1
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Tlatelpa-Romero B, Contreras-Cruz DA, Guerrero-Luna G, Hernández-Linares MG, Ruiz-Salgado S, Mendoza-Milla C, Romero Y, de-la-Rosa Paredes R, Oyarzábal LF, Mendoza-Sámano DA, Galván-León JA, Vázquez-de-Lara LG. Organic synthesis of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine and its effect on the induction of apoptosis in normal human lung fibroblasts. Chem Phys Lipids 2023; 257:105349. [PMID: 37838345 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2023.105349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND /OBJECTIVE The phospholipid 1,2-dipalmitoyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) comprises two fatty acid chains: glycerol, phosphate, and ethanolamine. PE participates in critical cellular processes such as apoptosis and autophagy, which places it as a target for designing new therapeutic alternatives in diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, this study aimed obtain PE through a six-step organic synthesis pathway and determine its biological effect on apoptosis induction in normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLF). METHODOLOGY The first step of the organic synthesis route began with protected glycerol that was benzylated at sn-3; later, it was deprotected to react with palmitic acid at sn-1, sn-2. To remove the benzyl group, hydrogenation was performed with palladium on carbon (Pd/C); subsequently, the molecule was phosphorylated in sn-3 with phosphorus oxychloride and triethylamine, and the intermediate was hydrolyzed in an acid medium to obtain the final compound. After PE synthesis, apoptosis assessment was performed: apoptosis was induced using exposure to annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide-ECD (PI) and quantified using flow cytometry. The experiments were performed in three NHLF cell lines with different concentrations of PE 10, 100 and 1000 µg/mL for 24 and 48 h. RESULTS The PE obtained by organic synthesis presented a melting point of 190-192 °C, a purity of 95%, and a global yield of 8%. The evaluation of apoptosis with flow cytometry showed that at 24 h, exposure to PE 10, 100, and 1000 µg/mL induces early apoptosis in 19.42%- 25.54%, while late apoptosis was only significant P < 0.05 in cells challenged with 100 µg/mL PE. At 48 h, NHLF exposed to PE 10, 100, and 1000 µg/mL showed decreasing early apoptosis: 28.69-32.16%, 12.59-18.84%, and 10.91-12.61%, respectively. The rest of the NHLF exposed to PE showed late apoptosis: 12.03-16-42%, 11.04-15.94%, and 49.23-51.28%. Statistical analysis showed a significance P < 0.05 compared to the control. CONCLUSION The organic synthesis route of PE allows obtaining rac-1,2-O-Dipalmitoyl-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (1), which showed an apoptotic effect on NHLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Tlatelpa-Romero
- Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, Ondotológicas y de la Salud, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico; Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72420, Mexico
| | | | - Gabriel Guerrero-Luna
- Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias. Herbario y Jardín Botánico Universitario. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe Hernández-Linares
- Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias. Herbario y Jardín Botánico Universitario. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Sinuhé Ruiz-Salgado
- Área Académica de Ciencias de la Tierra y Materiales, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, 42184, Mexico
| | - Criselda Mendoza-Milla
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales, Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Yair Romero
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Luis F Oyarzábal
- Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72420, Mexico
| | | | - Jiovani Alfredo Galván-León
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 09230, Mexico
| | - Luis G Vázquez-de-Lara
- Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72420, Mexico.
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2
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Alizadeh J, Kavoosi M, Singh N, Lorzadeh S, Ravandi A, Kidane B, Ahmed N, Mraiche F, Mowat MR, Ghavami S. Regulation of Autophagy via Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082195. [PMID: 37190124 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic changes are an important component of tumor cell progression. Tumor cells adapt to environmental stresses via changes to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Autophagy, a physiological process in mammalian cells that digests damaged organelles and misfolded proteins via lysosomal degradation, is closely associated with metabolism in mammalian cells, acting as a meter of cellular ATP levels. In this review, we discuss the changes in glycolytic and lipid biosynthetic pathways in mammalian cells and their impact on carcinogenesis via the autophagy pathway. In addition, we discuss the impact of these metabolic pathways on autophagy in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Mahboubeh Kavoosi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Navjit Singh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Shahrokh Lorzadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Amir Ravandi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Albrechtsen Research Centre, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Biniam Kidane
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Health Sciences Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 6C5, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Naseer Ahmed
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Section of Radiation Oncology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Fatima Mraiche
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Michael R Mowat
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academia of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
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3
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Kwarteng DO, Gangoda M, Kooijman EE. The effect of methylated phosphatidylethanolamine derivatives on the ionization properties of signaling phosphatidic acid. Biophys Chem 2023; 296:107005. [PMID: 36934676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.107005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and Phosphatidylcholine (PC) are the most abundant glycerophospholipids in eukaryotic membranes. The differences in the physicochemical properties of their headgroups have contrasting modulatory effects on their interaction with intracellular macromolecules. As such, their overall impact on membrane structure and function differs significantly. Enzymatic methylation of PE's amine headgroup produces two methylated derivatives namely monomethyl PE (MMPE) and dimethyl PE (DMPE) which have physicochemical properties that generally range between that of PE and PC. Additionally, their influence on membrane properties differs from both PE and PC. Although variations in headgroup methylation have been reported to affect signaling pathways, the direct influence that these differences exert on the ionization properties of signaling phospholipids have not been investigated. Here, we briefly review membrane function and structure that are mediated by the differences in headgroup methylation between PE, MMPE, DMPE and PC. In addition, using 31P MAS NMR, we investigate the effect of these four phospholipids on the ionization properties of the ubiquitous signaling anionic lipid phosphatidic acid (PA). Our results show that PA's ionization properties are differentially affected by changes in phospholipid headgroup methylation. This could have important implications for PA-protein binding and hence physiological functions in cells where signaling events lead to changes in abundance of methylated PE derivatives in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond Owusu Kwarteng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
| | - Mahinda Gangoda
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Kent State University, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Edgar E Kooijman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
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4
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Liu YD, Liu HJ, Gong GW. Monitoring diacylglycerols in biofluids by non-isotopically paired charge derivatization combined with LC-MS/MS. Front Chem 2022; 10:1062118. [DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1062118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerols (DAGs) are important lipid mediators in cellular signaling transduction and metabolism. Imbalanced production or consumption of DAGs has a negative impact on the physiological functions of the body. However, comprehensive monitoring of structurally diverse DAGs remains a daunting task due to the rapid metabolism and ion suppression characteristics in biofluids. These bottlenecks call for developing a method that enables sensitive quantification of DAGs in biological sample. In this work, a straightforward charge derivatization strategy was developed to insert a series of structure analogs charge label, i.e., N, N-dimethylglycine (DMG) and N, N-dimethylalanine (DMA), on the free hydroxyl group of the DAGs. Owing to the existence of tertiary amino groups in charge label, the mass spectrometry ionization response of the derivatized DAGs was significantly increased in comparison with traditional metal ion adducts. After charge derivatization, the specific neutral loss diagnostic ions (DMG, 103 Da and DMA, 117 Da) were captured by mass spectrometry. Then, the DMG/DMA-oriented paired multiple reaction monitoring methods based on the characteristic diagnostic ions of the derivatized DAGs have been developed as sensitive methods for the detection (detection limit = 16 aM) and quantification (quantification limit = 62.5 aM) of DAGs in serum. Moreover, the tagged 1,2-DAGs and 1,3-DAGs sn-isomers have been well separated on the reversed-phase column in combination with ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Finally, metabolic characterizations of the tagged DAGs were further explored in L-Arginine-induced acute pancreatitis mice and resveratrol treated model mice. The results indicated that 1,2-DAGs were increased in the serum of model mice relative to normal controls and resveratrol significantly altered this metabolic abnormality. The currently established DMG/DMA-oriented paired charge derivatization strategy is promising for depicting DAGs changes more accurately in metabolic studies of lipid-related diseases and accurately evaluating drug treatment strategies.
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5
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Zhang X, Li X, Wang Y, Chen Y, Hu Y, Guo C, Yu Z, Xu P, Ding Y, Mi QS, Wu J, Gu J, Shi Y. Abnormal lipid metabolism in epidermal Langerhans cells mediates psoriasis-like dermatitis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:150223. [PMID: 35801590 PMCID: PMC9310522 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease, frequently associated with dyslipidemia. Lipid disturbance in psoriasis affects both circulatory system and cutaneous tissue. Epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) are tissue-resident DCs that maintain skin immune surveillance and mediate various cutaneous disorders, including psoriasis. However, the role of LCs in psoriasis development and their lipid metabolic alternation remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that epidermal LCs of psoriasis patients enlarge with longer dendrites and possess elevated IL-23p19 mRNA and a higher level of neutral lipids when compared with normal LCs of healthy individuals. Accordantly, epidermal LCs from imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis in mice display overmaturation, enhanced phagocytosis, and excessive secretion of IL-23. Remarkably, these altered immune properties in lesional LCs are tightly correlated with elevated neutral lipid levels. Moreover, the increased lipid content of psoriatic LCs might result from impaired autophagy of lipids. Bulk RNA-Seq analysis identifies dysregulated genes involved in lipid metabolism, autophagy, and immunofunctions in murine LCs. Overall, our data suggest that dysregulated lipid metabolism influences LC immunofunction, which contributes to the development of psoriasis, and therapeutic manipulation of this metabolic process might provide an effective measurement for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, and.,Institute of Psoriasis, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaorui Li
- Department of Dermatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, and.,Institute of Psoriasis, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youdong Chen
- Institute of Psoriasis, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijun Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyuan Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, and.,Institute of Psoriasis, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengyang Yu
- Institute of Psoriasis, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Institute of Psoriasis, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangfeng Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, and.,Institute of Psoriasis, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, and.,Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jianhua Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Institute of Psoriasis, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuling Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, and.,Institute of Psoriasis, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Xu C, Fan J. Links between autophagy and lipid droplet dynamics. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2848-2858. [PMID: 35560198 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process in which cytoplasmic components are delivered to vacuoles or lysosomes for degradation and nutrient recycling. Autophagy-mediated degradation of membrane lipids provides a source of fatty acids for the synthesis of energy-rich, storage lipid esters such as triacylglycerol (TAG). In eukaryotes, storage lipids are packaged into dynamic subcellular organelles, lipid droplets. In times of energy scarcity, lipid droplets can be degraded via autophagy in a process termed lipophagy to release fatty acids for energy production via fatty acid β-oxidation. On the other hand, emerging evidence suggests that lipid droplets are required for the efficient execution of autophagic processes. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of metabolic interactions between autophagy and TAG storage, and discuss mechanisms of lipophagy. Free fatty acids are cytotoxic due to their detergent-like properties and their incorporation into lipid intermediates that are toxic at high levels. Thus, we also discuss how cells manage lipotoxic stresses during autophagy-mediated mobilization of fatty acids from lipid droplets and organellar membranes for energy generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Xu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Jilian Fan
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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7
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Iriondo MN, Etxaniz A, Antón Z, Montes LR, Alonso A. Molecular and mesoscopic geometries in autophagosome generation. A review. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183731. [PMID: 34419487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential process in cell self-repair and survival. The centre of the autophagic event is the generation of the so-called autophagosome (AP), a vesicle surrounded by a double membrane (two bilayers). The AP delivers its cargo to a lysosome, for degradation and re-use of the hydrolysis products as new building blocks. AP formation is a very complex event, requiring dozens of specific proteins, and involving numerous instances of membrane biogenesis and architecture, including membrane fusion and fission. Many stages of AP generation can be rationalised in terms of curvature, both the molecular geometry of lipids interpreted in terms of 'intrinsic curvature', and the overall mesoscopic curvature of the whole membrane, as observed with microscopy techniques. The present contribution intends to bring together the worlds of biophysics and cell biology of autophagy, in the hope that the resulting cross-pollination will generate abundant fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina N Iriondo
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Asier Etxaniz
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Zuriñe Antón
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - L Ruth Montes
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Alicia Alonso
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
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8
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Mailler E, Guardia CM, Bai X, Jarnik M, Williamson CD, Li Y, Maio N, Golden A, Bonifacino JS. The autophagy protein ATG9A enables lipid mobilization from lipid droplets. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6750. [PMID: 34799570 PMCID: PMC8605025 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26999-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The multispanning membrane protein ATG9A is a scramblase that flips phospholipids between the two membrane leaflets, thus contributing to the expansion of the phagophore membrane in the early stages of autophagy. Herein, we show that depletion of ATG9A does not only inhibit autophagy but also increases the size and/or number of lipid droplets in human cell lines and C. elegans. Moreover, ATG9A depletion blocks transfer of fatty acids from lipid droplets to mitochondria and, consequently, utilization of fatty acids in mitochondrial respiration. ATG9A localizes to vesicular-tubular clusters (VTCs) that are tightly associated with an ER subdomain enriched in another multispanning membrane scramblase, TMEM41B, and also in close proximity to phagophores, lipid droplets and mitochondria. These findings indicate that ATG9A plays a critical role in lipid mobilization from lipid droplets to autophagosomes and mitochondria, highlighting the importance of ATG9A in both autophagic and non-autophagic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Mailler
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carlos M Guardia
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaofei Bai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michal Jarnik
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chad D Williamson
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Proteomics Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nunziata Maio
- Metals Biology and Molecular Medicine Group, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andy Golden
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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9
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Li L, Tong M, Fu Y, Chen F, Zhang S, Chen H, Ma X, Li D, Liu X, Zhong Q. Lipids and membrane-associated proteins in autophagy. Protein Cell 2021; 12:520-544. [PMID: 33151516 PMCID: PMC8225772 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and its dysfunction has been linked to various diseases. Autophagy is a membrane driven process and tightly regulated by membrane-associated proteins. Here, we summarized membrane lipid composition, and membrane-associated proteins relevant to autophagy from a spatiotemporal perspective. In particular, we focused on three important membrane remodeling processes in autophagy, lipid transfer for phagophore elongation, membrane scission for phagophore closure, and autophagosome-lysosome membrane fusion. We discussed the significance of the discoveries in this field and possible avenues to follow for future studies. Finally, we summarized the membrane-associated biochemical techniques and assays used to study membrane properties, with a discussion of their applications in autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Mindan Tong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuhui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hanmo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Defa Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Qing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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10
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Xu C, Fan J, Shanklin J. Metabolic and functional connections between cytoplasmic and chloroplast triacylglycerol storage. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 80:101069. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Jiang T, Zhang G, Lou Z. Role of the Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein Pathway in Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1788. [PMID: 33014877 PMCID: PMC7506081 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic changes are a major feature of tumors, including various metabolic forms, such as energy, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are important modules in regulating lipid metabolism and play an essential role in metabolic diseases. In the previous decades, the regulatory range of SREBPs has been markedly expanded. It was found that SREBPs also played a critical role in tumor development. SREBPs are involved in energy supply, lipid supply, immune environment and inflammatory environment shaping in tumor cells, and as a protective umbrella to support the malignant proliferation of tumor cells. Natural medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, as an important part of drug therapy, demonstrates the multifaceted effects of SREBPs regulation. This review summarizes the core processes in the involvement of SREBPs in tumors and provides a comprehensive understanding of the pathways through which natural drugs target the SREBP pathway and regulate tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangji Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohuan Lou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Emerging roles of ATG proteins and membrane lipids in autophagosome formation. Cell Discov 2020; 6:32. [PMID: 32509328 PMCID: PMC7248066 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-0161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagosome biogenesis is a dynamic membrane event, which is executed by the sequential function of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins. Upon autophagy induction, a cup-shaped membrane structure appears in the cytoplasm, then elongates sequestering cytoplasmic materials, and finally forms a closed double membrane autophagosome. However, how this complex vesicle formation event is strictly controlled and achieved is still enigmatic. Recently, there is accumulating evidence showing that some ATG proteins have the ability to directly interact with membranes, transfer lipids between membranes and regulate lipid metabolism. A novel role for various membrane lipids in autophagosome formation is also emerging. Here, we highlight past and recent key findings on the function of ATG proteins related to autophagosome biogenesis and consider how ATG proteins control this dynamic membrane formation event to organize the autophagosome by collaborating with membrane lipids.
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13
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Liu G, Wang J, Zhang G, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Xu H, Kong L, Tian Y, Zhu X, Zhou H. Dynamic cyclic behaviors of lipid droplets monitored by two-photon fluorescence probe with high photostability. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 228:117766. [PMID: 31718977 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are organelles featuring in intracellular storage of neutral lipids, which are involved with many biological processes. Monitoring the dynamical cyclic behaviors of cellular LDs poses great importance for early disease diagnosis. Herein, two coumarin-based LDs-specific fluorescence probes exhibited "turn-on" and two-photon fluorescence triggered by breaking their aggregation states. By virtue of establishing oil/water emulsions model to simulate LDs, the behaviors of "turn-on" fluorescence were elucidated, which benefited for the enhancement of selectivity of the probes to LDs. Then, we highlight a LDs-specific coumarin-based two-photon probe (L1) with high photo-stability to monitor the dynamic cyclic behaviors of LDs in cells, unraveling the changes of LDs quantity during lipophagy and the reproduction of LDs to prevent lipotoxicity. We believe the probe offers a convenient way to investigate the biology of LDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University) Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Junjun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University) Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Gaojian Zhang
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University) Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Yin Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University) Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Hongkang Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University) Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Lin Kong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University) Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Yupeng Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University) Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Xiaojiao Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University) Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Hongping Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University) Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, PR China.
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Leyland B, Boussiba S, Khozin-Goldberg I. A Review of Diatom Lipid Droplets. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9020038. [PMID: 32098118 PMCID: PMC7168155 DOI: 10.3390/biology9020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic nutrient availability and photon flux density of diatom habitats necessitate buffering capabilities in order to maintain metabolic homeostasis. This is accomplished by the biosynthesis and turnover of storage lipids, which are sequestered in lipid droplets (LDs). LDs are an organelle conserved among eukaryotes, composed of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a polar lipid monolayer. LDs shield the intracellular environment from the accumulation of hydrophobic compounds and function as a carbon and electron sink. These functions are implemented by interconnections with other intracellular systems, including photosynthesis and autophagy. Since diatom lipid production may be a promising objective for biotechnological exploitation, a deeper understanding of LDs may offer targets for metabolic engineering. In this review, we provide an overview of diatom LD biology and biotechnological potential.
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15
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Boukhalfa A, Nascimbeni AC, Ramel D, Dupont N, Hirsch E, Gayral S, Laffargue M, Codogno P, Morel E. PI3KC2α-dependent and VPS34-independent generation of PI3P controls primary cilium-mediated autophagy in response to shear stress. Nat Commun 2020; 11:294. [PMID: 31941925 PMCID: PMC6962367 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells subjected to stress situations mobilize specific membranes and proteins to initiate autophagy. Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P), a crucial lipid in membrane dynamics, is known to be essential in this context. In addition to nutriments deprivation, autophagy is also triggered by fluid-flow induced shear stress in epithelial cells, and this specific autophagic response depends on primary cilium (PC) signaling and leads to cell size regulation. Here we report that PI3KC2α, required for ciliogenesis and PC functions, promotes the synthesis of a local pool of PI3P upon shear stress. We show that PI3KC2α depletion in cells subjected to shear stress abolishes ciliogenesis as well as the autophagy and related cell size regulation. We finally show that PI3KC2α and VPS34, the two main enzymes responsible for PI3P synthesis, have different roles during autophagy, depending on the type of cellular stress: while VPS34 is clearly required for starvation-induced autophagy, PI3KC2α participates only in shear stress-dependent autophagy. The primary cilium is required for the autophagic response to shear stress. Here, the authors show that PI3KC2α has a role in ciliogenesis and promotes local PI3P production upon shear stress to induce autophagy that is distinct from VPS34-driven starvation-induced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Boukhalfa
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151 CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anna Chiara Nascimbeni
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151 CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Damien Ramel
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM UMR 1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Dupont
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151 CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Stephanie Gayral
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM UMR 1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Muriel Laffargue
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM UMR 1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.
| | - Patrice Codogno
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151 CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Etienne Morel
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151 CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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16
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Biological Effects of the Azaspiracid-Producing Dinoflagellate Azadinium dexteroporum in Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Mediterranean Sea. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17100595. [PMID: 31652521 PMCID: PMC6835248 DOI: 10.3390/md17100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Azaspiracids (AZAs) are marine biotoxins including a variety of analogues. Recently, novel AZAs produced by the Mediterranean dinoflagellate Azadinium dexteroporum were discovered (AZA-54, AZA-55, 3-epi-AZA-7, AZA-56, AZA-57 and AZA-58) and their biological effects have not been investigated yet. This study aimed to identify the biological responses (biomarkers) induced in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis after the bioaccumulation of AZAs from A. dexteroporum. Organisms were fed with A. dexteroporum for 21 days and subsequently subjected to a recovery period (normal diet) of 21 days. Exposed organisms accumulated AZA-54, 3-epi-AZA-7 and AZA-55, predominantly in the digestive gland. Mussels' haemocytes showed inhibition of phagocytosis activity, modulation of the composition of haemocytic subpopulation and damage to lysosomal membranes; the digestive tissue displayed thinned tubule walls, consumption of storage lipids and accumulation of lipofuscin. Slight genotoxic damage was also observed. No clear occurrence of oxidative stress and alteration of nervous activity was detected in AZA-accumulating mussels. Most of the altered parameters returned to control levels after the recovery phase. The toxic effects detected in M. galloprovincialis demonstrate a clear biological impact of the AZAs produced by A. dexteroporum, and could be used as early indicators of contamination associated with the ingestion of seafood.
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Thekkinghat AA, Yadav KK, Rangarajan PN. Apolipoprotein L9 interacts with LC3/GABARAP and is a microtubule-associated protein with a widespread subcellular distribution. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio045930. [PMID: 31515254 PMCID: PMC6777357 DOI: 10.1242/bio.045930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse Apolipoprotein L9 is a 34-kDa phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-binding protein. The gene is present only in mouse and rat genomes; hence it is restricted to two species. To understand why, it is essential to uncover details about its functions in cellular processes. Here we show that ApoL9 interacts with the proteins of the LC3 and GABARAP subfamilies, which are key players in macroautophagy. In vitro binding studies show a strong association with GABARAP, and in amino acid-starved cells it preferentially interacts with lipidated LC3B, likely by binding to its PE moiety through its lipid-binding domain. On treatment with autophagy inhibitors bafilomycin A1 and chloroquine, ApoL9 is found near swollen mitochondria and on lysosomes/LAMP1-positive compartments. However, ApoL9 itself does not seem to be degraded as a result of autophagy, suggesting that it is not an autophagy cargo receptor. Deletions in a putative transmembrane region between amino acids 110 and 145 abolish binding to PE. In addition, ApoL9 can redistribute to stress granules, can homo-oligomerize, and is a microtubule-associated protein. In short, its distribution in the cell is quite widespread, suggesting that it could have functions at the intersection of membrane binding and reorganization, autophagy, cellular stress and intracellular lipid transport.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind A Thekkinghat
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Kamlesh K Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Pundi N Rangarajan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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18
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Abstract
Significance: Alterations in adipose tissue function have profound consequences on whole body energy homeostasis because this tissue is central for fat accumulation, energy expenditure, glucose and insulin metabolism, and hormonal regulation. With the obesity reaching epidemic proportions globally, it is important to understand the mechanisms leading to adipose tissue malfunction. Recent Advances: Autophagy has originally been viewed as an adaptive response to cellular stress, but in recent years this process was shown to regulate important cellular processes. In adipose tissue, autophagy is a key regulator of white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) adipogenesis, and dysregulated autophagy impairs fat accumulation both in vitro and in vivo. Animal studies have also suggested an important role for autophagy and mitophagy during the transition from beige to white fat. Human studies have provided evidence for altered autophagy in WAT, and these alterations correlated with the degree of insulin resistance. Critical Issues: Despite these important advances in the study of autophagy in adipose tissue, we still do not understand the physiological role of autophagy in mature white and brown adipocytes. Furthermore, several human studies involving autophagy assessment were performed on whole adipose tissue, which complicates the interpretation of the results considering the cellular heterogeneity of this tissue. Future Directions: Future studies will undoubtedly expand our understanding of the role of autophagy in fully differentiated adipocytes, and uncover novel cross-talks between this tissue and other organs in regulating lipid metabolism, redox signaling, energy homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroua Ferhat
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sihem Boudina
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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19
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de la Ballina LR, Munson MJ, Simonsen A. Lipids and Lipid-Binding Proteins in Selective Autophagy. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:135-159. [PMID: 31202884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have the capacity to degrade intracellular components through a lysosomal degradation pathway called macroautophagy (henceforth referred to as autophagy) in which superfluous or damaged cytosolic entities are engulfed and separated from the rest of the cell constituents into double membraned vesicles known as autophagosomes. Autophagosomes then fuse with endosomes and lysosomes, where cargo is broken down into basic building blocks that are released to the cytoplasm for the cell to reuse. Autophagic degradation can target either cytoplasmic material in bulk (non-selective autophagy) or particular cargo in what is called selective autophagy. Proper autophagic turnover requires the orchestrated participation of several players that need to be tightly and temporally coordinated. Whereas a large number of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins have been identified and their functions and regulation are starting to be understood, there is substantially less knowledge regarding the specific lipids constituting the autophagic membranes as well as their role in initiating, enabling or regulating the autophagic process. This review focuses on lipids and their corresponding binding proteins that are crucial in the process of selective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R de la Ballina
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael J Munson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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20
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Kokabi K, Gorelova O, Ismagulova T, Itkin M, Malitsky S, Boussiba S, Solovchenko A, Khozin-Goldberg I. Metabolomic foundation for differential responses of lipid metabolism to nitrogen and phosphorus deprivation in an arachidonic acid-producing green microalga. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 283:95-115. [PMID: 31128719 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The green oleaginous microalga Lobosphaera incisa accumulates storage lipids triacylglycerols (TAG) enriched in the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid under nitrogen (N) deprivation. In contrast, under phosphorous (P) deprivation, the production of the monounsaturated oleic acid prevails. We compared physiological responses, ultrastructural, and metabolic consequences of L. incisa acclimation to N and P deficiency to provide novel insights into the key determinants of ARA accumulation. Differential responses to nutrient deprivation on growth performance, carbon-to-nitrogen stoichiometry, membrane lipid composition and TAG accumulation were demonstrated. Ultrastructural analyses suggested a dynamic role for vacuoles in sustaining cell homeostasis under conditions of different nutrient availability and their involvement in autophagy in L. incisa. Paralleling ARA-rich TAG accumulation in lipid droplets, N deprivation triggered intensive chloroplast dismantling and promoted catabolic processes. Metabolome analysis revealed depletion of amino acids and pyrimidines, and repression of numerous biosynthetic hubs to favour TAG biosynthesis under N deprivation. Under P deprivation, despite the relatively low growth penalties, the presence of the endogenous P reserves and the characteristic lipid remodelling, metabolic signatures of energy deficiency were revealed. Metabolome adjustments to P deprivation included depletion in ATP and phosphorylated nucleotides, increased levels of TCA-cycle intermediates and osmoprotectants. We conclude that characteristic cellular and metabolome adjustments tailor the adaptive responses of L. incisa to N and P deprivation modulating its LC-PUFA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilya Kokabi
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Olga Gorelova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Tatiana Ismagulova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Maxim Itkin
- Metabolic Profiling Unit, Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Metabolic Profiling Unit, Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sammy Boussiba
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Alexei Solovchenko
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia; Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel.
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21
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Solovchenko A, Baulina O, Ptushenko O, Gorelova O. Ultrastructural patterns of photoacclimation and photodamage to photosynthetic algae cell under environmental stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:251-263. [PMID: 30561763 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In oxygenic phototrophs including unicellular algae, acclimation to and damage by diverse environmental stresses induce profound changes in the ultrastructural organization of the cell. These alterations reflect acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus to unfavorable conditions (mainly reduction of the chloroplast and its membranal system) and rewiring of the photo-fixed carbon fluxes in the cell. These changes, eventually pursuing mitigation of the photooxidative damage risk, are manifested by the formation of diverse carbon-rich inclusions. Although the physiological and molecular basis of these processes are well understood, the ultrastructural manifestations of the stress responses are often fragmented and frequently controversial. This minireview attempts to generalize on the ultrastructural patterns accompanying stresses in the photosynthetic cell, involving the concerted rearrangements of its assimilatory and storage compartments. The changes characteristic of normal functioning and emergency reduction of the chloroplast thylakoids under harsh stress are also addressed. Special attention is paid to the manifestations of the engagement of photoprotection via active (energy-dependent non-photochemical quenching) and passive mechanisms (e.g. optical shielding by secondary carotenoids). We also underline the potentially important role of autophagy-like processes and provide a more integral view of ultrastructural rearrangements under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Solovchenko
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Institute of Agriculture and Technolgy, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Olga Baulina
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Oksana Ptushenko
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Olga Gorelova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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22
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Ming K, Yuan W, Chen Y, Du H, He M, Hu Y, Wang D, Wu Y, Liu J. PI3KC3-dependent autophagosomes formation pathway is of crucial importance to anti-DHAV activity of Chrysanthemum indicum polysaccharide. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 208:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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KDEL receptor regulates secretion by lysosome relocation- and autophagy-dependent modulation of lipid-droplet turnover. Nat Commun 2019; 10:735. [PMID: 30760704 PMCID: PMC6374470 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08501-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-organelle signalling has essential roles in cell physiology encompassing cell metabolism, aging and temporal adaptation to external and internal perturbations. How such signalling coordinates different organelle functions within adaptive responses remains unknown. Membrane traffic is a fundamental process in which membrane fluxes need to be sensed for the adjustment of cellular requirements and homeostasis. Studying endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi trafficking, we found that Golgi-based, KDEL receptor-dependent signalling promotes lysosome repositioning to the perinuclear area, involving a complex process intertwined to autophagy, lipid-droplet turnover and Golgi-mediated secretion that engages the microtubule motor protein dynein-LRB1 and the autophagy cargo receptor p62/SQSTM1. This process, here named ‘traffic-induced degradation response for secretion’ (TIDeRS) discloses a cellular mechanism by which nutrient and membrane sensing machineries cooperate to sustain Golgi-dependent protein secretion. Inter-organelle signaling coordinates adaptive responses via currently unknown mechanisms. Here, Tapia et al. show that KDEL signaling repositions lysosomes in a complex process termed ‘traffic-induced degradation response for secretion’ (TIDeRS) that connects multiple pathways and Golgi secretion.
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Zhou K, Yao P, He J, Zhao H. Lipophagy in nonliver tissues and some related diseases: Pathogenic and therapeutic implications. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7938-7947. [PMID: 30537019 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipid autophagy (lipophagy) is defined as a selective autophagy process in which some intracellular lipid droplets are selectively degraded by autophagic lysosomes pathway. The occurrence of lipophagy was first discovered in liver tissues. Additionally, abundant evidence indicated that the occurrence of hepatic lipophagy has been implicated in many liver diseases including fatty liver diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases, liver fibrosis, and liver cirrhosis. However, recent studies suggested that hepatic lipophagy occurs not only in liver tissue but also in other nonliver tissues and cells. Furthermore, the occurrence of lipophagy plays a crucial role in nonliver tissues and some related diseases. For instance, lipophagy relieves insulin resistance in adipose tissue from obesity patient with type 2 diabetes. Additionally, lipophagy has the ability to remit neurodegenerative diseases by reducing activity-dependent neurodegeneration in nervous tissue. Lipophagy decreases muscle lipid accumulation and accordingly improves lipid storage myopathy in muscle tissue. Moreover, lipophagy alleviates the malignancy and metastasis of cancer in clear renal cell carcinoma tissue. Lipophagy is also involved in other processes, such as spermatogenesis, osteoblastogenesis, and mucosal ulceration. In conclusion, targeting lipophagy may be a critical regulator and a new therapeutic strategy for nonliver tissues and some related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebing Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Pingbo Yao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Basic nursing, Nursing College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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25
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Chan CY, Wang WX. A lipidomic approach to understand copper resilience in oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 204:160-170. [PMID: 30273783 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) can cause oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, and there is arising evidence between Cu toxicity and lipid disturbance. In this study, we examined the relationships between Cu exposure and lipid metabolism in an estuarine oyster (Crassostrea hongkongensis) and aimed to understand the effects and resilience strategies of Cu on oyster metabolism. We exposed the oysters to waterborne Cu (10 and 50 μg/L) and measured the physiological changes (condition index and clearance rate), lipid accumulation and lipid peroxidation in the oysters. We found more altered lipid responses in oysters exposed to a lower Cu concentration (10 μg/L), and speculated that oysters exposed to 50 μg/L may upregulate the defenses. We further evaluated the changes in lipidome profiling of the Cu-exposed oysters in aspects of membrane dynamics, lipid signaling and energy metabolism. We documented the phospholipid remodeling as well as quick modulation in inflammatory responses and extensive vesicle formation for subcellular compartmentalization and autophagosome formation, as well as the possible impacts on mitochondrial bioenergetics in the Cu-exposed oysters. The lipidomics approach provided a comprehensive lipid profile of possible alteration by Cu exposure. In combination with other omics approaches, it may be possible to elucidate the pathways and mechanisms in stress acclimation and resilience associated between Cu contamination and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk Yan Chan
- Marine Environmental Laboratory, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China; Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- Marine Environmental Laboratory, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China; Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Annealing novel nucleobase-lipids with oligonucleotides or plasmid DNA based on H-bonding or π-π interaction: Assemblies and transfections. Biomaterials 2018; 178:147-157. [PMID: 29933101 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipid derivatives of nucleoside analogs have been highlighted for their potential for effective gene delivery. A novel class of nucleobase-lipids are rationally designed and readily synthesized, comprising thymine/cytosine, an ester/amide linker and an oleyl lipid. The diversity of four nucleobase-lipids termed DXBAs (DOTA, DNTA, DOCA and DNCA) is investigated. Besides, DNCA is demonstrated to be an effective neutral transfection material for nucleic acid delivery, which enbles to bind to oligonucleotides via H-bonding and π-π stacking with reduced toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Several kinds of nucleic acid drugs including aptamer, ssRNA, antisense oligonucleotide, and plasmid DNAs can be delivered by DXBAs, especially DNCA. In particular, G4-aptamer AS1411 encapsulated by DNCA exhibits cellular uptake enhancement, lysosome degradation reduction, cell apoptosis promotion, cell cycle phase alteration in vitro and duration prolongation in vivo, resulting in significant anti-proliferative activity. Our results demonstrate that DNCA is a promising transfection agent for G4-aptamers and exhibites bright application prospects in the permeation improvement of single-stranded oligonucleotides or plasmid DNAs.
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27
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Enrique Gomez R, Joubès J, Valentin N, Batoko H, Satiat-Jeunemaître B, Bernard A. Lipids in membrane dynamics during autophagy in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1287-1299. [PMID: 29140451 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a critical pathway for plant adaptation to stress. Macroautophagy relies on the biogenesis of a specialized membrane named the phagophore that maturates into a double membrane vesicle. Proteins and lipids act synergistically to promote membrane structure and functions, yet research on autophagy has mostly focused on autophagy-related proteins while knowledge of supporting lipids in the formation of autophagic membranes remains scarce. This review expands on studies in plants with examples from other organisms to present and discuss our current understanding of lipids in membrane dynamics associated with the autophagy pathway in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Enrique Gomez
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jérôme Joubès
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Valentin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud University, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Henri Batoko
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-L7.07.14, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Béatrice Satiat-Jeunemaître
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud University, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Amélie Bernard
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200, Bordeaux, France
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28
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Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) are common leukemia in adults. 20(S)-GRh2 is an important bioactive substance that is present in Panax ginseng. However, there are no investigations that deal with the comparison of apoptosis, the occurrence of autophagy, and the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy after being treated with 20(S)-GRh2 in AML and CML. In this study, we explored the effect of 20(S)-GRh2 on the AML and CML (U937 and K562). Fluorescence microscopy, CCK-8, Quantitative realtime PCR, Western blot, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and flow cytometric analysis were used to detect the occurrence of cell proliferation inhibition, apoptosis, and autophagy. By using the above methods, it was determined that apoptosis induced by 20(S)-GRh2 was more obvious in K562 than U937 cells and 20(S)-GRh2 could generate autophagy in K562 and U937 cells. When pretreated by a specific inhibitor of autophagy, (3-methyladenine), the 20(S)-GRh2-induced apoptosis was enhanced, which indicated that 20(S)-GRh2-induced autophagy may protect U937 and K562 cells from undergoing apoptotic cell death. On the other hand, pretreated by an apoptosis suppressor (Z-VAD-FMK), it greatly induced the autophagy and partially prevented 20(S)-GRh2 induced apoptosis. This phenomenon indicated that 20(S)-GRh2-induced autophagy may serve as a survival mechanism and apoptosis and autophagy could act as partners to induce cell death in a cooperative manner. These findings may provide a rationale for future clinical application by using 20(S)-GRh2 combined autophagy inhibitors for AML and CML.
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29
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Schulte ML, Fu A, Zhao P, Li J, Geng L, Smith ST, Kondo J, Coffey RJ, Johnson MO, Rathmell JC, Sharick JT, Skala MC, Smith JA, Berlin J, Washington MK, Nickels ML, Manning HC. Pharmacological blockade of ASCT2-dependent glutamine transport leads to antitumor efficacy in preclinical models. Nat Med 2018; 24:194-202. [PMID: 29334372 PMCID: PMC5803339 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The unique metabolic demands of cancer cells underscore potentially fruitful opportunities for drug discovery in the era of precision medicine. However, therapeutic targeting of cancer metabolism has led to surprisingly few new drugs to date. The neutral amino acid glutamine serves as a key intermediate in numerous metabolic processes leveraged by cancer cells, including biosynthesis, cell signaling, and oxidative protection. Herein we report the preclinical development of V-9302, a competitive small molecule antagonist of transmembrane glutamine flux that selectively and potently targets the amino acid transporter ASCT2. Pharmacological blockade of ASCT2 with V-9302 resulted in attenuated cancer cell growth and proliferation, increased cell death, and increased oxidative stress, which collectively contributed to antitumor responses in vitro and in vivo. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to demonstrate the utility of a pharmacological inhibitor of glutamine transport in oncology, representing a new class of targeted therapy and laying a framework for paradigm-shifting therapies targeting cancer cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Schulte
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Allie Fu
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Ping Zhao
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Ling Geng
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Shannon T. Smith
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Jumpei Kondo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Veterans Health Administration, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, United States
| | - Marc O. Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Rathmell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Joe T. Sharick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Jarrod A. Smith
- Vanderbilt Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Jordan Berlin
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - M. Kay Washington
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Michael L. Nickels
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - H. Charles Manning
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
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30
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Sun H, Krauss RM, Chang JT, Teng BB. PCSK9 deficiency reduces atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein B secretion, and endothelial dysfunction. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:207-223. [PMID: 29180444 PMCID: PMC5794417 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m078360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) interacts directly with cytoplasmic apoB and prevents its degradation via the autophagosome/lysosome pathway. This process affects VLDL and LDL production and influences atherogenesis. Here, we investigated the molecular machinery by which PCSK9 modulates autophagy and affects atherogenesis. We backcrossed Pcsk9-/- mice with atherosclerosis-prone Ldlr-/-Apobec1-/- (LDb) mice to generate Ldlr-/-Apobec1-/-Pcsk9-/- (LTp) mice. Deletion of PCSK9 resulted in decreased hepatic apoB secretion, increased autophagic flux, and decreased plasma levels of IDL and LDL particles. The LDLs from LTp mice (LTp-LDLs) were less atherogenic and contained less cholesteryl ester and phospholipids than LDb-LDLs. Moreover LTp-LDLs induced lower endothelial expression of the genes encoding TLR2, Lox-1, ICAM-1, CCL2, CCL7, IL-6, IL-1β, Beclin-1, p62, and TRAF6 Collectively, these effects were associated with substantially less atherosclerosis development (>4-fold) in LTp mice. The absence of PCSK9 in LDb mice results in decreased lipid and apoB levels, fewer atherogenic LDLs, and marked reduction of atherosclerosis. The effect on atherogenesis may be mediated in part by the effects of modified LDLs on endothelial cell receptors and proinflammatory and autophagy molecules. These findings suggest that there may be clinical benefits of PCSK9 inhibition due to mechanisms unrelated to increased LDL receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Sun
- Research Center for Human Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | | | - Jeffrey T Chang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX
| | - Ba-Bie Teng
- Research Center for Human Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX
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31
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Chen M, Liu J, Yang W, Ling W. Lipopolysaccharide mediates hepatic stellate cell activation by regulating autophagy and retinoic acid signaling. Autophagy 2017; 13:1813-1827. [PMID: 29160747 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1356550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial translocation and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leakage occur at a very early stage of liver fibrosis in animal models. We studied the role of LPS in hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and the underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we demonstrated that LPS treatment led to a dramatic increase in autophagosome formation and autophagic flux in LX-2 cells and HSCs, which was mediated through the AKT-MTOR and AMPK-ULK1 pathway. LPS significantly decreased the lipid content, including the lipid droplet (LD) number and lipid staining area in HSCs; pretreatment with macroautophagy/autophagy inhibitors or silencing ATG5 attenuated this decrease. Furthermore, lipophagy was induced by LPS through the autophagy-lysosomal pathway in LX-2 cells and HSCs. Additionally, LPS-induced autophagy further reduced retinoic acid (RA) signaling, as demonstrated by a decrease in the intracellular RA level and Rar target genes, resulting in the downregulation of Bambi and promoting the sensitization of the HSC's fibrosis response to TGFB. Compared with CCl4 injection alone, CCl4 plus LPS injection exaggerated liver fibrosis in mice, as demonstrated by increased Col1a1 (collagen, type I, α 1), Acta2, Tgfb and Timp1 mRNA expression, ACTA2/α-SMA and COL1A1 protein expression, and Sirius Red staining area, which could be attenuated by injection of an autophagy inhibitor. LPS also reduced lipid content in HSCs in vivo, with this change being attenuated by chloroquine (CQ) administration. In conclusion, LPS-induced autophagy resulted in LD loss, RA signaling dysfunction, and downregulation of the TGFB pseudoreceptor Bambi, thus sensitizing HSCs to TGFB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- a Department of Nutrition , School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , People's Republic of China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Jiaxing Liu
- a Department of Nutrition , School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , People's Republic of China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Wenqi Yang
- a Department of Nutrition , School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , People's Republic of China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- a Department of Nutrition , School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , People's Republic of China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
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32
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Bustos V, Partridge L. Good Ol' Fat: Links between Lipid Signaling and Longevity. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:812-823. [PMID: 28802547 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging is the single greatest risk factor for the development of disease. Understanding the biological molecules and mechanisms that modulate aging is therefore critical for the development of health-maximizing interventions for older people. The effect of fats on longevity has traditionally been disregarded as purely detrimental. However, new studies are starting to uncover the possible beneficial effects of lipids working as signaling molecules on health and longevity. These studies highlight the complex links between aging and lipid signaling. In this review we summarize accumulating evidence that points to changes in lipid metabolism, and in particular lipid signaling, as an underlying mechanism for healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Bustos
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9b, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Linda Partridge
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9b, 50931, Cologne, Germany; Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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33
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The expanding role of sphingolipids in lipid droplet biogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1155-1165. [PMID: 28743537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a diverse class of lipids that have regulatory, structural, and metabolic functions. Although chemically distinct from the neutral lipids and the glycerophospholipids, which are the main lipid components of the lipid droplets, sphingolipids have nonetheless been shown to influence lipid droplet formation. The goal of this article is to review the available information and provide a cohesive picture of the role sphingolipids play in lipid droplet biogenesis. The following topics are discussed: (i) the abundance of sphingolipids in lipid droplets and their functional significance; (ii) cross-talk between the synthetic pathways of sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, and neutral lipids; (iii) the impact of bioactive sphingolipids on TAG synthesis and degradation; (iv) interactions between sphingolipids and other lipid droplet components, like cholesterol esters and proteins; (v) inhibition/genetic deletion of specific sphingolipid metabolic enzymes and the resulting effects on lipid droplet formation in mouse models. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent Advances in Lipid Droplet Biology edited by Rosalind Coleman and Matthijs Hesselink.
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34
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Welte MA, Gould AP. Lipid droplet functions beyond energy storage. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1260-1272. [PMID: 28735096 PMCID: PMC5595650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets are cytoplasmic organelles that store neutral lipids and are critically important for energy metabolism. Their function in energy storage is firmly established and increasingly well characterized. However, emerging evidence indicates that lipid droplets also play important and diverse roles in the cellular handling of lipids and proteins that may not be directly related to energy homeostasis. Lipid handling roles of droplets include the storage of hydrophobic vitamin and signaling precursors, and the management of endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress. Roles of lipid droplets in protein handling encompass functions in the maturation, storage, and turnover of cellular and viral polypeptides. Other potential roles of lipid droplets may be connected with their intracellular motility and, in some cases, their nuclear localization. This diversity highlights that lipid droplets are very adaptable organelles, performing different functions in different biological contexts. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent Advances in Lipid Droplet Biology edited by Rosalind Coleman and Matthijs Hesselink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Welte
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.
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35
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Lipid Storage and Autophagy in Melanoma Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061271. [PMID: 28617309 PMCID: PMC5486093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) represent a key cellular subpopulation controlling biological features such as cancer progression in all cancer types. By using melanospheres established from human melanoma patients, we compared less differentiated melanosphere-derived CSC to differentiating melanosphere-derived cells. Increased lipid uptake was found in melanosphere-derived CSC vs. differentiating melanosphere-derived cells, paralleled by strong expression of lipogenic factors Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein-1 (SREBP-1) and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ (PPAR-γ). An inverse relation between lipid-storing phenotype and autophagy was also found, since microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-Light Chain 3 (LC3) lipidation is reduced in melanosphere-derived CSC. To investigate upstream autophagy regulators, Phospho-AMP activated Protein Kinase (P-AMPK) and Phospho-mammalian Target of Rapamycin (P-mTOR) were analyzed; lower P-AMPK and higher P-mTOR expression in melanosphere-derived CSC were found, thus explaining, at least in part, their lower autophagic activity. In addition, co-localization of LC3-stained autophagosome spots and perilipin-stained lipid droplets was demonstrated mainly in differentiating melanosphere-derived cells, further supporting the role of autophagy in lipid droplets clearance. The present manuscript demonstrates an inverse relationship between lipid-storing phenotype and melanoma stem cells differentiation, providing novel indications involving autophagy in melanoma stem cells biology.
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36
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Barisch C, Soldati T. Breaking fat! How mycobacteria and other intracellular pathogens manipulate host lipid droplets. Biochimie 2017; 141:54-61. [PMID: 28587792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (Tb) is a lung infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). With one third of the world population latently infected, it represents the most prevalent bacterial infectious diseases worldwide. Typically, persistence is linked to so-called "dormant" slow-growing bacteria, which have a low metabolic rate and a reduced response to antibiotic treatments. However, dormant bacteria regain growth and virulence when the immune system is weakened, leading again to the active form of the disease. Fatty acids (FAs) released from host triacylglycerols (TAGs) and sterols are proposed to serve as sole carbon sources during infection. The metabolism of FAs requires beta-oxidation as well as gluconeogenesis and the glyoxylate shunt. Interestingly, the Mtb genome encodes more than hundred proteins involved in the five reactions of beta-oxidation, clearly demonstrating the importance of lipids as energy source. FAs have also been proposed to play a role during resuscitation, the resumption of replicative activities from dormancy. Lipid droplets (LDs) are energy and carbon reservoirs and have been described in all domains. TAGs and sterol esters (SEs) are stored in their hydrophobic core, surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. Importantly, host LDs have been described as crucial for several intracellular bacterial pathogens and viruses and specifically translocate to the pathogen-containing vacuole (PVC) during mycobacteria infection. FAs released from host LDs are used by the pathogen as energy source and as building blocks for membrane synthesis. Despite their essential role, the mechanisms by which pathogenic mycobacteria induce the cellular redistribution of LDs and gain access to the stored lipids are still poorly understood. This review describes recent evidence about the dual interaction of mycobacteria with host LDs and membrane phospholipids and integrates them in a broader view of the underlying cellular processes manipulated by various intracellular pathogens to gain access to host lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Barisch
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, Science II, 1211, Geneva-4, Switzerland.
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, Science II, 1211, Geneva-4, Switzerland
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37
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Nascimbeni AC, Codogno P, Morel E. Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate in the regulation of autophagy membrane dynamics. FEBS J 2017; 284:1267-1278. [PMID: 27973739 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) is a key player in membrane dynamics and trafficking regulation. Most PI3P is associated with endosomal membranes and with the autophagosome preassembly machinery, presumably at the endoplasmic reticulum. The enzyme responsible for most PI3P synthesis, VPS34 and proteins such as Beclin1 and ATG14L that regulate PI3P levels are positive modulators of autophagy initiation. It had been assumed that a local PI3P pool was present at autophagosomes and preautophagosomal structures, such as the omegasome and the phagophore. This was recently confirmed by the demonstration that PI3P-binding proteins participate in the complex sequence of signalling that results in autophagosome assembly and activity. Here we summarize the historical discoveries of PI3P lipid kinase involvement in autophagy, and we discuss the proposed role of PI3P during autophagy, notably during the autophagosome biogenesis sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chiara Nascimbeni
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Patrice Codogno
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Etienne Morel
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
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