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Hale RC, Morais D, Chou J, Stowell SR. The role of glycosylation in clinical allergy and immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:55-66. [PMID: 37717626 PMCID: PMC10872775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
While glycans are among the most abundant macromolecules on the cell with widespread functions, their role in immunity has historically been challenging to study. This is in part due to difficulties assimilating glycan analysis into routine approaches used to interrogate immune cell function. Despite this, recent developments have illuminated fundamental roles for glycans in host immunity. The growing field of glycoimmunology continues to leverage new tools and approaches to uncover the function of glycans and glycan-binding proteins in immunity. Here we utilize clinical vignettes to examine key roles of glycosylation in allergy, inborn errors of immunity, and autoimmunity. We will discuss the diverse functions of glycans as epitopes, as modulators of antibody function, and as regulators of immune cell function. Finally, we will highlight immune modulatory therapies that harness the critical role of glycans in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Hale
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Dominique Morais
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Janet Chou
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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2
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Čoma M, Manning JC, Kaltner H, Gál P. The sweet side of wound healing: galectins as promising therapeutic targets in hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation/remodeling. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:41-53. [PMID: 36716023 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2175318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding the molecular and cellular processes involved in skin wound healing may pave the way for the development of innovative approaches to transforming the identified natural effectors into therapeutic tools. Based on the extensive involvement of the ga(lactoside-binding)lectin family in (patho)physiological processes, it has been well established that galectins are involved in a wide range of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. AREAS COVERED In the present paper, we provide an overview of the biological role of galectins in repair and regeneration, focusing on four main phases (hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation/remodeling) of skin repair using basic wound models (open excision vs. sutured incision). EXPERT OPINION The reported data make a strong case for directing further efforts to treat excisional and incisional wounds differently. Functions of galectins essentially result from their modular presentation. In fact, Gal-1 seems to play a role in the early phases of healing (anti-inflammatory) and wound contraction, Gal-3 accelerates re-epithelization and increases tensile strength (scar inductor). Galectins have also become subject of redesigning by engineering to optimize the activity. Clinically relevant, these new tools derived from the carbohydrate recognition domain platform may also prove helpful for other purposes, such as potent antibacterial agglutinins and opsonins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matúš Čoma
- Department of Biomedical Research, East-Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Inc, Košice, Slovak Republic.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Joachim C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Gál
- Department of Biomedical Research, East-Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Inc, Košice, Slovak Republic.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic.,Prague Burn Center, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Královske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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3
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Piszczatowski RT, Schwenger E, Sundaravel S, Stein CM, Liu Y, Stanley P, Verma A, Zheng D, Seidel RD, Almo SC, Townley RA, Bülow HE, Steidl U. A glycan-based approach to cell characterization and isolation: Hematopoiesis as a paradigm. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20212552. [PMID: 36066492 PMCID: PMC9455685 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surfaces display a wide array of molecules that confer identity. While flow cytometry and cluster of differentiation (CD) markers have revolutionized cell characterization and purification, functionally heterogeneous cellular subtypes remain unresolvable by the CD marker system alone. Using hematopoietic lineages as a paradigm, we leverage the extraordinary molecular diversity of heparan sulfate (HS) glycans to establish cellular "glycotypes" by utilizing a panel of anti-HS single-chain variable fragment antibodies (scFvs). Prospective sorting with anti-HS scFvs identifies functionally distinct glycotypes within heterogeneous pools of mouse and human hematopoietic progenitor cells and enables further stratification of immunophenotypically pure megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitors. This stratification correlates with expression of a heptad of HS-related genes that is reflective of the HS epitope recognized by specific anti-HS scFvs. While we show that HS glycotyping provides an orthogonal set of tools for resolution of hematopoietic lineages, we anticipate broad utility of this approach in defining and isolating novel, viable cell types across diverse tissues and species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Schwenger
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Sriram Sundaravel
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Catarina M. Stein
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Pamela Stanley
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Montefiore Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY
| | - Amit Verma
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY
- Montefiore Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI
- Blood Cancer Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Ronald D. Seidel
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Steven C. Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Montefiore Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY
| | - Robert A. Townley
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Hannes E. Bülow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Montefiore Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY
| | - Ulrich Steidl
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY
- Montefiore Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY
- Blood Cancer Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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4
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Celi AB, Goldstein J, Rosato-Siri MV, Pinto A. Role of Globotriaosylceramide in Physiology and Pathology. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:813637. [PMID: 35372499 PMCID: PMC8967256 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.813637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
At first glance, the biological function of globoside (Gb) clusters appears to be that of glycosphingolipid (GSL) receptors for bacterial toxins that mediate host-pathogen interaction. Indeed, certain bacterial toxin families have been evolutionarily arranged so that they can enter eukaryotic cells through GSL receptors. A closer look reveals this molecular arrangement allocated on a variety of eukaryotic cell membranes, with its role revolving around physiological regulation and pathological processes. What makes Gb such a ubiquitous functional arrangement? Perhaps its peculiarity is underpinned by the molecular structure itself, the nature of Gb-bound ligands, or the intracellular trafficking unleashed by those ligands. Moreover, Gb biological conspicuousness may not lie on intrinsic properties or on its enzymatic synthesis/degradation pathways. The present review traverses these biological aspects, focusing mainly on globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), a GSL molecule present in cell membranes of distinct cell types, and proposes a wrap-up discussion with a phylogenetic view and the physiological and pathological functional alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Celi
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica “Houssay”, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Goldstein
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica “Houssay”, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Rosato-Siri
- Departamento de Física Médica/Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología, Centro Atómico Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Alipio Pinto
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica “Houssay”, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Alipio Pinto,
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Maeda H, Ishima Y, Saruwatari J, Mizuta Y, Minayoshi Y, Ichimizu S, Yanagisawa H, Nagasaki T, Yasuda K, Oshiro S, Taura M, McConnell MJ, Oniki K, Sonoda K, Wakayama T, Kinoshita M, Shuto T, Kai H, Tanaka M, Sasaki Y, Iwakiri Y, Otagiri M, Watanabe H, Maruyama T. Nitric oxide facilitates the targeting Kupffer cells of a nano-antioxidant for the treatment of NASH. J Control Release 2021; 341:457-474. [PMID: 34856227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kupffer cells are a key source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are implicated in the development of steatohepatitis and fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We recently developed a polythiolated and mannosylated human serum albumin (SH-Man-HSA), a nano-antioxidant that targets Kupffer cells, in which the mannosyl units on albumin allows their specific uptake by Kupffer cells via the mannose receptor C type 1 (MRC1), and in which the polythiolation confers antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of SH-Man-HSA in NASH model mice. In livers from mice and/or patients with NASH, we observed a reduced blood flow in the liver lobes and the down-regulation in MRC1 expression in Kupffer cells, and SH-Man-HSA alone failed to improve the pathological phenotype in NASH. However, the administration of a nitric oxide (NO) donor restored hepatic blood flow and increased the expression of the mannose receptor C type 2 (MRC2) instead of MRC1. Consequently, treatment with a combination of SH-Man-HSA and an NO donor improved oxidative stress-associated pathology. Finally, we developed a hybrid type of nano-antioxidant (SNO-Man-HSA) via the S-nitrosation of SH-Man-HSA. This nanomedicine efficiently delivered both NO and thiol groups to the liver, with a hepatoprotective effect that was comparable to the combination therapy of SH-Man-HSA and an NO donor. These findings suggest that SNO-Man-HSA has the potential for functioning as a novel nano-therapy for the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Maeda
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Sections of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yu Ishima
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Junji Saruwatari
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Mizuta
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Minayoshi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shota Ichimizu
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yanagisawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Taisei Nagasaki
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kengo Yasuda
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shun Oshiro
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Taura
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Laboratory of Bioresponse Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Matthew J McConnell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sections of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kentaro Oniki
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kayoko Sonoda
- Department of Histology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Wakayama
- Department of Histology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Kinoshita
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Motohiko Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuko Iwakiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sections of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Masaki Otagiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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6
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Gabius HJ, Cudic M, Diercks T, Kaltner H, Kopitz J, Mayo KH, Murphy PV, Oscarson S, Roy R, Schedlbauer A, Toegel S, Romero A. What is the Sugar Code? Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100327. [PMID: 34496130 PMCID: PMC8901795 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A code is defined by the nature of the symbols, which are used to generate information‐storing combinations (e. g. oligo‐ and polymers). Like nucleic acids and proteins, oligo‐ and polysaccharides are ubiquitous, and they are a biochemical platform for establishing molecular messages. Of note, the letters of the sugar code system (third alphabet of life) excel in coding capacity by making an unsurpassed versatility for isomer (code word) formation possible by variability in anomery and linkage position of the glycosidic bond, ring size and branching. The enzymatic machinery for glycan biosynthesis (writers) realizes this enormous potential for building a large vocabulary. It includes possibilities for dynamic editing/erasing as known from nucleic acids and proteins. Matching the glycome diversity, a large panel of sugar receptors (lectins) has developed based on more than a dozen folds. Lectins ‘read’ the glycan‐encoded information. Hydrogen/coordination bonding and ionic pairing together with stacking and C−H/π‐interactions as well as modes of spatial glycan presentation underlie the selectivity and specificity of glycan‐lectin recognition. Modular design of lectins together with glycan display and the nature of the cognate glycoconjugate account for the large number of post‐binding events. They give an entry to the glycan vocabulary its functional, often context‐dependent meaning(s), hereby building the dictionary of the sugar code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Maré Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, Florida, 33431, USA
| | - Tammo Diercks
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801 A, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Paul V Murphy
- CÚRAM - SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices and the, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - René Roy
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 888, Succ. Centre-Ville Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Andreas Schedlbauer
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801 A, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Stefan Toegel
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Romero
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, CIB Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Oliveira T, Thaysen-Andersen M, Packer NH, Kolarich D. The Hitchhiker's guide to glycoproteomics. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1643-1662. [PMID: 34282822 PMCID: PMC8421054 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications that are essential for cell function across all domains of life. Changes in glycosylation are considered a hallmark of many diseases, thus making glycoproteins important diagnostic and prognostic biomarker candidates and therapeutic targets. Glycoproteomics, the study of glycans and their carrier proteins in a system-wide context, is becoming a powerful tool in glycobiology that enables the functional analysis of protein glycosylation. This 'Hitchhiker's guide to glycoproteomics' is intended as a starting point for anyone who wants to explore the emerging world of glycoproteomics. The review moves from the techniques that have been developed for the characterisation of single glycoproteins to technologies that may be used for a successful complex glycoproteome characterisation. Examples of the variety of approaches, methodologies, and technologies currently used in the field are given. This review introduces the common strategies to capture glycoprotein-specific and system-wide glycoproteome data from tissues, body fluids, or cells, and a perspective on how integration into a multi-omics workflow enables a deep identification and characterisation of glycoproteins - a class of biomolecules essential in regulating cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Oliveira
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Nicolle H. Packer
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Griffith University, QLD and Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Kolarich
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Griffith University, QLD and Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
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Glycans in autophagy, endocytosis and lysosomal functions. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:625-647. [PMID: 34390447 PMCID: PMC8497297 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-10007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycans have been shown to function as versatile molecular signals in cells. This prompted us to look at their roles in endocytosis, endolysosomal system and autophagy. We start by introducing the cell biological aspects of these pathways, the concept of the sugar code, and provide an overview on the role of glycans in the targeting of lysosomal proteins and in lysosomal functions. Moreover, we review evidence on the regulation of endocytosis and autophagy by glycans. Finally, we discuss the emerging concept that cytosolic exposure of luminal glycans, and their detection by endogenous lectins, provides a mechanism for the surveillance of the integrity of the endolysosomal compartments, and serves their eventual repair or disposal.
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9
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Zhang X, Fan J, Li H, Chen C, Wang Y. CD36 Signaling in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Aging Dis 2021; 12:826-840. [PMID: 34094645 PMCID: PMC8139204 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), also referred to as scavenger receptor B2, has been shown to serve multiple functions in lipid metabolism, inflammatory signaling, oxidative stress, and energy reprogramming. As a scavenger receptor, CD36 interacts with various ligands, such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1), and fatty acid (FA), thereby activating specific downstream signaling pathways. Cardiac CD36 is mostly expressed on the surface of cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. The pathophysiological process of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) encompasses diverse metabolic abnormalities, such as enhanced transfer of cardiac myocyte sarcolemmal FA, increased levels of advanced glycation end-products, elevation in oxidative stress, impaired insulin signaling cascade, disturbance in calcium handling, and microvascular rarefaction which are closely related to CD36 signaling. This review presents a summary of the CD36 signaling pathway that acts mainly as a long-chain FA transporter in cardiac myocytes and functions as a receptor to bind to numerous ligands in endothelial cells. Finally, we summarize the recent basic research and clinical findings regarding CD36 signaling in DCM, suggesting a promising strategy to treat this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahui Fan
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huaping Li
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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10
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Beckwith DM, FitzGerald FG, Rodriguez Benavente MC, Mercer ER, Ludwig AK, Michalak M, Kaltner H, Kopitz J, Gabius HJ, Cudic M. Calorimetric Analysis of the Interplay between Synthetic Tn Antigen-Presenting MUC1 Glycopeptides and Human Macrophage Galactose-Type Lectin. Biochemistry 2021; 60:547-558. [PMID: 33560106 PMCID: PMC8269692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human macrophage galactose-type lectin (hMGL, HML, CD301, CLEC10A), a C-type lectin expressed by dendritic cells and macrophages, is a receptor for N-acetylgalactosamine α-linked to serine/threonine residues (Tn antigen, CD175) and its α2,6-sialylated derivative (sTn, CD175s). Because these two epitopes are among malignant cell glycan displays, particularly when presented by mucin-1 (MUC1), assessing the influence of the site and frequency of glycosylation on lectin recognition will identify determinants governing this interplay. Thus, chemical synthesis of the tandem-repeat O-glycan acceptor region of MUC1 and site-specific threonine glycosylation in all permutations were carried out. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analysis of the binding of hMGL to this library of MUC1 glycopeptides revealed an enthalpy-driven process and an affinity enhancement of an order of magnitude with an increasing glycan count from 6-8 μM for monoglycosylated peptides to 0.6 μM for triglycosylated peptide. ITC measurements performed in D2O permitted further exploration of the solvation dynamics during binding. A shift in enthalpy-entropy compensation and contact position-specific effects with the likely involvement of the peptide surroundings were detected. KinITC analysis revealed a prolonged lifetime of the lectin-glycan complex with increasing glycan valency and with a change in the solvent to D2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donella M. Beckwith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E.
Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca
Raton, Florida 33431, United States
| | - Forrest G. FitzGerald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E.
Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca
Raton, Florida 33431, United States
| | - Maria C. Rodriguez Benavente
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E.
Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca
Raton, Florida 33431, United States
| | - Elizabeth R. Mercer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E.
Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca
Raton, Florida 33431, United States
| | - Anna-Kristin Ludwig
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University
Munich, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Malwina Michalak
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of
Pathology, Medical School of the Ruprecht-Karls-University
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University
Munich, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of
Pathology, Medical School of the Ruprecht-Karls-University
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University
Munich, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Maré Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E.
Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca
Raton, Florida 33431, United States
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11
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Ugonotti J, Chatterjee S, Thaysen-Andersen M. Structural and functional diversity of neutrophil glycosylation in innate immunity and related disorders. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 79:100882. [PMID: 32847678 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The granulated neutrophils are abundant innate immune cells that utilize bioactive glycoproteins packed in cytosolic granules to fight pathogenic infections, but the neutrophil glycobiology remains poorly understood. Facilitated by technological advances in glycoimmunology, systems glycobiology and glycoanalytics, a considerable body of literature reporting on novel aspects of neutrophil glycosylation has accumulated. Herein, we summarize the building knowledge of the structural and functional diversity displayed by N- and O-linked glycoproteins spatiotemporally expressed and sequentially brought-into-action across the diverse neutrophil life stages during bone marrow maturation, movements to, from and within the blood circulation and microbicidal processes at the inflammatory sites in peripheral tissues. It transpires that neutrophils abundantly decorate their granule glycoproteins including neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase and cathepsin G with peculiar glyco-signatures not commonly reported in other areas of human glycobiology such as hyper-truncated chitobiose core- and paucimannosidic-type N-glycans and monoantennary complex-type N-glycans. Sialyl Lewisx, Lewisx, poly-N-acetyllactosamine extensions and core 1-/2-type O-glycans are also common neutrophil glyco-signatures. Granule-specific glycosylation is another fascinating yet not fully understood feature of neutrophils. Recent literature suggests that unconventional biosynthetic pathways and functions underpin these prominent neutrophil-associated glyco-phenotypes. The impact of glycosylation on key neutrophil effector functions including extravasation, degranulation, phagocytosis and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps during normal physiological conditions and in innate immune-related diseases is discussed. We also highlight new technologies that are expected to further advance neutrophil glycobiology and briefly discuss the untapped diagnostic and therapeutic potential of neutrophil glycosylation that could open avenues to combat the increasingly prevalent innate immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Ugonotti
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia; Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Sayantani Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia; Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia; Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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12
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Chen C, Wang S, Gadi MR, Zhu H, Liu F, Liu CC, Li L, Wang F, Ling P, Cao H. Enzymatic modular synthesis and microarray assay of poly-N-acetyllactosamine derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:7549-7552. [PMID: 32579622 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03268a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A facile enzymatic modular assembly strategy for the preparative-scale synthesis of poly-N-acetyllactosamine (poly-LacNAc) glycans with varied lengths and designed sialylation and/or fucosylation patterns is described. These glycans were printed as a microarray to investigate their interactions with a panel of glycan binding proteins (GBPs). Binding affinities revealed that the avidity of GBPs could be largely affected by the length and the patterns of sialylation and fucosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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13
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García Caballero G, Kaltner H, Kutzner TJ, Ludwig AK, Manning JC, Schmidt S, Sinowatz F, Gabius HJ. How galectins have become multifunctional proteins. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:509-539. [PMID: 31922250 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Having identified glycans of cellular glycoconjugates as versatile molecular messages, their recognition by sugar receptors (lectins) is a fundamental mechanism within the flow of biological information. This type of molecular interplay is increasingly revealed to be involved in a wide range of (patho)physiological processes. To do so, it is a vital prerequisite that a lectin (and its expression) can develop more than a single skill, that is the general ability to bind glycans. By studying the example of vertebrate galectins as a model, a total of five relevant characteristics is disclosed: i) access to intra- and extracellular sites, ii) fine-tuned gene regulation (with evidence for co-regulation of counterreceptors) including the existence of variants due to alternative splicing or single nucleotide polymorphisms, iii) specificity to distinct glycans from the glycome with different molecular meaning, iv) binding capacity also to peptide motifs at different sites on the protein and v) diversity of modular architecture. They combine to endow these lectins with the capacity to serve as multi-purpose tools. Underscoring the arising broad-scale significance of tissue lectins, their numbers in terms of known families and group members have steadily grown by respective research that therefore unveiled a well-stocked toolbox. The generation of a network of (ga)lectins by evolutionary diversification affords the opportunity for additive/synergistic or antagonistic interplay in situ, an emerging aspect of (ga)lectin functionality. It warrants close scrutiny. The realization of the enormous potential of combinatorial permutations using the five listed features gives further efforts to understand the rules of functional glycomics/lectinomics a clear direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel García Caballero
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja J Kutzner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Kristin Ludwig
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmidt
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fred Sinowatz
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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14
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Chicken lens development: complete signature of expression of galectins during embryogenesis and evidence for their complex formation with α-, β-, δ-, and τ-crystallins, N-CAM, and N-cadherin obtained by affinity chromatography. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 379:13-35. [PMID: 31773304 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The emerging multifunctionality of galectins by specific protein-glycan/protein interactions explains the interest to determine their expression during embryogenesis. Complete network analysis of all seven chicken galectins (CGs) is presented in the course of differentiation of eye lens that originates from a single type of progenitor cell. It answers the questions on levels of expression and individual patterns of distribution. A qualitative difference occurs in the CG-1A/B paralogue pair, underscoring conspicuous divergence. Considering different cell phenotypes, lens fiber and also epithelial cells can both express the same CG, with developmental upregulation for CG-3 and CG-8. Except for expression of the lens-specific CG (C-GRIFIN), no other CG appeared to be controlled by the transcription factors L-Maf and Pax6. Studying presence and nature of binding partners for CGs, we tested labeled galectins in histochemistry and in ligand blotting. Mass spectrometric (glyco)protein identification after affinity chromatography prominently yielded four types of crystallins, N-CAM, and, in the cases of CG-3 and CG-8, N-cadherin. Should such pairing be functional in situ, it may be involved in tightly packing intracellular lens proteins and forming membrane contact as well as in gaining plasticity and stability of adhesion processes. The expression of CGs throughout embryogenesis is postulated to give meaning to spatiotemporal alterations in the local glycome.
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15
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The sugar code: letters and vocabulary, writers, editors and readers and biosignificance of functional glycan-lectin pairing. Biochem J 2019; 476:2623-2655. [PMID: 31551311 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitous occurrence in Nature, abundant presence at strategically important places such as the cell surface and dynamic shifts in their profile by diverse molecular switches qualifies the glycans to serve as versatile biochemical signals. However, their exceptional structural complexity often prevents one noting how simple the rules of objective-driven assembly of glycan-encoded messages are. This review is intended to provide a tutorial for a broad readership. The principles of why carbohydrates meet all demands to be the coding section of an information transfer system, and this at unsurpassed high density, are explained. Despite appearing to be a random assortment of sugars and their substitutions, seemingly subtle structural variations in glycan chains by a sophisticated enzymatic machinery have emerged to account for their specific biological meaning. Acting as 'readers' of glycan-encoded information, carbohydrate-specific receptors (lectins) are a means to turn the glycans' potential to serve as signals into a multitude of (patho)physiologically relevant responses. Once the far-reaching significance of this type of functional pairing has become clear, the various modes of spatial presentation of glycans and of carbohydrate recognition domains in lectins can be explored and rationalized. These discoveries are continuously revealing the intricacies of mutually adaptable routes to achieve essential selectivity and specificity. Equipped with these insights, readers will gain a fundamental understanding why carbohydrates form the third alphabet of life, joining the ranks of nucleotides and amino acids, and will also become aware of the importance of cellular communication via glycan-lectin recognition.
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16
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Sahin Inan ZD, Unver Saraydin S. Immunohistochemical profile of CD markers in experimental neural tube defect. Biotech Histochem 2019; 94:617-627. [PMID: 31184499 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2019.1622783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are the second most common birth defects worldwide. Stem cells play a critical role in the mechanisms underlying NTDs. We established an experimental NTD model in rats using retinoic acid (RA). We used mesenchymal and hemopoietic stem cell markers to determine their distribution in the mesenchyme in and around the neuroepithelium during the embryonic and fetal periods in both cranial and caudal regions. Adult female rats were given RA on days 5 and 10 of gestation and olive oil was administered to the control group. On days 10.5 and 15.5, embryos in the experimental and control groups were removed from the uterus. Embryos were embedded in paraffin and serial sections of the cranial and caudal neural tube were examined. We found severe cranial and caudal defects including axial rotation in the experimental groups using histochemistry. We used CD44, CD56, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD271 antibodies as mesenchymal stem cell markers and CD14, CD45 as hemopoietic stem cell markers. More CD44, CD56, CD90, CD105 and CD14 were detected during the embryonic period than the fetal period. CD73 was more frequent during the fetal period, whereas CD271 and CD45 were not significantly different. When CD44, CD56, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD271 immunostaining was found, NTDs were decreased early and increased later. We found no significant difference between CD14 and CD45. Formation of NTDs was due to deterioration of the of the neuroepithelial and surrounding stem cells. One reason for the formation of NTDs is that stem cells may develop defective cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z D Sahin Inan
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - S Unver Saraydin
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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17
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Zhang T, de Waard AA, Wuhrer M, Spaapen RM. The Role of Glycosphingolipids in Immune Cell Functions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:90. [PMID: 30761148 PMCID: PMC6361815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) exhibit a variety of functions in cellular differentiation and interaction. Also, they are known to play a role as receptors in pathogen invasion. A less well-explored feature is the role of GSLs in immune cell function which is the subject of this review article. Here we summarize knowledge on GSL expression patterns in different immune cells. We review the changes in GSL expression during immune cell development and differentiation, maturation, and activation. Furthermore, we review how immune cell GSLs impact membrane organization, molecular signaling, and trans-interactions in cellular cross-talk. Another aspect covered is the role of GSLs as targets of antibody-based immunity in cancer. We expect that recent advances in analytical and genome editing technologies will help in the coming years to further our knowledge on the role of GSLs as modulators of immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Antonius A de Waard
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Robbert M Spaapen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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18
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Michalak M, Warnken U, Schnölzer M, Gabius HJ, Kopitz J. Detection of malignancy-associated phosphoproteome changes in human colorectal cancer induced by cell surface binding of growth-inhibitory galectin-4. IUBMB Life 2018; 71:364-375. [PMID: 30550624 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence on efficient tumor growth regulation by endogenous lectins directs interest to determine on a proof-of-principle level the range of information on alterations provided by full-scale analysis using phosphoproteomics. In our pilot study, we tested galectin-4 (gal-4) that is a growth inhibitor for colon cancer cells (CRC), here working with the LS 180 line. In order to cover monitoring of short- and long-term effects stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture-based quantitative phosphoproteomic analyses were conducted on LS 180 cell preparations collected 1 and 72 h after adding gal-4 to the culture medium. After short-term treatment, 981 phosphosites, all of them S/T based, were detected by phosphoproteomics. Changes higher than 1.5-fold were seen for eight sites in seven proteins. Most affected were the BET1 homolog (BET1), whose level of phosphorylation at S50 was about threefold reduced, and centromere protein F (CENPF), extent of phosphorylation at S3119 doubling in gal-4-treated cells. Phosphoproteome analysis after 72 h of treatment revealed marked changes at 33 S/T-based phosphosites from 29 proteins. Prominent increase of phosphorylation was observed for cofilin-1 at position S3. Extent of phosphorylation of the glutamine transporter SLC1A5 at position S503 was decreased by a factor of 3. Altered phosphorylation of BET1, CENPF, and cofilin-1 as well as a significant effect of gal-4 treatment on glutamine uptake by cells were substantiated by independent methods in the Vaco 432, Colo 205, CX 1, and HCT 116 cell lines. With the example of gal-4 which functions as a tumor suppressor in CRC cells, we were able to prove that cell surface binding of the lectin not only markedly influences the cell proteome, but also has a bearing on malignancy-associated intracellular protein phosphorylation. These results underscore the potential of this approach to give further work on elucidating the details of signaling underlying galectin-triggered growth inhibition a clear direction. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 71(3):364-375, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Michalak
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Medical School of the Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Warnken
- Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Schnölzer
- Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Medical School of the Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Kaltner H, García Caballero G, Ludwig AK, Manning JC, Gabius HJ. From glycophenotyping by (plant) lectin histochemistry to defining functionality of glycans by pairing with endogenous lectins. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 149:547-568. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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20
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Ledeen RW, Kopitz J, Abad-Rodríguez J, Gabius HJ. Glycan Chains of Gangliosides: Functional Ligands for Tissue Lectins (Siglecs/Galectins). PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 156:289-324. [PMID: 29747818 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular signals on the cell surface are responsible for adhesion and communication. Of relevance in this respect, their chemical properties endow carbohydrates with the capacity to store a maximum of information in a minimum of space. One way to present glycans on the cell surface is their covalent conjugation to a ceramide anchor. Among the resulting glycosphingolipids, gangliosides are special due to the presence of at least one sialic acid in the glycan chains. Their spatial accessibility and the dynamic regulation of their profile are factors that argue in favor of a role of glycans of gangliosides as ligands (counterreceptors) for carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins). Indeed, as discovered first for a bacterial toxin, tissue lectins bind gangliosides and mediate contact formation (trans) and signaling (cis). While siglecs have a preference for higher sialylated glycans, certain galectins also target the monosialylated pentasaccharide of ganglioside GM1. Enzymatic interconversion of ganglioside glycans by sialidase action, relevant for neuroblastoma cell differentiation and growth control in vitro, for axonogenesis and axon regeneration, as well as for proper communication between effector and regulatory T cells, changes lectin-binding affinity profoundly. The GD1a-to-GM1 "editing" is recognized by such lectins, for example, myelin-associated glycoprotein (siglec-4) losing affinity and galectin-1 gaining reactivity, and then translated into postbinding signaling. Orchestrations of loss/gain of affinity, of ganglioside/lectin expression, and of lectin presence in a network offer ample opportunities for fine-tuning. Thus glycans of gangliosides such as GD1a and GM1 are functional counterreceptors by a pairing with tissue lectins, an emerging aspect of ganglioside and lectin functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Ledeen
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States.
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Manning JC, García Caballero G, Knospe C, Kaltner H, Gabius HJ. Three-step monitoring of glycan and galectin profiles in the anterior segment of the adult chicken eye. Ann Anat 2018; 217:66-81. [PMID: 29501632 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A histochemical three-step approach is applied for processing a panel of sections that covers the different regions of fixed anterior segment of the adult chicken eye. This analysis gains insight into the presence of binding partners for functional pairing by galectin/lectin recognition in situ. Glycophenotyping with 11 fungal and plant lectins (step 1) revealed a complex pattern of reactivity with regional as well as glycan- and cell-type-dependent differences. When characterizing expression of the complete set of the seven adhesion/growth-regulatory chicken galectins immunohistochemically (step 2), the same holds true, clearly demonstrating profiles with individual properties, even for the CG-1A/B paralogue pair. Testing this set of labeled tissue lectins as probes (step 3) detected binding sites in a galectin-type-dependent manner. The results of steps 2 and 3 reflect the divergence of sequences and argue against functional redundancy among the galectins. These data shape the concept of an in situ network of galectins. As consequence, experimental in vitro studies will need to be performed from the level of testing a single protein to work with mixtures that mimic the (patho)physiological situation, a key message of this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriel García Caballero
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens Knospe
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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22
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Ruiz FM, Gilles U, Ludwig AK, Sehad C, Shiao TC, García Caballero G, Kaltner H, Lindner I, Roy R, Reusch D, Romero A, Gabius HJ. Chicken GRIFIN: Structural characterization in crystals and in solution. Biochimie 2017; 146:127-138. [PMID: 29248541 PMCID: PMC7115793 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite its natural abundance in lenses of vertebrates the physiological function(s) of the galectin-related inter-fiber protein (GRIFIN) is (are) still unclear. The same holds true for the significance of the unique interspecies (fish/birds vs mammals) variability in the capacity to bind lactose. In solution, ultracentrifugation and small angle X-ray scattering (at concentrations up to 9 mg/mL) characterize the protein as compact and stable homodimer without evidence for aggregation. The crystal structure of chicken (C-)GRIFIN at seven pH values from 4.2 to 8.5 is reported, revealing compelling stability. Binding of lactose despite the Arg71Val deviation from the sequence signature of galectins matched the otherwise canonical contact pattern with thermodynamics of an enthalpically driven process. Upon lactose accommodation, the side chain of Arg50 is shifted for hydrogen bonding to the 3-hydroxyl of glucose. No evidence for a further ligand-dependent structural alteration was obtained in solution by measuring hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometrically in peptic fingerprints. The introduction of the Asn48Lys mutation, characteristic for mammalian GRIFINs that have lost lectin activity, lets labeled C-GRIFIN maintain capacity to stain tissue sections. Binding is no longer inhibitable by lactose, as seen for the wild-type protein. These results establish the basis for detailed structure-activity considerations and are a step to complete the structural description of all seven members of the galectin network in chicken. First crystal structure of an eye lens GRIFIN defines differences to galectins. pH screening discloses high degree of structural stability in crystals. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange reveals unusually rigid structure in solution. Lectin histochemical assays identify critical sites for in situ ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico M Ruiz
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ulrich Gilles
- Pharma Biotech Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Anna-Kristin Ludwig
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Celia Sehad
- Pharmaqam and Nanoqam, Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Tze Chieh Shiao
- Pharmaqam and Nanoqam, Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Gabriel García Caballero
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Lindner
- Pharma Biotech Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - René Roy
- Pharmaqam and Nanoqam, Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Biotech Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany.
| | - Antonio Romero
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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23
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Katzenmaier EM, Kloor M, Gabius HJ, Gebert J, Kopitz J. Analyzing epigenetic control of galectin expression indicates silencing of galectin-12 by promoter methylation in colorectal cancer. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:962-970. [PMID: 29098769 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Galectins, a class of lectins with specificity for ß-galactoside containing glycoconjugates, modulate several cellular processes that are involved in the control of normal cell growth, differentiation, cell-cell, and cell matrix interactions. Pathological alterations of the galectin expression pattern have been implicated in the development and progression of cancer. We therefore analyzed epigenetic mechanisms for control of galectin expression in 9 colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines. Our data demonstrate that expression of galectins-1, -2, -7, -8, and -9 can be regulated by histone acetylation in CRC cell lines. In addition, the same set of galectins was also found to be modulated by DNA methylation. Of particular note, galectin-12 is silenced in all tested CRC cell lines but known to be re-expressed upon butyrate-induced differentiation and present in normal colonic mucosa. Loss of galectin-12 expression in undifferentiated CRC cells is associated with promoter hypermethylation and for the first time we provide detailed methylation analysis of the promoter region. In CRC tumor tissue, galectin-12 expression was downregulated in 66% of CRC tissue specimens as compared to adjacent normal tissue hinting to a possible tumor-suppressing function in CRC. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(12):962-970, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Katzenmaier
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kloor
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Gebert
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juergen Kopitz
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center), Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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Díez-Revuelta N, Higuero AM, Velasco S, Peñas-de-la-Iglesia M, Gabius HJ, Abad-Rodríguez J. Neurons define non-myelinated axon segments by the regulation of galectin-4-containing axon membrane domains. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12246. [PMID: 28947766 PMCID: PMC5612983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism underlying selective myelination of axons versus dendrites or neuronal somata relies on the expression of somatodendritic membrane myelination inhibitors (i.e. JAM2). However, axons still present long unmyelinated segments proposed to contribute to axonal plasticity and higher order brain functions. Why these segments remain unmyelinated is still an unresolved issue. The bifunctional lectin galectin-4 (Gal-4) organizes the transport of axon glycoproteins by binding to N-acetyllactosamine (LacNac) termini of N-glycans. We have shown that Gal-4 is sorted to segmental domains (G4Ds) along the axon surface, reminiscent of these long unmyelinated axon segments in cortical neurons. We report here that oligodendrocytes (OLGs) do not deposit myelin on Gal-4 covered surfaces or myelinate axonal G4Ds. In addition, Gal-4 interacts and co-localizes in G4Ds with contactin-1, a marker of another type of non-myelinated segments, the nodes of Ranvier. Neither Gal-4 expression nor G4D dimensions are affected by myelin extracts or myelinating OLGs, but are reduced with neuron maturation. As in vitro, Gal-4 is consistently segregated from myelinated structures in the brain. Our data shape the novel concept that neurons establish axon membrane domains expressing Gal-4, the first inhibitor of myelination identified in axons, whose regulated boundaries delineate myelination-incompetent axon segments along development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Díez-Revuelta
- Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Alonso M Higuero
- Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Silvia Velasco
- Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - María Peñas-de-la-Iglesia
- Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539, München, Germany
| | - José Abad-Rodríguez
- Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, E-45071, Toledo, Spain.
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25
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Studying the Structural Significance of Galectin Design by Playing a Modular Puzzle: Homodimer Generation from Human Tandem-Repeat-Type (Heterodimeric) Galectin-8 by Domain Shuffling. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091572. [PMID: 28925965 PMCID: PMC6151538 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue lectins are emerging (patho)physiological effectors with broad significance. The capacity of adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins to form functional complexes with distinct cellular glycoconjugates is based on molecular selection of matching partners. Engineering of variants by changing the topological display of carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) provides tools to understand the inherent specificity of the functional pairing. We here illustrate its practical implementation in the case of human tandem-repeat-type galectin-8 (Gal-8). It is termed Gal-8 (NC) due to presence of two different CRDs at the N- and C-terminal positions. Gal-8N exhibits exceptionally high affinity for 3'-sialylated/sulfated β-galactosides. This protein is turned into a new homodimer, i.e., Gal-8 (NN), by engineering. The product maintained activity for lactose-inhibitable binding of glycans and glycoproteins. Preferential association with 3'-sialylated/sulfated (and 6-sulfated) β-galactosides was seen by glycan-array analysis when compared to the wild-type protein, which also strongly bound to ABH-type epitopes. Agglutination of erythrocytes documented functional bivalency. This result substantiates the potential for comparative functional studies between the variant and natural Gal-8 (NC)/Gal-8N.
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26
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Loke I, Østergaard O, Heegaard NHH, Packer NH, Thaysen-Andersen M. Paucimannose-Rich N-glycosylation of Spatiotemporally Regulated Human Neutrophil Elastase Modulates Its Immune Functions. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1507-1527. [PMID: 28630087 PMCID: PMC5546201 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.066746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neutrophil elastase (HNE) is an important N-glycosylated serine protease in the innate immune system, but the structure and immune-modulating functions of HNE N-glycosylation remain undescribed. Herein, LC-MS/MS-based glycan, glycopeptide and glycoprotein profiling were utilized to first determine the heterogeneous N-glycosylation of HNE purified from neutrophil lysates and then from isolated neutrophil granules of healthy individuals. The spatiotemporal expression of HNE during neutrophil activation and the biological importance of its N-glycosylation were also investigated using immunoblotting, cell surface capture, native MS, receptor interaction, protease inhibition, and bacteria growth assays. Site-specific HNE glycoprofiling demonstrated that unusual paucimannosidic N-glycans, particularly Manα1,6Manβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,4(Fucα1,6)GlcNAcβ, predominantly occupied Asn124 and Asn173. The equally unusual core fucosylated monoantenna complex-type N-sialoglycans also decorated these two fully occupied sites. In contrast, the mostly unoccupied Asn88 carried nonfucosylated paucimannosidic N-glycans probably resulting from low glycosylation site solvent accessibility. Asn185 was not glycosylated. Subcellular- and site-specific glycoprofiling showed highly uniform N-glycosylation of HNE residing in distinct neutrophil compartments. Stimulation-induced cell surface mobilization demonstrated a spatiotemporal regulation, but not cell surface-specific glycosylation signatures, of HNE in activated human neutrophils. The three glycosylation sites of HNE were located distal to the active site indicating glycan functions other than interference with HNE enzyme activity. Functionally, the paucimannosidic HNE glycoforms displayed preferential binding to human mannose binding lectin compared with the HNE sialoglycoforms, suggesting a glycoform-dependent involvement of HNE in complement activation. The heavily N-glycosylated HNE protease inhibitor, α1-antitrypsin, displayed concentration-dependent complex formation and preferred glycoform-glycoform interactions with HNE. Finally, both enzymatically active HNE and isolated HNE N-glycans demonstrated low micromolar concentration-dependent growth inhibition of clinically-relevant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, suggesting some bacteriostatic activity is conferred by the HNE N-glycans. Taken together, these observations support that the unusual HNE N-glycosylation, here reported for the first time, is involved in modulating multiple immune functions central to inflammation and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Loke
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Ole Østergaard
- §Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels H H Heegaard
- §Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolle H Packer
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia;
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27
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Gabius HJ. The sugar code: Why glycans are so important. Biosystems 2017; 164:102-111. [PMID: 28709806 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cell surface is the platform for presentation of biochemical signals that are required for intercellular communication. Their profile necessarily needs to be responsive to internal and external factors in a highly dynamic manner. The structural features of the signals must meet the criterion of high-density information coding in a minimum of space. Thus, only biomolecules that can generate many different oligomers ('words') from few building blocks ('letters') qualify to meet this challenge. Examining the respective properties of common biocompounds that form natural oligo- and polymers comparatively, starting with nucleotides and amino acids (the first and second alphabets of life), comes up with sugars as clear frontrunner. The enzymatic machinery for the biosynthesis of sugar chains can indeed link monosaccharides, the letters of the third alphabet of life, in a manner to reach an unsurpassed number of oligomers (complex carbohydrates or glycans). Fittingly, the resulting glycome of a cell can be likened to a fingerprint. Conjugates of glycans with proteins and sphingolipids (glycoproteins and glycolipids) are ubiquitous in Nature. This implies a broad (patho)physiologic significance. By looking at the signals, at the writers and the erasers of this information as well as its readers and ensuing consequences, this review intends to introduce a broad readership to the principles of the concept of the sugar code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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28
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Bivalent O -glycoside mimetics with S /disulfide/ Se substitutions and aromatic core: Synthesis, molecular modeling and inhibitory activity on biomedically relevant lectins in assays of increasing physiological relevance. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3158-3170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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29
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Manning JC, García Caballero G, Knospe C, Kaltner H, Gabius HJ. Network analysis of adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins and their binding sites in adult chicken retina and choroid. J Anat 2017; 231:23-37. [PMID: 28425099 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly ordered multilayered organization of the adult chicken retina is a suitable test model for examining zonal distribution of the members of a bioeffector family. Based on the concept of the sugar code, the functional pairing of glycan epitopes with cognate receptors (lectins) is emerging as a means to explain the control of diverse physiological activities. Having recently completed the biochemical characterization of all seven adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins present in chicken, it was possible to establish how the individual characteristics of their expression profiles add up to shape the galectin network, which until now has not been defined at this level of complexity. This information will also have relevance in explaining the region-specific presence of glycan determinants in the retina, as illustrated in the first part of this study using a panel of nine plant/fungal agglutinins. The following systematic monitoring of the galectins yielded patterns for which quantitative and qualitative differences were detected. Obviously, positivity in distinct layers is not confined to a single protein of this family, e.g. CG-1A, CG-3 or CG-8. These results underline the requirement for network analysis for these proteins that can functionally interact in additive or antagonistic modes. Labeling of the tissue galectins facilitated profiling of their accessible binding sites. It also revealed differences among the galectin family members, highlighting the ability of this method to define binding properties on the level of tissue sections. Methodologically, the detection of endogenous lectins intimates that cognate glycans can become inaccessible, a notable caveat for lectin histochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriel García Caballero
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens Knospe
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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30
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Bhide GP, Colley KJ. Sialylation of N-glycans: mechanism, cellular compartmentalization and function. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 147:149-174. [PMID: 27975143 PMCID: PMC7088086 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sialylated N-glycans play essential roles in the immune system, pathogen recognition and cancer. This review approaches the sialylation of N-glycans from three perspectives. The first section focuses on the sialyltransferases that add sialic acid to N-glycans. Included in the discussion is a description of these enzymes' glycan acceptors, conserved domain organization and sequences, molecular structure and catalytic mechanism. In addition, we discuss the protein interactions underlying the polysialylation of a select group of adhesion and signaling molecules. In the second section, the biosynthesis of sialic acid, CMP-sialic acid and sialylated N-glycans is discussed, with a special emphasis on the compartmentalization of these processes in the mammalian cell. The sequences and mechanisms maintaining the sialyltransferases and other glycosylation enzymes in the Golgi are also reviewed. In the final section, we have chosen to discuss processes in which sialylated glycans, both N- and O-linked, play a role. The first part of this section focuses on sialic acid-binding proteins including viral hemagglutinins, Siglecs and selectins. In the second half of this section, we comment on the role of sialylated N-glycans in cancer, including the roles of β1-integrin and Fas receptor N-glycan sialylation in cancer cell survival and drug resistance, and the role of these sialylated proteins and polysialic acid in cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurang P Bhide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Avenue, MC669, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Karen J Colley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Avenue, MC669, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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31
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Corfield A. Eukaryotic protein glycosylation: a primer for histochemists and cell biologists. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 147:119-147. [PMID: 28012131 PMCID: PMC5306191 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteins undergo co- and posttranslational modifications, and their glycosylation is the most frequent and structurally variegated type. Histochemically, the detection of glycan presence has first been performed by stains. The availability of carbohydrate-specific tools (lectins, monoclonal antibodies) has revolutionized glycophenotyping, allowing monitoring of distinct structures. The different types of protein glycosylation in Eukaryotes are described. Following this educational survey, examples where known biological function is related to the glycan structures carried by proteins are given. In particular, mucins and their glycosylation patterns are considered as instructive proof-of-principle case. The tissue and cellular location of glycoprotein biosynthesis and metabolism is reviewed, with attention to new findings in goblet cells. Finally, protein glycosylation in disease is documented, with selected examples, where aberrant glycan expression impacts on normal function to let disease pathology become manifest. The histological applications adopted in these studies are emphasized throughout the text.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Corfield
- Mucin Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK.
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Manna M, Javanainen M, Monne HMS, Gabius HJ, Rog T, Vattulainen I. Long-chain GM1 gangliosides alter transmembrane domain registration through interdigitation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:870-878. [PMID: 28143757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular and cytosolic leaflets in cellular membranes are distinctly different in lipid composition, yet they contribute together to signaling across the membranes. Here we consider a mechanism based on long-chain gangliosides for coupling the extracellular and cytosolic membrane leaflets together. Based on atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, we find that long-chain GM1 in the extracellular leaflet exhibits a strong tendency to protrude into the opposing bilayer leaflet. This interdigitation modulates the order in the cytosolic monolayer and thereby strengthens the interaction and coupling across a membrane. Coarse-grained simulations probing longer time scales in large membrane systems indicate that GM1 in the extracellular leaflet modulates the phase behavior in the cytosolic monolayer. While short-chain GM1 maintains phase-symmetric bilayers with a strong membrane registration effect, the situation is altered with long-chain GM1. Here, the significant interdigitation induced by long-chain GM1 modulates the behavior in the cytosolic GM1-free leaflet, weakening and slowing down the membrane registration process. The observed physical interaction mechanism provides a possible means to mediate or foster transmembrane communication associated with signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moutusi Manna
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P. O. Box 692, FI- 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P. O. Box 692, FI- 33101 Tampere, Finland; Department of Physics, POB 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hector Martinez-Seara Monne
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P. O. Box 692, FI- 33101 Tampere, Finland; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, D-80539 Munchen, Germany
| | - Tomasz Rog
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P. O. Box 692, FI- 33101 Tampere, Finland; Department of Physics, POB 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P. O. Box 692, FI- 33101 Tampere, Finland; Department of Physics, POB 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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33
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Bayón C, He N, Deir-Kaspar M, Blasco P, André S, Gabius HJ, Rumbero Á, Jiménez-Barbero J, Fessner WD, Hernáiz MJ. Direct Enzymatic Branch-End Extension of Glycocluster-Presented Glycans: An Effective Strategy for Programming Glycan Bioactivity. Chemistry 2016; 23:1623-1633. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bayón
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Complutense University; Plaza Ramón y CajaL s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Ning He
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Technische Universität Darmstadt, A; larich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Mario Deir-Kaspar
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Complutense University; Plaza Ramón y CajaL s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Pilar Blasco
- Departamento de Ciencia de Proteínas; CIB-CSIC; C/Ramiro denMaeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Sabine André
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie; Tierärztliche Fakultät; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Veterinärstrasse 13 80539 München Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie; Tierärztliche Fakultät; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Veterinärstrasse 13 80539 München Germany
| | - Ángel Rumbero
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Autonoma University of Madrid; Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Departamento de Ciencia de Proteínas; CIB-CSIC; C/Ramiro denMaeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain
- Ikerbasque; Basque Foundation for Science; Maria Diaz de Haro 13 48009 Bilbao Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, Faculty of Science & Technology; University of the Basque Country; 48940 Leioa Bizkaia Spain
| | - Wolf-Dieter Fessner
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Technische Universität Darmstadt, A; larich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - María J. Hernáiz
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Complutense University; Plaza Ramón y CajaL s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
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34
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Xiao Q, Wang Z, Williams D, Leowanawat P, Peterca M, Sherman SE, Zhang S, Hammer DA, Heiney PA, King SR, Markovitz DM, André S, Gabius HJ, Klein ML, Percec V. Why Do Membranes of Some Unhealthy Cells Adopt a Cubic Architecture? ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:943-953. [PMID: 28058284 PMCID: PMC5200934 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nonlamellar lipid arrangements, including cubosomes, appear in unhealthy cells, e.g., when they are subject to stress, starvation, or viral infection. The bioactivity of cubosomes-nanoscale particles exhibiting bicontinuous cubic structures-versus more common vesicles is an unexplored area due to lack of suitable model systems. Here, glycodendrimercubosomes (GDCs)-sugar-presenting cubosomes assembled from Janus glycodendrimers by simple injection into buffer-are proposed as mimics of biological cubic membranes. The bicontinuous cubic GDC architecture has been demonstrated by electron tomography. The stability of these GDCs in buffer enabled studies on lectin-dependent agglutination, revealing significant differences compared with the vesicular glycodendrimersome (GDS) counterpart. In particular, GDCs showed an increased activity toward concanavalin A, as well as an increased sensitivity and selectivity toward two variants of banana lectins, a wild-type and a genetically modified variant, which is not exhibited by GDSs. These results suggest that cells may adapt under unhealthy conditions by undergoing a transformation from lamellar to cubic membranes as a method of defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiao
- Roy
& Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Zhichun Wang
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6321, United States
| | - Dewight Williams
- Electron
Microscopy Resource Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,
Perelman School of Medicine, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6082, United States
| | - Pawaret Leowanawat
- Roy
& Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy
& Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Samuel E. Sherman
- Roy
& Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Shaodong Zhang
- Roy
& Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Daniel A. Hammer
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6321, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6391, United States
| | - Paul A. Heiney
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, United States
| | - Steven R. King
- Division
of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Program in
Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - David M. Markovitz
- Division
of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Program in
Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sabine André
- Institute
of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute
of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael L. Klein
- Institute
of Computational Molecular Science, Temple
University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy
& Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- E-mail:
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Kaltner H, Toegel S, Caballero GG, Manning JC, Ledeen RW, Gabius HJ. Galectins: their network and roles in immunity/tumor growth control. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:239-256. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Teaming up synthetic chemistry and histochemistry for activity screening in galectin-directed inhibitor design. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:285-301. [PMID: 28013366 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of endogenous lectins is their ability to select a few distinct glycoconjugates as counterreceptors for functional pairing from the natural abundance of cellular glycoproteins and glycolipids. As a consequence, assays to assess inhibition of lectin binding should necessarily come as close as possible to the physiological situation, to characterize an impact of a synthetic compound on biorelevant binding with pharmaceutical perspective. We here introduce in a proof-of-principle manner work with sections of paraffin-embedded tissue (jejunum, epididymis) and labeled adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins, harboring one (galectin-1 and galectin-3) or two (galectin-8) types of lectin domain. Six pairs of synthetic lactosides from tailoring of the headgroup (3'-O-sulfation) and the aglycone (β-methyl to aromatic S- and O-linked extensions) as well as three bi- to tetravalent glycoclusters were used as test compounds. Varying extents of reduction in staining intensity by synthetic compounds relative to unsubstituted/free lactose proved the applicability and sensitivity of the method. Flanking cytofluorimetric assays on lectin binding to native cells gave similar grading, excluding a major impact of tissue fixation. The experiments revealed cell/tissue binding of galectin-8 preferentially via one domain, depending on the cell type so that the effect of an inhibitor in a certain context cannot be extrapolated to other cells/tissues. Moreover, the work with the other galectins attests that this assay enables comprehensive analysis of the galectin network in serial tissue sections to determine overlaps and regional differences in inhibitory profiles.
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Abstract
An experimental observation on selecting binding partners underlies the introduction of the term 'lectin'. Agglutination of erythrocytes depending on their blood-group status revealed the presence of activities in plant extracts that act in an epitope-specific manner like antibodies. As it turned out, their binding partners on the cell surface are carbohydrates of glycoconjugates. By definition, lectins are glycan-specific (mono- or oligosaccharides presented by glycoconjugates or polysaccharides) receptors, distinguished from antibodies, from enzymes using carbohydrates as substrates and from transporters of free saccharides. They are ubiquitous in Nature and structurally widely diversified. More than a dozen types of folding pattern have evolved for proteins that bind glycans. Used as tool, this capacity facilitates versatile mapping of glycan presence so that plant/fungal and also animal/human lectins have found a broad spectrum of biomedical applications. The functional pairing with physiological counterreceptors is involved in a wide range of cellular activities from cell adhesion, glycoconjugate trafficking to growth regulation and lets lectins act as sensors/effectors in host defense.
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Lipid glycosylation: a primer for histochemists and cell biologists. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:175-198. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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C-type lectins: their network and roles in pathogen recognition and immunity. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:223-237. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Higuero AM, Díez-Revuelta N, Abad-Rodríguez J. The sugar code in neuronal physiology. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:257-267. [PMID: 27999993 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-related interactions are necessary for the correct development and function of the nervous system. As we illustrate with several examples, those interactions are controlled by carbohydrate-modifying enzymes and by carbohydrate-binding proteins that regulate a plethora of complex axonal processes. Among others, glycan-related proteins as sialidase Neu3 or galectins-1, -3, and -4 play central roles in the determination of axonal fate, axon growth, guidance and regeneration, as well as in polarized axonal glycoprotein transport. In addition, myelination is also highly dependent on glycans, and the stabilization of myelin architecture requires the interaction of the myelin-associated glycoprotein (siglec-4) with gangliosides in the axonal membrane. The roles of glycans in neuroscience are far from being completely understood, though the cases presented here underscore the importance and potential of carbohydrates to establish with precision key molecular mechanisms of the physiology of the nervous system. New specific applications in diagnosis as well as the definition of new molecular targets to treat neurological diseases related to lectins and/or glycans are envisioned in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso M Higuero
- Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Laboratory, National Hospital for Paraplegics (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Natalia Díez-Revuelta
- Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Laboratory, National Hospital for Paraplegics (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - José Abad-Rodríguez
- Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Laboratory, National Hospital for Paraplegics (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain.
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Galectin-3 Induces a Pro-degradative/inflammatory Gene Signature in Human Chondrocytes, Teaming Up with Galectin-1 in Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39112. [PMID: 27982117 PMCID: PMC5159921 DOI: 10.1038/srep39112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory chemo- and cytokines and matrix-degrading proteases underlie the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). Aiming to define upstream regulators for these disease markers, we pursued initial evidence for an upregulation of members of the adhesion/growth-regulatory galectin family. Immunohistochemical localization of galectin-3 (Gal-3) in sections of human cartilage with increasing levels of degeneration revealed a linear correlation reaching a chondrocyte positivity of 60%. Presence in situ was cytoplasmic, the lectin was secreted from OA chondrocytes in culture and binding of Gal-3 yielded lactose-inhibitable surface staining. Exposure of cells to the lectin led to enhanced gene expression and secretion of functional disease markers. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis broadened this result to reveal a pro-degradative/inflammatory gene signature under the control of NF-κB. Fittingly, targeting this route of activation by inhibitors impaired the unfavourable response to Gal-3 binding, as also seen by shortening the lectin’s collagen-like repeat region. Gal-3’s activation profile overlaps with that of homodimeric galectin-1 (Gal-1) and also has distinctive (supplementing) features. Tested at subsaturating concentrations in a mixture, we found cooperation between the two galectins, apparently able to team up to promote OA pathogenesis. In summary, our results suggest that a network of endogenous lectins is relevant for initiating this process cascade.
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Abstract
Carbohydrates have physiological importance far beyond their roles as source of energy (glycolysis) and activated hydrogen for synthesis (pentosephosphate pathway) or as constituent of the backbone of nucleic acids and of cell wall polysaccharides. The extent of compositional and structural variability of their oligomers (glycans) is unsurpassed in Nature due to the unique property of independently combining the following parameters with sequence: anomeric status, linkage positions, ring size, addition of branches and site-specific introduction of substitutions. The monosaccharides (letters of the third alphabet of life) thus generate 'words' (signals) of high-density coding capacity. These 'words' are part of the glycans on proteins and lipids, and the glycome represented by these 'words' in their entirety has cell type-dependent features. The often limited intramolecular flexibility of oligosaccharides along with an abundance of contact points for intermolecular interactions is ideal for binding processes. Glycan-based 'words' can thus be 'read,' and their message translated into cellular effects by receptors called lectins. This journal's special issue covers central aspects of the concept of the sugar code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Roth
- Division of Cell and Molecular Pathology, University of Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
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Artigas G, Hinou H, Garcia-Martin F, Gabius HJ, Nishimura SI. Synthetic Mucin-Like Glycopeptides as Versatile Tools to Measure Effects of Glycan Structure/Density/Position on the Interaction with Adhesion/Growth-Regulatory Galectins in Arrays. Chem Asian J 2016; 12:159-167. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Artigas
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science; Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku; Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hinou
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science; Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku; Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
- Medicinal Chemistry Pharmaceuticals, Co., Ltd. N9W15, Chuo-ku; Sapporo 060-0009 Japan
| | - Fayna Garcia-Martin
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science; Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku; Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Veterinärstr. 13 80539 München Germany
| | - Shin-Ichiro Nishimura
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science; Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku; Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
- Medicinal Chemistry Pharmaceuticals, Co., Ltd. N9W15, Chuo-ku; Sapporo 060-0009 Japan
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44
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Wu Z, Liu Y, Ma C, Li L, Bai J, Byrd-Leotis L, Lasanajak Y, Guo Y, Wen L, Zhu H, Song J, Li Y, Steinhauer DA, Smith DF, Zhao B, Chen X, Guan W, Wang PG. Identification of the binding roles of terminal and internal glycan epitopes using enzymatically synthesized N-glycans containing tandem epitopes. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:11106-11116. [PMID: 27752690 PMCID: PMC5951163 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01982j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycans play diverse roles in a wide range of biological processes. Research on glycan-binding events is essential for learning their biological and pathological functions. However, the functions of terminal and internal glycan epitopes exhibited during binding with glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) and/or viruses need to be further identified. Therefore, a focused library of 36 biantennary asparagine (Asn)-linked glycans with some presenting tandem glycan epitopes was synthesized via a combined Core Isolation/Enzymatic Extension (CIEE) and one-pot multienzyme (OPME) synthetic strategy. These N-glycans include those containing a terminal sialyl N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc), sialyl Lewis x (sLex) and Siaα2-8-Siaα2-3/6-R structures with N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) or N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) sialic acid form, LacNAc, Lewis x (Lex), α-Gal, and Galα1-3-Lex; and tandem epitopes including α-Gal, Lex, Galα1-3-Lex, LacNAc, and sialyl LacNAc, presented with an internal sialyl LacNAc or 1-2 repeats of an internal LacNAc or Lex component. They were synthesized in milligram-scale, purified to over 98% purity, and used to prepare a glycan microarray. Binding studies using selected plant lectins, antibodies, and viruses demonstrated, for the first time, that when interpreting the binding between glycans and GBPs/viruses, not only the structure of the terminal glycan epitopes, but also the internal epitopes and/or modifications of terminal epitopes needs to be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Jing Bai
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China.
| | - Lauren Byrd-Leotis
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Department of Biochemistry and Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yuxi Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Liuqing Wen
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - David A Steinhauer
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Baohua Zhao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Wanyi Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA. and College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China.
| | - Peng George Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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45
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Michalak M, Warnken U, André S, Schnölzer M, Gabius HJ, Kopitz J. Detection of Proteome Changes in Human Colon Cancer Induced by Cell Surface Binding of Growth-Inhibitory Human Galectin-4 Using Quantitative SILAC-Based Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4412-4422. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Michalak
- Department
of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Medical School of the Ruprecht-Karls-University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Cancer
Early Detection, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Warnken
- Functional
Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine André
- Institute
of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Schnölzer
- Functional
Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute
of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Juergen Kopitz
- Department
of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Medical School of the Ruprecht-Karls-University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Cancer
Early Detection, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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46
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García Caballero G, Flores-Ibarra A, Michalak M, Khasbiullina N, Bovin NV, André S, Manning JC, Vértesy S, Ruiz FM, Kaltner H, Kopitz J, Romero A, Gabius HJ. Galectin-related protein: An integral member of the network of chicken galectins 1. From strong sequence conservation of the gene confined to vertebrates to biochemical characteristics of the chicken protein and its crystal structure. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2285-97. [PMID: 27268118 PMCID: PMC7127388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel García Caballero
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Flores-Ibarra
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Malwina Michalak
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Medical School of the Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nailya Khasbiullina
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nicolai V Bovin
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sabine André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Vértesy
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Federico M Ruiz
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Medical School of the Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antonio Romero
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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47
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Kaltner H, García Caballero G, Sinowatz F, Schmidt S, Manning JC, André S, Gabius HJ. Galectin-related protein: An integral member of the network of chicken galectins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2298-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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48
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Majewski J, André S, Jones E, Chi E, Gabius HJ. X-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence diffraction studies of interaction between human adhesion/growth-regulatory galectin-1 and DPPE-GM1 lipid monolayer at an air/water interface. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:943-56. [PMID: 26542007 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915070135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The specific interaction of ganglioside GM1 with the homodimeric (prototype) endogenous lectin galectin-1 triggers growth regulation in tumor and activated effector T cells. This proven biorelevance directed interest to studying association of the lectin to a model surface, i.e. a 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine/ganglioside GM1 (80 : 20 mol%) monolayer, at a bioeffective concentration. Surface expansion by the lectin insertion was detected at a surface pressure of 20 mN/m. On combining the methods of grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and X-ray reflectivity, a transient decrease in lipid-ordered phase of the monolayer was observed. The measured electron density distribution indicated that galectin-1 is oriented with its long axis in the surface plane, ideal for cis-crosslinking. The data reveal a conspicuous difference to the way the pentameric lectin part of the cholera toxin, another GM1-specific lectin, is bound to the monolayer. They also encourage further efforts to monitor effects of structurally different members of the galectin family such as the functionally antagonistic chimera-type galectin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Majewski
- Manuel Lujan Jr. Neutron Scattering Center, Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
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49
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García Caballero G, Kaltner H, Michalak M, Shilova N, Yegres M, André S, Ludwig AK, Manning JC, Schmidt S, Schnölzer M, Bovin NV, Reusch D, Kopitz J, Gabius HJ. Chicken GRIFIN: A homodimeric member of the galectin network with canonical properties and a unique expression profile. Biochimie 2016; 128-129:34-47. [PMID: 27296808 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Occurrence of the adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins as family sets the challenge to achieve a complete network analysis. Along this route taken for a well-suited model organism (chicken), we fill the remaining gap to characterize its seventh member known from rat as galectin-related inter-fiber protein (GRIFIN) in the lens. Its single-copy gene is common to vertebrates, with one or more deviations from the so-called signature sequence for ligand (lactose) contact. The chicken protein is a homodimeric agglutinin with capacity to bind β-galactosides, especially the histo-blood group B tetrasaccharide, shown by solid-phase/cell assays and a glycan microarray. Mass spectrometric identification of two lactose-binding peptides after tryptic on-bead fragmentation suggests an interaction at the canonical region despite a sequence change from Arg to Val at the site, which impairs reactivity of human galectin-1. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses of specimen from adult chicken organs reveal restriction of expression to the lens, here immunohistochemically throughout its main body. This report sets the stage for detailed structure-activity studies to define factors relevant for affinity beyond the signature sequence and to perform the first complete network analysis of the galectin family in developing and adult organs of a vertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel García Caballero
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Malwina Michalak
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Medical School of the Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadezhda Shilova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michelle Yegres
- Pharma Biotech Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sabine André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Kristin Ludwig
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmidt
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Schnölzer
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolai V Bovin
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Biotech Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Medical School of the Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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50
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Multivalent Carbohydrate-Lectin Interactions: How Synthetic Chemistry Enables Insights into Nanometric Recognition. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050629. [PMID: 27187342 PMCID: PMC6274006 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycan recognition by sugar receptors (lectins) is intimately involved in many aspects of cell physiology. However, the factors explaining the exquisite selectivity of their functional pairing are not yet fully understood. Studies toward this aim will also help appraise the potential for lectin-directed drug design. With the network of adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins as therapeutic targets, the strategy to recruit synthetic chemistry to systematically elucidate structure-activity relationships is outlined, from monovalent compounds to glyco-clusters and glycodendrimers to biomimetic surfaces. The versatility of the synthetic procedures enables to take examining structural and spatial parameters, alone and in combination, to its limits, for example with the aim to produce inhibitors for distinct galectin(s) that exhibit minimal reactivity to other members of this group. Shaping spatial architectures similar to glycoconjugate aggregates, microdomains or vesicles provides attractive tools to disclose the often still hidden significance of nanometric aspects of the different modes of lectin design (sequence divergence at the lectin site, differences of spatial type of lectin-site presentation). Of note, testing the effectors alone or in combination simulating (patho)physiological conditions, is sure to bring about new insights into the cooperation between lectins and the regulation of their activity.
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