1
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Ditzel A, Zhao F, Gao X, Phillips GN. Utilizing a cell-free protein synthesis platform for the biosynthesis of a natural product, caffeine. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2023; 8:ysad017. [PMID: 38149044 PMCID: PMC10750991 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products are a valuable source of pharmaceuticals, providing a majority of the small-molecule drugs in use today. However, their production through organic synthesis or in heterologous hosts can be difficult and time-consuming. Therefore, to allow for easier screening and production of natural products, we demonstrated the use of a cell-free protein synthesis system to partially assemble natural products in vitro using S-Adenosyl Methionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferase enzyme reactions. The tea caffeine synthase, TCS1, was utilized to synthesize caffeine within a cell-free protein synthesis system. Cell-free systems also provide the benefit of allowing the use of substrates that would normally be toxic in a cellular environment to synthesize novel products. However, TCS1 is unable to utilize a compound like S-adenosyl ethionine as a cofactor to create ethylated caffeine analogs. The automation and reduced metabolic engineering requirements of cell-free protein synthesis systems, in combination with other synthesis methods, may enable the more efficient generation of new compounds. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fanglong Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - George N Phillips
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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2
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Aleksashin NA, Chang STL, Cate JHD. A highly efficient human cell-free translation system. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 29:1960-1972. [PMID: 37793791 PMCID: PMC10653386 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079825.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems enable easy in vitro expression of proteins with many scientific, industrial, and therapeutic applications. Here we present an optimized, highly efficient human cell-free translation system that bypasses many limitations of currently used in vitro systems. This CFPS system is based on extracts from human HEK293T cells engineered to endogenously express GADD34 and K3L proteins, which suppress phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF2α. Overexpression of GADD34 and K3L proteins in human cells before cell lysate preparation significantly simplifies lysate preparation. We find that expression of the GADD34 and K3L accessory proteins before cell lysis maintains low levels of phosphorylation of eIF2α in the extracts. During in vitro translation reactions, eIF2α phosphorylation increases moderately in a GCN2-dependent fashion that can be inhibited by GCN2 kinase inhibitors. This new CFPS system should be useful for exploring human translation mechanisms in more physiological conditions outside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay A Aleksashin
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Stacey Tsai-Lan Chang
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jamie H D Cate
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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3
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Bains J, Qureshi N, Ceylan B, Wacker A, Schwalbe H. Cell-free transcription-translation system: a dual read-out assay to characterize riboswitch function. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:e82. [PMID: 37409574 PMCID: PMC10450168 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis assays have become a valuable tool to understand transcriptional and translational processes. Here, we established a fluorescence-based coupled in vitro transcription-translation assay as a read-out system to simultaneously quantify mRNA and protein levels. We utilized the well-established quantification of the expression of shifted green fluorescent protein (sGFP) as a read-out of protein levels. In addition, we determined mRNA quantities using a fluorogenic Mango-(IV) RNA aptamer that becomes fluorescent upon binding to the fluorophore thiazole orange (TO). We utilized a Mango-(IV) RNA aptamer system comprising four subsequent Mango-(IV) RNA aptamer elements with improved sensitivity by building Mango arrays. The design of this reporter assay resulted in a sensitive read-out with a high signal-to-noise ratio, allowing us to monitor transcription and translation time courses in cell-free assays with continuous monitoring of fluorescence changes as well as snapshots of the reaction. Furthermore, we applied this dual read-out assay to investigate the function of thiamine-sensing riboswitches thiM and thiC from Escherichia coli and the adenine-sensing riboswitch ASW from Vibrio vulnificus and pbuE from Bacillus subtilis, which represent transcriptional and translational on- and off-riboswitches, respectively. This approach enabled a microplate-based application, a valuable addition to the toolbox for high-throughput screening of riboswitch function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen Kaur Bains
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse 60438, Germany
| | - Nusrat Shahin Qureshi
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse 60438, Germany
| | - Betül Ceylan
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse 60438, Germany
| | - Anna Wacker
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse 60438, Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse 60438, Germany
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4
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Wagner L, Jules M, Borkowski O. What remains from living cells in bacterial lysate-based cell-free systems. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:3173-3182. [PMID: 37333859 PMCID: PMC10275740 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Because they mimic cells while offering an accessible and controllable environment, lysate-based cell-free systems (CFS) have emerged as valuable biotechnology tools for synthetic biology. Historically used to uncover fundamental mechanisms of life, CFS are nowadays used for a multitude of purposes, including protein production and prototyping of synthetic circuits. Despite the conservation of fundamental functions in CFS like transcription and translation, RNAs and certain membrane-embedded or membrane-bound proteins of the host cell are lost when preparing the lysate. As a result, CFS largely lack some essential properties of living cells, such as the ability to adapt to changing conditions, to maintain homeostasis and spatial organization. Regardless of the application, shedding light on the black-box of the bacterial lysate is necessary to fully exploit the potential of CFS. Most measurements of the activity of synthetic circuits in CFS and in vivo show significant correlations because these only require processes that are preserved in CFS, like transcription and translation. However, prototyping circuits of higher complexity that require functions that are lost in CFS (cell adaptation, homeostasis, spatial organization) will not show such a good correlation with in vivo conditions. Both for prototyping circuits of higher complexity and for building artificial cells, the cell-free community has developed devices to reconstruct cellular functions. This mini-review compares bacterial CFS to living cells, focusing on functional and cellular process differences and the latest developments in restoring lost functions through complementation of the lysate or device engineering.
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5
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Aleksashin NA, Chang STL, Cate JHD. A highly efficient human cell-free translation system. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.09.527910. [PMID: 36798401 PMCID: PMC9934684 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.09.527910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems enable easy in vitro expression of proteins with many scientific, industrial, and therapeutic applications. Here we present an optimized, highly efficient human cell-free translation system that bypasses many limitations of currently used in vitro systems. This CFPS system is based on extracts from human HEK293T cells engineered to endogenously express GADD34 and K3L proteins, which suppress phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF2α. Overexpression of GADD34 and K3L proteins in human cells significantly simplifies cell lysate preparation. The new CFPS system improves the translation of 5' cap-dependent mRNAs as well as those that use internal ribosome entry site (IRES) mediated translation initiation. We find that expression of the GADD34 and K3L accessory proteins before cell lysis maintains low levels of phosphorylation of eIF2α in the extracts. During in vitro translation reactions, eIF2α phosphorylation increases moderately in a GCN2-dependent fashion that can be inhibited by GCN2 kinase inhibitors. We also find evidence for activation of regulatory pathways related to eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) phosphorylation and ribosome quality control in the extracts. This new CFPS system should be useful for exploring human translation mechanisms in more physiological conditions outside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay A. Aleksashin
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stacey Tsai-Lan Chang
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jamie H. D. Cate
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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6
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Kim KJ, Lee SJ, Kim DM. The Use of Cell-free Protein Synthesis to Push the Boundaries of Synthetic Biology. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2023; 28:1-7. [PMID: 36687336 PMCID: PMC9840425 DOI: 10.1007/s12257-022-0279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis is emerging as a powerful tool to accelerate the progress of synthetic biology. Notably, cell-free systems that harness extracted synthetic machinery of cells can address many of the issues associated with the complexity and variability of living systems. In particular, cell-free systems can be programmed with various configurations of genetic information, providing great flexibility and accessibility to the field of synthetic biology. Empowered by recent progress, cell-free systems are now evolving into artificial biological systems that can be tailored for various applications, including on-demand biomanufacturing, diagnostics, and new materials design. Here, we review the key developments related to cell-free protein synthesis systems, and discuss the future directions of these promising technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Jae Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Korea
| | - So-Jeong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Korea
| | - Dong-Myung Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Korea
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7
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Song Y, Wang Y, Yan S, Nakamura K, Kikukawa T, Ayabe T, Aizawa T. Efficient recombinant production of mouse-derived cryptdin family peptides by a novel facilitation strategy for inclusion body formation. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:9. [PMID: 36635697 PMCID: PMC9838031 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) hold promise as new drugs owing to their potent bactericidal activity and because they are often refractory to the development of drug resistance. Cryptdins (Crps) are a family of antimicrobial peptides found in the small intestine of mice, comprising six isoforms containing three sets of disulfide bonds. Although Crp4 is actively being investigated, there have been few studies to date on the other Crp isoforms. A prerequisite for detailed characterization of the other Crp isoforms is establishment of efficient sample preparation methods. RESULTS To avoid degradation during recombinant expression of Crps in E. coli, co-expression of Crps with the aggregation-prone protein human α-lactalbumin (HLA) was used to promote the formation of stable inclusion bodies. Using this method, the production of Crp4 and Crp6 by the BL21 strain was effective, but the expression of other Crp isoforms was not as efficient. The results of a cell-free system study suggested that Crps were degraded, even though a substantial amounts of Crps were synthesized. Therefore, using the Origami™ B strain, we were able to significantly increase the expression efficiency of Crps by promoting the formation of erroneous intermolecular disulfide bonds between HLA and Crps, thereby promoting protein aggregation and inclusion body formation, which prevented degradation. The various Crp isoforms were successfully refolded in vitro and purified using reversed-phase HPLC. In addition, the yield was further improved by deformylation of formyl-Crps. We measured the antibacterial activity of Crps against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Each Crp isoform exhibited a completely different trend in antimicrobial activity, although conformational analysis by circular dichroism did not reveal any significant steric differences. CONCLUSION In this study, we established a novel and efficient method for the production of the cryptdin family of cysteine-containing antimicrobial peptides. Additionally, we found that there were notable differences in the antibacterial activities of the various Crp family members. The expression system established in this study is expected to provide new insights regarding the mechanisms underlying the different antibacterial activities of the Crp family of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Song
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Yi Wang
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Shaonan Yan
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Takashi Kikukawa
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Biological Information Analysis Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Aizawa
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
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8
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Cho S, Park TH. Advances in the Production of Olfactory Receptors for Industrial Use. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200251. [PMID: 36593488 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In biological olfactory systems, olfactory receptors (ORs) can recognize and discriminate between thousands of volatile organic compounds with very high sensitivity and specificity. The superior properties of ORs have led to the development of OR-based biosensors that have shown promising potential in many applications over the past two decades. In particular, newly designed technologies in gene synthesis, protein expression, solubilization, purification, and membrane mimetics for membrane proteins have greatly opened up the previously inaccessible industrial potential of ORs. In this review, gene design, expression and solubilization strategies, and purification and reconstitution methods available for modern industrial applications are examined, with a focus on ORs. The limitations of current OR production technology are also estimated, and future directions for further progress are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongyeon Cho
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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9
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Jaroentomeechai T, Kwon YH, Liu Y, Young O, Bhawal R, Wilson JD, Li M, Chapla DG, Moremen KW, Jewett MC, Mizrachi D, DeLisa MP. A universal glycoenzyme biosynthesis pipeline that enables efficient cell-free remodeling of glycans. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6325. [PMID: 36280670 PMCID: PMC9592599 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to reconstitute natural glycosylation pathways or prototype entirely new ones from scratch is hampered by the limited availability of functional glycoenzymes, many of which are membrane proteins that fail to express in heterologous hosts. Here, we describe a strategy for topologically converting membrane-bound glycosyltransferases (GTs) into water soluble biocatalysts, which are expressed at high levels in the cytoplasm of living cells with retention of biological activity. We demonstrate the universality of the approach through facile production of 98 difficult-to-express GTs, predominantly of human origin, across several commonly used expression platforms. Using a subset of these water-soluble enzymes, we perform structural remodeling of both free and protein-linked glycans including those found on the monoclonal antibody therapeutic trastuzumab. Overall, our strategy for rationally redesigning GTs provides an effective and versatile biosynthetic route to large quantities of diverse, enzymatically active GTs, which should find use in structure-function studies as well as in biochemical and biomedical applications involving complex glycomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thapakorn Jaroentomeechai
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yong Hyun Kwon
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Olivia Young
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ruchika Bhawal
- Cornell Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Joshua D Wilson
- Glycobia, Inc., 33 Thornwood Drive, Suite 104, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Mingji Li
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Digantkumar G Chapla
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Michael C Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA
| | - Dario Mizrachi
- Department of Physiology & Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- Cornell Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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10
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Bruni R. High-Throughput Cell-Free Screening of Eukaryotic Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mimetics. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e510. [PMID: 35926131 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins (MPs) carry out important functions in the metabolism of cells, such as the detection of extracellular activities and the transport of small molecules across the plasma and organelle membranes. Expression of MPs for biochemical, biophysical, and structural analysis is in most cases achieved by overexpression of the desired target in an appropriate host, such as a bacterium. However, overexpression of MPs is usually toxic to the host cells and can lead to aggregation of target protein and to resistance to detergent extraction. An alternative to cell-based MP expression is cell-free (CF), or in vitro, expression. CF expression of MPs has several advantages over cell-based methods, including lack of toxicity issues, no requirement for detergent extraction, and direct incorporation of target proteins in various lipidic mimetics. This article describes a high-throughput method for the expression and purification of eukaryotic membrane proteins used in the author's lab. Basic Protocol 1 describes the selection and cloning of target genes into appropriate vectors for CF expression. Basic Protocol 2 describes the assembly of CF reactions for high-throughput screening. Basic Protocol 3 outlines methods for purification and detection of target proteins. Support Protocols 1-6 describe various accessory procedures: amplification of target, treatment of vectors to prepare them for ligation-independent cloning, and the preparation of S30 extract, T7 RNA polymerase, liposomes, and nanodiscs. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Target selection, construct design, and cloning into pET-based expression vectors Support Protocol 1: Amplification of target DNA Support Protocol 2: Preparation of ligation-independent cloning (LIC)-compatible vectors Basic Protocol 2: Assembly of small-scale cell-free reactions for high-throughput screening Support Protocol 3: Preparation of Escherichia coli S30 extract Support Protocol 4: Preparation of T7 RNA polymerase Support Protocol 5: Preparation of liposomes Support Protocol 6: Preparation of nanodiscs Basic Protocol 3: Purification and detection of cell-free reaction products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Bruni
- Center on Membrane Protein Production and Analysis (COMPPÅ), New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York
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11
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A De Novo Optimized Cell-Free System for the Expression of Soluble and Active Human Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020157. [PMID: 35205024 PMCID: PMC8868817 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary As a result of increasing demand for the pleiotropic cytokine TNF-α, recombinant human TNF-α protein with appropriate bioactivities was produced in several heterologous in vivo expression systems. While in vivo expression of this cytokine is laborious and lengthy, cell-free or in vitro expression system has the benefits of speed, simplicity, flexibility, focus of all the system energy on target protein synthesis alone, besides high soluble and functional protein yield. Therefore, we employed and optimized an E. coli-based cell-free system for the first time to express recombinant human TNF-α. Our findings revealed that cell-free expression system can be an alternative platform for producing soluble and functionally active recombinant TNF-α with a yield of 390 µg/mL in only 2 h at a temperature of 40 °C for further research and clinical trials. Abstract Cell-free (in vitro) expression is a robust alternative platform to the cell-based (in vivo) system for recombinant protein production. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is an effective pro-inflammatory cytokine with pleiotropic effects. The aim of the current study was de novo optimized expression of soluble and active human TNF-α by an in vitro method in an E. coli-based cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system and its biological activity evaluation. The codon-optimized synthetic human TNF-α gene was constructed by a two-step PCR, cloned into pET101/D-TOPO vector and then expressed by the E. coli CFPS system. Cell-free expression of the soluble protein was optimized using a response surface methodology (RSM). The anticancer activity of purified human TNF-α was assessed against three human cancer cell lines: Caco-2, HepG-2 and MCF-7. Data from RSM revealed that the lowest value (7.2 µg/mL) of cell-free production of recombinant human TNF-α (rhTNF-α) was obtained at a certain incubation time (6 h) and incubation temperature (20 °C), while the highest value (350 µg/mL) was recorded at 4 h and 35 °C. This rhTNF-α showed a significant anticancer potency. Our findings suggest a cell-free expression system as an alternative platform for producing soluble and functionally active recombinant TNF-α for further research and clinical trials.
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12
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Why Do Tethered-Bilayer Lipid Membranes Suit for Functional Membrane Protein Reincorporation? APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11114876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins (MPs) are essential for cellular functions. Understanding the functions of MPs is crucial as they constitute an important class of drug targets. However, MPs are a challenging class of biomolecules to analyze because they cannot be studied outside their native environment. Their structure, function and activity are highly dependent on the local lipid environment, and these properties are compromised when the protein does not reside in the cell membrane. Mammalian cell membranes are complex and composed of different lipid species. Model membranes have been developed to provide an adequate environment to envisage MP reconstitution. Among them, tethered-Bilayer Lipid Membranes (tBLMs) appear as the best model because they allow the lipid bilayer to be decoupled from the support. Thus, they provide a sufficient aqueous space to envisage the proper accommodation of large extra-membranous domains of MPs, extending outside. Additionally, as the bilayer remains attached to tethers covalently fixed to the solid support, they can be investigated by a wide variety of surface-sensitive analytical techniques. This review provides an overview of the different approaches developed over the last two decades to achieve sophisticated tBLMs, with a more and more complex lipid composition and adapted for functional MP reconstitution.
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13
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Fogeron ML, Lecoq L, Cole L, Harbers M, Böckmann A. Easy Synthesis of Complex Biomolecular Assemblies: Wheat Germ Cell-Free Protein Expression in Structural Biology. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:639587. [PMID: 33842544 PMCID: PMC8027086 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.639587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems are gaining more importance as universal tools for basic research, applied sciences, and product development with new technologies emerging for their application. Huge progress was made in the field of synthetic biology using CFPS to develop new proteins for technical applications and therapy. Out of the available CFPS systems, wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis (WG-CFPS) merges the highest yields with the use of a eukaryotic ribosome, making it an excellent approach for the synthesis of complex eukaryotic proteins including, for example, protein complexes and membrane proteins. Separating the translation reaction from other cellular processes, CFPS offers a flexible means to adapt translation reactions to protein needs. There is a large demand for such potent, easy-to-use, rapid protein expression systems, which are optimally serving protein requirements to drive biochemical and structural biology research. We summarize here a general workflow for a wheat germ system providing examples from the literature, as well as applications used for our own studies in structural biology. With this review, we want to highlight the tremendous potential of the rapidly evolving and highly versatile CFPS systems, making them more widely used as common tools to recombinantly prepare particularly challenging recombinant eukaryotic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Fogeron
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Lauriane Lecoq
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laura Cole
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Matthias Harbers
- CellFree Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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14
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El-Baky NA, Elkhawaga MA, Abdelkhalek ES, Sharaf MM, Redwan EM, Kholef HR. De novo expression and antibacterial potential of four lactoferricin peptides in cell-free protein synthesis system. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 29:e00583. [PMID: 33425692 PMCID: PMC7779732 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, we produced four lactoferricin (LFcin) peptides by a cell-free (in vitro) method. These short antimicrobial peptides were expressed in an E. coli cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system and the bioactivity of the produced peptides was demonstrated. Additionally, we designed a novel synthetic consensus peptide (ConLFcin). The genes of bovine Lfcin (bLFcin), human Lfcin (hLFcin), camel Lfcin (cLFcin), and ConLFcin were cloned into pET101/D-TOPO vector then peptides were synthesized in vitro by E. coli CFPS system. The antibacterial activity of these synthesized peptides was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The four cell-free synthesized peptides showed significant antibacterial potency at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between 1.25 and 10 μg/mL. cLFcin and ConLFcin showed higher antibacterial effects than bLFcin and hLFcin. Thus, cell-free expression system is an ideal system for rapid expression of functionally active short bioactive peptides.
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Key Words
- 3D, three dimensional structures
- Antimicrobial
- Bioactive peptides
- CAMH, cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth
- CFPS, cell-free protein synthesis
- ConLFcin, consensus lactoferricin
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- HSV, herpes simplex virus
- In vitro protein synthesis
- LC50, concentration lethal to 50 % of the cells
- LFcin, lactoferricin
- Lactoferricin
- Lactoferrin
- Lf, lactoferrin
- MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration
- MICs, minimum inhibitory concentrations
- MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- SD, Shine-Dalgarno sequence
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- bLFcin, bovine lactoferricin
- cLFcin, camel lactoferricin
- cLf, camel lactoferrin
- hLFcin, human lactoferricin
- hLf, human lactoferrin
- p-NPP, p-Nitrophenyl phosphate
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Abd El-Baky
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Maie Ahmed Elkhawaga
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mona Mohammed Sharaf
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Elrashdy Mustafa Redwan
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hoda Reda Kholef
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
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15
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Kielkopf CL, Bauer W, Urbatsch IL. Expressing Cloned Genes for Protein Production, Purification, and Analysis. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2021; 2021:pdb.top102129. [PMID: 33272973 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top102129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining high quantities of a specific protein directly from native sources is often challenging, particularly when dealing with human proteins. To overcome this obstacle, many researchers take advantage of heterologous expression systems by cloning genes into artificial vectors designed to operate within easily cultured cells, such as Escherichia coli, Pichia pastoris (yeast), and several varieties of insect and mammalian cells. Heterologous expression systems also allow for easy modification of the protein to optimize expression, mutational analysis of specific sites within the protein and facilitate their purification with engineered affinity tags. Some degree of purification of the target protein is usually required for functional analysis. Purification to near homogeneity is essential for characterization of protein structure by X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and characterization of the biochemical and biophysical properties of a protein, because contaminating proteins almost always adversely affect the results. Methods for producing and purifying proteins in several different expression platforms and using a variety of vectors are introduced here.
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16
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Kögler LM, Stichel J, Beck-Sickinger AG. Structural investigations of cell-free expressed G protein-coupled receptors. Biol Chem 2020; 401:97-116. [PMID: 31539345 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are of great pharmaceutical interest and about 35% of the commercial drugs target these proteins. Still there is huge potential left in finding molecules that target new GPCRs or that modulate GPCRs differentially. For a rational drug design, it is important to understand the structure, binding and activation of the protein of interest. Structural investigations of GPCRs remain challenging, although huge progress has been made in the last 20 years, especially in the generation of crystal structures of GPCRs. This is mostly caused by issues with the expression yield, purity or labeling. Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) is an efficient alternative for recombinant expression systems that can potentially address many of these problems. In this article the use of CFPS for structural investigations of GPCRs is reviewed. We compare different CFPS systems, including the cellular basis and reaction configurations, and strategies for an efficient solubilization. Next, we highlight recent advances in the structural investigation of cell-free expressed GPCRs, with special emphasis on the role of photo-crosslinking approaches to investigate ligand binding sites on GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Maria Kögler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Stichel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Kojima R, Uchiya K, Manshio H, Masuda K. Cell-free synthesis of functionally active HSPB5. Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25:287-301. [PMID: 31960264 PMCID: PMC7058722 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human αB-crystallin (HSPB5) is frequently modified post-translationally by UV radiation, oxidation, and age-associated processes, which complicates functional analyses of the protein using natural sources. Thus, determining the biological function of HSPB5 at the molecular structure level requires unmodified protein. Here, we employed an Escherichia coli cell-free protein synthesis system to prepare unmodified, functionally active human HSPB5. An S30 extract prepared from E. coli strain BL21 (DE3) was used for HSPB5 synthesis. The efficacy of protein synthesis was assessed by monitoring influencing factors, such as the concentrations of Mg2+ and other reaction mixture constituents, and by evaluating batch and/or dialysis synthesis systems. Chaperone-like activity of synthesized HSPB5 was assayed using alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) under thermal stress. The amount of HSPB5 synthesized using the cell-free system depended significantly on the concentration of Mg2+ in the reaction mixture. Use of condensed S30 extract and increased levels of amino acids promoted HSPB5 production. Compared with the batch system, HSPB5 synthesis was markedly increased using the dialysis system. The construction vector played a critical role in regulating the efficacy of protein synthesis. HSPB5 synthesized using the cell-free system had a native molecular mass, as determined by mass spectrometry analysis. The co-presence of synthesized HSPB5 suppressed heat-associated denaturation of ADH. Human HSPB5 synthesized using the cell-free system thus retains functional activity as a molecular chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Kojima
- Laboratory of Analytical Pharmacology, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Uchiya
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Manshio
- Laboratory of Analytical Pharmacology, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kastuyoshi Masuda
- Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, 1-1 Wakayamadai, Shimamoto, Osaka, 618-8503, Japan
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18
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Escherichia coli Extract-Based Cell-Free Expression System as an Alternative for Difficult-to-Obtain Protein Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030928. [PMID: 32023820 PMCID: PMC7037961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Before utilization in biomedical diagnosis, therapeutic treatment, and biotechnology, the diverse variety of peptides and proteins must be preliminarily purified and thoroughly characterized. The recombinant DNA technology and heterologous protein expression have helped simplify the isolation of targeted polypeptides at high purity and their structure-function examinations. Recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli, the most-established heterologous host organism, has been widely used to produce proteins of commercial and fundamental research interests. Nonetheless, many peptides/proteins are still difficult to express due to their ability to slow down cell growth or disrupt cellular metabolism. Besides, special modifications are often required for proper folding and activity of targeted proteins. The cell-free (CF) or in vitro recombinant protein synthesis system enables the production of such difficult-to-obtain molecules since it is possible to adjust reaction medium and there is no need to support cellular metabolism and viability. Here, we describe E. coli-based CF systems, the optimization steps done toward the development of highly productive and cost-effective CF methodology, and the modification of an in vitro approach required for difficult-to-obtain protein production.
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19
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Lee KH, Kim DM. In Vitro Use of Cellular Synthetic Machinery for Biosensing Applications. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1166. [PMID: 31680954 PMCID: PMC6803485 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of biosensors is expanding in diverse fields due to their high selectivity and sensitivity. Biosensors employ biological components for the recognition of target analytes. In addition, the amplifying nature of biosynthetic processes can potentially be harnessed to for biological transduction of detection signals. Recent advances in the development of highly productive and cost-effective cell-free synthesis systems make it possible to use these systems as the biological transducers to generate biosensing signals. This review surveys recent developments in cell-free biosensors, focusing on the newly devised mechanisms for the biological recognition of analytes to initiate the amplification processes of transcription and translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Myung Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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20
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Lim HJ, Kim DM. Cell-Free Metabolic Engineering: Recent Developments and Future Prospects. Methods Protoc 2019; 2:mps2020033. [PMID: 31164613 PMCID: PMC6632161 DOI: 10.3390/mps2020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the ongoing crises of fossil fuel depletion, climate change, and environmental pollution, microbial processes are increasingly considered as a potential alternative for cleaner and more efficient production of the diverse chemicals required for modern civilization. However, many issues, including low efficiency of raw material conversion and unintended release of genetically modified microorganisms into the environment, have limited the use of bioprocesses that rely on recombinant microorganisms. Cell-free metabolic engineering is emerging as a new approach that overcomes the limitations of existing cell-based systems. Instead of relying on metabolic processes carried out by living cells, cell-free metabolic engineering harnesses the metabolic activities of cell lysates in vitro. Such approaches offer several potential benefits, including operational simplicity, high conversion yield and productivity, and prevention of environmental release of microorganisms. In this article, we review the recent progress in this field and discuss the prospects of this technique as a next-generation bioconversion platform for the chemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Dong-Myung Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
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21
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Gregorio NE, Levine MZ, Oza JP. A User's Guide to Cell-Free Protein Synthesis. Methods Protoc 2019; 2:E24. [PMID: 31164605 PMCID: PMC6481089 DOI: 10.3390/mps2010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) is a platform technology that provides new opportunities for protein expression, metabolic engineering, therapeutic development, education, and more. The advantages of CFPS over in vivo protein expression include its open system, the elimination of reliance on living cells, and the ability to focus all system energy on production of the protein of interest. Over the last 60 years, the CFPS platform has grown and diversified greatly, and it continues to evolve today. Both new applications and new types of extracts based on a variety of organisms are current areas of development. However, new users interested in CFPS may find it challenging to implement a cell-free platform in their laboratory due to the technical and functional considerations involved in choosing and executing a platform that best suits their needs. Here we hope to reduce this barrier to implementing CFPS by clarifying the similarities and differences amongst cell-free platforms, highlighting the various applications that have been accomplished in each of them, and detailing the main methodological and instrumental requirement for their preparation. Additionally, this review will help to contextualize the landscape of work that has been done using CFPS and showcase the diversity of applications that it enables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Gregorio
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
| | - Max Z Levine
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
| | - Javin P Oza
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
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22
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Lacabanne D, Fogeron ML, Wiegand T, Cadalbert R, Meier BH, Böckmann A. Protein sample preparation for solid-state NMR investigations. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 110:20-33. [PMID: 30803692 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of a protein sample for solid-state NMR is in many aspects similar to solution-state NMR approaches, mainly with respect to the need for stable isotope labeling. But the possibility of using solid-state NMR to investigate membrane proteins in (native) lipids adds the important requirement of adapted membrane-reconstitution schemes. Also, dynamic nuclear polarization and paramagnetic NMR in solids need specific schemes using metal ions and radicals. Sample sedimentation has enabled structural investigations of objects inaccessible to other structural techniques, but rotor filling using sedimentation has become increasingly complex with smaller and smaller rotors, as needed for higher and higher magic-angle spinning (MAS) frequencies. Furthermore, solid-state NMR can investigate very large proteins and their complexes without the concomitant increase in line widths, motivating the use of selective labeling and unlabeling strategies, as well as segmental labeling, to decongest spectra. The possibility of investigating sub-milligram amounts of protein today using advanced fast MAS techniques enables alternative protein synthesis schemes such as cell-free expression. Here we review these specific aspects of solid-state NMR sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Lacabanne
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France; Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Laure Fogeron
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Beat H Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France.
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23
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Caschera F, Karim AS, Gazzola G, d’Aquino AE, Packard NH, Jewett MC. High-Throughput Optimization Cycle of a Cell-Free Ribosome Assembly and Protein Synthesis System. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2841-2853. [PMID: 30354075 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Building variant ribosomes offers opportunities to reveal fundamental principles underlying ribosome biogenesis and to make ribosomes with altered properties. However, cell viability limits mutations that can be made to the ribosome. To address this limitation, the in vitro integrated synthesis, assembly and translation (iSAT) method for ribosome construction from the bottom up was recently developed. Unfortunately, iSAT is complex, costly, and laborious to researchers, partially due to the high cost of reaction buffer containing over 20 components. In this study, we develop iSAT in Escherichia coli BL21Rosetta2 cell lysates, a commonly used bacterial strain, with a cost-effective poly sugar and nucleotide monophosphate-based metabolic scheme. We achieved a 10-fold increase in protein yield over our base case with an evolutionary design of experiments approach, screening 490 reaction conditions to optimize the reaction buffer. The computationally guided, cell-free, high-throughput technology presented here augments the way we approach multicomponent synthetic biology projects and efforts to repurpose ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gianluca Gazzola
- Rutgers Center for Operations Research, Rutgers Business School, 100 Rockafeller Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | | | - Norman H. Packard
- ProtoLife, Inc., 57 Post Street Suite 908, San Francisco, California 94104, United States
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Rutgers Center for Operations Research, Rutgers Business School, 100 Rockafeller Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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24
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Rapid determination of effective folding agents by sequential cell-free protein synthesis. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Ramos-Benítez MJ, Lopez-Cruz LM, Aguayo V, Ruiz-Jimenez C, Espino AM. Cell-free expression, purification and immunoreactivity assessment of recombinant Fasciola hepatica saposin-like protein-2. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:1551-1556. [PMID: 30032380 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell free protein synthesis has become a powerful method for the high-throughput production of proteins that are difficult to express in living cells. The protein SAP2 of Fasciola hepatica (FhSAP2), which has demonstrated to be both, an excellent vaccine candidate against experimental fascioliasis and a good antigen for serodiagnosis of human chronic fascioliasis, is a typical example of a molecule that is difficult to produce. This is mainly due to its tendency to get over-expressed in inclusion bodies by prokaryotes. FhSAP2 expressed in an Escherichia coli-based expression system is poorly glycosylated, insoluble and often undergoes improper folding leading it to reduced immunogenicity. In this work, FhSAP2 was expressed in vitro using the eukaryote cell free system, TNT T7 Quick coupled transcription/translation, that has been designed for the expression of PCR-generated DNA templates. FhSAP2 was expressed in micro-volumes and purified by an affinity chromatography method, which gave a protein yield of 500 µg/ml as determined by bicinchoninic acid assay method. Circular dichroism, Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis were used to confirm the secondary structure, purity and integrity of protein. Results demonstrate that FhSAP2 can be expressed in a cell-free system retaining its main conformational and antigenic properties. The protein purified could be used in immunization experiments and immunodiagnostic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos J Ramos-Benítez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, PR, 00936-5067, USA
| | - Luis M Lopez-Cruz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, 00931, USA
| | - Vasti Aguayo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, PR, 00936-5067, USA
| | - Caleb Ruiz-Jimenez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, PR, 00936-5067, USA
| | - Ana M Espino
- Department of Microbiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, PR, 00936-5067, USA.
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26
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Liu L, Sun X, Song W, Du C. A Method for Predicting Protein Complexes from Dynamic Weighted Protein–Protein Interaction Networks. J Comput Biol 2018; 25:586-605. [DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2017.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Liu
- Department of Information and Engineering, Capital Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaowu Sun
- Department of Information and Engineering, Capital Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Information and Engineering, Capital Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chao Du
- Department of Information and Engineering, Capital Normal University, Beijing, PR China
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27
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Hoffmann B, Löhr F, Laguerre A, Bernhard F, Dötsch V. Protein labeling strategies for liquid-state NMR spectroscopy using cell-free synthesis. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 105:1-22. [PMID: 29548364 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of a protein sample for liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis requires optimization of many parameters. This review describes labeling strategies for obtaining assignments of protein resonances. Particular emphasis is placed on the advantages of cell-free protein production, which enables exclusive labeling of the protein of interest, thereby simplifying downstream processing steps and increasing the availability of different labeling strategies for a target protein. Furthermore, proteins can be synthesized in milligram yields, and the open nature of the cell-free system allows the addition of stabilizers, scrambling inhibitors or hydrophobic solubilization environments directly during the protein synthesis, which is especially beneficial for membrane proteins. Selective amino acid labeling of the protein of interest, the possibility of addressing scrambling issues and avoiding the need for labile amino acid precursors have been key factors in enabling the introduction of new assignment strategies based on different labeling schemes as well as on new pulse sequences. Combinatorial selective labeling methods have been developed to reduce the number of protein samples necessary to achieve a complete backbone assignment. Furthermore, selective labeling helps to decrease spectral overlap and overcome size limitations for solution NMR analysis of larger complexes, oligomers, intrinsically disordered proteins and membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Hoffmann
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frank Löhr
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Aisha Laguerre
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frank Bernhard
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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28
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Chan KP, Chao SH, Kah JCY. Universal mRNA Translation Enhancement with Gold Nanoparticles Conjugated to Oligonucleotides with a Poly(T) Sequence. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:5203-5212. [PMID: 29363938 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA-conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been shown to enhance the translation of mRNA. However, the specific sequence on the DNA dictates the specific mRNA to be enhanced. This study describes poly(thymine)-functionalized AuNPs (AuNP-p(T)DNA) capable of enhancing the translation of any mRNA template that is incorporated into pcDNA6 vector with bovine growth hormone (BGH) polyadenylation signal (P(A)). We demonstrated this by incorporating four genes: green fluorescence protein (GFP), general control nonderepressible 5 (GCN5), cAMP-responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB1), and X-box-binding protein 1-spliced (XBP-1S) separately into pcDNA6 vector with BGH P(A) before their expression in HeLa lysate. The addition of AuNP-p(T)DNA to HeLa lysate containing GFP, GCN5, CREB1, and XBP-1S mRNA increased protein synthesis 1.80, 1.99, 1.95, and 2.20 times, respectively. Similar translation enhancement was also observed in a multiplex reaction containing the mRNA of three genes together in the lysate. Complementary p(T)DNA hybridization to the poly(A) tail of the mRNA was critical as the removal of either p(T)DNA or BGH P(A) in XBP-1S mRNA or the replacement of p(T)DNA with p(A)DNA reduced the translation back to baseline level. Finally, an optimum length of 25 nucleotides for the DNA oligomer and a AuNP-p(T)DNA:mRNA ratio of 0.658 achieved a 3.08-fold translation enhancement. The AuNP-p(T)DNA nanoconstruct could be incorporated into commercial cell-free protein synthesis kits as a universal translation enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Ping Chan
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS) , #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research , 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 3, Blk E4, #04-08, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Sheng-Hao Chao
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research , 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore , 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - James Chen Yong Kah
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS) , #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 3, Blk E4, #04-08, Singapore 117583, Singapore
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Panthu B, Ohlmann T, Perrier J, Schlattner U, Jalinot P, Elena-Herrmann B, Rautureau GJP. Cell-Free Protein Synthesis Enhancement from Real-Time NMR Metabolite Kinetics: Redirecting Energy Fluxes in Hybrid RRL Systems. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:218-226. [PMID: 28915016 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A counterintuitive cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) strategy, based on reducing the ribosomal fraction in rabbit reticulocyte lysate (RRL), triggers the development of hybrid systems composed of RRL ribosome-free supernatant complemented with ribosomes from different mammalian cell-types. Hybrid RRL systems maintain translational properties of the original ribosome cell types, and deliver protein expression levels similar to RRL. Here, we show that persistent ribosome-associated metabolic activity consuming ATP is a major obstacle for maximal protein yield. We provide a detailed picture of hybrid CFPS systems energetic metabolism based on real-time nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) investigation of metabolites kinetics. We demonstrate that protein synthesis capacity has an upper limit at native ribosome concentration and that lower amounts of the ribosomal fraction optimize energy fluxes toward protein translation, consequently increasing CFPS yield. These results provide a rationalized strategy for further mammalian CFPS developments and reveal the potential of real-time NMR metabolism phenotyping for optimization of cell-free protein expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Panthu
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ. Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, 46 allée d’Italie Site Jacques Monod, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Théophile Ohlmann
- CIRI, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Univ. Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Johan Perrier
- Univ. Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Uwe Schlattner
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), 38058 Grenoble cedex, France
| | - Pierre Jalinot
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ. Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, 46 allée d’Italie Site Jacques Monod, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Bénédicte Elena-Herrmann
- Univ. Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gilles J. P. Rautureau
- Univ. Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
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Abstract
Protein biologics have emerged as a safe and effective group of drug products that can be used in a variety of medical disorders and clinical settings, including treatment of orphan diseases, personalized medicine, and point-of-care applications. However, the full potential of protein biologics for such applications will not be realized until there are methods available for rapid and cost-effective production of small scale products for individual needs. Here, we describe a modular and scalable method for rapid and adaptable production of protein-based medical products at small doses. The method includes cell-free synthesis of the protein target in a reactor module followed by a fluidic process for protein purification. As a proof of concept, we describe the application of this method for expression and purification of a bioactive pharmaceutically relevant protein biologic, recombinant human erythropoietin, at a single dose within 24 h. This method can be applied toward the development of automated platforms for rapid and adaptive production of protein biologics at the point of care in response to specific medical needs.
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31
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de Jong H, Geiselmann J, Ropers D. Resource Reallocation in Bacteria by Reengineering the Gene Expression Machinery. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:480-493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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32
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Kasi D, Catherine C, Lee SW, Lee KH, Kim YJ, Ro Lee M, Ju JW, Kim DM. Cell-free translational screening of an expression sequence tag library of Clonorchis sinensis for novel antigen discovery. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:832-837. [PMID: 28127897 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly evolving cloning and sequencing technologies have enabled understanding of genomic structure of parasite genomes, opening up new ways of combatting parasite-related diseases. To make the most of the exponentially accumulating genomic data, however, it is crucial to analyze the proteins encoded by these genomic sequences. In this study, we adopted an engineered cell-free protein synthesis system for large-scale expression screening of an expression sequence tag (EST) library of Clonorchis sinensis to identify potential antigens that can be used for diagnosis and treatment of clonorchiasis. To allow high-throughput expression and identification of individual genes comprising the library, a cell-free synthesis reaction was designed such that both the template DNA and the expressed proteins were co-immobilized on the same microbeads, leading to microbead-based linkage of the genotype and phenotype. This reaction configuration allowed streamlined expression, recovery, and analysis of proteins. This approach enabled us to identify 21 antigenic proteins. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:832-837, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Kasi
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Christy Catherine
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Seung-Won Lee
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Lee
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Yu Jung Kim
- Div. of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Osong, 361-951, Korea
| | - Myeong Ro Lee
- Div. of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Osong, 361-951, Korea
| | - Jung Won Ju
- Div. of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Osong, 361-951, Korea
| | - Dong-Myung Kim
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
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Hansen MMK, Ventosa Rosquelles M, Yelleswarapu M, Maas RJM, van Vugt-Jonker AJ, Heus HA, Huck WTS. Protein Synthesis in Coupled and Uncoupled Cell-Free Prokaryotic Gene Expression Systems. ACS Synth Biol 2016; 5:1433-1440. [PMID: 27306580 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.6b00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Secondary structure formation of mRNA, caused by desynchronization of transcription and translation, is known to impact gene expression in vivo. Yet, inactivation of mRNA by secondary structures in cell-free protein expression is frequently overlooked. Transcription and translation rates are often not highly synchronized in cell-free expression systems, leading to a temporal mismatch between the processes and a drop in efficiency of protein production. By devising a cell-free gene expression platform in which transcriptional and translational elongation are successfully performed independently, we determine that sequence-dependent mRNA secondary structures are the main cause of mRNA inactivation in in vitro gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike M. K. Hansen
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Ventosa Rosquelles
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maaruthy Yelleswarapu
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel J. M. Maas
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aafke J. van Vugt-Jonker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans A. Heus
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm T. S. Huck
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Jo M, Jung ST. Engineering therapeutic antibodies targeting G-protein-coupled receptors. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e207. [PMID: 26846450 PMCID: PMC4892866 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2015.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the most attractive therapeutic target classes because of their critical roles in intracellular signaling and their clinical relevance to a variety of diseases, including cancer, infection and inflammation. However, high conformational variability, the small exposed area of extracellular epitopes and difficulty in the preparation of GPCR antigens have delayed both the isolation of therapeutic anti-GPCR antibodies as well as studies on the structure, function and biochemical mechanisms of GPCRs. To overcome the challenges in generating highly specific anti-GPCR antibodies with enhanced efficacy and safety, various forms of antigens have been successfully designed and employed for screening with newly emerged systems based on laboratory animal immunization and high-throughput-directed evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migyeong Jo
- Department of Bio and Nano Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- Department of Bio and Nano Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea
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Joedicke L, Trenker R, Langer JD, Michel H, Preu J. Cell-free synthesis of isotopically labelled peptide ligands for the functional characterization of G protein-coupled receptors. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 6:90-102. [PMID: 27047736 PMCID: PMC4794788 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell‐free systems exploit the transcription and translation machinery of cells from different origins to produce proteins in a defined chemical environment. Due to its open nature, cell‐free protein production is a versatile tool to introduce specific labels such as heavy isotopes, non‐natural amino acids and tags into the protein while avoiding cell toxicity. In particular, radiolabelled peptides and proteins are valuable tools for the functional characterization of protein–protein interactions and for studying binding kinetics. In this study we evaluated cell‐free protein production for the generation of radiolabelled ligands for G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs). These receptors are seven‐transmembrane‐domain receptors activated by a plethora of extracellular stimuli including peptide ligands. Many GPCR peptide ligands contain disulphide bonds and are thus inherently difficult to produce in bacterial expression hosts or in Escherichia coli‐based cell‐free systems. Here, we established an adapted E. coli‐based cell‐free translation system for the production of disulphide bond‐containing GPCR peptide ligands and specifically introduce tritium labels for detection. The bacterial oxidoreductase DsbA is used as a chaperone to favour the formation of disulphide bonds and to enhance the yield of correctly folded proteins and peptides. We demonstrate the correct folding and formation of disulphide bonds and show high‐affinity ligand binding of the produced radio peptide ligands to the respective receptors. Thus, our system allows the fast, cost‐effective and reliable synthesis of custom GPCR peptide ligands for functional and structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Joedicke
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology Max Planck Institute of Biophysics Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Raphael Trenker
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology Max Planck Institute of Biophysics Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Julian D Langer
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology Max Planck Institute of Biophysics Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Hartmut Michel
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology Max Planck Institute of Biophysics Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Julia Preu
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology Max Planck Institute of Biophysics Frankfurt am Main Germany
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36
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A cell‐free expression and purification process for rapid production of protein biologics. Biotechnol J 2015; 11:238-48. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zemella A, Thoring L, Hoffmeister C, Kubick S. Cell-Free Protein Synthesis: Pros and Cons of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Systems. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2420-31. [PMID: 26478227 PMCID: PMC4676933 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
From its start as a small-scale in vitro system to study fundamental translation processes, cell-free protein synthesis quickly rose to become a potent platform for the high-yield production of proteins. In contrast to classical in vivo protein expression, cell-free systems do not need time-consuming cloning steps, and the open nature provides easy manipulation of reaction conditions as well as high-throughput potential. Especially for the synthesis of difficult to express proteins, such as toxic and transmembrane proteins, cell-free systems are of enormous interest. The modification of the genetic code to incorporate non-canonical amino acids into the target protein in particular provides enormous potential in biotechnology and pharmaceutical research and is in the focus of many cell-free projects. Many sophisticated cell-free systems for manifold applications have been established. This review describes the recent advances in cell-free protein synthesis and details the expanding applications in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Zemella
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses Potsdam-Golm (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lena Thoring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses Potsdam-Golm (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Hoffmeister
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses Potsdam-Golm (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Kubick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses Potsdam-Golm (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
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38
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In vitro translation of mRNAs that are in their native ribonucleoprotein complexes. Biochem J 2015; 472:111-9. [PMID: 26349537 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
mRNA is bound to a complex network of hundreds of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) which constitute the mature ribonucleoprotein (mRNP). Such a complex particle is initially scaffolded in the nucleus and stays associated throughout mRNA's journey to the cytoplasm, where it participates in translation. However, due to the size, complexity and variability of the mRNP, it remains technically challenging to assess its impact on translation. By designing a novel in vitro translational assay, we have been able to compare the translational efficiency of reporter mRNAs that are, or are not, associated with their cognate RBPs. This showed the strong impact of these RBPs on translational efficiency, and revealed intrinsic variations according to the structure of both the mRNA and its nuclear history, e.g. the use of intron-containing mRNA constructs showed that splicing strongly enhanced translation. The present study shows that nuclear and cytoplasmic gene expression steps in vitro are coupled in eukaryotes and this is determined from the very birth of the mRNA in the nucleus by a network of hundreds of RBPs.
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Liguori L, Pastorino F, Rousset X, Alfano S, Cortes S, Emionite L, Daga A, Ponzoni M, Lenormand JL. Anti-Tumor Effects of Bak-Proteoliposomes against Glioblastoma. Molecules 2015; 20:15893-909. [PMID: 26340616 PMCID: PMC6332045 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200915893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite palliative treatments, glioblastoma (GBM) remains a devastating malignancy with a mean survival of about 15 months after diagnosis. Programmed cell-death is de-regulated in almost all GBM and the re-activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway through exogenous bioactive proteins may represent a powerful therapeutic tool to treat multidrug resistant GBM. We have reported that human Bak protein integrated in Liposomes (LB) was able, in vitro, to activate the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in colon cancer cells. To evaluate the anti-tumor effects of LB on GBM, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays and Western blot analysis were performed on GL26 murine cell line. LB treatment shows a dose-dependent inhibition of cell viability, followed by an up-regulation of Bax and a down-modulation of JNK1 proteins. In GL26-bearing mice, two different routes of administration were tested: intra-tumor and intravenous. Biodistribution, tumor growth and animal survival rates were followed. LB show long-lasting tumor accumulation. Moreover, the intra-tumor administration of LB induces tumor growth delay and total tumor regression in about 40% of treated mice, while the intravenous injection leads to a significant increased life span of mice paralleled by an increased tumor cells apoptosis. Our findings are functional to the design of LB with potentiated therapeutic efficacy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Liguori
- SyNaBi Laboratory, TIMC IMAG, UMR S5525, UJF/CNRS, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble Cedex 9 38700, France.
| | - Fabio Pastorino
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa 16147, Italy.
| | - Xavier Rousset
- The Rex Laboratory, TIMC IMAG, UMR5525, UJF/CNRS, Joseph Fourier University, CHU-Grenoble, BP217, Grenoble Cedex 9 38043, France.
| | - Silvia Alfano
- The Rex Laboratory, TIMC IMAG, UMR5525, UJF/CNRS, Joseph Fourier University, CHU-Grenoble, BP217, Grenoble Cedex 9 38043, France.
| | - Sandra Cortes
- The Rex Laboratory, TIMC IMAG, UMR5525, UJF/CNRS, Joseph Fourier University, CHU-Grenoble, BP217, Grenoble Cedex 9 38043, France.
| | - Laura Emionite
- Animal Facility, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST, Genoa 16132, Italy.
| | - Antonio Daga
- Laboratorio di Trasferimento Genico, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST, Genoa 16132, Italy.
| | - Mirco Ponzoni
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa 16147, Italy.
| | - Jean-Luc Lenormand
- The Rex Laboratory, TIMC IMAG, UMR5525, UJF/CNRS, Joseph Fourier University, CHU-Grenoble, BP217, Grenoble Cedex 9 38043, France.
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Jackson K, Jin S, Fan ZH. Optimization of a miniaturized fluid array device for cell-free protein synthesis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2459-67. [PMID: 26037852 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS), which entails synthesizing proteins outside of intact cells, is conducted in several formats with the continuous-exchange cell-free (CECF) format generally having the greatest protein expression yields. With this format, continuous chemical exchange occurs through a dialysis membrane separating a reaction solution from a feeding solution containing supplemental nutrient/energy molecules. Here, we describe the optimization of the miniaturized fluid array device (µFAD) by studying the effects of structural and experimental parameters responsible for the heightened chemical exchange across the dialysis membranes and enhanced protein expression capabilities of the high-throughput device. The interface area and number between the reaction and feeding solutions have a direct impact on protein expression, with a 1.6% enhancement in protein expression yield with each square millimeter increase in area and a 20% decrease with each additional interface. For nutrient/energy availability, an increasing solution volume ratio and height difference increase protein expression yield until the expression yield plateaus at a volume ratio of 20 to 1 (feeding to reaction solution) and a solution height difference of 2 mm. This yield can be further increased by 7% every 30 min with feeding solution replacement. Of the studied experimental factors (feeding solution stirring, device shaking, and temperature increase), feeding solution stirring has a significant effect on protein expression in this device. In the optimized system, green fluorescent protein (GFP), ß-glucuronidase (GUS), ß-galactosidase (LacZ), luciferase, and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) expression increased 77.8-, 212-, 3.66-, 463-, and 5.43-fold, respectively, compared to the conventional batch format in a standard microplate. These results highlight the significance of structural/experimental conditions on the productive expression of proteins in the CECF format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Jackson
- J.Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116131, Gainesville, 32611, Florida
| | - Shouguang Jin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100266, Gainesville, 32610, Florida
| | - Z Hugh Fan
- J.Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116131, Gainesville, 32611, Florida. .,Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, 32611, Florida. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, 32611, Florida.
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Kovácsová G, Gustavsson E, Wang J, Kreir M, Peuker S, Westenhoff S. Cell-free expression of a functional pore-only sodium channel. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 111:42-7. [PMID: 25770647 PMCID: PMC4430601 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels participate in the propagation of action potentials in excitable cells. Eukaryotic Navs are pseudo homotetrameric polypeptides, comprising four repeats of six transmembrane segments (S1-S6). The first four segments form the voltage-sensing domain and S5 and S6 create the pore domain with the selectivity filter. Prokaryotic Navs resemble these characteristics, but are truly tetrameric. They can typically be efficiently synthesized in bacteria, but production in vitro with cell-free synthesis has not been demonstrated. Here we report the cell-free expression and purification of a prokaryotic tetrameric pore-only sodium channel. We produced milligram quantities of the functional channel protein as characterized by size-exclusion chromatography, infrared spectroscopy and electrophysiological recordings. Cell-free expression enables advanced site-directed labelling, post-translational modifications, and special solubilization schemes. This enables next-generation biophysical experiments to study the principle of sodium ion selectivity and transport in sodium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Kovácsová
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emil Gustavsson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Nanion Technologies GmbH, Gabrielenstraße 9, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Mohamed Kreir
- Nanion Technologies GmbH, Gabrielenstraße 9, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Peuker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Sebastian Westenhoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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42
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Bencurova E, Pulzova L, Flachbartova Z, Bhide M. A rapid and simple pipeline for synthesis of mRNA-ribosome-V(H)H complexes used in single-domain antibody ribosome display. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1515-24. [PMID: 25902394 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00026b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The single-domain antibody (VHH) is a promising building block for a number of antibody-based applications. Ribosome display can successfully be used in the production of VHH. However, the construction of the expression cassette, confirmation of the translation and proper folding of the nascent chain, and the purification of the ribosome complexes, remain cumbersome tasks. Additionally, selection of the most suitable expression system can be challenging. We have designed primers that will amplify virtually all Camelidae VHH. With the help of a double-overlap extension (OE) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) we have fused VHH with the F1 fragment (T7 promoter and species-independent translation sequence) and the F2 fragment (mCherry, Myc-tag, tether, SecM arrest sequence and 3' stem loop) to generate a full-length DNA cassette. OE-PCR generated fragments were incubated directly with cell-free lysates (Leishmania torentolae, rabbit reticulocyte or E. coli) for the synthesis of mRNA-VHH-mCherry-ribosome complexes in vitro. Alternatively, the cassette was ligated in pQE-30 vector and transformed into E. coli to produce ribosome complexes in vivo. The results showed that the same expression cassette could be used to synthesize ribosome complexes with different expression systems. mCherry reporter served to confirm the synthesis and proper folding of the nascent chain, Myc-tag was useful in the rapid purification of ribosome complexes, and combination of the SecM sequence and 3' stem loop made the cassette universal, both for cells-free and E. coli in vivo. This rapid and universal pipeline can effectively be used in antibody ribosome display and VHH production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bencurova
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 72, 04181 Kosice, Slovakia.
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Quast RB, Mrusek D, Hoffmeister C, Sonnabend A, Kubick S. Cotranslational incorporation of non-standard amino acids using cell-free protein synthesis. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1703-12. [PMID: 25937125 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last years protein engineering using non-standard amino acids has gained increasing attention. As a result, improved methods are now available, enabling the efficient and directed cotranslational incorporation of various non-standard amino acids to equip proteins with desired characteristics. In this context, the utilization of cell-free protein synthesis is particularly useful due to the direct accessibility of the translational machinery and synthesized proteins without having to maintain a vital cellular host. We review prominent methods for the incorporation of non-standard amino acids into proteins using cell-free protein synthesis. Furthermore, a list of non-standard amino acids that have been successfully incorporated into proteins in cell-free systems together with selected applications is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Quast
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Devid Mrusek
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Hoffmeister
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andrei Sonnabend
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Kubick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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Jackson K, Kanamori T, Ueda T, Fan ZH. Protein synthesis yield increased 72 times in the cell-free PURE system. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 6:781-8. [PMID: 25008400 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00088a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Compared to cell-based protein expression, cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) offers several advantages including a greater control over system additives. This control is further enhanced with a CFPS system called the Protein synthesis Using Recombinant Elements (PURE) system, which consists of 108 purified transcriptional and translational elements. With the PURE system, all elements are known, nuclease and protease activities are reduced, and the concentration of each element can be optimized for maximal protein expression. However, protein expression yield with this system is relatively low due to the consumption of nutrients and energy molecules as well as the accumulation of inhibitory byproducts in the batch format. To enhance protein expression with the PURE system, we developed a feeding solution that was optimized using a miniaturized fluid array device (μFAD) in a continuous-exchange cell-free (CECF) format. The device enabled (1) continuous supply of energy/nutrient molecules from the feeding solution to the reaction solution where protein synthesis occurred, and (2) simultaneous removal of inhibitory expression byproducts from the reaction solution to the feeding solution. Consequently, the synthesis yield of green fluorescent protein (GFP) increased 72.5-fold in comparison with the same reaction in the conventional batch format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Jackson
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116131, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Michel E, Allain FHT. Selective Amino Acid Segmental Labeling of Multi-Domain Proteins. Methods Enzymol 2015; 565:389-422. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
Cell-free expression has emerged as a new standard for the production of membrane proteins. The reduction of expression complexity in cell-free systems eliminates central bottlenecks and allows the reliable and efficient synthesis of many different types of membrane proteins. Furthermore, the open accessibility of cell-free reactions enables the co-translational solubilization of cell-free expressed membrane proteins in a large variety of supplied additives. Hydrophobic environments can therefore be adjusted according to the requirements of individual membrane protein targets. We present different approaches for the preparative scale cell-free production of G-protein-coupled receptors using the extracts of Escherichia coli cells. We exemplify expression conditions implementing detergents, nanodiscs, or liposomes. The generated protein samples could be directly used for further functional characterization.
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Afonina ZA, Myasnikov AG, Shirokov VA, Klaholz BP, Spirin AS. Conformation transitions of eukaryotic polyribosomes during multi-round translation. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 43:618-28. [PMID: 25520190 PMCID: PMC4288168 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Using sedimentation and cryo electron tomography techniques, the conformations of eukaryotic polyribosomes formed in a long-term cell-free translation system were analyzed over all the active system lifetime (20–30 translation rounds during 6–8 h in wheat germ extract at 25°C). Three distinct types of the conformations were observed: (i) circular polyribosomes, varying from ring-shaped forms to circles collapsed into double rows, (ii) linear polyribosomes, tending to acquire planar zigzag-like forms and (iii) densely packed 3D helices. At the start, during the first two rounds of translation mostly the circular (ring-shaped and double-row) polyribosomes and the linear (free-shaped and zigzag-like) polyribosomes were formed (‘juvenile phase’). The progressive loading of the polyribosomes with translating ribosomes induced the opening of the circular polyribosomes and the transformation of a major part of the linear polyribosomes into the dense 3D helices (‘transitional phase’). After 2 h from the beginning (about 8–10 rounds of translation) this compact form of polyribosomes became predominant, whereas the circular and linear polyribosome fractions together contained less than half of polysomal ribosomes (‘steady-state phase’). The latter proportions did not change for several hours. Functional tests showed a reduced translational activity in the fraction of the 3D helical polyribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna A Afonina
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexander G Myasnikov
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, IGBMC (Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104; Institut National de la Santé de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964; Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Vladimir A Shirokov
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Bruno P Klaholz
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, IGBMC (Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104; Institut National de la Santé de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964; Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Alexander S Spirin
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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A cost-effective polyphosphate-based metabolism fuels an all E. coli cell-free expression system. Metab Eng 2014; 27:29-37. [PMID: 25446973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A new cost-effective metabolism providing an ATP-regeneration system for cell-free protein synthesis is presented. Hexametaphosphate, a polyphosphate molecule, is used as phosphate donor together with maltodextrin, a polysaccharide used as carbon source to stimulate glycolysis. Remarkably, addition of enzymes is not required for this metabolism, which is carried out by endogenous catalysts present in the Escherichia coli crude extract. This new ATP regeneration system allows efficient recycling of inorganic phosphate, a strong inhibitor of protein synthesis. We show that up to 1.34-1.65mg/mL of active reporter protein is synthesized in batch-mode reaction after 5h of incubation. Unlike typical hybrid in vitro protein synthesis systems based on bacteriophage transcription, expression is carried out through E. coli promoters using only the endogenous transcription-translation molecular machineries provided by the extract. We demonstrate that traditional expensive energy regeneration systems, such as creatine phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate or phosphoglycerate, can be replaced by a cost-effective metabolic scheme suitable for cell-free protein synthesis applications. Our work also shows that cell-free systems are useful platforms for metabolic engineering.
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Choudhury A, Hodgman CE, Anderson MJ, Jewett MC. Evaluating fermentation effects on cell growth and crude extract metabolic activity for improved yeast cell-free protein synthesis. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lian Q, Cao H, Wang F. The Cost-Efficiency Realization in the Escherichia coli-Based Cell-Free Protein Synthesis Systems. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:2351-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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