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Zhao W, Hu X, Chen Z, Li X. Major Facilitator Superfamily Domain Containing 12 Is Overexpressed in Lung Cancer and Exhibits an Oncogenic Role in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2024; 43:331-340. [PMID: 38687351 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2023.0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 12 (MFSD12) regulates lysosomal cysteine import and promotes the proliferation and survival of melanoma cells. However, the expression and function of MFSD12 in other cancers, particularly in lung cancer, remain unclear. The expression of MFSD12 across various types of cancers and corresponding control tissues was examined using TIMER. MFSD12 expression in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and its correlation with distinct clinicopathological features of LUAD patients were analyzed with UALCAN. The correlation between MFSD12 expression and survival of LUAD patients was assessed using the R package, survival, and the relationship between MFSD12 expression and immune infiltration status in LUAD was investigated using CIBERSORT. In addition, MFSD12 expression was knocked down in PC9 LUAD cells and their proliferation, capacity for expansion, cell cycle, apoptosis, and migration/invasion were evaluated through CCK-8 assays, colony formation assays, 7-AAD staining, Annexin V/PI staining, and Transwell assays, respectively. The stemness of these PC9 cells was determined through Western blotting, flow cytometry, and tumor sphere formation assays. MFSD12 mRNA levels were significantly elevated in multiple types of cancers, including LUAD. MFSD12 expression was also positively correlated with cancer stage, nodal metastasis, and infiltration of various immune cells in LUAD, and high MFSD12 levels predicted poor survival among LUAD patients. Knockdown of MFSD12 in PC9 cells resulted in decreased proliferation, attenuated colony formation capacity, cell cycle arrest, elevated apoptosis, impaired migration/invasion, and reduced stemness in PC9 cells. MFSD12 is an oncogene in LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xilin Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zixuan Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xinjian Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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He H, Cao X, He F, Zhang W, Wang X, Peng P, Xie C, Yin F, Li D, Li J, Wang M, Klüssendorf M, Jentsch TJ, Stauber T, Peng J. Mutations in CLCN6 as a Novel Genetic Cause of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis. Ann Neurol 2024. [PMID: 38877824 DOI: 10.1002/ana.27002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the pathogenesis of CLCN6-related disease and to assess whether its Cl-/H+-exchange activity is crucial for the biological role of ClC-6. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing on a girl with development delay, intractable epilepsy, behavioral abnormities, retinal dysfunction, progressive brain atrophy, suggestive of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs). We generated and analyzed the first knock-in mouse model of a patient variant (p.E200A) and compared it with a Clcn6-/- mouse model. Additional functional tests were performed with heterologous expression of mutant ClC-6. RESULTS We identified a de novo heterozygous p.E200A variant in the proband. Expression of disease-causing ClC-6E200A or ClC-6Y553C mutants blocked autophagic flux and activated transcription factors EB (TFEB) and E3 (TFE3), leading to autophagic vesicle and cholesterol accumulation. Such alterations were absent with a transport-deficient ClC-6E267A mutant. Clcn6E200A/+ mice developed severe neurodegeneration with typical features of NCLs. Mutant ClC-6E200A, but not loss of ClC-6 in Clcn6-/- mice, increased lysosomal biogenesis by suppressing mTORC1-TFEB signaling, blocked autophagic flux through impairing lysosomal function, and increased apoptosis. Carbohydrate and lipid deposits accumulated in Clcn6E200A/+ brain, while only lipid storage was found in Clcn6-/- brain. Lysosome dysfunction, autophagy defects, and gliosis were early pathogenic events preceding neuron loss. INTERPRETATION CLCN6 is a novel genetic cause of NCLs, highlighting the importance of considering CLCN6 mutations in the diagnostic workup for molecularly undefined forms of NCLs. Uncoupling of Cl- transport from H+ countertransport in the E200A mutant has a dominant effect on the autophagic/lysosomal pathway. ANN NEUROL 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan He
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Children Neurodevelopmental Disabilities of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaoshuang Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Children Neurodevelopmental Disabilities of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Children Neurodevelopmental Disabilities of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Children Neurodevelopmental Disabilities of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaole Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Children Neurodevelopmental Disabilities of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Pan Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Children Neurodevelopmental Disabilities of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Changning Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Children Neurodevelopmental Disabilities of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Children Neurodevelopmental Disabilities of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Dengfeng Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiada Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- The First People's Hospital of Changde, Changde, China
| | - Malte Klüssendorf
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas J Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Stauber
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Children Neurodevelopmental Disabilities of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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Do H, Meena NK, Raben N. Failure of Autophagy in Pompe Disease. Biomolecules 2024; 14:573. [PMID: 38785980 PMCID: PMC11118179 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosome-dependent degradation of cytoplasmic constituents. The system operates as a critical cellular pro-survival mechanism in response to nutrient deprivation and a variety of stress conditions. On top of that, autophagy is involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis through selective elimination of worn-out or damaged proteins and organelles. The autophagic pathway is largely responsible for the delivery of cytosolic glycogen to the lysosome where it is degraded to glucose via acid α-glucosidase. Although the physiological role of lysosomal glycogenolysis is not fully understood, its significance is highlighted by the manifestations of Pompe disease, which is caused by a deficiency of this lysosomal enzyme. Pompe disease is a severe lysosomal glycogen storage disorder that affects skeletal and cardiac muscles most. In this review, we discuss the basics of autophagy and describe its involvement in the pathogenesis of muscle damage in Pompe disease. Finally, we outline how autophagic pathology in the diseased muscles can be used as a tool to fast track the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nina Raben
- M6P Therapeutics, 20 S. Sarah Street, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; (H.D.); (N.K.M.)
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Wang Y, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Qian X, Guo D, Coates BS. A chromosome-level genome assembly of the soybean pod borer: insights into larval transcriptional response to transgenic soybean expressing the pesticidal Cry1Ac protein. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:355. [PMID: 38594617 PMCID: PMC11005160 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically modified (GM) crop plants with transgenic expression of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) pesticidal proteins are used to manage feeding damage by pest insects. The durability of this technology is threatened by the selection for resistance in pest populations. The molecular mechanism(s) involved in insect physiological response or evolution of resistance to Bt is not fully understood. RESULTS To investigate the response of a susceptible target insect to Bt, the soybean pod borer, Leguminivora glycinivorella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), was exposed to soybean, Glycine max, expressing Cry1Ac pesticidal protein or the non-transgenic parental cultivar. Assessment of larval changes in gene expression was facilitated by a third-generation sequenced and scaffolded chromosome-level assembly of the L. glycinivorella genome (657.4 Mb; 27 autosomes + Z chromosome), and subsequent structural annotation of 18,197 RefSeq gene models encoding 23,735 putative mRNA transcripts. Exposure of L. glycinivorella larvae to transgenic Cry1Ac G. max resulted in prediction of significant differential gene expression for 204 gene models (64 up- and 140 down-regulated) and differential splicing among isoforms for 10 genes compared to unexposed cohorts. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) included putative peritrophic membrane constituents, orthologs of Bt receptor-encoding genes previously linked or associated with Bt resistance, and those involved in stress responses. Putative functional Gene Ontology (GO) annotations assigned to DEGs were significantly enriched for 36 categories at GO level 2, respectively. Most significantly enriched cellular component (CC), biological process (BP), and molecular function (MF) categories corresponded to vacuolar and microbody, transport and metabolic processes, and binding and reductase activities. The DEGs in enriched GO categories were biased for those that were down-regulated (≥ 0.783), with only MF categories GTPase and iron binding activities were bias for up-regulation genes. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into pathways and processes involved larval response to Bt intoxication, which may inform future unbiased investigations into mechanisms of resistance that show no evidence of alteration in midgut receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhou Wang
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Yunyue Zhang
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Xueyan Qian
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Dongquan Guo
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China.
| | - Brad S Coates
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, 532 Science II, 2310 Pammel Dr., Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Duran J, Poolsup S, Allers L, Lemus MR, Cheng Q, Pu J, Salemi M, Phinney B, Jia J. A mechanism that transduces lysosomal damage signals to stress granule formation for cell survival. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.29.587368. [PMID: 38617306 PMCID: PMC11014484 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.29.587368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Lysosomal damage poses a significant threat to cell survival. Our previous work has reported that lysosomal damage induces stress granule (SG) formation. However, the importance of SG formation in determining cell fate and the precise mechanisms through which lysosomal damage triggers SG formation remains unclear. Here, we show that SG formation is initiated via a novel calcium-dependent pathway and plays a protective role in promoting cell survival in response to lysosomal damage. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that during lysosomal damage, ALIX, a calcium-activated protein, transduces lysosomal damage signals by sensing calcium leakage to induce SG formation by controlling the phosphorylation of eIF2α. ALIX modulates eIF2α phosphorylation by regulating the association between PKR and its activator PACT, with galectin-3 exerting a negative effect on this process. We also found this regulatory event of SG formation occur on damaged lysosomes. Collectively, these investigations reveal novel insights into the precise regulation of SG formation triggered by lysosomal damage, and shed light on the interaction between damaged lysosomes and SGs. Importantly, SG formation is significant for promoting cell survival in the physiological context of lysosomal damage inflicted by SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a, adenovirus infection, Malaria hemozoin, proteopathic tau as well as environmental hazard silica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Duran
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Suttinee Poolsup
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Lee Allers
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Monica Rosas Lemus
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Qiuying Cheng
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Jing Pu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brett Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jingyue Jia
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Lead Contact
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Gao Y, Zhang L, Zhang F, Liu R, Liu L, Li X, Zhu X, Liang Y. Traditional Chinese medicine and its active substances reduce vascular injury in diabetes via regulating autophagic activity. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1355246. [PMID: 38505420 PMCID: PMC10949535 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1355246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to its high prevalence, poor prognosis, and heavy burden on healthcare costs, diabetic vascular complications have become a significant public health issue. Currently, the molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying diabetes-induced vascular complications remain incompletely understood. Autophagy, a highly conserved process of lysosomal degradation, maintains intracellular homeostasis and energy balance via removing protein aggregates, damaged organelles, and exogenous pathogens. Increasing evidence suggests that dysregulated autophagy may contribute to vascular abnormalities in various types of blood vessels, including both microvessels and large vessels, under diabetic conditions. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) possesses the characteristics of "multiple components, multiple targets and multiple pathways," and its safety has been demonstrated, particularly with minimal toxicity in liver and kidney. Thus, TCM has gained increasing attention from researchers. Moreover, recent studies have indicated that Chinese herbal medicine and its active compounds can improve vascular damage in diabetes by regulating autophagy. Based on this background, this review summarizes the classification, occurrence process, and related molecular mechanisms of autophagy, with a focus on discussing the role of autophagy in diabetic vascular damage and the protective effects of TCM and its active compounds through the regulation of autophagy in diabetes. Moreover, we systematically elucidate the autophagic mechanisms by which TCM formulations, individual herbal extracts, and active compounds regulate diabetic vascular damage, thereby providing new candidate drugs for clinical treatment of vascular complications in diabetes. Therefore, further exploration of TCM and its active compounds with autophagy-regulating effects holds significant research value for achieving targeted therapeutic approaches for diabetic vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankui Gao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yonglin Liang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
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Li X, Kong R, Hou W, Cao J, Zhang L, Qian X, Zhao L, Ying W. Integrative proteomics and n-glycoproteomics reveal the synergistic anti-tumor effects of aspirin- and gemcitabine-based chemotherapy on pancreatic cancer cells. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024; 47:141-156. [PMID: 37639207 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant tumor that is well known for its poor prognosis. Based on glycosylation, we performed integrated quantitative N-glycoproteomics to investigate the synergistic anti-tumor effects of aspirin and gemcitabine on pancreatic cancer cells and explore the potential molecular mechanisms of chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS Two pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC-1 and BxPC-3) were treated with gemcitabine, aspirin, and a combination (gemcitabine + aspirin). We found that the addition of aspirin enhanced the inhibitory effect of gemcitabine on the activity of PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cells. Quantitative N-glycoproteome, proteome, phosphorylation, and transcriptome data were obtained from integrated multi-omics analysis to evaluate the anti-tumor effects of aspirin and gemcitabine on pancreatic cancer cells. Mfuzz analysis of intact N-glycopeptide profiles revealed two consistent trends associated with the addition of aspirin, which showed a strong relationship between N-glycosylation and the synergistic effect of aspirin. Further analysis demonstrated that the dynamic regulation of sialylation and high-mannose glycoforms on ECM-related proteins (LAMP1, LAMP2, ITGA3, etc.) was a significant factor for the ability of aspirin to promote the anti-tumor activity of gemcitabine and the drug resistance of pancreatic cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS In-depth analysis of N-glycosylation-related processes and pathways in pancreatic cancer cells can provide new insight for future studies regarding pancreatic cancer therapeutic targets and drug resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, No. 38 Life Park Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Center for Physical & Chemical Analysis), Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Ran Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, No. 38 Life Park Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wenhao Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, No. 38 Life Park Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Junxia Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, No. 38 Life Park Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, No. 38 Life Park Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Lijiao Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, No. 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Wantao Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, No. 38 Life Park Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Pozzi M, Vantaggiato C, Brivio F, Orso G, Bassi MT. Olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone differently affect lysosomal function and autophagy, reflecting their different metabolic risk in patients. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:13. [PMID: 38191558 PMCID: PMC10774340 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02686-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The metabolic effects induced by antipsychotics in vitro depend on their action on the trafficking and biosynthesis of sterols and lipids. Previous research showed that antipsychotics with different adverse effects in patients cause similar alterations in vitro, suggesting the low clinical usefulness of cellular studies. Moreover, the inhibition of peripheral AMPK was suggested as potential aetiopathogenic mechanisms of olanzapine, and different effects on autophagy were reported for several antipsychotics. We thus assessed, in clinically-relevant culture conditions, the aetiopathogenic mechanisms of olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone, antipsychotics with respectively high, medium, low metabolic risk in patients, finding relevant differences among them. We highlighted that: olanzapine impairs lysosomal function affecting autophagy and autophagosome clearance, and increasing intracellular lipids and sterols; ziprasidone activates AMPK increasing the autophagic flux and reducing intracellular lipids; risperidone increases lipid accumulation, while it does not affect lysosomal function. These in vitro differences align with their different impact on patients. We also provided evidence that metformin add-on improved autophagy in olanzapine-treated cells and reduced lipid accumulation induced by both risperidone and olanzapine in an AMPK-dependent way; metformin also increased the production of bile acids to eliminate cholesterol accumulations caused by olanzapine. These results have different clinical implications. We demonstrated that antipsychotics with different metabolic impacts on patients actually have different mechanisms of action, thus supporting the possibility of a personalised antipsychotic treatment. Moreover, we found that metformin can fully revert the phenotype caused by risperidone but not the one caused by olanzapine, that still activates SREBP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pozzi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Via D. L. Monza 20, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
| | - Chiara Vantaggiato
- Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Via D. L. Monza 20, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Francesca Brivio
- Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Via D. L. Monza 20, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Genny Orso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Largo E. Meneghetti 2, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Bassi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Via D. L. Monza 20, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
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9
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Jeong E, Willett R, Rissone A, La Spina M, Puertollano R. TMEM55B links autophagy flux, lysosomal repair, and TFE3 activation in response to oxidative stress. Nat Commun 2024; 15:93. [PMID: 38168055 PMCID: PMC10761734 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes have emerged as critical regulators of cellular homeostasis. Here we show that the lysosomal protein TMEM55B contributes to restore cellular homeostasis in response to oxidative stress by three different mechanisms: (1) TMEM55B mediates NEDD4-dependent PLEKHM1 ubiquitination, causing PLEKHM1 proteasomal degradation and halting autophagosome/lysosome fusion; (2) TMEM55B promotes recruitment of components of the ESCRT machinery to lysosomal membranes to stimulate lysosomal repair; and (3) TMEM55B sequesters the FLCN/FNIP complex to facilitate translocation of the transcription factor TFE3 to the nucleus, allowing expression of transcriptional programs that enable cellular adaptation to stress. Knockout of tmem55 genes in zebrafish embryos increases their susceptibility to oxidative stress, causing early death of tmem55-KO animals in response to arsenite toxicity. Altogether, our work identifies a role for TMEM55B as a molecular sensor that coordinates autophagosome degradation, lysosomal repair, and activation of stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eutteum Jeong
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rose Willett
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alberto Rissone
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martina La Spina
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rosa Puertollano
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Dylewski JF, Haddad G, Blaine J. Exploiting the neonatal crystallizable fragment receptor to treat kidney disease. Kidney Int 2024; 105:54-64. [PMID: 38707675 PMCID: PMC11068363 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) was initially discovered as the receptor that allowed passive immunity in newborns by transporting maternal IgG through the placenta and enterocytes. Since its initial discovery, FcRn has been found to exist throughout all stages of life and in many different cell types. Beyond passive immunity, FcRn is necessary for intrinsic albumin and IgG recycling and is important for antigen processing and presentation. Given its multiple important roles, FcRn has been utilized in many disease treatments including a new class of agents that were developed to inhibit FcRn for treatment of a variety of autoimmune diseases. Certain cell populations within the kidney also express high levels of this receptor. Specifically, podocytes, proximal tubule epithelial cells, and vascular endothelial cells have been found to utilize FcRn. In this review, we summarize what is known about FcRn and its function within the kidney. We also discuss how FcRn has been used for therapeutic benefit, including how newer FcRn inhibiting agents are being used to treat autoimmune diseases. Lastly, we will discuss what renal diseases may respond to FcRn inhibitors and how further work studying FcRn within the kidney may lead to therapies for kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F. Dylewski
- Division of Renal Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - George Haddad
- Division of Renal Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Judith Blaine
- Division of Renal Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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11
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Lee D, Hong JH. Niemann-Pick Disease Type C (NPDC) by Mutation of NPC1 and NPC2: Aberrant Lysosomal Cholesterol Trafficking and Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2021. [PMID: 38136141 PMCID: PMC10740957 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol trafficking is initiated by the endocytic pathway and transported from endo/lysosomes to other intracellular organelles. Deficiencies in cholesterol-sensing and binding proteins NPC1 and NPC2 induce accumulation in lysosomes and the malfunction of trafficking to other organelles. Each organelle possesses regulatory factors to induce cholesterol trafficking. The mutation of NPC1 and NPC2 genes induces Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPDC), which is a hereditary disease and causes progressive neurodegeneration, developmental disability, hypotonia, and ataxia. Oxidative stress induces damage in NPDC-related intracellular organelles. Although studies on the relationship between NPDC and oxidation are relatively rare, several studies have reported the therapeutic potential of antioxidants in treating NPDC. Investigating antioxidant drugs to relieve oxidative stress and cholesterol accumulation is suggested to be a powerful tool for developing treatments for NPDC. Understanding NPDC provides challenging issues in understanding the oxidative stress-lysosome metabolism of the lipid axis. Thus, we elucidated the relationship between complexes of intracellular organelles and NPDC to develop our knowledge and suggested potential antioxidant reagents for NPDC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, 155 Getbeolro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea;
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12
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Jiang W, Tie Z, Yu C, Chen Y, Liu D, Li B. An engineered nanoplatform inhibiting energy metabolism and lysosomal activity of tumor cells to multiply cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Biomaterials 2023; 302:122354. [PMID: 37879187 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Although inhibiting the energy metabolism of tumor cells has become an effective measure to enhance chemotherapy, tumor cells can still escape the lethal effect of chemotherapy by entering a dormancy state with low-energy expenditure. Herein, the glutathione (GSH)-responsive nanoplatform (C-A-D NPs) were constructed to inhibit energy metabolism and lysosomal activity of tumor cells, thereby forcing tumor cells to remain vulnerable to cisplatin. In this system, cisplatin prodrug was reduced to cisplatin by GSH, and D-peptide and apoptozole (Az) were released to inhibit the energy metabolism and autophagy-lysosome pathway of tumor cells. The suppressed autophagy-lysosome pathway prevents tumor cells from entering a low-energy dormancy state, resulting in the loss of resistance to the lethal effect of cisplatin with high-energy expenditure and insufficient energy supply. Such engineered nanoplatform effectively enhances the chemotherapeutic effect of cisplatin by inhibiting intracellular energy metabolism and lysosomal activity, showing great clinical prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545005, China; College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials & Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210033, China
| | - Zuoxiu Tie
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials & Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210033, China
| | - Chi Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Dan Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545005, China.
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13
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Li TY, Wang Q, Gao AW, Li X, Sun Y, Mottis A, Shong M, Auwerx J. Lysosomes mediate the mitochondrial UPR via mTORC1-dependent ATF4 phosphorylation. Cell Discov 2023; 9:92. [PMID: 37679337 PMCID: PMC10484937 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-023-00589-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are central platforms for not only the degradation of macromolecules but also the integration of multiple signaling pathways. However, whether and how lysosomes mediate the mitochondrial stress response (MSR) remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that lysosomal acidification via the vacuolar H+-ATPase (v-ATPase) is essential for the transcriptional activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). Mitochondrial stress stimulates v-ATPase-mediated lysosomal activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which then directly phosphorylates the MSR transcription factor, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Disruption of mTORC1-dependent ATF4 phosphorylation blocks the UPRmt, but not other similar stress responses, such as the UPRER. Finally, ATF4 phosphorylation downstream of the v-ATPase/mTORC1 signaling is indispensable for sustaining mitochondrial redox homeostasis and protecting cells from ROS-associated cell death upon mitochondrial stress. Thus, v-ATPase/mTORC1-mediated ATF4 phosphorylation via lysosomes links mitochondrial stress to UPRmt activation and mitochondrial function resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terytty Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Laboratory of Longevity and Metabolic Adaptations, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Qi Wang
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arwen W Gao
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Laboratory of Longevity and Metabolic Adaptations, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Adrienne Mottis
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Minho Shong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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14
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Gao H, Yin J, Ji C, Yu X, Xue J, Guan X, Zhang S, Liu X, Xing F. Targeting ubiquitin specific proteases (USPs) in cancer immunotherapy: from basic research to preclinical application. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:225. [PMID: 37658402 PMCID: PMC10472646 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors have evolved in various mechanisms to evade the immune system, hindering the antitumor immune response and facilitating tumor progression. Immunotherapy has become a potential treatment strategy specific to different cancer types by utilizing multifarious molecular mechanisms to enhance the immune response against tumors. Among these mechanisms, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a significant non-lysosomal pathway specific to protein degradation, regulated by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) that counterbalance ubiquitin signaling. Ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs), the largest DUB family with the strongest variety, play critical roles in modulating immune cell function, regulating immune response, and participating in antigen processing and presentation during tumor progression. According to recent studies, the expressions of some USP family members in tumor cells are involved in tumor immune escape and immune microenvironment. This review explores the potential of targeting USPs as a new approach for cancer immunotherapy, highlighting recent basic and preclinical studies investigating the applications of USP inhibitors. By providing insights into the structure and function of USPs in cancer immunity, this review aims at assisting in developing new therapeutic approaches for enhancing the immunotherapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Gao
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Jianqiao Yin
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Ce Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Jinqi Xue
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Xin Guan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Xun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Fei Xing
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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15
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Liu T, Jin Q, Yang L, Mao H, Ma F, Wang Y, Li P, Zhan Y. Regulation of autophagy by natural polyphenols in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease: therapeutic potential and mechanism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1142276. [PMID: 37635982 PMCID: PMC10448531 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1142276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major microvascular complication of diabetes and a leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Autophagy plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis in renal physiology. In DKD, the accumulation of advanced glycation end products induces decreased renal autophagy-related protein expression and transcription factor EB (TFEB) nuclear transfer, leading to impaired autophagy and lysosomal function and blockage of autophagic flux. This accelerates renal resident cell injury and apoptosis, mediates macrophage infiltration and phenotypic changes, ultimately leading to aggravated proteinuria and fibrosis in DKD. Natural polyphenols show promise in treating DKD by regulating autophagy and promoting nuclear transfer of TFEB and lysosomal repair. This review summarizes the characteristics of autophagy in DKD, and the potential application and mechanisms of some known natural polyphenols as autophagy regulators in DKD, with the goal of contributing to a deeper understanding of natural polyphenol mechanisms in the treatment of DKD and promoting the development of their applications. Finally, we point out the limitations of polyphenols in current DKD research and provide an outlook for their future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Liu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Jin
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Mao
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Ma
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yongli Zhan
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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Ferret L, Alvarez-Valadez K, Rivière J, Muller A, Bohálová N, Yu L, Guittat L, Brázda V, Kroemer G, Mergny JL, Djavaheri-Mergny M. G-quadruplex ligands as potent regulators of lysosomes. Autophagy 2023; 19:1901-1915. [PMID: 36740766 PMCID: PMC10283436 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2170071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanine-quadruplex structures (G4) are unusual nucleic acid conformations formed by guanine-rich DNA and RNA sequences and known to control gene expression mechanisms, from transcription to protein synthesis. So far, a number of molecules that recognize G4 have been developed for potential therapeutic applications in human pathologies, including cancer and infectious diseases. These molecules are called G4 ligands. When the biological effects of G4 ligands are studied, the analysis is often limited to nucleic acid targets. However, recent evidence indicates that G4 ligands may target other cellular components and compartments such as lysosomes and mitochondria. Here, we summarize our current knowledge of the regulation of lysosome by G4 ligands, underlying their potential functional impact on lysosome biology and autophagic flux, as well as on the transcriptional regulation of lysosomal genes. We outline the consequences of these effects on cell fate decisions and we systematically analyzed G4-prone sequences within the promoter of 435 lysosome-related genes. Finally, we propose some hypotheses about the mechanisms involved in the regulation of lysosomes by G4 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille Ferret
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Karla Alvarez-Valadez
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Jennifer Rivière
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Muller
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Natalia Bohálová
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry and Molecular Oncology, Institute of Biophysics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luo Yu
- Laboratoire d’Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128Palaiseau, France
- CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Lionel Guittat
- Laboratoire d’Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128Palaiseau, France
- UFR SMBH, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
| | - Vaclav Brázda
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry and Molecular Oncology, Institute of Biophysics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mergny
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry and Molecular Oncology, Institute of Biophysics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Laboratoire d’Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128Palaiseau, France
| | - Mojgan Djavaheri-Mergny
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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17
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Scharenberg SG, Dong W, Ghoochani A, Nyame K, Levin-Konigsberg R, Krishnan AR, Rawat ES, Spees K, Bassik MC, Abu-Remaileh M. An SPNS1-dependent lysosomal lipid transport pathway that enables cell survival under choline limitation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf8966. [PMID: 37075117 PMCID: PMC10115416 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf8966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes degrade macromolecules and recycle their nutrient content to support cell function and survival. However, the machineries involved in lysosomal recycling of many nutrients remain to be discovered, with a notable example being choline, an essential metabolite liberated via lipid degradation. Here, we engineered metabolic dependency on lysosome-derived choline in pancreatic cancer cells to perform an endolysosome-focused CRISPR-Cas9 screen for genes mediating lysosomal choline recycling. We identified the orphan lysosomal transmembrane protein SPNS1 as critical for cell survival under choline limitation. SPNS1 loss leads to intralysosomal accumulation of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE). Mechanistically, we reveal that SPNS1 is a proton gradient-dependent transporter of LPC species from the lysosome for their re-esterification into phosphatidylcholine in the cytosol. Last, we establish that LPC efflux by SPNS1 is required for cell survival under choline limitation. Collectively, our work defines a lysosomal phospholipid salvage pathway that is essential under nutrient limitation and, more broadly, provides a robust platform to deorphan lysosomal gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G. Scharenberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (Sarafan ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wentao Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (Sarafan ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ali Ghoochani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (Sarafan ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kwamina Nyame
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (Sarafan ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Aswini R. Krishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (Sarafan ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eshaan S. Rawat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (Sarafan ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Spees
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael C. Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Monther Abu-Remaileh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (Sarafan ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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18
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Bhattacharya A, Mukherjee R, Kuncha SK, Brunstein ME, Rathore R, Junek S, Münch C, Dikic I. A lysosome membrane regeneration pathway depends on TBC1D15 and autophagic lysosomal reformation proteins. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:685-698. [PMID: 37024685 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute lysosomal membrane damage reduces the cellular population of functional lysosomes. However, these damaged lysosomes have a remarkable recovery potential independent of lysosomal biogenesis and remain unaffected in cells depleted in TFEB and TFE3. We combined proximity-labelling-based proteomics, biochemistry and high-resolution microscopy to unravel a lysosomal membrane regeneration pathway that depends on ATG8, the lysosomal membrane protein LIMP2, the RAB7 GTPase-activating protein TBC1D15 and proteins required for autophagic lysosomal reformation, including dynamin-2, kinesin-5B and clathrin. Following lysosomal damage, LIMP2 acts as a lysophagy receptor to bind ATG8, which in turn recruits TBC1D15 to damaged membranes. TBC1D15 interacts with ATG8 proteins on damaged lysosomes and provides a scaffold to assemble and stabilize the autophagic lysosomal reformation machinery. This potentiates the formation of lysosomal tubules and subsequent dynamin-2-dependent scission. TBC1D15-mediated lysosome regeneration was also observed in a cell culture model of oxalate nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Bhattacharya
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rukmini Mukherjee
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Santosh Kumar Kuncha
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Rajeshwari Rathore
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephan Junek
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Münch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt, Germany.
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19
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Ghaddar A, Mony VK, Mishra S, Berhanu S, Johnson JC, Enriquez-Hesles E, Harrison E, Patel A, Horak MK, Smith JS, O'Rourke EJ. Increased alcohol dehydrogenase 1 activity promotes longevity. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1036-1046.e6. [PMID: 36805847 PMCID: PMC10236445 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Several molecules can extend healthspan and lifespan across organisms. However, most are upstream signaling hubs or transcription factors orchestrating complex anti-aging programs. Therefore, these molecules point to but do not reveal the fundamental mechanisms driving longevity. Instead, downstream effectors that are necessary and sufficient to promote longevity across conditions or organisms may reveal the fundamental anti-aging drivers. Toward this goal, we searched for effectors acting downstream of the transcription factor EB (TFEB), known as HLH-30 in C. elegans, because TFEB/HLH-30 is necessary across anti-aging interventions and its overexpression is sufficient to extend C. elegans lifespan and reduce biomarkers of aging in mammals including humans. As a result, we present an alcohol-dehydrogenase-mediated anti-aging response (AMAR) that is essential for C. elegans longevity driven by HLH-30 overexpression, caloric restriction, mTOR inhibition, and insulin-signaling deficiency. The sole overexpression of ADH-1 is sufficient to activate AMAR, which extends healthspan and lifespan by reducing the levels of glycerol-an age-associated and aging-promoting alcohol. Adh1 overexpression is also sufficient to promote longevity in yeast, and adh-1 orthologs are induced in calorically restricted mice and humans, hinting at ADH-1 acting as an anti-aging effector across phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ghaddar
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Vinod K Mony
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Swarup Mishra
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Samuel Berhanu
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - James C Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Elisa Enriquez-Hesles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Emma Harrison
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Aaroh Patel
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Mary Kate Horak
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Eyleen J O'Rourke
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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20
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Marchand B, Poulin MA, Lawson C, Tai LH, Jean S, Boucher MJ. Gemcitabine promotes autophagy and lysosomal function through ERK- and TFEB-dependent mechanisms. Cell Death Dis 2023; 9:45. [PMID: 36746928 PMCID: PMC9902516 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01342-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gemcitabine is a first-line treatment agent for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Contributing to its cytotoxicity, this chemotherapeutic agent is primarily a DNA replication inhibitor that also induces DNA damage. However, its therapeutic effects are limited owing to chemoresistance. Evidence in the literature points to a role for autophagy in restricting the efficacy of gemcitabine. Autophagy is a catabolic process in which intracellular components are delivered to degradative organelles lysosomes. Interfering with this process sensitizes PDAC cells to gemcitabine. It is consequently inferred that autophagy and lysosomal function need to be tightly regulated to maintain homeostasis and provide resistance to environmental stress, such as those imposed by chemotherapeutic drugs. However, the mechanism(s) through which gemcitabine promotes autophagy remains elusive, and the impact of gemcitabine on lysosomal function remains largely unexplored. Therefore, we applied complementary approaches to define the mechanisms triggered by gemcitabine that support autophagy and lysosome function. We found that gemcitabine elicited ERK-dependent autophagy in PDAC cells, but did not stimulate ERK activity or autophagy in non-tumoral human pancreatic epithelial cells. Gemcitabine also promoted transcription factor EB (TFEB)-dependent lysosomal function in PDAC cells. Indeed, treating PDAC cells with gemcitabine caused expansion of the lysosomal network, as revealed by Lysosome associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP1) and LysoTracker staining. More specific approaches have shown that gemcitabine promotes the activity of cathepsin B (CTSB), a cysteine protease playing an active role in lysosomal degradation. We showed that lysosomal function induced by gemcitabine depends on TFEB, the master regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. Interfering with TFEB function considerably limited the clonogenic growth of PDAC cells and hindered the capacity of TFEB-depleted PDAC cells to develop orthotopic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Marchand
- grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Marc-Antoine Poulin
- grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Christine Lawson
- grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Lee-Hwa Tai
- grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada ,grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Member of the Centre de Recherche du CHUS and the Institut de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Steve Jean
- grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada ,grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Member of the Centre de Recherche du CHUS and the Institut de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Boucher
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada. .,Member of the Centre de Recherche du CHUS and the Institut de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.
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21
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Martelli F. In vivo Assessment of Lysosomal Stress in the Drosophila Brain Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4599. [PMID: 36789165 PMCID: PMC9901471 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes play a central role in signaling, nutrient sensing, response to stress, and the degradation and recycling of cellular content. Defects in lysosomal digestive enzymes or structural components can impair lysosomal function with dire consequences to the cell, such as neurodegeneration. A number of methods exist to assess lysosomal stress in the model Drosophila, such as specific driver and reporter strains, transmission electron microscopy, and the investigation of gene expression. These methods, however, can be time consuming and, in some cases, costly. The procedure described here provides a quick, reliable, and low-cost approach to measure lysosomal stress in the Drosophila brain. Using fluorescence confocal microscopy and the LysoTracker staining, this protocol allows for the direct measurement of lysosome size and number. This method can be used to assess lysosomal stress under a number of different genetic and environmental scenarios in the Drosophila brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Martelli
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,*For correspondence:
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22
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Mucopolysaccharidoses: Cellular Consequences of Glycosaminoglycans Accumulation and Potential Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010477. [PMID: 36613919 PMCID: PMC9820209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) constitute a heterogeneous group of lysosomal storage disorders characterized by the lysosomal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Although lysosomal dysfunction is mainly affected, several cellular organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and their related process are also impaired, leading to the activation of pathophysiological cascades. While supplying missing enzymes is the mainstream for the treatment of MPS, including enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), or gene therapy (GT), the use of modulators available to restore affected organelles for recovering cell homeostasis may be a simultaneous approach. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the cellular consequences of the lysosomal GAGs accumulation and discusses the use of potential modulators that can reestablish normal cell function beyond ERT-, HSCT-, or GT-based alternatives.
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23
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Kümmel D, Herrmann E, Langemeyer L, Ungermann C. Molecular insights into endolysosomal microcompartment formation and maintenance. Biol Chem 2022; 404:441-454. [PMID: 36503831 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The endolysosomal system of eukaryotic cells has a key role in the homeostasis of the plasma membrane, in signaling and nutrient uptake, and is abused by viruses and pathogens for entry. Endocytosis of plasma membrane proteins results in vesicles, which fuse with the early endosome. If destined for lysosomal degradation, these proteins are packaged into intraluminal vesicles, converting an early endosome to a late endosome, which finally fuses with the lysosome. Each of these organelles has a unique membrane surface composition, which can form segmented membrane microcompartments by membrane contact sites or fission proteins. Furthermore, these organelles are in continuous exchange due to fission and fusion events. The underlying machinery, which maintains organelle identity along the pathway, is regulated by signaling processes. Here, we will focus on the Rab5 and Rab7 GTPases of early and late endosomes. As molecular switches, Rabs depend on activating guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Over the last years, we characterized the Rab7 GEF, the Mon1-Ccz1 (MC1) complex, and key Rab7 effectors, the HOPS complex and retromer. Structural and functional analyses of these complexes lead to a molecular understanding of their function in the context of organelle biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kümmel
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster , Corrensstraße 36 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Eric Herrmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster , Corrensstraße 36 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Lars Langemeyer
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry section , Osnabrück University , Barbarastraße 13 , D-49076 Osnabrück , Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs) , Osnabrück University , Barbarastraße 11 , D-49076 Osnabrück , Germany
| | - Christian Ungermann
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry section , Osnabrück University , Barbarastraße 13 , D-49076 Osnabrück , Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs) , Osnabrück University , Barbarastraße 11 , D-49076 Osnabrück , Germany
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24
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Gilthead Seabream Liver Integrative Proteomics and Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Regulation by Different Prosurvival Pathways in the Metabolic Adaptation to Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315395. [PMID: 36499720 PMCID: PMC9741202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the molecular mechanisms of stress appraisal on farmed fish is paramount to ensuring a sustainable aquaculture. Stress exposure can either culminate in the organism's adaptation or aggravate into a metabolic shutdown, characterized by irreversible cellular damage and deleterious effects on fish performance, welfare, and survival. Multiomics can improve our understanding of the complex stressed phenotype in fish and the molecular mediators that regulate the underlying processes of the molecular stress response. We profiled the stress proteome and metabolome of Sparus aurata responding to different challenges common to aquaculture production, characterizing the disturbed pathways in the fish liver, i.e., the central organ in mounting the stress response. Label-free shotgun proteomics and untargeted metabolomics analyses identified 1738 proteins and 120 metabolites, separately. Mass spectrometry data have been made fully accessible via ProteomeXchange, with the identifier PXD036392, and via MetaboLights, with the identifier MTBLS5940. Integrative multivariate statistical analysis, performed with data integration analysis for biomarker discovery using latent components (DIABLO), depicted the 10 most-relevant features. Functional analysis of these selected features revealed an intricate network of regulatory components, modulating different signaling pathways related to cellular stress, e.g., the mTORC1 pathway, the unfolded protein response, endocytosis, and autophagy to different extents according to the stress nature. These results shed light on the dynamics and extent of this species' metabolic reprogramming under chronic stress, supporting future studies on stress markers' discovery and fish welfare research.
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25
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Biochemical Pathways of Cellular Mechanosensing/Mechanotransduction and Their Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases Pathogenesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193093. [PMID: 36231055 PMCID: PMC9563116 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we shed light on recent advances regarding the characterization of biochemical pathways of cellular mechanosensing and mechanotransduction with particular attention to their role in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis. While the mechanistic components of these pathways are mostly uncovered today, the crosstalk between mechanical forces and soluble intracellular signaling is still not fully elucidated. Here, we recapitulate the general concepts of mechanobiology and the mechanisms that govern the mechanosensing and mechanotransduction processes, and we examine the crosstalk between mechanical stimuli and intracellular biochemical response, highlighting their effect on cellular organelles' homeostasis and dysfunction. In particular, we discuss the current knowledge about the translation of mechanosignaling into biochemical signaling, focusing on those diseases that encompass metabolic accumulation of mutant proteins and have as primary characteristics the formation of pathological intracellular aggregates, such as Alzheimer's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Parkinson's Disease. Overall, recent findings elucidate how mechanosensing and mechanotransduction pathways may be crucial to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases and emphasize the importance of these pathways for identifying potential therapeutic targets.
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26
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Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles in A549 and BEAS-2B Cell Lines. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022; 2022:8546079. [PMID: 36193250 PMCID: PMC9525761 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8546079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-GA) were successfully synthesised using Garcinia atroviridis leaf extract as a reducing agent, which has ethnopharmacological claims against various diseases including cancer. Aim of the Study. Aim of the study is to discover whether AgNPs-GA has cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on cancerous (A549) and noncancerous (BEAS-2B) human lung cells. Materials and Methods. The cytotoxicity profiles of AgNPs-GA were characterized by MTT assay, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, and DAPI and AOPI double staining, whilst genotoxicity was assessed using Comet Assay analysis. The level of silver ions (Ag+) and cellular uptake of AgNPs-GA were evaluated by ICP-OES and TEM analyses, respectively. Results. A significant cytotoxic effect was observed by AgNPs-GA on both A549 and BEAS-2B cell lines, with IC50 values of 20–28 μg/ml and 12–35 μg/ml, respectively. The cytotoxicity profile of AgNPs-GA was also accompanied by a pronounced increase in ROS production, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Moreover, Ag+ was also detected in cells exposed to AgNPs-GA threefold higher compared to controls. In this study, AgNPs-GA were endocytosed within lysosomes, which may direct to secondary toxicity effects including oxidative stress, impairment of the cell membrane, DNA fragmentation, and cell death. Conclusions. Taken together, novel toxicological-related mechanisms by AgNPs-GA were proposed involving the generation of ROS that causes DNA damage which led to programmed cell death in both A549 and BEAS-2B cells. Therefore, a combination of scientific assessments is constantly needed to ensure that the quality of biosynthesized nanoparticles is controlled and their safe development is promoted.
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27
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Protective Effect of Natural Medicinal Plants on Cardiomyocyte Injury in Heart Failure: Targeting the Dysregulation of Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Mitophagy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3617086. [PMID: 36132224 PMCID: PMC9484955 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3617086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure occurs because of various cardiovascular pathologies, such as coronary artery disease or cardiorenal syndrome, eventually reaching end-stage disease. Various factors contribute to cardiac structural or functional changes that result in systolic or diastolic dysfunction. Several studies have confirmed that the key factor in heart failure progression is myocardial cell death, and mitophagy is the major mechanism regulating myocardial cell death in heart failure. The clinical mechanisms of heart failure are well understood in practice. However, the essential role of mitophagic regulation in heart failure has only recently received widespread attention. Receptor-mediated mitophagy is involved in various mitochondrial processes like oxidative stress injury, energy metabolism disorders, and calcium homeostasis, which are also the main causes of heart failure. Understanding of the diverse regulatory mechanisms in mitophagy and the complexity of its pathophysiology in heart failure remains incomplete. Related studies have found that various natural medicinal plants and active ingredients, such as flavonoids and saponins, can regulate mitophagy to a certain extent, improve myocardial function, and protect myocardial cells. This review comprehensively covers the relevant mechanisms of different types of mitophagy in regulating heart failure pathology and controlling mitochondrial adaptability to stress injury. Further, it explores the relationship between mitophagy and cardiac ejection dysfunction. Natural medicinal plant-targeted regulation strategies and scientific evidence on mitophagy were provided to elucidate current and potential strategies to apply mitophagy-targeted therapy for heart failure.
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28
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Astanina E, Doronzo G, Corà D, Neri F, Oliviero S, Genova T, Mussano F, Middonti E, Vallariello E, Cencioni C, Valdembri D, Serini G, Limana F, Foglio E, Ballabio A, Bussolino F. The TFEB-TGIF1 axis regulates EMT in mouse epicardial cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5191. [PMID: 36057632 PMCID: PMC9440911 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32855-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex and pivotal process involved in organogenesis and is related to several pathological processes, including cancer and fibrosis. During heart development, EMT mediates the conversion of epicardial cells into vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiac interstitial fibroblasts. Here, we show that the oncogenic transcription factor EB (TFEB) is a key regulator of EMT in epicardial cells and that its genetic overexpression in mouse epicardium is lethal due to heart defects linked to impaired EMT. TFEB specifically orchestrates the EMT-promoting function of transforming growth factor (TGF) β, and this effect results from activated transcription of thymine-guanine-interacting factor (TGIF)1, a TGFβ/Smad pathway repressor. The Tgif1 promoter is activated by TFEB, and in vitro and in vivo findings demonstrate its increased expression when Tfeb is overexpressed. Furthermore, Tfeb overexpression in vitro prevents TGFβ-induced EMT, and this effect is abolished by Tgif1 silencing. Tfeb loss of function, similar to that of Tgif1, sensitizes cells to TGFβ, inducing an EMT response to low doses of TGFβ. Together, our findings reveal an unexpected function of TFEB in regulating EMT, which might provide insights into injured heart repair and control of cancer progression. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex process involved in organogenesis. Here, the authors show that the transcription factor EB (TFEB) regulates EMT in epicardium during heart development by tuning sensitivity to TGFβ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Astanina
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy. .,Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, Candiolo, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Doronzo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Davide Corà
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Francesco Neri
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Salvatore Oliviero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Tullio Genova
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Mussano
- CIR Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 230, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuele Middonti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vallariello
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Chiara Cencioni
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science "A. Ruberti", National Research Council (IASI-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Valdembri
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Guido Serini
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Federica Limana
- San Raffaele Open University, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Foglio
- Technoscience, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico Pontino, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Federico Bussolino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, Candiolo, Italy
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29
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Wang Z, Pan T, Tian Y, Liao J. A near-infrared probe for the real-time detection of lysosomal pH in living cells under "wash free" conditions. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:7045-7051. [PMID: 36044015 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01441f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal pH is an important indicator for the physiological state of eukaryotic cells. The real-time detection of intracellular lysosomal pH is critical for understanding and studying many physiological and pathological processes of cells. Herein, we designed and synthesized a series of novel pH sensors, namely W1, W2 and W3. By comparing the spectroscopic properties of the three molecules and their ability to target lysosomes in living cells, a specific probe W1 was selected for the quantitative analysis of lysosomal pH changes in live cells. W1 shows a fast, sensitive and highly selective red fluorescence response to an acidic pH value. The pKa value of W1 is 5.84, and the fluorescence intensity ratios of I743/I680 under acidic conditions show a good linear relationship with the pH value. In addition, W1 shows a 100-fold difference in fluorescence from an extracellular environment to an intracellular environment, allowing it to be used as a "wash free" staining probe to visualize the pH change of lysosomes. W1 was further applied to detect the changes of lysosomal pH during apoptosis and mitophagy. Thus, W1 is expected to be a potentially useful tool for monitoring the changes of lysosomal pH in cell-related physiological or pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Wang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, No 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Tingting Pan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, 7019 Yitian Road, Shenzhen, 518038, China.
| | - Yanqing Tian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
| | - Jianxiang Liao
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, 7019 Yitian Road, Shenzhen, 518038, China.
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30
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Structural basis for proton coupled cystine transport by cystinosin. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4845. [PMID: 35977944 PMCID: PMC9385667 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid transporters play a key role controlling the flow of nutrients across the lysosomal membrane and regulating metabolism in the cell. Mutations in the gene encoding the transporter cystinosin result in cystinosis, an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterised by the accumulation of cystine crystals in the lysosome. Cystinosin is a member of the PQ-loop family of solute carrier (SLC) transporters and uses the proton gradient to drive cystine export into the cytoplasm. However, the molecular basis for cystinosin function remains elusive, hampering efforts to develop novel treatments for cystinosis and understand the mechanisms of ion driven transport in the PQ-loop family. To address these questions, we present the crystal structures of cystinosin from Arabidopsis thaliana in both apo and cystine bound states. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo based assays, we establish a mechanism for cystine recognition and proton coupled transport. Mutational mapping and functional characterisation of human cystinosin further provide a framework for understanding the molecular impact of disease-causing mutations. Mutations in CTNS, the lysosomal cystine-proton symporter, cause cystinosis. Here authors report crystal structures of CTNS from Arabidopsis thaliana in complex with cystine, and establish the mode of ligand recognition and mechanism for proton-coupled cystine export from the lysosome.
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31
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Yang M, Tang B, Wang S, Tang L, Wen D, Vlodavsky I, Yang SM. Non-enzymatic heparanase enhances gastric tumor proliferation via TFEB-dependent autophagy. Oncogenesis 2022; 11:49. [PMID: 35970822 PMCID: PMC9378687 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-022-00424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase (HPA) is the predominant enzyme that cleaves heparan sulfate and plays a critical role in a variety of pathophysiological processes. HPA activity has been traditionally correlated with tumor metastasis due to participation in the cleavage and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Apart from its well-characterized catalytic properties, HPA was noticed to exert biological functions not rely on its enzymatic activity. This feature is supported by studies showing induction of signaling events, such as Src and AKT, by nonenzymatic HPA mutant. We provide evidence here that active HPA and inactive HPA mutant proteins enhance gastric cancer cell growth, possibly attributed to TFEB-mediated autophagy. Similarly, HPA gene silencing resulted in decreased gastric cancer cell proliferation and autophagy. Besides, TFEB inhibition reduced cell growth and autophagy induced by nonenzymatic HPA. Notably, HPA and TFEB were significantly elevated in gastric carcinomas compared with the adjacent gastric tissue. Moreover, the elevation of HPA gene expression and upregulation of TFEB levels have been associated with advanced clinical stage and poor prognosis of gastric cancer, providing strong clinical support for a connection between TFEB and HPA. Thus, neutralizing the nonenzymatic function of HPA and the related TFEB-driven autophagy may profoundly impact gastric cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China
| | - Sumin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China
| | - Dalin Wen
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
| | - Shi-Ming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China.
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32
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Wang Y, Cao X, Liu P, Zeng W, Peng R, Shi Q, Feng K, Zhang P, Sun H, Wang C, Wang H. KCTD7 mutations impair the trafficking of lysosomal enzymes through CLN5 accumulation to cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm5578. [PMID: 35921411 PMCID: PMC9348797 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm5578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are central organelles for cellular degradation and energy metabolism. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of the most common neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders characterized by intracellular accumulation of ceroid in neurons. Mutations in KCTD7, a gene encoding an adaptor of the CUL3-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL3) complex, are categorized as a unique NCL subtype. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report various lysosomal and autophagic defects in KCTD7-deficient cells. Mechanistically, the CRL3-KCTD7 complex degrades CLN5, whereas patient-derived KCTD7 mutations disrupt the interaction between KCTD7-CUL3 or KCTD7-CLN5 and ultimately lead to excessive accumulation of CLN5. The accumulated CLN5 disrupts the interaction between CLN6/8 and lysosomal enzymes at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), subsequently impairing ER-to-Golgi trafficking of lysosomal enzymes. Our findings reveal previously unrecognized roles of KCTD7-mediated CLN5 proteolysis in lysosomal homeostasis and demonstrate that KCTD7 and CLN5 are biochemically linked and function in a common neurodegenerative pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaotong Cao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijia Zeng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Peng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Shi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Feng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingzhao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiru Sun
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenji Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Berg AL, Rowson-Hodel A, Wheeler MR, Hu M, Free SR, Carraway KL. Engaging the Lysosome and Lysosome-Dependent Cell Death in Cancer. Breast Cancer 2022. [DOI: 10.36255/exon-publications-breast-cancer-lysosome] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Uribe-Carretero E, Martinez-Chacón G, Yakhine-Diop SMS, Duque-González G, Rodríguez-Arribas M, Alegre-Cortés E, Paredes-Barquero M, Canales-Cortés S, Pizarro-Estrella E, Cuadrado A, González-Polo RA, Fuentes JM, Niso-Santano M. Loss of KEAP1 Causes an Accumulation of Nondegradative Organelles. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071398. [PMID: 35883891 PMCID: PMC9311848 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
KEAP1 is a cytoplasmic protein that functions as an adaptor for the Cullin-3-based ubiquitin E3 ligase system, which regulates the degradation of many proteins, including NFE2L2/NRF2 and p62/SQSTM1. Loss of KEAP1 leads to an accumulation of protein ubiquitin aggregates and defective autophagy. To better understand the role of KEAP1 in the degradation machinery, we investigated whether Keap1 deficiency affects the endosome-lysosomal pathway. We used KEAP1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and combined Western blot analysis and fluorescence microscopy with fluorometric and pulse chase assays to analyze the levels of lysosomal-endosomal proteins, lysosomal function, and autophagy activity. We found that the loss of keap1 downregulated the protein levels and activity of the cathepsin D enzyme. Moreover, KEAP1 deficiency caused lysosomal alterations accompanied by an accumulation of autophagosomes. Our study demonstrates that KEAP1 deficiency increases nondegradative lysosomes and identifies a new role for KEAP1 in lysosomal function that may have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Uribe-Carretero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (E.U.-C.); (G.M.-C.); (G.D.-G.); (M.R.-A.); (E.A.-C.); (M.P.-B.); (S.C.-C.); (E.P.-E.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.S.Y.-D.); (A.C.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Martinez-Chacón
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (E.U.-C.); (G.M.-C.); (G.D.-G.); (M.R.-A.); (E.A.-C.); (M.P.-B.); (S.C.-C.); (E.P.-E.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.S.Y.-D.); (A.C.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Sokhna M. S. Yakhine-Diop
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.S.Y.-D.); (A.C.)
| | - Gema Duque-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (E.U.-C.); (G.M.-C.); (G.D.-G.); (M.R.-A.); (E.A.-C.); (M.P.-B.); (S.C.-C.); (E.P.-E.)
| | - Mario Rodríguez-Arribas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (E.U.-C.); (G.M.-C.); (G.D.-G.); (M.R.-A.); (E.A.-C.); (M.P.-B.); (S.C.-C.); (E.P.-E.)
| | - Eva Alegre-Cortés
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (E.U.-C.); (G.M.-C.); (G.D.-G.); (M.R.-A.); (E.A.-C.); (M.P.-B.); (S.C.-C.); (E.P.-E.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.S.Y.-D.); (A.C.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Marta Paredes-Barquero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (E.U.-C.); (G.M.-C.); (G.D.-G.); (M.R.-A.); (E.A.-C.); (M.P.-B.); (S.C.-C.); (E.P.-E.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.S.Y.-D.); (A.C.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Saray Canales-Cortés
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (E.U.-C.); (G.M.-C.); (G.D.-G.); (M.R.-A.); (E.A.-C.); (M.P.-B.); (S.C.-C.); (E.P.-E.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.S.Y.-D.); (A.C.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Elisa Pizarro-Estrella
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (E.U.-C.); (G.M.-C.); (G.D.-G.); (M.R.-A.); (E.A.-C.); (M.P.-B.); (S.C.-C.); (E.P.-E.)
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.S.Y.-D.); (A.C.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Ana González-Polo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (E.U.-C.); (G.M.-C.); (G.D.-G.); (M.R.-A.); (E.A.-C.); (M.P.-B.); (S.C.-C.); (E.P.-E.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.S.Y.-D.); (A.C.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.A.G.-P.); (J.M.F.); (M.N.-S.)
| | - José M. Fuentes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (E.U.-C.); (G.M.-C.); (G.D.-G.); (M.R.-A.); (E.A.-C.); (M.P.-B.); (S.C.-C.); (E.P.-E.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.S.Y.-D.); (A.C.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.A.G.-P.); (J.M.F.); (M.N.-S.)
| | - Mireia Niso-Santano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (E.U.-C.); (G.M.-C.); (G.D.-G.); (M.R.-A.); (E.A.-C.); (M.P.-B.); (S.C.-C.); (E.P.-E.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.S.Y.-D.); (A.C.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.A.G.-P.); (J.M.F.); (M.N.-S.)
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Barral DC, Staiano L, Guimas Almeida C, Cutler DF, Eden ER, Futter CE, Galione A, Marques ARA, Medina DL, Napolitano G, Settembre C, Vieira OV, Aerts JMFG, Atakpa‐Adaji P, Bruno G, Capuozzo A, De Leonibus E, Di Malta C, Escrevente C, Esposito A, Grumati P, Hall MJ, Teodoro RO, Lopes SS, Luzio JP, Monfregola J, Montefusco S, Platt FM, Polishchuck R, De Risi M, Sambri I, Soldati C, Seabra MC. Current methods to analyze lysosome morphology, positioning, motility and function. Traffic 2022; 23:238-269. [PMID: 35343629 PMCID: PMC9323414 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of lysosomes more than 70 years ago, much has been learned about the functions of these organelles. Lysosomes were regarded as exclusively degradative organelles, but more recent research has shown that they play essential roles in several other cellular functions, such as nutrient sensing, intracellular signalling and metabolism. Methodological advances played a key part in generating our current knowledge about the biology of this multifaceted organelle. In this review, we cover current methods used to analyze lysosome morphology, positioning, motility and function. We highlight the principles behind these methods, the methodological strategies and their advantages and limitations. To extract accurate information and avoid misinterpretations, we discuss the best strategies to identify lysosomes and assess their characteristics and functions. With this review, we aim to stimulate an increase in the quantity and quality of research on lysosomes and further ground-breaking discoveries on an organelle that continues to surprise and excite cell biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte C. Barral
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Leopoldo Staiano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical ResearchNational Research Council (CNR)MilanItaly
| | | | - Dan F. Cutler
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Emily R. Eden
- University College London (UCL) Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | - Clare E. Futter
- University College London (UCL) Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | | | | | - Diego Luis Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Gennaro Napolitano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Carmine Settembre
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Clinical Medicine and Surgery DepartmentFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Otília V. Vieira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | | | | | - Gemma Bruno
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
| | | | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNRRomeItaly
| | - Chiara Di Malta
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | | | | | - Paolo Grumati
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
| | - Michael J. Hall
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Rita O. Teodoro
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Susana S. Lopes
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - J. Paul Luzio
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria De Risi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
| | - Irene Sambri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Chiara Soldati
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
| | - Miguel C. Seabra
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
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The biogenesis and secretion of exosomes and multivesicular bodies (MVBs): Intercellular shuttles and implications in human diseases. Genes Dis 2022. [PMID: 37492712 PMCID: PMC10363595 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes carry and transmit signaling molecules used for intercellular communication. The generation and secretion of exosomes is a multistep interlocking process that allows simultaneous control of multiple regulatory sites. Protein molecules, mainly RAB GTPases, cytoskeletal proteins and soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion attachment protein receptor (SNARE), are specifically regulated in response to pathological conditions such as altered cellular microenvironment, stimulation by pathogenic factors, or gene mutation. This interferes with the smooth functioning of endocytosis, translocation, degradation, docking and fusion processes, leading to changes in the secretion of exosomes. Large numbers of secreted exosomes are disseminated by the flow of body fluids and absorbed by the recipient cells. By transmitting characteristic functional proteins and genetic information produced under disease conditions, exosomes can change the physiological state of the recipient cells and their microenvironment. The microenvironment, in turn, affects the occurrence and development of disease. Therefore, this review will discuss the mechanism by which exosome secretion is regulated in cells following the formation of mature secretory multivesicular bodies (MVBs). The overall aim is to find ways to eliminate disease-derived exosomes at their source, thereby providing an important new basis for the clinical treatment of disease.
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Jain V, Bose S, Arya AK, Arif T. Lysosomes in Stem Cell Quiescence: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1618. [PMID: 35406389 PMCID: PMC8996909 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are cellular organelles that regulate essential biological processes such as cellular homeostasis, development, and aging. They are primarily connected to the degradation/recycling of cellular macromolecules and participate in cellular trafficking, nutritional signaling, energy metabolism, and immune regulation. Therefore, lysosomes connect cellular metabolism and signaling pathways. Lysosome's involvement in the critical biological processes has rekindled clinical interest towards this organelle for treating various diseases, including cancer. Recent research advancements have demonstrated that lysosomes also regulate the maintenance and hemostasis of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which play a critical role in the progression of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and other types of cancer. Lysosomes regulate both HSCs' metabolic networks and identity transition. AML is a lethal type of blood cancer with a poor prognosis that is particularly associated with aging. Although the genetic landscape of AML has been extensively described, only a few targeted therapies have been produced, warranting the need for further research. This review summarizes the functions and importance of targeting lysosomes in AML, while highlighting the significance of lysosomes in HSCs maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Jain
- Abramson Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Swaroop Bose
- Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Awadhesh K. Arya
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Tasleem Arif
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Dai W, White R, Liu J, Liu H. Organelles coordinate milk production and secretion during lactation: Insights into mammary pathologies. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101159. [PMID: 35276245 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland undergoes a spectacular series of changes during its development and maintains a remarkable capacity to remodel and regenerate during progression through the lactation cycle. This flexibility of the mammary gland requires coordination of multiple processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, regeneration, stress response, immune activity, and metabolic changes under the control of diverse cellular and hormonal signaling pathways. The lactating mammary epithelium orchestrates synthesis and apical secretion of macromolecules including milk lipids, milk proteins, and lactose as well as other minor nutrients that constitute milk. Knowledge about the subcellular compartmentalization of these metabolic and signaling events, as they relate to milk production and secretion during lactation, is expanding. Here we review how major organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, lysosome, and exosome) within mammary epithelial cells collaborate to initiate, mediate, and maintain lactation, and how study of these organelles provides insight into options to maintain mammary/breast health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Dai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Robin White
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Jianxin Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Rudnik S, Heybrock S, Saftig P, Damme M. S-palmitoylation determines TMEM55B-dependent positioning of lysosomes. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs258566. [PMID: 34350967 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatiotemporal cellular distribution of lysosomes depends on active transport mainly driven by microtubule motors such as kinesins and dynein. Different protein complexes attach these molecular motors to their vesicular cargo. TMEM55B (also known as PIP4P1), as an integral lysosomal membrane protein, is a component of such a complex that mediates the retrograde transport of lysosomes by establishing interactions with the cytosolic scaffold protein JIP4 (also known as SPAG9) and dynein-dynactin. Here, we show that TMEM55B and its paralog TMEM55A (PIP4P2) are S-palmitoylated proteins that are lipidated at multiple cysteine residues. Mutation of all cysteines in TMEM55B prevents S-palmitoylation and causes retention of the mutated protein in the Golgi. Consequently, non-palmitoylated TMEM55B is no longer able to modulate lysosomal positioning and the perinuclear clustering of lysosomes. Additional mutagenesis of the dileucine-based lysosomal sorting motif in non-palmitoylated TMEM55B leads to partial missorting to the plasma membrane instead of retention in the Golgi, implicating a direct effect of S-palmitoylation on the adaptor protein-dependent sorting of TMEM55B. Our data suggest a critical role for S-palmitoylation in the trafficking of TMEM55B and TMEM55B-dependent lysosomal positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sönke Rudnik
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Saskia Heybrock
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Damme
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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40
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Watts C. Lysosomes and lysosome‐related organelles in immune responses. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:678-693. [PMID: 35220694 PMCID: PMC8972042 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The catabolic, degradative capacity of the endo‐lysosome system is put to good use in mammalian immune responses as is their recently established status as signaling platforms. From the ‘creative destruction’ of antigenic and ‘self’ material for antigen presentation to T cells to the re‐purposing of lysosomes as toxic exocytosable lysosome‐related organelles (granules) in leukocytes such as CD8 T cells and eosinophils, endo‐lysosomes are key players in host defense. Signaled responses to some pathogen products initiate in endo‐lysosomes and these organelles are emerging as important in distinct ways in the unique immunobiology of dendritic cells. Potential self‐inflicted toxicity from lysosomal and granule proteases is countered by expression of serpin and cystatin family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Watts
- Division of Cell Signalling & Immunology School of Life Sciences University of Dundee Dundee DD1 5EH UK
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41
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Reinheckel T, Tholen M. Low level lysosomal membrane permeabilization for limited release and sub-lethal functions of cathepsin proteases in the cytosol and nucleus. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:694-707. [PMID: 35203107 PMCID: PMC8972055 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, lysosomes were purely seen as organelles in charge of garbage disposal within the cell. They destroy any cargo delivered into their lumen with a plethora of highly potent hydrolytic enzymes, including various proteases. In case of damage to their limiting membranes, the lysosomes release their soluble content with detrimental outcomes for the cell. In recent years however, this view of the lysosome changed towards acknowledging it as a platform for integration of manifold intra- and extracellular signals. Even impaired lysosomal membrane integrity is no longer considered to be a one-way street to cell death. Increasing evidence suggests that lysosomal enzymes, mainly cathepsin proteases, can be released in a spatially and temporarily restricted manner that is compatible with cellular survival. This way, cathepsins can act in the cytosol and the nucleus, where they affect important cellular processes such as cell division. Here, we review this evidence and discuss the routes and molecular mechanisms by which the cathepsins may reach their unusual destination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martina Tholen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
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Roney JC, Cheng XT, Sheng ZH. Neuronal endolysosomal transport and lysosomal functionality in maintaining axonostasis. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213000. [PMID: 35142819 PMCID: PMC8932522 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202111077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes serve as degradation hubs for the turnover of endocytic and autophagic cargos, which is essential for neuron function and survival. Deficits in lysosome function result in progressive neurodegeneration in most lysosomal storage disorders and contribute to the pathogenesis of aging-related neurodegenerative diseases. Given their size and highly polarized morphology, neurons face exceptional challenges in maintaining cellular homeostasis in regions far removed from the cell body where mature lysosomes are enriched. Neurons therefore require coordinated bidirectional intracellular transport to sustain efficient clearance capacity in distal axonal regions. Emerging lines of evidence have started to uncover mechanisms and signaling pathways regulating endolysosome transport and maturation to maintain axonal homeostasis, or “axonostasis,” that is relevant to a range of neurologic disorders. In this review, we discuss recent advances in how axonal endolysosomal trafficking, distribution, and lysosomal functionality support neuronal health and become disrupted in several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Roney
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xiu-Tang Cheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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43
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Castelli S, Desideri E, Rosa Ciriolo M. ROS-mediated activation of p38 protects hepatocellular carcinoma cells from caspase-independent death elicited by lysosomal damage. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114983. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Le TS, Takahashi M, Isozumi N, Miyazato A, Hiratsuka Y, Matsumura K, Taguchi T, Maenosono S. Quick and Mild Isolation of Intact Lysosomes Using Magnetic-Plasmonic Hybrid Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2022; 16:885-896. [PMID: 34978188 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and efficient isolation of intact lysosomes is necessary to study their functions and metabolites by proteomic analysis. We developed a swift and robust nanoparticle-based magnetic separation method in which magnetic-plasmonic hybrid nanoparticles (MPNPs) conjugated with amino dextran (aDxt) were targeted to the lumen of lysosomes via the endocytosis pathway. For well-directed magnetic separation of the lysosomes, it is important to trace the intracellular trafficking of the aDxt-conjugated MPNPs (aDxt-MPNPs) in the endocytosis pathway. Therefore, we analyzed the intracellular transport process of the aDxt-MPNPs by investigating the time-dependent colocalization of plasmonic scattering of aDxt-MPNPs and immunostained marker proteins of organelles using the threshold Manders' colocalization coefficient (Rt). Detailed analysis of time variations of Rt for early and late endosomes and lysosomes allowed us to derive the transport kinetics of aDxt-MPNPs in a cell. After confirming the incubation time required for sufficient accumulation of aDxt-MPNPs in lysosomes, the lysosomes were magnetically isolated as intact as possible. By varying the elapsed time from homogenization to complete isolation of lysosomes (tdelay) and temperature (T), the influences of tdelay and T on the protein composition of the lysosomes were investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amino acid analysis. We found that the intactness of lysosomes could become impaired quite quickly, and to isolate lysosomes as intact as possible with high purity, tdelay = 30 min and T = 4 °C were optimal settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- The Son Le
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Mari Takahashi
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Isozumi
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Akio Miyazato
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hiratsuka
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Matsumura
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aoba, Sendai Aoba-ku, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shinya Maenosono
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
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45
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Enrich C, Lu A, Tebar F, Rentero C, Grewal T. Annexins Bridging the Gap: Novel Roles in Membrane Contact Site Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:797949. [PMID: 35071237 PMCID: PMC8770259 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.797949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane contact sites (MCS) are specialized small areas of close apposition between two different organelles that have led researchers to reconsider the dogma of intercellular communication via vesicular trafficking. The latter is now being challenged by the discovery of lipid and ion transfer across MCS connecting adjacent organelles. These findings gave rise to a new concept that implicates cell compartments not to function as individual and isolated entities, but as a dynamic and regulated ensemble facilitating the trafficking of lipids, including cholesterol, and ions. Hence, MCS are now envisaged as metabolic platforms, crucial for cellular homeostasis. In this context, well-known as well as novel proteins were ascribed functions such as tethers, transporters, and scaffolds in MCS, or transient MCS companions with yet unknown functions. Intriguingly, we and others uncovered metabolic alterations in cell-based disease models that perturbed MCS size and numbers between coupled organelles such as endolysosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, or lipid droplets. On the other hand, overexpression or deficiency of certain proteins in this narrow 10-30 nm membrane contact zone can enable MCS formation to either rescue compromised MCS function, or in certain disease settings trigger undesired metabolite transport. In this "Mini Review" we summarize recent findings regarding a subset of annexins and discuss their multiple roles to regulate MCS dynamics and functioning. Their contribution to novel pathways related to MCS biology will provide new insights relevant for a number of human diseases and offer opportunities to design innovative treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Lu
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Cui L, Zhang Q, Huang Y, Yang L, Zhang J, Jiang X, Jia J, Lv Y, Zhang D, Huang Y. Impaired Retrograde Transport Due to Lack of TBC1D5 Contributes to the Trafficking Defect of Lysosomal Cathepsins in Ischemic/Hypoxic Cardiomyocytes. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:796254. [PMID: 35004909 PMCID: PMC8736705 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.796254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal dysfunction has been found in many pathological conditions, and methods to improve lysosomal function have been reported to be protective against infarcted hearts. However, the mechanisms underlying lysosomal dysfunction caused by ischemic injury are far less well-established. The retromer complex is implicated in the trafficking of cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR), which is an important protein tag for the proper transport of lysosomal contents and therefore is important for the maintenance of lysosomal function. In this study, we found that the function of retrograde transport in cardiomyocytes was impaired with ischemia/hypoxia (I/H) treatment, which resulted in a decrease in CI-MPR and an abnormal distribution of lysosomal cathepsins. I/H treatment caused a reduction in TBC1D5 and a blockade of the Rab7 membrane cycle, which impeded retromer binding to microtubules and motor proteins, resulting in an impairment of retrograde transport and a decrease in CI-MPR. We also established that TBC1D5 was an important regulator of the distribution of lysosomal cathepsins. Our findings shed light on the regulatory role of retromer in ischemic injury and uncover the regulatory mechanism of TBC1D5 over retromer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cui
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Huang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xupin Jiang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiezhi Jia
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yanling Lv
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Dongxia Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yuesheng Huang
- Department of Wound Repair and Institute of Wound Repair, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
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47
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He Y, Wang Q, Li J, Li Z. Comparative proteomic profiling in Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis under low pH stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 120:526-535. [PMID: 34953999 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lower pH gives rise to a harmful stress to crustacean. Here, we analyzed the proteomic response of Fenneropenaeus chinensis from control pH (pH value 8.2) and low pH (pH value 6.5) - treated groups by employing absolute quantitation-based quantitative proteomic (iTRAQ) analysis. Among the identified proteins, a total of 76 proteins differed in their abundance levels, including 45 upregulated and 31 downregulated proteins. The up-regulation of proteins like citrate synthase, cytochrome c oxidase, V-type proton ATPase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate-aldolase as well as the enrichment of the DEPs in multiple metabolic processes and pathways illustrated that increased energy and substrates metabolism was essential for F. chinensis to counteract low pH stress. Ion transporting related proteins, such as Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter and calmodulin, participated in the homeostatic maintenance of pH in F. chinensis. There were significant downregulation expressions of lectin, lipopolysaccharide- and beta-1,3-glucan binding protein, chitinase, cathepsin L and beta-glucuronidase, which indicating the immune dysfunction of F. chinensis when exposure to low pH condition. These findings can extend our understanding on the defensive mechanisms of the low pH stress and accelerate the breeding process of low pH tolerance in F. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying He
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, PR China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, PR China
| | - Zhaoxia Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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48
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Cultivation of Cells in a Physiological Plasmax Medium Increases Mitochondrial Respiratory Capacity and Reduces Replication Levels of RNA Viruses. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010097. [PMID: 35052601 PMCID: PMC8772912 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in metabolic pathways are often associated with the development of various pathologies including cancer, inflammatory diseases, obesity and metabolic syndrome. Identification of the particular metabolic events that are dysregulated may yield strategies for pharmacologic intervention. However, such studies are hampered by the use of classic cell media that do not reflect the metabolite composition that exists in blood plasma and which cause non-physiological adaptations in cultured cells. In recent years two groups presented media that aim to reflect the composition of human plasma, namely human plasma-like medium (HPLM) and Plasmax. Here we describe that, in four different mammalian cell lines, Plasmax enhances mitochondrial respiration. This is associated with the formation of vast mitochondrial networks and enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, cells cultivated in Plasmax displayed significantly less lysosomes than when any standard media were used. Finally, cells cultivated in Plasmax support replication of various RNA viruses, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) influenza A virus (IAV), severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and several others, albeit at lower levels and with delayed kinetics. In conclusion, studies of metabolism in the context of viral infections, especially those concerning mitochondria, lysosomes, or redox systems, should be performed in Plasmax medium.
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49
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Inhibition of PLA2G4E/cPLA2 promotes survival of random skin flaps by alleviating Lysosomal membrane permeabilization-Induced necroptosis. Autophagy 2021; 18:1841-1863. [PMID: 34872436 PMCID: PMC9450981 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.2002109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrosis that appears at the ischemic distal end of random-pattern skin flaps increases the pain and economic burden of patients. Necroptosis is thought to contribute to flap necrosis. Lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) plays an indispensable role in the regulation of necroptosis. Nonetheless, the mechanisms by which lysosomal membranes become leaky and the relationship between necroptosis and lysosomes are still unclear in ischemic flaps. Based on Western blotting, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis results, we found that LMP was presented in the ischemic distal portion of random-pattern skin flaps, which leads to disruption of lysosomal function and macroautophagic/autophagic flux, increased necroptosis, and aggravated necrosis of the ischemic flaps. Moreover, bioinformatics analysis of the LC-MS results enabled us to focus on the role of PLA2G4E/cPLA2 (phospholipase A2, group IVE) in LMP of the ischemic flaps. In vivo inhibition of PLA2G4E with an adeno-associated virus vector attenuated LMP and necroptosis, and promoted flap survival. In addition, microRNA-seq helped us determine that Mir504-5p was differentially expressed in ischemic flaps. A string of in vitro and in vivo tests was employed to verify the inhibitory effect of Mir504-5p on PLA2G4E, LMP and necroptosis. Finally, we concluded that the inhibition of PLA2G4E by Mir504-5p reduced LMP-induced necroptosis, thereby promoting the survival of random-pattern skin flaps.
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50
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Chaklader M, Rothermel BA. Calcineurin in the heart: New horizons for an old friend. Cell Signal 2021; 87:110134. [PMID: 34454008 PMCID: PMC8908812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin, also known as PP2B or PPP3, is a member of the PPP family of protein phosphatases that also includes PP1 and PP2A. Together these three phosphatases carryout the majority of dephosphorylation events in the heart. Calcineurin is distinct in that it is activated by the binding of calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM) and therefore acts as a node for integrating Ca2+ signals with changes in phosphorylation, two fundamental intracellular signaling cascades. In the heart, calcineurin is primarily thought of in the context of pathological cardiac remodeling, acting through the Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cell (NFAT) family of transcription factors. However, calcineurin activity is also essential for normal heart development and homeostasis in the adult heart. Furthermore, it is clear that NFAT-driven changes in transcription are not the only relevant processes initiated by calcineurin in the setting of pathological remodeling. There is a growing appreciation for the diversity of calcineurin substrates that can impact cardiac function as well as the diversity of mechanisms for targeting calcineurin to specific sub-cellular domains in cardiomyocytes and other cardiac cell types. Here, we will review the basics of calcineurin structure, regulation, and function in the context of cardiac biology. Particular attention will be given to: the development of improved tools to identify and validate new calcineurin substrates; recent studies identifying new calcineurin isoforms with unique properties and targeting mechanisms; and the role of calcineurin in cardiac development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malay Chaklader
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Beverly A Rothermel
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX, USA.
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