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Soylak M, Salamat Q, Sajjad S. The usability of green deep eutectic solvents in hollow fiber Liquid-Phase microextraction for the simultaneous extraction of analytes of different Natures: A comprehensive study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 319:124552. [PMID: 38820813 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
In the current study, a wide range of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with different properties (hydrophilic, hydrophobic, ionic, and nonionic) were prepared in the initial phase. Subsequently, an assessment was conducted to evaluate some characteristics of the produced DESs, including their stability at room temperature and their capacity to extract three distinct types of analytes (anionic, cationic, and non-ionic) simultaneously through hollow fiber-liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) technique. To carry out the extraction procedure, the prepared DESs were inserted into the pores (as supported liquid membrane (SLM)) and lumen of hollow fiber membrane (HF) to apply two-phase and three-phase HF-LPME techniques. After a thorough evaluation, the three-phase HF-LPME technique (HF(3)-LPME) was chosen by using a mixture of menthol/TBAB-based hydrophobic DES (DES-35) as SLM and the mixture of malic acid/citric acid/water-based hydrophilic DES (DES-2) as an extraction solvent in the lumen of HF. All factors affecting the extraction recovery (including pH, extraction time, extraction temperature, stirring speed, and salt effect) were optimized utilizing the one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) methodology. After applying the extraction procedure, all extracted samples were analyzed using the UV-Vis spectrometer and results were recorded at different wavelengths including 655 nm for Methylene blue, 550 nm for Amaranth, and 375 nm for Quercetin. The calibration graphs showed linearity in the range of 20.0-1500 µg/L, with a limit of detection of 6.2-15.1 µg/L and correlation coefficients higher than 0.9913 for the studied analytes. Moreover, the intra-day RSD, inter-day RSD, preconcentration factor (PF), enrichment factors (EF), and extraction recoveries (ER%) were obtained in the range of 3.1-4.8, 3.8-6.7, 125, 102.9-111.4, and 82.3-89.1 %, respectively. The use of the selected DES in the HF-LPME methodology resulted in an ecologically friendly strategy, as evidenced by the use of green metrics from the SPMS tool. The proposed strategy is also considered environmentally friendly due to its use of minimal solvents, waste reduction, and low energy consumption. The proposed technique effectively and simultaneously extractedmethylene blue, amaranth, and quercetin analytes in different real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Soylak
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 38039 Kayseri, Turkiye; Technology Research and Application Center (ERU-TAUM), Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkiye; Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Çankaya, Ankara, Turkiye.
| | - Qamar Salamat
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 38039 Kayseri, Turkiye.
| | - Sabrina Sajjad
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 38039 Kayseri, Turkiye.
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2
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Sundaresan S, Vijaikanth V. Recent advances in electrochemical detection of common azo dyes. Forensic Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s11419-024-00696-y. [PMID: 39093537 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-024-00696-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Food forensics is an emerging field and the initial part of this review showcases the toxic effects and the instrumental methods applied for the detection of the most commonly used azo dyes. Electrochemical detection has a lot of advantages and hence the significance of the most important techniques used in the electrochemical detection is discussed. The major part of this review highlights the surface modified electrodes, utilized for the detection of the most important azo dyes to achieve low detection limit (LOD). METHODS A thorough literature study was conducted using scopus, science direct and other scientific databases using specific keywords such as toxic azo dyes, electrochemical detection, modified electrodes, LOD etc. The recent references in this field have been included. RESULTS From the published literature, it is observed that with the growing interests in the field of electrochemical techniques, a lot of importance have been given in the area of modifying the working electrodes. The results unambiguously show that the modified electrodes outperform bare electrodes and offer a lower LOD value. CONCLUSION According to the literature reports it can be concluded that, compared to other detection methods, electrochemical techniques are much dependable and reproducible. The fabrication of the electrode material with the appropriate modifications is the main factor that influences the sensitivity. Electrochemical sensors can be designed to be more sensitive, more reliable, and less expensive. These sensors can be effectively used by toxicologists to detect trace amounts of harmful dyes in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumi Sundaresan
- Department of Physical Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641114, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vijendran Vijaikanth
- Department of Physical Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641114, Tamil Nadu, India.
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3
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de Faria LV, Villafuerte LM, do Nascimento SFL, de Sá IC, Peixoto DA, Ribeiro RSDA, Nossol E, Lima TDM, Semaan FS, Pacheco WF, Dornellas RM. 3D-printed electrodes using graphite/carbon nitride/polylactic acid composite material: A greener platform for detection of amaranth dye in food samples. Food Chem 2024; 442:138497. [PMID: 38271904 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The production of sustainable materials with properties aimed at the additive manufacturing of electrochemical sensors has gained prestige in the scientific scenario. Here, a novel lab-made composite material using graphite (G) and carbon nitride (C3N4) embedded into polylactic acid (PLA) biopolymer is proposed to produce 3D-printed electrodes. PLA offers printability and mechanical stability in this composition, while G and C3N4 provide electrical properties and electrocatalytic sites, respectively. Characterizations by Raman and infrared spectroscopies and Energy Dispersive X-rays indicated that the G/C3N4/PLA composite was successfully obtained, while electron microscopy images revealed non-homogeneous rough surfaces. Better electrochemical properties were achieved when the G/C3N4/PLA proportion (35:5:60) was used. As a proof of concept, amaranth (AMR), a synthetic dye, was selected as an analyte, and a fast method using square wave voltammetry was developed. Utilizing the 3D-printed G/C3N4/PLA electrode, a more comprehensive linear range (0.2 to 4.2 μmol/L), a 5-fold increase in sensitivity (9.83 μmol-1 L μA), and better limits of detection (LOD = 0.06 μmol/L) and quantification (LOQ = 0.18 μmol/L) were achieved compared to the G/PLA electrode. Samples of jelly, popsicles, isotonic drinks, and food flavoring samples were analyzed, and similar results to those obtained by UV-vis spectrometry confirmed the method's reliability. Therefore, the described sensor is a simple, cost-effective alternative for assessing AMR in routine food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas V de Faria
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141 Niterói-RJ, Brazil.
| | - Luana M Villafuerte
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Suéllen F L do Nascimento
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Igor C de Sá
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Diego A Peixoto
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38408-100 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil
| | - Ruan S de A Ribeiro
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Edson Nossol
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38408-100 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago de M Lima
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe S Semaan
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Wagner F Pacheco
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Dornellas
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141 Niterói-RJ, Brazil.
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4
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Hu L, Liu KQ, Li F, Li HY, Wang W, Fang HL, Gao H, Wang ZX. Water-ultrastable perovskite CsPbBr 3 nanocrystals tailored by surface-confined strategy for amaranth sensing in food samples. Food Chem 2024; 434:137532. [PMID: 37748287 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
A vital challenge is to develop water-stable perovskite nanocrystals owing to the easy attack of its surface vacancy defects by water-molecule. Here, a facile surface-passivated strategy to dramatically improve the chem-stability and luminescent efficiency (LE) of the CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (CPB) is proposed, where sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) encapsulate on CPB, generating confined environment (named SDS@CPB). The flexible long carbon-chain of SDS can confine the movement of CPB to form an externally hydrophobic closed-shell and internally structural rigidity through the hydrophobic association between surface hydrophobic groups, improving the LE and maintaining long-term composition of CPB. While the sulfate group in SDS can reduce the surface-defects exposure of CPB through the coordination with Pb2+, inhibiting the invasion of water-molecule. Importantly, an SDS@CPB-based sensor was fabricated to detect amaranth in food samples with a lower detection limit (5.43 nM), which opens a new avenue for food sensing based on high-efficiency perovskite nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Kai-Qi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Feng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Heng-Ye Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China.
| | - Hai-Lin Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Hang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhong-Xia Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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5
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Golestaneh M. Applicability of a graphene oxide nanocomposite for fabrication of an electrochemical sensor for simultaneous detection of sunset yellow and rhodamine B in food samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:5500-5509. [PMID: 37843022 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01373a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Developing a sensitive portable sensor for the determination of food additives is very important. Herein, a simple and sensitive electrochemical sensor has been constructed based on a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets for the simultaneous determination of sunset yellow (SY) and rhodamine B (RhB) in phosphate buffer solution (pH = 4). The cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry (CV and DPV) results revealed two well-resolved anodic peaks for SY and RhB with a remarkable increase in oxidation signals of these colorants. Based on this, an electrochemical method was developed for the first time for the simultaneous detection of SY and RhB. Applicability of the sensor was confirmed in various concentrations of two analytes in two linear ranges of 1-20 μM for SY and 1-30 μM for RhB with a limit of detection (LOD) of 10.0 nM and 20.0 nM, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed sensor was successfully employed for the simultaneous detection of SY and RhB in food samples with recoveries of 93.1-106.0% indicating promising potential in practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Golestaneh
- Department of Chemistry Education, Farhangian University, P.O. Box 14665-889, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Barciela P, Perez-Vazquez A, Prieto MA. Azo dyes in the food industry: Features, classification, toxicity, alternatives, and regulation. Food Chem Toxicol 2023:113935. [PMID: 37429408 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Azo dyes, including Tartrazine, Sunset Yellow, and Carmoisine, are added to foods to provide color, but they have no value with regard to nutrition, food preservation, or health benefits. Because of their availability, affordability, stability, and low cost, and because they provide intense coloration to the product without contributing unwanted flavors, the food industry often prefers to use synthetic azo dyes rather than natural colorants. Food dyes have been tested by regulatory agencies responsible for guaranteeing consumer safety. Nevertheless, the safety of these colorants remains controversial; they have been associated with adverse effects, particularly due to the reduction and cleavage of the azo bond. Here, we review the features, classification, regulation, toxicity, and alternatives to the use of azo dyes in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Barciela
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - A Perez-Vazquez
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - M A Prieto
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E32004, Ourense, Spain.
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7
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Chen Y, Sun Y, Wang R, Waterhouse GIN, Xu Z. One-pot synthesis of a novel conductive molecularly imprinted gel as the recognition element and signal amplifier for the selective electrochemical detection of amaranth in foods. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 228:115185. [PMID: 36878068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we prepared a self-crosslinked conductive molecularly imprinted gel (CMIG) using cationic guar gum (CGG), chitosan (CS), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), amaranth (AM) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by a simple one-pot low temperature magnetic stirring method. The imine bonds, hydrogen-bonding interactions and electrostatic attractions between CGG, CS and AM facilitated CMIG gelation, while β-CD and MWCNTs enhanced the adsorption capacity and conductivity of CMIG, respectively. Next, the CMIG was deposited onto the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). After selective removal of AM, a highly sensitive and selective CMIG-based electrochemical sensor was obtained for AM determination in foods. The CMIG allowed specific recognition of AM and could also be used for signal amplification, thus improving the sensitivity and selectivity of the sensor. Due to the high viscosity and self-healing properties of the CMIG, the developed sensor was very durable retaining a 92.1% of original current after 60 consecutive measurements. Under optimal conditions, the CMIG/GCE sensor showed a good linear response for AM detection (0.02-150 μM) with a limit of detection of 0.003 μM. AM recovery tests were performed in milk powder and white vinegar samples, yielding satisfactory recoveries (89.00%-111.00%). Furthermore, the levels of AM in two kinds of carbonated drinks were analyzed with the constructed sensor and an ultraviolet spectrophotometry method, with no significant difference found of the two methods. This work demonstrates that CMIG based electrochemical sensing platforms allow the cost-effective detection of AM, with the CMIG technology likely being widely applicable to the detection of other analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiqiang Wang
- Shandong Cayon Testing Co., LTD, Jining, 272000, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Zhixiang Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Development of Stripping Voltammetry using Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Electrochemical Reduced Graphene Oxide for the Determination of Amaranth in Soft Drink and Candy Samples. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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9
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Jiang L, Yuan L, Liu Z, Xiang Y, Song F, Meng L, Tu Y. Facile hydrothermal synthesis and purification of fluorescent carbon dots for food colorant tartrazine detection based on a dual-mode nanosensor. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4127-4132. [PMID: 36222124 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01140a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Colorant tartrazine is widely used in the food industry, but its long-term and excessive consumption is harmful to human health. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a sensitive detection method for tartrazine. Blue fluorescent carbon dots with L-arginine and o-phenylenediamine as precursors, namely L-Arg/oPD-CDs, were prepared via the hydrothermal method. Then, L-Arg/oPD-CDs were further purified by dialysis, thin layer chromatography and column chromatography. A dual-mode nanosensor based on fluorescent and UV absorption was successfully developed. Excellent linear ranges of 0-5 μM and 10-50 μM were obtained with a low detection limit of 42.3 nM based on fluorescence. A good linear range of 0-50 μM was obtained with a low detection limit of 130.15 nM based on UV absorption. The quenching mechanism of tartrazine towards L-Arg/oPD-CDs fluorescence was the inner filter effect. In addition, a dual-mode nanosensor was used for tartrazine determination in millet, maize flour, carbonated drink, and sugar samples. This study provides new insight into the detection of tartrazine by applying a dual-mode nanosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Ze Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Yingying Xiang
- Department of Stomatology, Yańan Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Fei Song
- Department of Minimally Invasive Intervention, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Lifen Meng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University of Engineering Science, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Yujiao Tu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China
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10
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Li T, Ma X, Xue G, Ju X, Liu J, Wang L. Determination of sunset yellow in beverage based on solution-gated graphene transistors with multi-walled carbon nanotube functionalized gate electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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11
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Lv R, Sun R, Du T, Li Y, Chen L, Zhang Y, Qi Y. Cu 2+ modified Zr-based metal organic framework-CTAB-graphene for sensitive electrochemical detection of sunset yellow. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 166:113250. [PMID: 35750088 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive electrochemical sensor for sunset yellow (SY) was constructed based on cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) functionalized graphene (Gr) and Cu/Zr-MOF electrode modified materials. The CTAB-Gr-Cu/Zr-MOF composites were synthesized by using a mild method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and EDX spectrum. The combination of Cu/Zr-MOF and graphene exhibited synergetic effect of the strong accumulation efficiency, fast electron transfer rate and more sensing sites towards the oxidation of SY. The new modified materials remarkably increased the electrochemical response of SY to 6.53-fold when comparing with bare electrode. Under the optimized conditions, the oxidation peak currents of SY had a linear relationship with its concentration in a wide range from 0.10 to 8.00 μM and 40.00-1000.00 μM, and the limit of detection was 6.68 nM (S/N = 3). The electrochemical method shows high sensitivity, stability, reproducibility and is successfully applied in the determination of SY in soft drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Lv
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Ruimeng Sun
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Ting Du
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Yuhan Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Lixia Chen
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Yanfei Qi
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China.
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12
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Stozhko NY, Khamzina EI, Bukharinova MA, Tarasov AV. An Electrochemical Sensor Based on Carbon Paper Modified with Graphite Powder for Sensitive Determination of Sunset Yellow and Tartrazine in Drinks. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22114092. [PMID: 35684711 PMCID: PMC9185310 DOI: 10.3390/s22114092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes the development of an electrochemical sensor to be used for the determination of synthetic food colorants such as Sunset Yellow FCF (SY) and Tartrazine (TZ). The sensor is a carbon paper (CP) electrode, manufactured by using hot lamination technology and volume modified with fine-grained graphite powder (GrP). The sensor (GrP/CP) was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, electrochemical impedance analysis, cyclic, linear sweep and differential pulse voltammetry. The mechanism of SY and TZ electrochemical oxidation on GrP/CP was studied. The developed sensor has good electron transfer characteristics and low electron resistance, high sensitivity and selectivity. Applying the differential pulse mode, linear dynamic ranges of 0.005–1.0 μM and 0.02–7.5 μM with limits of detection of 0.78 nM and 8.2 nM for SY and TZ, respectively, were obtained. The sensor was used to detect SY and TZ in non-alcoholic and alcoholic drinks. The results obtained from drink analysis prove good reproducibility (RSD ≤ 0.072) and accuracy (recovery 96–104%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Yu. Stozhko
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Ural State University of Economics, 8 Marta St. 62, 620144 Yekaterinburg, Russia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ekaterina I. Khamzina
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Ural State University of Economics, 8 Marta St. 62, 620144 Yekaterinburg, Russia;
- Scientific and Innovation Center of Sensor Technologies, Ural State University of Economics, 8 Marta St. 62, 620144 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (M.A.B.); (A.V.T.)
| | - Maria A. Bukharinova
- Scientific and Innovation Center of Sensor Technologies, Ural State University of Economics, 8 Marta St. 62, 620144 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (M.A.B.); (A.V.T.)
| | - Aleksey V. Tarasov
- Scientific and Innovation Center of Sensor Technologies, Ural State University of Economics, 8 Marta St. 62, 620144 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (M.A.B.); (A.V.T.)
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13
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Alizadeh M, Demir E, Aydogdu N, Zare N, Karimi F, Kandomal SM, Rokni H, Ghasemi Y. Recent advantages in electrochemical monitoring for the analysis of amaranth and carminic acid food colors. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163:112929. [PMID: 35307455 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive review of the latest developments in the electrochemical impressions of the important dyestuffs including amaranth and carminic acid. Food colors are organic substances that have important effects on human health and food safety. While these substances do not pose a problem when used in the daily intake (ADI) amounts, they harm human health when consumed excessively. Amaranth and carminic acid are synthetic and natural food colors ingredients, respectively. Analysis of these substances in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and textile samples is extremely important because of their genotoxicity, cytostatic and cytotoxic effects. Electroanalytical methods, which have great advantages over traditional analytical methods, shed light on the scientific world. Electrochemical monitoring modules, which are fast, simple, accurate, reliable, and highly selective, are promising for the determination of both substances. Until now, amaranth and carminic acid food determinations have been carried out successfully with electrochemical monitoring techniques in many numbers in the literature. Voltammetric techniques are the most widely used among these electroanalytical methods. In particular, square wave and differential pulse voltammetric techniques, which have extraordinary properties, have been heavily preferred. Limits of detection (LOD) comparable to the standard analytical method have been achieved using these methods, which have very quick analysis durations, high precision and accuracy, do not require long preprocessing, and have great selectivity. In addition, more sensitive and selective analyses of amaranth and carminic acid in natural samples were carried out with numerous indicator electrodes. The merits of powerful electrochemical monitoring studies for the determination of both food colors during the last decade are presented in this study. Moreover, parameters such as analytical applications, detection limits, electrochemical methods, selectivity, working electrodes, and working ranges are summarized in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Alizadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Laboratory of Basic Sciences, Mohammad Rasul Allah Research Tower, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Ersin Demir
- Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 03030, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
| | - Nida Aydogdu
- Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 03030, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Najmeh Zare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, 9477177870, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Karimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, 9477177870, Iran.
| | - S Masoud Kandomal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, 9477177870, Iran
| | - Hassan Rokni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, 9477177870, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Dabija A, Ciocan ME, Chetrariu A, Codină GG. Buckwheat and Amaranth as Raw Materials for Brewing, a Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11060756. [PMID: 35336638 PMCID: PMC8954860 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Globally, beer is considered the most-consumed low-alcohol beverage, it ranks third, after water and tea, in the top sales of these drinks. New types of beer are the result of the influence of several factors, including innovations in science and technology, changing requirements for food consumption of the population, competition between producers, promotion of food for health, flavor, and quality, the limited nature of traditional food resource raw materials, and the interest of producers in reducing production costs. Manufacturers are looking for new solutions for obtaining products that meet the requirements of consumers, authentic products of superior quality, with distinctive taste and aroma. This review proposes the use of two pseudocereals as raw materials in the manufacture of beer: buckwheat and amaranth, focusing on the characteristics that recommend them in this regard. Due to their functional and nutraceutical properties, these pseudocereals can improve the quality of beer-a finished product. Additionally, all types of beer obtained from these pseudocereals are recommended for diets with particular nutritional requirements, especially gluten-free diets. Researchers and producers will continue to improve and optimize the sensory and technological properties of the new types of beer obtained from these pseudocereals.
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Wu Y, Li G, Tian Y, Feng J, Xiao J, Liu J, Liu X, He Q. Electropolymerization of molecularly imprinted polypyrrole film on multiwalled carbon nanotube surface for highly selective and stable determination of carcinogenic amaranth. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Determination of synthetic and natural colorants in selected green colored foodstuffs through reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography. Food Chem 2019; 278:381-387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Nuñez-Dallos N, Macías MA, García-Beltrán O, Calderón JA, Nagles E, Hurtado J. Voltammetric determination of amaranth and tartrazine with a new double-stranded copper(I) helicate-single-walled carbon nanotube modified screen printed electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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18
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Lipskikh O, Korotkova E, Khristunova Y, Barek J, Kratochvil B. Sensors for voltammetric determination of food azo dyes - A critical review. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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19
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Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Amaranth and Tartrazine in Drinks and Gelatins Using a Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17112665. [PMID: 29156561 PMCID: PMC5712825 DOI: 10.3390/s17112665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A fast, sensitive, and selective method for the simultaneous determination of one pair of synthetic colorants commonly found mixed in food products, Amaranth (AM) and Tartrazine (TZ), based on their adsorption and oxidation on a screen-printed electrode (SPE) is presented. The variation of peak current with pH, supporting electrolyte, adsorption time, and adsorption potential were optimized using square wave adsorptive voltammetry. The optimal conditions were found to be: pH 3.2 (PBS), Eads 0.00 V, and tads 30 s. Under these conditions, the AM and TZ signals were observed at 0.56 and 0.74 V, respectively. A linear response were found over the 0.15 to 1.20 µmol L-1 and 0.15 to 0.80 µmol L-1 concentrations, with detection limits (3σ/slope) of 26 and 70 nmol L-1 for AM and TZ, respectively. Reproducibility for 17.7 µmol L-1 AM and TZ solutions were 2.5 and 3.0% (n = 7), respectively, using three different electrodes. The method was validated by determining AM and TZ in spiked tap water and unflavored gelatin spiked with AM and TZ. Because a beverage containing both AM and TZ was not found, the method was applied to the determination of AM in a kola soft drink and TZ in an orange jelly and a soft drink powder.
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