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Effects of Social Hierarchy Establishment on Stress Response and Cell Phagocytosis in Gilt-Head Sea Bream (Sparus aurata). FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Social stress can affect the ability of fish to respond to various stressors, such as pathogens or environmental variations. In this paper, the effects of social stress on gilt-head bream (Sparus aurata) were investigated. To study the effects of physiological stress, we evaluated biochemical and cellular parameters, such as cortisol, glucose, lactate, osmolarity, and phagocytosis, 24 h after the establishment of social hierarchy in a group of three fish. Social hierarchy was determined and characterized by behavioral observation (aggressive acts and feeding order) of the specimens (dominant: “α”; subordinate: “β” and “γ”). After the establishment of social hierarchy, we observed that, overall, levels of plasma cortisol and other biochemical plasmatic stress markers (glucose and lactate) were higher in subordinate individuals than in dominant individuals. In addition, the modulation of phagocytic activity of the peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) demonstrated that social stress appeared to affect immune response. Finally, principal component analysis clearly separated the subordinate fish groups from the dominant groups, based on stress markers and the phagocytic activity of peritoneal exudate cells. This study contributes to current knowledge on gilt-head sea bream, helping to understand the link between social stress, behavior, and physiology of this species, relevant in the aquaculture sector, where fish are subjected to several kinds of stress.
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Azeredo R, Machado M, Pereiro P, Barany A, Mancera JM, Costas B. Acute Inflammation Induces Neuroendocrine and Opioid Receptor Genes Responses in the Seabass Dicentrarchus labrax Brain. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030364. [PMID: 35336737 PMCID: PMC8945561 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary It is generally accepted (in mammals and in teleost fish, too) that stressful conditions affect the performance of an immune response. What is still far from being known is at what extend does an immune process affects the neuroendocrine system. Vaccination for instance, is nowadays a common practice in aquaculture and little is known about its physiological implications other than immunization. Here is a first approach to the study of the European seabass’ brain gene expression patterns in response to a peripheral inflammatory process. Genes related to the stress response were focused, along with those related to the opioid system. Increased expression of certain genes suggests the activation of a stress response triggered by inflammatory signals. Additionally, contrasting expression patterns of the same gene (increased vs decreased) in the different brain regions (as well as the time needed for changes to happen) point at different functions. These results clearly show the reactivity of different brain responses to an immune response, highlighting the importance of further studies on downstream implications (behavior, feeding, welfare, reproduction). Abstract In fish, as observed in mammals, any stressful event affects the immune system to a larger or shorter extent. The neuroendocrine-immune axis is a bi-directional network of mobile compounds and their receptors that are shared between both systems (neuroendocrine and immune) and that regulate their respective responses. However, how and to what extent immunity modulates the neuroendocrine system is not yet fully elucidated. This study was carried out to understand better central gene expression response patterns in a high-valued farmed fish species to an acute peripheral inflammation, focusing on genes related to the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal axis and the opioid system. European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax, were intra-peritoneally injected with either Freund’s Incomplete Adjuvant to induce a local inflammatory response or Hanks Balances Salt Solution to serve as the control. An undisturbed group was also included to take into account the effects due to handling procedures. To evaluate the outcomes of an acute immune response, fish were sampled at 4, 24, 48, and 72 h post-injection. The brain was sampled and dissected for isolation of different regions: telencephalon, optic tectum, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland. The expression of several genes related to the neuroendocrine response was measured by real-time PCR. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and discriminant analyses to obtain these genes’ responsiveness for the different brain regions. Serotonergic receptors were upregulated in the telencephalon, whereas the optic tectum inhibited these transcription genes. The hypothalamus showed a somewhat delayed response in which serotonin and glucocorticoid receptors were concerned. Still, the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone played an important role in differentiating fish undergoing an inflammatory response from those not under such conditions. Opioid receptors gene expression increased in both the hypothalamus and the telencephalon, while in the optic tectum, most were downregulated. However, no changes in the pituitary gland were observed. The different brain regions under immune stimulation demonstrated clear, distinct responses regarding gene transcription rates as well as the time period needed for the effect to occur. Further, more integrative studies are required to associate functions to the evaluated genes more safely and better understand the triggering mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Azeredo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (B.C.)
| | - Marina Machado
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (P.P.)
| | - Patricia Pereiro
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (P.P.)
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Andre Barany
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), University of Cadiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (A.B.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Juan Miguel Mancera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), University of Cadiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (A.B.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Benjamín Costas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (P.P.)
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (B.C.)
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Azeredo R, Machado M, Afonso A, Fierro-Castro C, Reyes-López FE, Tort L, Gesto M, Conde-Sieira M, Míguez JM, Soengas JL, Kreuz E, Wuertz S, Peres H, Oliva-Teles A, Costas B. Neuroendocrine and Immune Responses Undertake Different Fates following Tryptophan or Methionine Dietary Treatment: Tales from a Teleost Model. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1226. [PMID: 29021795 PMCID: PMC5623689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Methionine and tryptophan appear to be fundamental in specific cellular pathways involved in the immune response mechanisms, including stimulation of T-regulatory cells by tryptophan metabolites or pro-inflammatory effects upon methionine supplementation. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of these amino acids on the inflammatory and neuroendocrine responses in juveniles of European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax. To achieve this, goal fish were fed for 14 days methionine and tryptophan-supplemented diets (MET and TRP, respectively, 2× dietary requirement level) or a control diet meeting the amino acids requirement levels (CTRL). Fish were sampled for immune status assessment and the remaining fish were challenged with intraperitoneally injected inactivated Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and sampled either 4 or 24 h post-injection. Respiratory burst activity, brain monoamines, plasma cortisol, and immune-related gene expression showed distinct and sometimes opposite patterns regarding the effects of dietary amino acids. While neuroendocrine intermediates were not affected by any dietary treatment at the end of the feeding trial, both supplemented diets led to increased levels of plasma cortisol after the inflammatory insult, while brain monoamine content was higher in TRP-fed fish. Peripheral blood respiratory burst was higher in TRP-fed fish injected with the bacteria inoculum but only compared to those fed MET. However, no changes were detected in total antioxidant capacity. Complement factor 3 was upregulated in MET-fed fish but methionine seemed to poorly affect other genes expression patterns. In contrast, fish fed MET showed increased immune cells numbers both before and after immune challenge, suggesting a strong enhancing effect of methionine on immune cells proliferation. Differently, tryptophan effects on inflammatory transcripts suggested an inhibitory mode of action. This, together with a high production of brain monoamine and cortisol levels, suggests that tryptophan might mediate regulatory mechanisms of neuroendocrine and immune systems cooperation. Overall, more studies are needed to ascertain the role of methionine and tryptophan in modulating (stimulate or regulate) fish immune and neuroendocrine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Azeredo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina Machado
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Afonso
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Camino Fierro-Castro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe E Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Gesto
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta Conde-Sieira
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jesús M Míguez
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - José L Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Eva Kreuz
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Wuertz
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Peres
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Benjamin Costas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Aruna A, Nagarajan G, Chang CF. Differential expression patterns and localization of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor transcripts in the osmoregulatory organs of tilapia during salinity stress. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 179:465-76. [PMID: 23085115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) plays an essential role during seawater (SW) acclimation. However, the regulation of GR isoforms 1 and 2 (GR1 and GR2) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) during SW acclimation is poorly understood. To address this, we localized and examined the GR1, GR2 and MR transcripts in the tilapia gill, kidney and intestine. Our results indicated that the GR1, GR2 and MR levels were increased in the kidney and intestine on day 1 in seawater (SW) fish, which is in agreement with the recognized osmoregulatory role of the corticosteroid receptors. The SW transfer increased the GR2 and MR transcripts in the gill on day 1 and 4, respectively. Surprisingly, no significant difference was obtained for the GR1 mRNA level. Analysis of the plasma parameters in freshwater (FW) and SW tilapia showed that the plasma cortisol levels were significantly increased at day 1 in the SW fish compared to the FW fish. This is the first study that focused on the spatial distribution of GR1, GR2 and MR in the osmoregulatory organs of freshwater (FW)- and SW-acclimated tilapia by in situ hybridization. Consistent with the Q-PCR results, the expression levels of the GR1, GR2 and MR transcripts were increased or decreased in the SW-acclimated tilapia's gill, kidney and intestine compared to the FW fish. We observed that GR1, GR2 and MR were localized in the branchial epithelial cells and chloride cells of the gill, proximal tubules of the kidney and columnar cells of the intestine. Together, these results indicate that the mobilization of corticosteroid receptors is dependent on the target tissue, salinity and exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adimoolam Aruna
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
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Chaube R, Mishra S. Brain steroid contents in the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis: sex and gonad stage-specific changes. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2012; 38:757-767. [PMID: 22002168 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-011-9558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Neurosteroids are those which are synthesized in the central nervous system independently of supply by peripheral endocrine glands. In the present study, brain contents of the steroid hormones, estradiol-17β (E(2)), testosterone (T), corticosteroids, and progestins were investigated in both male and female catfish Heteropneustes fossilis in prespawning (vitellogenic) and spawning (post-vitellogenic) phases using ELISA or HPLC. The data show that the measured steroid hormones showed both stage-specific and sex-related variations. Brain E(2) was significantly higher in males in the prespawning phase and in females in the spawning phase. Testosterone was significantly higher in males in comparison with females in the prespawning phase. Cortisol was significantly higher in the prespawning and spawning phases in males than in females. Corticosterone level was low in the brain. 21-deoxycortisol and deoxycorticosterone were significantly higher in the prespawning phase than in the spawning phase. Male brain recorded the highest concentration of deoxycorticosterone. Progesterone (P(4)) was high in the prespawning phase and low in the spawning phase in both sexes. Levels of 17-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione and 17,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20β-DP) and the metabolites of P(4) were the highest in females in the prespawning phase. The stage-specific and sexual differences in the content of the steroids suggest their biosynthesis in the brain, which may have implications in brain functions, in addition to reproductive regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chaube
- Zoology Section, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
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Cammarata M, Vazzana M, Accardi D, Parrinello N. Seabream (Sparus aurata) long-term dominant-subordinate interplay affects phagocytosis by peritoneal cavity cells. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:580-7. [PMID: 22289430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish are sensitive to stressful conditions that affect their innate immune systems and increase their susceptibility to diseases. We examined the social stress of paired gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Social hierarchies (dominant/subordinate) were characterised by behavioural changes, such as "aggressiveness" and "feeding order"; hierarchical positions were established within an hour of exposure to social stress and remained unchanged for approximately 1 year. To characterise physiological stress, we measured blood plasma levels of cortisol, glucose, and lactate as well as osmolarity and observed that the levels of these stress markers were higher in subordinate individuals than in dominant ones. The discriminant analysis revealed a separation of the subordinate fish groups, and at 15 days, a significant separation among groups was observed. Moreover, diminished phagocytic and respiratory burst activities revealed that social stress appeared to affect the cellular innate immune response of the subordinate specimens. Finally, to examine the effect of cortisol on phagocytosis, peritoneal cavity cells were treated in vitro, and an inhibitory effect was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cammarata
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Biology and Biodiversity, Division of Animal Biology and Antropology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy.
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Celi M, Vazzana M, Sanfratello MA, Parrinello N. Elevated cortisol modulates Hsp70 and Hsp90 gene expression and protein in sea bass head kidney and isolated leukocytes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 175:424-31. [PMID: 22154571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In fish, interactions between Hsps and cortisol are involved in stress modulated physiological processes including innate immune responses. Cortisol exerts a role in the regulation of Hsps synthesis. Fish head kidney is a lymphomieloid and endocrine organ releasing cortisol, and it is the central organ for immune-endocrine interactions. In sea bass, cortisol intraperitoneal injection and in vitro treatment of head kidney cells show that inducible Hsp70 and Hsp90 are modulated by this hormone. However, an inverse relationship between mRNA expression (real-time PCR) and Hsp70 and Hsp90 protein levels (densitometric band analysis) was found. Time-course assays indicate a cortisol-mediated regulation. Furthermore, Hsp70 gene modulation appears to be more susceptible to the cortisol action and the mRNA was transcribed within 3h post-injection. The restoration of the homeostatic conditions was observed at a week p.i., when plasma cortisol baseline was reached. Although fish manipulation and injection exerted stressing effects as indicated by serological parameters, differences between cortisol treated specimens compared to untreated or sham fish are statistically significant. Similar results were found by examining in vitro total cells and isolated leukocytes from head kidney cultured for 3h with increasing cortisol concentration. Finally, MTT test and DNA fragmentation experiments showed that the apoptotic effect expected in cortisol-treated cells could be counteracted by high Hsp70 intracellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Celi
- Laboratory of Marine Immunobiology, Department of Environmental Biology and Biodiversity, Division of Animal Biology and Anthropology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
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Chistiakov DA, Kabanov FV, Troepolskaya OD, Tischenko MM. A variant of the interleukin-1beta gene in European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L., is associated with increased resistance against Vibrio anguillarum. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2010; 33:759-767. [PMID: 20690960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Vibriosis caused by the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio (Listonella) anguillarum leads to serious losses in European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Because of its pleiotropic activity in controlling immune and inflammatory responses against various pathogens, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is an attractive candidate for resistance to bacterial vibriosis. Four polymorphisms c.76 + 52C>T, c.76 + 157A>G, c.76 + 215A>and c76 + 310A>G of IL1B were genotyped in progeny of four families of wild sea bass captured in geographically distinct regions of the Black Sea and Sea of Azov and challenged with V. anguillarum. In the transmission disequilibrium test, the TGGG haplotype of IL1B showed significant overtransmission from parents to surviving progeny, thereby suggesting an association with higher resistance to V. anguillarum infection (Odds Ratio 0.38, P < 10(-7)). Using a luciferase reporter assay, we found a 1.4-fold increase in transcription activity of the protective IL1B TGGG variant compared to the susceptible CAAA variant of IL1B. The higher transcriptional activity of IL1B TGGG may arise from the functional effects of c.76 + 157A>G and c.76 + 215A>G polymorphisms disrupting potential binding sites for glucocorticoid receptor and YY1, both are negative transcription regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Chistiakov
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, National Research Center GosNIIgenetika, Moscow, Russia.
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Vazzana M, Vizzini A, Sanfratello MA, Celi M, Salerno G, Parrinello N. Differential expression of two glucocorticoid receptors in seabass (teleost fish) head kidney after exogeneous cortisol inoculation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 157:49-54. [PMID: 20460166 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Stressful conditions include a prompt release of corticosteroid hormones which can mediate gene expression through glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Since two seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) GRs have been cloned and sequenced from peritoneal cavity cells (DlGR1) and liver (DlGR2), a comparative amino acid sequence analysis that included Haplochromis burtoni HbGRs, was carried out and homologies disclosed. The DlGR1 and DlGR2 deduced aminoacid sequences showed 61% identity (I) and 70% similarity (S). Moreover, DlGR2 was similar to HbGR2b (69% I, 73% S), and the DlGR1 to HbGR1 (72% I, 78% S). In addition, we examined the expression of the DlGRs after exogeneous cortisol inoculation into the peritoneal cavity, mimicking stress effects. At various times after the administration (3 h, 24 h, 1 week), gene expressions was evaluated in head kidney by real-time PCR. In addition, immunoblotting and densitometry analyses were performed with anti-DlGR1 antibodies. Although sea bass head kidney expressed both DlGR1 and DlGR2 they were differentially modulated by intraperitoneal implant of exogeneous cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Vazzana
- Laboratory of Marine Immunobiology, Department of Animal Biology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18 Palermo, Italy
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Earla R, Boddu SHS, Cholkar K, Hariharan S, Jwala J, Mitra AK. Development and validation of a fast and sensitive bioanalytical method for the quantitative determination of glucocorticoids--quantitative measurement of dexamethasone in rabbit ocular matrices by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 52:525-33. [PMID: 20172680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive, selective, accurate and robust LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of glucocorticoids in rabbit ocular tissues. Samples were processed by a simple liquid-liquid extraction procedure. Chromatographic separation was performed on Phenomenex reversed phase C18 gemini column (50mmx4.6mm i.d.,) with an isocratic mobile phase composed of 30% of acetonitrile in water containing 0.1% of formic acid, at a flow rate 0.2mL/min. Dexamethasone (DEX), prednisolone (PD) and hydrocortisone (HD) were detected with proton adducts at m/z 393.20-->355.30, 361.30-->147.20 and 363.20-->121.0 in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) positive mode respectively. Finally, 50microL of 0.1% novel DEX mixed micellar formulation was topically administered to a rabbit eye and concentrations were measured. The method was validated over a linear concentration range of 2.7-617.6ng/mL. Lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of DEX and PD was measured in the concentration range of 2.7 and 11.0ng/mL respectively. The resulting method demonstrated intra and inter-day precision within 13.3% and 11.1% and accuracy within 19.3% and 12.5% for DEX and PD, respectively. Both analytes were found to be stable throughout freeze-thaw cycles and during bench top and postoperative stability studies (r(2)>0.999). DEX concentrations in various ocular tissue samples i.e., aqueous humor, cornea, iris ciliary body, sclera and retina choroid were found to be 344.0, 1050.07, 529.6, 103.9 and 48.5ng/mg protein respectively. Absorption of DEX after topical administration from a novel aqueous mixed micellar formulation achieved therapeutic concentration levels in posterior segment of the rabbit eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Earla
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 5258 Health Science Building, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108-2718, USA
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The gastrointestinal tract as an endocrine/neuroendocrine/paracrine organ: organization, chemical messengers and physiological targets. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(10)03007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Chapter 6 Regulation And Contribution Of The Corticotropic, Melanotropic And Thyrotropic Axes To The Stress Response In Fishes. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(09)28006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Di Bella ML, Vazzana M, Vizzini A, Parrinello N. Glucocorticoid receptor (DlGR1) is expressed in pre-larval and larval stages of the teleost fish Dicentrarchus labrax. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 333:39-47. [PMID: 18463897 PMCID: PMC2441495 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormone receptors (GR), members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, are ligand-dependent transcription factors expressed in various tissues by binding to specific DNA sequences. Since glucocorticoids have a role in maintaining the homeostatic status in fish, we previously cloned and sequenced a GR (DlGR1) of adult Dicentrarchus labrax; we also showed mRNA expression (in situ hybridization) and tissue immunohistochemical localization of DlGR1 in several organs. This work has now been extended to the examination of the expression, tissue distribution, and cytolocalization of DlGR1 in larval developmental stages by similar methods to those used for the adult organs. The riboprobe included the DlGR1 cDNA transcriptional activation domain (1.0–1,300 nucleotide sequence) showing no significant similarity with a known second GR cDNA sequence of sea bass. The antibody was specific for an opportunely selected peptide sequence of the DlGR1 transcriptional domain. In histological sections of brain, head kidney, gills, liver, anterior intestine, and spleen cells, the riboprobe was mainly located in the cell nucleus. The antibody identified DlGR1 in the head kidney, gills, liver, and anterior intestine, mainly located in the cytosol. These results are in agreement with the receptor location in adult tissues. The greater presence of both the transcript and protein of DlGR1 in the late developmental stages suggests an increasing expression of this receptor. The cytolocalization (nuclear-cytosolic) and presumptive roles of DlGR1-containing tissues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Di Bella
- Laboratory of Marine Immunobiology, Department of Animal Biology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
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