548 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human IgE is useful for immunological assays, such as sensitization of FcεRI-positive cells and IgE measurement. In this study, we report the development of a recombinant Ig fragment, designated IgCw-γεκ, as an alternative reagent to human IgE. IgCw-γεκ (∼130 kDa) comprises two hybrid constant H chain regions (Cγ1-Cε2-4, each ∼53 kDa) and two constant κ L chains (Cκ, each ∼12 kDa) and lacks a V domain. The presence of Cγ1 instead of Cε1 within the H chain increased the production yield and facilitated assembly of the H and L chains. IgCw-γεκ was produced in cultured human embryonic kidney 293F cells, with a yield of ∼27 mg/l. IgCw-γεκ bound to human FcεRIαRs expressed on the surface of rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 cells. A β-hexosaminidase release assay revealed that the biological activity of IgCw-γεκ was comparable with that of IgE. The IgE concentration measured using IgCw-γεκ as a standard was similar to that measured using IgE as a standard. These results suggest that the IgCw-γεκ molecule retains the basic characteristics of IgE, but does not cross-react with Ags, making it an alternative to the IgE isotype references used in a variety of immunological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjae Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea; and
| | - Juho Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea; and
| | - Youngsil Seo
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Gyeseo Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea; and
| | - Jinah Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea; and
| | - Yerin Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea; and
| | - Mi-Gi Lee
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea; and
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33
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Khalid Z, Chen Y, Yu D, Abbas M, Huan M, Naz Z, Mengist HM, Cao MJ, Jin T. IgNAR antibody: Structural features, diversity and applications. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 121:467-477. [PMID: 35077867 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In response to the invasion of exogenous microorganisms, one of the defence strategies of the immune system is to produce antibodies. Cartilaginous fish is among those who evolved the earliest humoral immune system that utilizes immunoglobulin-type antibodies. The cartilaginous fish antibodies fall into three categories: IgW, IgM, and IgNAR. The shark Immunoglobulin Novel Antigen Receptor (IgNAR) constitutes disulfide-bonded dimers of two protein chains, similar to the heavy chain of mammalian IgGs. Shark IgNAR is the primary antibody of a shark's adaptive immune system with a serum concentration of 0.1-1.0 mg/mL. Its structure comprises of one variable (V) domain (VNAR) and five constant (C1 -C5) domains in the secretory form. VNARs are classified into several subclasses based on specific properties such as the quantity and position of additional non-canonical cysteine (Cys) residues in the VNAR. The VDJ recombination in IgNAR comprises various fragments; one variable component, three diverse sections, one joining portion, and a solitary arrangement of constant fragments framed in each IgNAR gene cluster. The re-arrangement happens just inside this gene cluster bringing about a VD1D2D3J segment. Therefore, four re-arrangement procedures create the entire VNAR space. IgNAR antibody can serve as an excellent diagnostic, therapeutic, and research tool because it has a smaller size, high specificity for antigen-binding, and perfect stability. The domain characterization, structural features, types, diversity and therapeutic applications of IgNAR molecules are highlighted in this review. It would be helpful for further research on IgNAR antibodies acting as an essential constituent of the adaptive immune system and a potential therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunera Khalid
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Yulei Chen
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Du Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Misbah Abbas
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Ma Huan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Zara Naz
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Hylemariam Mihiretie Mengist
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Min-Jie Cao
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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34
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are susceptible to chemical and enzymatic modifications during manufacturing, storage, and shipping. Deamidation, isomerization, and oxidation can compromise the potency, efficacy, and safety of therapeutic antibodies. Recently, in silico tools have been used to identify liable residues and engineer antibodies with better chemical stability. Computational approaches for predicting deamidation, isomerization, oxidation, glycation, carbonylation, sulfation, and hydroxylation are reviewed here. Although liable motifs have been used to improve the chemical stability of antibodies, the accuracy of in silico predictions can be improved using machine learning and molecular dynamic simulations. In addition, there are opportunities to improve predictions for specific stress conditions, develop in silico prediction of novel modifications in antibodies, and predict the impact of modifications on physical stability and antigen-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabdita Vatsa
- Development Services, Lonza Biologics, Singapore, Singapore
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35
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Towards a generic prototyping approach for therapeutically-relevant peptides and proteins in a cell-free translation system. Nat Commun 2022; 13:260. [PMID: 35017494 PMCID: PMC8752827 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27854-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in peptide and protein therapeutics increased the need for rapid and cost-effective polypeptide prototyping. While in vitro translation systems are well suited for fast and multiplexed polypeptide prototyping, they suffer from misfolding, aggregation and disulfide-bond scrambling of the translated products. Here we propose that efficient folding of in vitro produced disulfide-rich peptides and proteins can be achieved if performed in an aggregation-free and thermodynamically controlled folding environment. To this end, we modify an E. coli-based in vitro translation system to allow co-translational capture of translated products by affinity matrix. This process reduces protein aggregation and enables productive oxidative folding and recycling of misfolded states under thermodynamic control. In this study we show that the developed approach is likely to be generally applicable for prototyping of a wide variety of disulfide-constrained peptides, macrocyclic peptides with non-native bonds and antibody fragments in amounts sufficient for interaction analysis and biological activity assessment. Generic approach for rapid prototyping is essential for the progress of synthetic biology. Here the authors modify the cell-free translation system to control protein aggregation and folding and validate the approach by using single conditions for prototyping of various disulfide-constrained polypeptides.
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36
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Murray TV, Kozakowska-McDonnell K, Tibbles A, Taylor A, Higazi D, Rossy E, Rossi A, Genapathy S, Tamburrino G, Rath N, Tigue N, Lindo V, Vaughan T, Papworth MA. An efficient system for bioconjugation based on a widely applicable engineered O-glycosylation tag. MAbs 2021; 13:1992068. [PMID: 34781832 PMCID: PMC8604393 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1992068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioconjugates are an important class of therapeutic molecules. To date, O-glycan-based metabolic glycoengineering has had limited use in this field, due to the complexities of the endogenous O-glycosylation pathway and the lack of an O-glycosylation consensus sequence. Here, we describe the development of a versatile on-demand O-glycosylation system that uses a novel, widely applicable 5 amino acid O-glycosylation tag, and a metabolically engineered UDP-galactose-4-eperimase (GALE) knock-out cell line. Optimization of the primary sequence of the tag enables the production of Fc-based proteins with either single or multiple O-glycans with complexity fully controlled by media supplementation. We demonstrate how the uniformly labeled proteins containing exclusively N-azido-acetylgalactosamine are used for CLICK chemistry-based bioconjugation to generate site-specifically fluorochrome-labeled antibodies, dual-payload molecules, and bioactive Fc-peptides for applications in basic research and drug discovery. To our knowledge, this is the first description of generating a site-specific O-glycosylation system by combining an O-glycosylation tag and a metabolically engineered cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam Tibbles
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Annabel Taylor
- Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Higazi
- Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emmanuel Rossy
- Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alessandra Rossi
- Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Vivian Lindo
- Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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37
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Dissection of the amyloid formation pathway in AL amyloidosis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6516. [PMID: 34764275 PMCID: PMC8585945 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26845-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In antibody light chain (AL) amyloidosis, overproduced light chain (LC) fragments accumulate as fibrils in organs and tissues of patients. In vitro, AL fibril formation is a slow process, characterized by a pronounced lag phase. The events occurring during this lag phase are largely unknown. We have dissected the lag phase of a patient-derived LC truncation and identified structural transitions that precede fibril formation. The process starts with partial unfolding of the VL domain and the formation of small amounts of dimers. This is a prerequisite for the formation of an ensemble of oligomers, which are the precursors of fibrils. During oligomerization, the hydrophobic core of the LC domain rearranges which leads to changes in solvent accessibility and rigidity. Structural transitions from an anti-parallel to a parallel β-sheet secondary structure occur in the oligomers prior to amyloid formation. Together, our results reveal a rate-limiting multi-step mechanism of structural transitions prior to fibril formation in AL amyloidosis, which offers, in the long run, opportunities for therapeutic intervention. AL amyloidosis is caused by the accumulation of overproduced light chain (LC) fragments as fibrils in patient organs and it is the most prevalent systemic amyloidosis. Here, the authors combine biochemical and biophysical experiments to characterise the lag phase of a patient-derived truncated LC and they identify structural transitions that precede fibril formation.
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38
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Senga Y, Doi M, Onitsuka M, Honda S. Live-cell imaging to analyze intracellular aggregation of recombinant IgG in CHO cells. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 29:120-132.e4. [PMID: 34739851 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) aggregates are formed during their production. However, the process underlying intracellular/extracellular aggregation in cell culture conditions is not well understood, and no effective method exists to assess IgG aggregates. Here, we establish an approach to detect intracellular aggregates using AF.2A1, a small artificial protein that binds to non-native IgG conformers and aggregates. Fluorescent-labeled AF.2A1 is prepared via conjugation and transfected into antibody-producing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Micrographic images show intracellular IgG aggregates in CHO cells. The relative amount of intracellular aggregates (versus total intracellular IgG) differed depending on the type of additives used during cell culture. Interestingly, the relative amount of intracellular aggregates moderately correlates with that of in vitro extracellular IgG aggregates, suggesting they are secreted. This method will allow the investigation of antibody aggregation in cells, and may guide the production of therapeutic antibodies with high yield/quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Senga
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Motomichi Doi
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Onitsuka
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Shinya Honda
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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39
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Groff D, Carlos NA, Chen R, Hanson JA, Liang S, Armstrong S, Li X, Zhou S, Steiner A, Hallam TJ, Yin G. Development of an E. coli strain for cell-free ADC manufacturing. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:162-175. [PMID: 34655229 PMCID: PMC9297987 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in cell‐free protein synthesis have enabled the folding and assembly of full‐length antibodies at high titers with extracts from prokaryotic cells. Coupled with the facile engineering of the Escherichia coli translation machinery, E. coli based in vitro protein synthesis reactions have emerged as a leading source of IgG molecules with nonnatural amino acids incorporated at specific locations for producing homogeneous antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs). While this has been demonstrated with extract produced in batch fermentation mode, continuous extract fermentation would facilitate supplying material for large‐scale manufacturing of protein therapeutics. To accomplish this, the IgG‐folding chaperones DsbC and FkpA, and orthogonal tRNA for nonnatural amino acid production were integrated onto the chromosome with high strength constitutive promoters. This enabled co‐expression of all three factors at a consistently high level in the extract strain for the duration of a 5‐day continuous fermentation. Cell‐free protein synthesis reactions with extract produced from cells grown continuously yielded titers of IgG containing nonnatural amino acids above those from extract produced in batch fermentations. In addition, the quality of the synthesized IgGs and the potency of ADC produced with continuously fermented extract were indistinguishable from those produced with the batch extract. These experiments demonstrate that continuous fermentation of E. coli to produce extract for cell‐free protein synthesis is feasible and helps unlock the potential for cell‐free protein synthesis as a platform for biopharmaceutical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Groff
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nina A Carlos
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rishard Chen
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Xiaofan Li
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sihong Zhou
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alex Steiner
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Gang Yin
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
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40
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Morgan GJ, Buxbaum JN, Kelly JW. Light Chain Stabilization: A Therapeutic Approach to Ameliorate AL Amyloidosis. HEMATO 2021; 2:645-659. [PMID: 35757512 PMCID: PMC9218996 DOI: 10.3390/hemato2040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Non-native immunoglobulin light chain conformations, including aggregates, appear to cause light chain amyloidosis pathology. Despite significant progress in pharmacological eradication of the neoplastic plasma cells that secrete these light chains, in many patients impaired organ function remains. The impairment is apparently due to a subset of resistant plasma cells that continue to secrete misfolding-prone light chains. These light chains are susceptible to the proteolytic cleavage that may enable light chain aggregation. We propose that small molecules that preferentially bind to the natively folded state of full-length light chains could act as pharmacological kinetic stabilizers, protecting light chains against unfolding, proteolysis and aggregation. Although the sequence of the pathological light chain is unique to each patient, fortunately light chains have highly conserved residues that form binding sites for small molecule kinetic stabilizers. We envision that such stabilizers could complement existing and emerging therapies to benefit light chain amyloidosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J. Morgan
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Amyloidosis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Joel N. Buxbaum
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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41
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Hussain H, Patel T, Ozanne AMS, Vito D, Ellis M, Hinchliffe M, Humphreys DP, Stephens PE, Sweeney B, White J, Dickson AJ, Smales CM. A comparative analysis of recombinant Fab and full-length antibody production in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4815-4828. [PMID: 34585737 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are the leading class of biopharmaceuticals in terms of numbers approved for therapeutic purposes. Antigen-binding fragments (Fab) are also used as biotherapeutics and used widely in research applications. The dominant expression systems for full-length antibodies are mammalian cell-based, whereas for Fab molecules the preference has been an expression in bacterial systems. However, advances in CHO and downstream technologies make mammalian systems an equally viable option for small- and large-scale Fab production. Using a panel of full-length IgG antibodies and their corresponding Fab pair with different antigen specificities, we investigated the impact of the IgG and Fab molecule format on production from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and assessed the cellular capability to process and produce these formats. The full-length antibody format resulted in the recovery of fewer mini-pools posttransfection when compared to the corresponding Fab fragment format that could be interpreted as indicative of a greater overall burden on cells. Antibody-producing cell pools that did recover were subsequently able to achieve higher volumetric protein yields (mg/L) and specific productivity than the corresponding Fab pools. Importantly, when the actual molecules produced per cell of a given format was considered (as opposed to mass), CHO cells produced a greater number of Fab molecules per cell than obtained with the corresponding IgG, suggesting that cells were more efficient at making the smaller Fab molecule. Analysis of cell pools showed that gene copy number was not correlated to the subsequent protein production. The amount of mRNA correlated with secreted Fab production but not IgG, whereby posttranscriptional processes act to limit antibody production. In summary, we provide the first comparative description of how full-length IgG and Fab antibody formats impact on the outcomes of a cell line construction process and identify potential limitations in their production that could be targeted for engineering increases in the efficiency in the manufacture of these recombinant antibody formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirra Hussain
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,CPI, Central Park, Darlington, UK
| | - Tulshi Patel
- Division of Natural Sciences, Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,Horizon Discovery Biosciences Limited, Cambridge, UK
| | - Angelica M S Ozanne
- Division of Natural Sciences, Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Davide Vito
- Division of Natural Sciences, Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,Mestag Therapeutics Limited, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Ellis
- Protein Sciences, UCB Pharma, Berkshire, UK
| | | | | | | | - Bernie Sweeney
- Protein Sciences, UCB Pharma, Berkshire, UK.,Lonza Biologics, Berkshire, UK
| | | | - Alan J Dickson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher M Smales
- Division of Natural Sciences, Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Co Dublin, Ireland
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42
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Phakham T, Bulaon CJI, Khorattanakulchai N, Shanmugaraj B, Buranapraditkun S, Boonkrai C, Sooksai S, Hirankarn N, Abe Y, Strasser R, Rattanapisit K, Phoolcharoen W. Functional Characterization of Pembrolizumab Produced in Nicotiana benthamiana Using a Rapid Transient Expression System. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:736299. [PMID: 34567049 PMCID: PMC8459022 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.736299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The striking innovation and clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have undoubtedly contributed to a breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy. Generally, ICIs produced in mammalian cells requires high investment, production costs, and involves time consuming procedures. Recently, the plants are considered as an emerging protein production platform due to its cost-effectiveness and rapidity for the production of recombinant biopharmaceuticals. This study explored the potential of plant-based system to produce an anti-human PD-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb), Pembrolizumab, in Nicotiana benthamiana. The transient expression of this mAb in wild-type N. benthamiana accumulated up to 344.12 ± 98.23 μg/g fresh leaf weight after 4 days of agroinfiltration. The physicochemical and functional characteristics of plant-produced Pembrolizumab were compared to mammalian cell-produced commercial Pembrolizumab (Keytruda®). Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blot analysis results demonstrated that the plant-produced Pembrolizumab has the expected molecular weight and is comparable with the Keytruda®. Structural characterization also confirmed that both antibodies have no protein aggregation and similar secondary and tertiary structures. Furthermore, the plant-produced Pembrolizumab displayed no differences in its binding efficacy to PD-1 protein and inhibitory activity between programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) interaction with the Keytruda®. In vitro efficacy for T cell activation demonstrated that the plant-produced Pembrolizumab could induce IL-2 and IFN-γ production. Hence, this proof-of-concept study showed that the plant-production platform can be utilized for the rapid production of functional mAbs for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanapati Phakham
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Christine Joy I. Bulaon
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Plant-Produced Pharmaceutical Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narach Khorattanakulchai
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Plant-Produced Pharmaceutical Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Supranee Buranapraditkun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center-Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chatikorn Boonkrai
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sarintip Sooksai
- The Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattiya Hirankarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yoshito Abe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Okawa, Japan
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Plant-Produced Pharmaceutical Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Bainter W, Platt CD, Park SY, Stafstrom K, Wallace JG, Peters ZT, Massaad MJ, Becuwe M, Salinas SA, Jones J, Beaussant-Cohen S, Jaber F, Yang JS, Walther TC, Orange JS, Rao C, Rakoff-Nahoum S, Tsokos M, Naseem SUR, Al-Tamemi S, Chou J, Hsu VW, Geha RS. Combined immunodeficiency due to a mutation in the γ1 subunit of the coat protein I complex. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:140494. [PMID: 33529166 DOI: 10.1172/jci140494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The coat protein I (COPI) complex mediates retrograde trafficking from the Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Five siblings with persistent bacterial and viral infections and defective humoral and cellular immunity had a homozygous p.K652E mutation in the γ1 subunit of COPI (γ1-COP). The mutation disrupts COPI binding to the KDEL receptor and impairs the retrieval of KDEL-bearing chaperones from the Golgi to the ER. Homozygous Copg1K652E mice had increased ER stress in activated T and B cells, poor antibody responses, and normal numbers of T cells that proliferated normally, but underwent increased apoptosis upon activation. Exposure of the mutants to pet store mice caused weight loss, lymphopenia, and defective T cell proliferation that recapitulated the findings in the patients. The ER stress-relieving agent tauroursodeoxycholic acid corrected the immune defects of the mutants and reversed the phenotype they acquired following exposure to pet store mice. This study establishes the role of γ1-COP in the ER retrieval of KDEL-bearing chaperones and thereby the importance of ER homeostasis in adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Bainter
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Craig D Platt
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seung-Yeol Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kelsey Stafstrom
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacqueline G Wallace
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zachary T Peters
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michel J Massaad
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michel Becuwe
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sandra Andrea Salinas
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York Presbyterian, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer Jones
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah Beaussant-Cohen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Faris Jaber
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jia-Shu Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tobias C Walther
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York Presbyterian, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chitong Rao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seth Rakoff-Nahoum
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Salem Al-Tamemi
- Department of Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Janet Chou
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Victor W Hsu
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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44
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Tang P, Tan Z, Ehamparanathan V, Ren T, Hoffman L, Du C, Song Y, Tao L, Lewandowski A, Ghose S, Li ZJ, Liu S. Optimization and kinetic modeling of interchain disulfide bond reoxidation of monoclonal antibodies in bioprocesses. MAbs 2021; 12:1829336. [PMID: 33031716 PMCID: PMC7577745 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1829336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bonds play a crucial role in folding and structural stabilization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Disulfide bond reduction may happen during the mAb manufacturing process, resulting in low molecular weight species and possible failure to meet product specifications. Although many mitigation strategies have been developed to prevent disulfide reduction, to the best of our knowledge, reforming disulfide bonds from the reduced antibody in manufacturing has not previously been reported. Here, we explored a novel rescue strategy in the downstream process to repair the broken disulfide bonds via in-vitro redox reactions on Protein A resin. Redox conditions including redox pair (cysteine/cystine ratio), pH, temperature, and reaction time were examined to achieve high antibody purity and a high reaction rate. Under the optimal redox condition, >90% reduced antibody could be reoxidized to form an intact antibody on Protein A resin in an hour. In addition, this study showed high flexibility on the range of the intact mAb fraction in the initial reduced mAb sample (the lower limit of intact mAb faction could be 14% based on the data reported in this study). Furthermore, a kinetic model based on elementary oxidative reactions was constructed to help optimize the reoxidation conditions and to predict product purity. Together, the deep understanding of interchain disulfide bond reoxidation, combined with the predictive kinetic model, provided a good foundation to implement a rescue strategy to generate high-purity antibodies with substantial cost savings in manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Tang
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA.,Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering, The State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
| | - Vivekh Ehamparanathan
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
| | - Tingwei Ren
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
| | - Laurel Hoffman
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Pennington, NJ, USA
| | - Cheng Du
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
| | - Yuanli Song
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
| | - Li Tao
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Pennington, NJ, USA
| | - Angela Lewandowski
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
| | - Shijie Liu
- Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering, The State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry , Syracuse, NY, USA
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Wang Y, Li X, Chen X, Nielsen J, Petranovic D, Siewers V. Expression of antibody fragments in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains evolved for enhanced protein secretion. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:134. [PMID: 34261490 PMCID: PMC8278646 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies, antibody fragments and fusion proteins derived thereof have revolutionized the practice of medicine. Major challenges faced by the biopharmaceutical industry are however high production costs, long processing times and low productivities associated with their production in mammalian cell lines. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a well-characterized eukaryotic cell factory possessing the capacity of post-translational modifications, has been industrially exploited as a secretion host for production of a range of products, including pharmaceuticals. However, due to the incompatible surface glycosylation, few antibody molecules have been functionally expressed in S. cerevisiae. Here, three non-glycosylated antibody fragments from human and the Camelidae family were chosen for expression in a S. cerevisiae strain (HA) previously evolved for high α-amylase secretion. These included the Fab fragment Ranibizumab (Ran), the scFv peptide Pexelizumab (Pex), and a nanobody consisting of a single V-type domain (Nan). Both secretion and biological activities of the antibody fragments were confirmed. In addition, the secretion level of each protein was compared in the wild type (LA) and two evolved strains (HA and MA) with different secretory capacities. We found that the secretion of Ran and Nan was positively correlated with the strains' secretory capacity, while Pex was most efficiently secreted in the parental strain. To investigate the mechanisms for different secretion abilities in these selected yeast strains for the different antibody fragments, RNA-seq analysis was performed. The results showed that several bioprocesses were significantly enriched for differentially expressed genes when comparing the enriched terms between HA.Nan vs. LA.Nan and HA.Pex vs. LA.Pex, including amino acid metabolism, protein synthesis, cell cycle and others, which indicates that there are unique physiological needs for each antibody fragment secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dina Petranovic
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Verena Siewers
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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46
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Zhao J, Peng H, Gao J, Nong A, Hua H, Yang S, Chen L, Wu X, Zhang H, Wang J. Current insights into the expression and functions of tumor-derived immunoglobulins. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:148. [PMID: 34226529 PMCID: PMC8257790 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported expressions of immunoglobulins (Igs) in many human tumor tissues and cells. Tumor-derived Igs have displayed multiple significant functions which are different from classical Igs produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells. This review will concentrate on major progress in expressions, functions, and mechanisms of tumor-derived Igs, similarities and differences between tumor-derived Igs and B-cell-derived Igs. We also discuss the future research directions of tumor-derived Igs, including their structural characteristics, physicochemical properties, mechanisms for rearrangement and expression regulation, signaling pathways involved, and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China
| | - Anna Nong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China
| | - Haoming Hua
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China
| | - Shulin Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China
| | - Liying Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China
| | - Xiangsheng Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China
| | - Juping Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China.
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47
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Carrara SC, Fiebig D, Bogen JP, Grzeschik J, Hock B, Kolmar H. Recombinant Antibody Production Using a Dual-Promoter Single Plasmid System. ANTIBODIES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:antib10020018. [PMID: 34068440 PMCID: PMC8161450 DOI: 10.3390/antib10020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have demonstrated tremendous effects on the treatment of various disease indications and remain the fastest growing class of therapeutics. Production of recombinant antibodies is performed using mammalian expression systems to facilitate native antibody folding and post-translational modifications. Generally, mAb expression systems utilize co-transfection of heavy chain (hc) and light chain (lc) genes encoded on separate plasmids. In this study, we examine the production of two FDA-approved antibodies using a bidirectional (BiDi) vector encoding both hc and lc with mirrored promoter and enhancer elements on a single plasmid, by analysing the individual hc and lc mRNA expression levels and subsequent quantification of fully-folded IgGs on the protein level. From the assessment of different promoter combinations, we have developed a generic expression vector comprised of mirrored enhanced CMV (eCMV) promoters showing comparable mAb yields to a two-plasmid reference. This study paves the way to facilitate small-scale mAb production by transient cell transfection with a single vector in a cost- and time-efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania C. Carrara
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.C.C.); (D.F.); (J.P.B.)
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratories, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany;
| | - David Fiebig
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.C.C.); (D.F.); (J.P.B.)
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratories, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany;
| | - Jan P. Bogen
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.C.C.); (D.F.); (J.P.B.)
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratories, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany;
| | - Julius Grzeschik
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratories, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany;
| | - Björn Hock
- Ferring International Center S.A, Chemin de la Vergognausaz 50, CH-1162 Saint Prex, Switzerland;
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.C.C.); (D.F.); (J.P.B.)
- Correspondence:
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48
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Sicking M, Lang S, Bochen F, Roos A, Drenth JPH, Zakaria M, Zimmermann R, Linxweiler M. Complexity and Specificity of Sec61-Channelopathies: Human Diseases Affecting Gating of the Sec61 Complex. Cells 2021; 10:1036. [PMID: 33925740 PMCID: PMC8147068 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of nucleated human cells has crucial functions in protein biogenesis, calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, and signal transduction. Among the roughly one hundred components, which are involved in protein import and protein folding or assembly, two components stand out: The Sec61 complex and BiP. The Sec61 complex in the ER membrane represents the major entry point for precursor polypeptides into the membrane or lumen of the ER and provides a conduit for Ca2+ ions from the ER lumen to the cytosol. The second component, the Hsp70-type molecular chaperone immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein, short BiP, plays central roles in protein folding and assembly (hence its name), protein import, cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and various intracellular signal transduction pathways. For the purpose of this review, we focus on these two components, their relevant allosteric effectors and on the question of how their respective functional cycles are linked in order to reconcile the apparently contradictory features of the ER membrane, selective permeability for precursor polypeptides, and impermeability for Ca2+. The key issues are that the Sec61 complex exists in two conformations: An open and a closed state that are in a dynamic equilibrium with each other, and that BiP contributes to its gating in both directions in cooperation with different co-chaperones. While the open Sec61 complex forms an aqueous polypeptide-conducting- and transiently Ca2+-permeable channel, the closed complex is impermeable even to Ca2+. Therefore, we discuss the human hereditary and tumor diseases that are linked to Sec61 channel gating, termed Sec61-channelopathies, as disturbances of selective polypeptide-impermeability and/or aberrant Ca2+-permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sicking
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Sven Lang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Florian Bochen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, D-66421 Homburg, Germany; (F.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Andreas Roos
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Essen University Hospital, D-45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Joost P. H. Drenth
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Muhammad Zakaria
- Department of Genetics, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan;
| | - Richard Zimmermann
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Maximilian Linxweiler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, D-66421 Homburg, Germany; (F.B.); (M.L.)
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49
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Kim MT, Lechmann M, Rajan S, Shivva V, Lee A, Chen Y, Weis DD. In Vivo Reoxidation Kinetics of Free Thiols in Multiple Domains of IgG1 Antibodies in Rats. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:1989-1996. [PMID: 33617870 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While free thiols in monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been extensively characterized by in vitro studies to probe its effect on antibody function and stability, their in vivo biotransformation has not been comprehensively studied. In this study, a panel of five recombinant IgG1 mAbs with elevated free thiols in the VH, VL, and CH2 domains were intravenously administered into Wistar rats. In vivo biotransformation of thirty-five free thiol sites in total (7 disulfide pairs in VL, CL, VH, CH1, HH, CH2, CH3 domains across the 5 mAbs) were monitored using a denaturing differential isotopic tagging procedure on immunopurified timepoints followed by LC-MS of tryptic digests. The free thiol levels in two VH domain and one CH2 domain disulfide sites decreased in vivo following first order kinetics. Free thiol levels of the remaining 32 sites were remarkably stable in vivo. Further analytical characterization highlighted a positive association between a free thiol's solvent accessibility and a free thiol's reoxidation propensity. The data and discussion presented here shed valuable insights into the in vivo fate of free thiols in several recombinant IgG1s and its implications for free thiols as a product quality attribute in therapeutic mAb products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Kim
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
| | - Martin Lechmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sharmila Rajan
- Department of Preclinical and Translation Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vittal Shivva
- Department of Preclinical and Translation Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Aron Lee
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David D Weis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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50
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Oreste U, Ametrano A, Coscia MR. On Origin and Evolution of the Antibody Molecule. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020140. [PMID: 33578914 PMCID: PMC7916673 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Like many other molecules playing vital functions in animals, the antibody molecule possesses a complex structure with distinctive features. The structure of the basic unit, i.e., the immunoglobulin domain of very ancient origin is substantially simple. However, high complexity resides in the types and numbers of the domains composing the whole molecule. The emergence of the antibody molecule during evolution overturned the effectiveness of the organisms’ defense system. The particular organization of the coding genes, the mechanisms generating antibody diversity, and the plasticity of the overall protein structure, attest to an extraordinary successful evolutionary history. Here, we attempt to trace, across the evolutionary scale, the very early origins of the most significant features characterizing the structure of the antibody molecule and of the molecular mechanisms underlying its major role in recognizing an almost unlimited number of pathogens. Abstract The vertebrate immune system provides a powerful defense because of the ability to potentially recognize an unlimited number of pathogens. The antibody molecule, also termed immunoglobulin (Ig) is one of the major mediators of the immune response. It is built up from two types of Ig domains: the variable domain, which provides the capability to recognize and bind a potentially infinite range of foreign substances, and the constant domains, which exert the effector functions. In the last 20 years, advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and structural features of antibody in mammals and in a variety of other organisms have uncovered the underlying principles and complexity of this fundamental molecule. One notable evolutionary topic is the origin and evolution of antibody. Many aspects have been clearly stated, but some others remain limited or obscure. By considering a wide range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms through a literature survey about the topic, we have provided an integrated view of the emergence of antibodies in evolution and underlined the very ancient origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Oreste
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (U.O.); (A.A.)
| | - Alessia Ametrano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (U.O.); (A.A.)
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Coscia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (U.O.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-6132556
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