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Wauters E, Gossye H, Frydas A, Sieben A, Van Broeckhoven C. Rare exonic variant affects GRN splicing and contributes to frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 130:61-69. [PMID: 37459659 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) cause frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) by a mechanism of haploinsufficiency. For most missense mutations, the contribution to FTLD is however unclear. We studied the pathogenicity of rare GRN missense mutations using patient biomaterials. We identified a new mutation in GRN, c.1178 A>C, in a patient with a diagnosis of primary progressive aphasia. Neuropathological examination of autopsied brain showed FTLD with TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (FTLD-TDP) type A pathology with concomitant Alzheimer's disease pathology. Serum progranulin protein levels were reduced to levels comparable to known LOF mutations. The mutation is in the last codon of exon 10, in the splice donor sequence. Our data provide evidence that the mutation leads to aberrant splicing, resulting in a frameshift (p.(Glu393AlafsTer31)) and consequently nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Our finding demonstrates that carefully examining sequencing data around splice sites is needed since this mutation was annotated as a missense mutation. Unraveling the pathogenicity of variants of unknown significance is important for clinical diagnosis and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Wauters
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Helena Gossye
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Alexandros Frydas
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anne Sieben
- Departement of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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2
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Muraleedharan A, Vanderperre B. The endo-lysosomal system in Parkinson's disease: expanding the horizon. J Mol Biol 2023:168140. [PMID: 37148997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, and its prevalence is increasing with age. A wealth of genetic evidence indicates that the endo-lysosomal system is a major pathway driving PD pathogenesis with a growing number of genes encoding endo-lysosomal proteins identified as risk factors for PD, making it a promising target for therapeutic intervention. However, detailed knowledge and understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking these genes to the disease are available for only a handful of them (e.g. LRRK2, GBA1, VPS35). Taking on the challenge of studying poorly characterized genes and proteins can be daunting, due to the limited availability of tools and knowledge from previous literature. This review aims at providing a valuable source of molecular and cellular insights into the biology of lesser-studied PD-linked endo-lysosomal genes, to help and encourage researchers in filling the knowledge gap around these less popular genetic players. Specific endo-lysosomal pathways discussed range from endocytosis, sorting, and vesicular trafficking to the regulation of membrane lipids of these membrane-bound organelles and the specific enzymatic activities they contain. We also provide perspectives on future challenges that the community needs to tackle and propose approaches to move forward in our understanding of these poorly studied endo-lysosomal genes. This will help harness their potential in designing innovative and efficient treatments to ultimately re-establish neuronal homeostasis in PD but also other diseases involving endo-lysosomal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitha Muraleedharan
- Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines - Fondation Courtois and Biological Sciences Department, Université du Québec à Montréal
| | - Benoît Vanderperre
- Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines - Fondation Courtois and Biological Sciences Department, Université du Québec à Montréal
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3
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Sampognaro PJ, Arya S, Knudsen GM, Gunderson EL, Sandoval-Perez A, Hodul M, Bowles K, Craik CS, Jacobson MP, Kao AW. Mutations in α-synuclein, TDP-43 and tau prolong protein half-life through diminished degradation by lysosomal proteases. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:29. [PMID: 37131250 PMCID: PMC10155372 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal dominant mutations in α-synuclein, TDP-43 and tau are thought to predispose to neurodegeneration by enhancing protein aggregation. While a subset of α-synuclein, TDP-43 and tau mutations has been shown to increase the structural propensity of these proteins toward self-association, rates of aggregation are also highly dependent on protein steady state concentrations, which are in large part regulated by their rates of lysosomal degradation. Previous studies have shown that lysosomal proteases operate precisely and not indiscriminately, cleaving their substrates at very specific linear amino acid sequences. With this knowledge, we hypothesized that certain coding mutations in α-synuclein, TDP-43 and tau may lead to increased protein steady state concentrations and eventual aggregation by an alternative mechanism, that is, through disrupting lysosomal protease cleavage recognition motifs and subsequently conferring protease resistance to these proteins. RESULTS To test this possibility, we first generated comprehensive proteolysis maps containing all of the potential lysosomal protease cleavage sites for α-synuclein, TDP-43 and tau. In silico analyses of these maps indicated that certain mutations would diminish cathepsin cleavage, a prediction we confirmed utilizing in vitro protease assays. We then validated these findings in cell models and induced neurons, demonstrating that mutant forms of α-synuclein, TDP-43 and tau are degraded less efficiently than wild type despite being imported into lysosomes at similar rates. CONCLUSIONS Together, this study provides evidence that pathogenic mutations in the N-terminal domain of α-synuclein (G51D, A53T), low complexity domain of TDP-43 (A315T, Q331K, M337V) and R1 and R2 domains of tau (K257T, N279K, S305N) directly impair their own lysosomal degradation, altering protein homeostasis and increasing cellular protein concentrations by extending the degradation half-lives of these proteins. These results also point to novel, shared, alternative mechanism by which different forms of neurodegeneration, including synucleinopathies, TDP-43 proteinopathies and tauopathies, may arise. Importantly, they also provide a roadmap for how the upregulation of particular lysosomal proteases could be targeted as potential therapeutics for human neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Sampognaro
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
- Neuromuscular Division, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Shruti Arya
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - Emma L. Gunderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Angelica Sandoval-Perez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Molly Hodul
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Kathryn Bowles
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Charles S. Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Matthew P. Jacobson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Aimee W. Kao
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
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4
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Menéndez-González M, García-Martínez A, Fernández-Vega I, Pitiot A, Álvarez V. A variant in GRN of Spanish origin presenting with heterogeneous phenotypes. Neurologia 2022:S2173-5808(22)00112-2. [PMID: 36216226 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The variant c.1414-1G>T in the GRN gene has previously been reported as probably pathogenic in subjects of Hispanic origin in the American continent. METHODS We report 5 families of Spanish origin carrying this variant, including the clinical, neuroimaging, and laboratory findings. RESULTS Phenotypes were strikingly different, including cases presenting with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, semantic variant primary progressive aphasia, rapidly progressive motor neuron disease (pathologically documented), and tremor-dominant parkinsonism. Retinal degeneration has been found in homozygous carriers only. Ex vivo splicing assays confirmed that the mutation c.1414-1G>T affects the splicing of the exon, causing a loss of 20 amino acids in exon 11. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that variant c.1414-1G>T of the GRN gene is pathogenic, can lead to a variety of clinical presentations and to gene dosage effect, and probably has a Spanish founder effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Menéndez-González
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Spain; Department of Medicine, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain.
| | - A García-Martínez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Spain
| | - I Fernández-Vega
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Spain; Department of Pathology Anatomy, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Spain; Department of Surgery, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - A Pitiot
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Spain
| | - V Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Spain; Laboratory of Genetics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Spain
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Amin S, Carling G, Gan L. New insights and therapeutic opportunities for progranulin-deficient frontotemporal dementia. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 72:131-139. [PMID: 34826653 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most common form of dementia. It affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain and has a highly heterogeneous clinical representation with patients presenting with a wide range of behavioral, language, and executive dysfunctions. Etiology of FTD is complex and consists of both familial and sporadic cases. Heterozygous mutations in the GRN gene, resulting in GRN haploinsufficiency, cause progranulin (PGRN)-deficient FTD characterized with cytoplasmic mislocalization of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) aggregates. GRN codes for PGRN, a secreted protein that is also localized in the endolysosomes and plays a critical role in regulating lysosomal homeostasis. How PGRN deficiency modulates immunity and causes TDP-43 pathology and FTD-related neurodegeneration remains an active area of intense investigation. In the current review, we discuss some of the significant progress made in the past two years that links PGRN deficiency with microglial-associated neuroinflammation, TDP-43 pathology, and lysosomal dysfunction. We also review the opportunities and challenges toward developing therapies and biomarkers to treat PGRN-deficient FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Amin
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Gillian Carling
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Li Gan
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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Nalls MA, Blauwendraat C, Sargent L, Vitale D, Leonard H, Iwaki H, Song Y, Bandres-Ciga S, Menden K, Faghri F, Heutink P, Cookson MR, Singleton AB. Evidence for GRN connecting multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab095. [PMID: 34693284 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research using genome-wide association studies has identified variants that may contribute to lifetime risk of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. However, whether there are common mechanisms that link neurodegenerative diseases is uncertain. Here, we focus on one gene, GRN, encoding progranulin, and the potential mechanistic interplay between genetic risk, gene expression in the brain and inflammation across multiple common neurodegenerative diseases. We utilized genome-wide association studies, expression quantitative trait locus mapping and Bayesian colocalization analyses to evaluate potential causal and mechanistic inferences. We integrate various molecular data types from public resources to infer disease connectivity and shared mechanisms using a data-driven process. Expression quantitative trait locus analyses combined with genome-wide association studies identified significant functional associations between increasing genetic risk in the GRN region and decreased expression of the gene in Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Additionally, colocalization analyses show a connection between blood-based inflammatory biomarkers relating to platelets and GRN expression in the frontal cortex. GRN expression mediates neuroinflammation function related to multiple neurodegenerative diseases. This analysis suggests shared mechanisms for Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike A Nalls
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Data Tecnica International LLC, Glen Echo, MD 20812, USA
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lana Sargent
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dan Vitale
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Data Tecnica International LLC, Glen Echo, MD 20812, USA
| | - Hampton Leonard
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Data Tecnica International LLC, Glen Echo, MD 20812, USA.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hirotaka Iwaki
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Data Tecnica International LLC, Glen Echo, MD 20812, USA
| | - Yeajin Song
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Data Tecnica International LLC, Glen Echo, MD 20812, USA
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kevin Menden
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Faraz Faghri
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Data Tecnica International LLC, Glen Echo, MD 20812, USA
| | - Peter Heutink
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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7
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Frydas A, Cacace R, van der Zee J, Van Broeckhoven C, Wauters E. Genetic variants in progranulin upstream open reading frames increase downstream protein expression. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 110:113-121. [PMID: 34620513 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Premature termination codon (PTC) mutations in the granulin gene (GRN) lead to loss-of-function (LOF) of the progranulin protein (PGRN), causing frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) by haploinsufficiency. GRN expression is regulated at multiple levels, including the 5' untranslated region (UTR). The main 5' UTR of GRN and an alternative 5' UTR, contain upstream open reading frames (uORFs). These mRNA elements generally act as cis-repressors of translation. Disruption of each uORF of the alternative 5' UTR, increases protein expression with the 2 ATG-initiated uORFs being capable of initiating translation. We performed targeted sequencing of the uORF regions in a Flanders-Belgian cohort of patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and identified 2 genetic variants, one in each 5' UTR. Both variants increase downstream protein levels, with the main 5' UTR variant rs76783532 causing a significant 1.5-fold increase in protein expression. We observed that the presence of functional uORFs in the alternative 5' UTR act as potential regulators of PGRN expression and demonstrate that genetic variation within GRN uORFs can alter their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Frydas
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rita Cacace
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julie van der Zee
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Eline Wauters
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Borrego-Écija S, Sala-Llonch R, van Swieten J, Borroni B, Moreno F, Masellis M, Tartaglia C, Graff C, Galimberti D, Laforce R, Rowe JB, Finger E, Vandenberghe R, Tagliavini F, de Mendonça A, Santana I, Synofzik M, Ducharme S, Levin J, Danek A, Gerhard A, Otto M, Butler C, Frisoni G, Sorbi S, Heller C, Bocchetta M, Cash DM, Convery RS, Moore KM, Rohrer JD, Sanchez-Valle R. Disease-related cortical thinning in presymptomatic granulin mutation carriers. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 29:102540. [PMID: 33418170 PMCID: PMC7804836 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
No differences in cortical thickness were found between presymptomatic GRN mutation carriers and non-carriers at the group-wise comparison. Presymptomatic GRN mutations carriers present distinct age-related CTh loss in frontal areas. We do not fount influence of the TMEM106B genotype in the age-related CTh of GRN carriers.
Mutations in the granulin gene (GRN) cause familial frontotemporal dementia. Understanding the structural brain changes in presymptomatic GRN carriers would enforce the use of neuroimaging biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring. We studied 100 presymptomatic GRN mutation carriers and 94 noncarriers from the Genetic Frontotemporal dementia initiative (GENFI), with MRI structural images. We analyzed 3T MRI structural images using the FreeSurfer pipeline to calculate the whole brain cortical thickness (CTh) for each subject. We also perform a vertex-wise general linear model to assess differences between groups in the relationship between CTh and diverse covariables as gender, age, the estimated years to onset and education. We also explored differences according to TMEM106B genotype, a possible disease modifier. Whole brain CTh did not differ between carriers and noncarriers. Both groups showed age-related cortical thinning. The group-by-age interaction analysis showed that this age-related cortical thinning was significantly greater in GRN carriers in the left superior frontal cortex. TMEM106B did not significantly influence the age-related cortical thinning. Our results validate and expand previous findings suggesting an increased CTh loss associated with age and estimated proximity to symptoms onset in GRN carriers, even before the disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Borrego-Écija
- Alzheimer's disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Sala-Llonch
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - John van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fermín Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Mario Masellis
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carmela Tartaglia
- Toronto Western Hospital, Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Isabel Santana
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institut, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Munich, Munich, Germany; SyNergy,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Chris Butler
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Frisoni
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Carolin Heller
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - David M Cash
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rhian S Convery
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Katrina M Moore
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Biomedicina, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
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9
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Guerreiro R, Gibbons E, Tábuas-Pereira M, Kun-Rodrigues C, Santo GC, Bras J. Genetic architecture of common non-Alzheimer's disease dementias. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 142:104946. [PMID: 32439597 PMCID: PMC8207829 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and vascular dementia (VaD) are the most common forms of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The heterogeneity of these disorders and/or the clinical overlap with other diseases hinder the study of their genetic components. Even though Mendelian dementias are rare, the study of these forms of disease can have a significant impact in the lives of patients and families and have successfully brought to the fore many of the genes currently known to be involved in FTD and VaD, starting to give us a glimpse of the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenotypes. More recently, genome-wide association studies have also pointed to disease risk-associated loci. This has been particularly important for DLB where familial forms of disease are very rarely described. In this review we systematically describe the Mendelian and risk genes involved in these non-AD dementias in an effort to contribute to a better understanding of their genetic architecture, find differences and commonalities between different dementia phenotypes, and uncover areas that would benefit from more intense research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Guerreiro
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Gibbons
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Miguel Tábuas-Pereira
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Celia Kun-Rodrigues
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Gustavo C Santo
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jose Bras
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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10
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Götzl JK, Brendel M, Werner G, Parhizkar S, Sebastian Monasor L, Kleinberger G, Colombo AV, Deussing M, Wagner M, Winkelmann J, Diehl-Schmid J, Levin J, Fellerer K, Reifschneider A, Bultmann S, Bartenstein P, Rominger A, Tahirovic S, Smith ST, Madore C, Butovsky O, Capell A, Haass C. Opposite microglial activation stages upon loss of PGRN or TREM2 result in reduced cerebral glucose metabolism. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 11:emmm.201809711. [PMID: 31122931 PMCID: PMC6554672 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia adopt numerous fates with homeostatic microglia (HM) and a microglial neurodegenerative phenotype (MGnD) representing two opposite ends. A number of variants in genes selectively expressed in microglia are associated with an increased risk for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Among these genes are progranulin (GRN) and the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2). Both cause neurodegeneration by mechanisms involving loss of function. We have now isolated microglia from Grn−/− mice and compared their transcriptomes to those of Trem2−/−mice. Surprisingly, while loss of Trem2 enhances the expression of genes associated with a homeostatic state, microglia derived from Grn−/− mice showed a reciprocal activation of the MGnD molecular signature and suppression of gene characteristic for HM. The opposite mRNA expression profiles are associated with divergent functional phenotypes. Although loss of TREM2 and progranulin resulted in opposite activation states and functional phenotypes of microglia, FDG (fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose)‐μPET of brain revealed reduced glucose metabolism in both conditions, suggesting that opposite microglial phenotypes result in similar wide spread brain dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Götzl
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Werner
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Samira Parhizkar
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Gernot Kleinberger
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Maximilian Deussing
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matias Wagner
- Institut für Neurogenomik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,Institut of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institut für Neurogenomik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,Institut of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Levin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Fellerer
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anika Reifschneider
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bultmann
- Department of Biology and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Sabina Tahirovic
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Scott T Smith
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charlotte Madore
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oleg Butovsky
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anja Capell
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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11
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Wang L, Roth T, Nakamura MC, Nissenson RA. Female-Specific Role of Progranulin to Suppress Bone Formation. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2024-2037. [PMID: 31237618 PMCID: PMC6691684 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is best known as a glial protein for which deficiency leads to the most common inherited form of frontotemporal dementia. Recently, PGRN has been found to be an adipokine associated with diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Therefore, PGRN may have homeostatic effects on bone because PGRN is reported to promote the differentiation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. We investigated the actions of PGRN on bone using PGRN gene (Grn) knockout (KO) mice and transgenic mice with PGRN mutation and surprisingly found that loss of PGRN prevented the bone loss in female mice induced by aging and estrogen deficiency, whereas it had no effect on male bones during aging. Strikingly, bone formation was increased in female (but not male) PGRN KO mice. We also found that loss of PGRN inhibited bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis in both male and female mice and promoted the production of osteogenic factors in osteoclast lineage cells. These results indicate that PGRN serves to uncouple bone turnover in female mice by promoting bone resorption and suppressing bone formation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that microglial cells/macrophages, but not adipocytes, are an important source of PGRN in producing negative skeletal effects in females. Targeting PGRN production by microglial cells/macrophage-lineage cells may provide a therapeutic approach for the treatment of osteoporosis in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Endocrine Unit, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Theresa Roth
- Endocrine Unit, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Mary C Nakamura
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Medical Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert A Nissenson
- Endocrine Unit, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Correspondence: Robert A. Nissenson, PhD, San Francisco VA Medical Center (111 N-MB), 1700 Owens Street, Room 370, San Francisco, California 94158. E-mail:
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12
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Borrego-Écija S, Antonell A, Puig-Butillé JA, Pericot I, Prat-Bravo C, Abellan-Vidal MT, Mallada J, Olives J, Falgàs N, Oliva R, Lladó A, Sánchez-Valle R. Novel P397S MAPT variant associated with late onset and slow progressive frontotemporal dementia. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:1559-1565. [PMID: 31402617 PMCID: PMC6689677 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the MAPT gene cause frontotemporal dementia with tau deposits. We report the novel p.P397S MAPT variant in eight subjects from five apparently nonrelated families suffering from frontotemporal dementia with autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. In silico analysis reported conflicting evidence of pathogenicity. The segregation analysis support that this variant is likely pathogenic. The mean age at onset (61.4 years) and mean disease duration (13.9 years) of these subjects and their affected relatives were significantly higher compared with our series of p.P301L MAPT mutation carriers. These findings suggest that p.P397S variant could be a new MAPT mutation associated with a less aggressive phenotype than other MAPT mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Borrego-Écija
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Antonell
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Anton Puig-Butillé
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clinic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Maria Teresa Abellan-Vidal
- Unit of Cognitive Disorders and Psychogeriatrics, Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Mallada
- Neurology Department, Hospital General Universitario de Elda, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jaume Olives
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Falgàs
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Oliva
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Genetics Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Lladó
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Cacace R, Heeman B, Van Mossevelde S, De Roeck A, Hoogmartens J, De Rijk P, Gossye H, De Vos K, De Coster W, Strazisar M, De Baets G, Schymkowitz J, Rousseau F, Geerts N, De Pooter T, Peeters K, Sieben A, Martin JJ, Engelborghs S, Salmon E, Santens P, Vandenberghe R, Cras P, P. De Deyn P, C. van Swieten J, M. van Duijn C, van der Zee J, Sleegers K, Van Broeckhoven C. Loss of DPP6 in neurodegenerative dementia: a genetic player in the dysfunction of neuronal excitability. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:901-918. [PMID: 30874922 PMCID: PMC6531610 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-01976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggested a converging mechanism in neurodegenerative brain diseases (NBD) involving early neuronal network dysfunctions and alterations in the homeostasis of neuronal firing as culprits of neurodegeneration. In this study, we used paired-end short-read and direct long-read whole genome sequencing to investigate an unresolved autosomal dominant dementia family significantly linked to 7q36. We identified and validated a chromosomal inversion of ca. 4 Mb, segregating on the disease haplotype and disrupting the coding sequence of dipeptidyl-peptidase 6 gene (DPP6). DPP6 resequencing identified significantly more rare variants-nonsense, frameshift, and missense-in early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD, p value = 0.03, OR = 2.21 95% CI 1.05-4.82) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD, p = 0.006, OR = 2.59, 95% CI 1.28-5.49) patient cohorts. DPP6 is a type II transmembrane protein with a highly structured extracellular domain and is mainly expressed in brain, where it binds to the potassium channel Kv4.2 enhancing its expression, regulating its gating properties and controlling the dendritic excitability of hippocampal neurons. Using in vitro modeling, we showed that the missense variants found in patients destabilize DPP6 and reduce its membrane expression (p < 0.001 and p < 0.0001) leading to a loss of protein. Reduced DPP6 and/or Kv4.2 expression was also detected in brain tissue of missense variant carriers. Loss of DPP6 is known to cause neuronal hyperexcitability and behavioral alterations in Dpp6-KO mice. Taken together, the results of our genomic, genetic, expression and modeling analyses, provided direct evidence supporting the involvement of DPP6 loss in dementia. We propose that loss of function variants have a higher penetrance and disease impact, whereas the missense variants have a variable risk contribution to disease that can vary from high to low penetrance. Our findings of DPP6, as novel gene in dementia, strengthen the involvement of neuronal hyperexcitability and alteration in the homeostasis of neuronal firing as a disease mechanism to further investigate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cacace
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bavo Heeman
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sara Van Mossevelde
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Arne De Roeck
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julie Hoogmartens
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter De Rijk
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Helena Gossye
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristof De Vos
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wouter De Coster
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mojca Strazisar
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Greet De Baets
- Switch Laboratory, VIB-KU Leuven Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Louvain, Belgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- Switch Laboratory, VIB-KU Leuven Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Louvain, Belgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- Switch Laboratory, VIB-KU Leuven Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Louvain, Belgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Geerts
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim De Pooter
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karin Peeters
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anne Sieben
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eric Salmon
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège and University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Patrick Santens
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Patrick Cras
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Peter P. De Deyn
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - John C. van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julie van der Zee
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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14
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Karamysheva ZN, Tikhonova EB, Karamyshev AL. Granulin in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration: Molecular Mechanisms of the Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:395. [PMID: 31105517 PMCID: PMC6494926 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zemfira N Karamysheva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Elena B Tikhonova
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Andrey L Karamyshev
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
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15
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Ferrari R, Manzoni C, Hardy J. Genetics and molecular mechanisms of frontotemporal lobar degeneration: an update and future avenues. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 78:98-110. [PMID: 30925302 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. The study and the dissection of FTLD is complex due to its clinical, pathological, and genetic heterogeneity. In this review, we survey the state-of-the-art genetics of familial FTLD and recapitulate our current understanding of the genetic architecture of sporadic FTLD by summarizing results of genome-wide association studies performed in FTLD to date. We then discuss the challenges of translating these heterogeneous genetic features into the understanding of the molecular underpinnings of FTLD pathogenesis. We particularly highlight a number of susceptibility processes that appear to be conserved across familial and sporadic cases (e.g., and the cellular waste disposal pathways, and immune system signaling) and finally describe cutting-edge approaches, based on mathematical prediction tools, highlighting novel intriguing risk pathways such as DNA damage response as an emerging theme in FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Ferrari
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Claudia Manzoni
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK; School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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16
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Grasso M, Piscopo P, Talarico G, Ricci L, Crestini A, Tosto G, Gasparini M, Bruno G, Denti MA, Confaloni A. Plasma microRNA profiling distinguishes patients with frontotemporal dementia from healthy subjects. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 84:240.e1-240.e12. [PMID: 30826067 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop an easy and minimally invasive assay to detect a plasma miRNA profile in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) patients, with the final aim of discriminating between FTD patients and healthy controls (HCs). After a global miRNA profiling, significant downregulation of miR-663a, miR-502-3p, and miR-206 (p = 0.0001, p = 0.0002, and p = 0.02 respectively) in FTD patients was confirmed when compared with HCs in a larger case-control sample. Moreover, miR-663a and miR-502-3p showed significant differences in both genders, whereas miR-206, only in male subjects. To obtain a discriminating measure between FTD patients and HCs, we calculated a combined score of the 3 miRNAs by applying a Bayesian approach and obtaining a classifier with an accuracy of 84.4%. Moreover, for men, combined miRNA levels showed an excellent sensitivity (100%) and a good specificity (87.5%) in distinguishing FTD patients from HCs. All these findings open new hypotheses in the pathophysiology and new perspectives in the diagnosis of a complex pathology as FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Grasso
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), Trento, Italy
| | - Paola Piscopo
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Talarico
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Ricci
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Trento, Italy; CIMeC, Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Alessio Crestini
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tosto
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marina Gasparini
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bruno
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela A Denti
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), Trento, Italy.
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17
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Tönjes A, Scholz M, Krüger J, Krause K, Schleinitz D, Kirsten H, Gebhardt C, Marzi C, Grallert H, Ladenvall C, Heyne H, Laurila E, Kriebel J, Meisinger C, Rathmann W, Gieger C, Groop L, Prokopenko I, Isomaa B, Beutner F, Kratzsch J, Fischer-Rosinsky A, Pfeiffer A, Krohn K, Spranger J, Thiery J, Blüher M, Stumvoll M, Kovacs P. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies novel determinants of circulating serum progranulin. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:546-558. [PMID: 29186428 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin is a secreted protein with important functions in processes including immune and inflammatory response, metabolism and embryonic development. The present study aimed at identification of genetic factors determining progranulin concentrations. We conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis for serum progranulin in three independent cohorts from Europe: Sorbs (N = 848) and KORA (N = 1628) from Germany and PPP-Botnia (N = 335) from Finland (total N = 2811). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with progranulin levels were replicated in two additional German cohorts: LIFE-Heart Study (Leipzig; N = 967) and Metabolic Syndrome Berlin Potsdam (Berlin cohort; N = 833). We measured mRNA expression of genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by micro-arrays and performed mRNA expression quantitative trait and expression-progranulin association studies to functionally substantiate identified loci. Finally, we conducted siRNA silencing experiments in vitro to validate potential candidate genes within the associated loci. Heritability of circulating progranulin levels was estimated at 31.8% and 26.1% in the Sorbs and LIFE-Heart cohort, respectively. SNPs at three loci reached study-wide significance (rs660240 in CELSR2-PSRC1-MYBPHL-SORT1, rs4747197 in CDH23-PSAP and rs5848 in GRN) explaining 19.4%/15.0% of the variance and 61%/57% of total heritability in the Sorbs/LIFE-Heart Study. The strongest evidence for association was at rs660240 (P = 5.75 × 10-50), which was also associated with mRNA expression of PSRC1 in PBMC (P = 1.51 × 10-21). Psrc1 knockdown in murine preadipocytes led to a consecutive 30% reduction in progranulin secretion. In conclusion, the present meta-GWAS combined with mRNA expression identified three loci associated with progranulin and supports the role of PSRC1 in the regulation of progranulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04107, Germany.,LIFE Research Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Krüger
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krause
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Dorit Schleinitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Holger Kirsten
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04107, Germany.,LIFE Research Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Claudia Gebhardt
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Carola Marzi
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Claes Ladenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University and Lund University Diabetes Centre, CRC at Skåne University Hospital, Malmö 20502, Sweden
| | - Henrike Heyne
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Esa Laurila
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University and Lund University Diabetes Centre, CRC at Skåne University Hospital, Malmö 20502, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Christa Meisinger
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- German Diabetes Center, Institute of Biometrics and Epidemiology, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University and Lund University Diabetes Centre, CRC at Skåne University Hospital, Malmö 20502, Sweden
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.,Department of Genomics of Common Diseases, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Bo Isomaa
- Department of Social Services and Healthcare, Jakobstad 68601, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Frank Beutner
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Antje Fischer-Rosinsky
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Andreas Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin 10117, Germany.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Nuthetal 14558, Germany
| | - Knut Krohn
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Joachim Thiery
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany.,Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany.,Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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18
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Crisford H, Sapey E, Stockley RA. Proteinase 3; a potential target in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other chronic inflammatory diseases. Respir Res 2018; 19:180. [PMID: 30236095 PMCID: PMC6149181 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common, multifactorial lung disease which results in significant impairment of patients' health and a large impact on society and health care burden. It is believed to be the result of prolonged, destructive neutrophilic inflammation which results in progressive damage to lung structures. During this process, large quantities of neutrophil serine proteinases (NSPs) are released which initiate the damage and contribute towards driving a persistent inflammatory state.Neutrophil elastase has long been considered the key NSP involved in the pathophysiology of COPD. However, in recent years, a significant role for Proteinase 3 (PR3) in disease development has emerged, both in COPD and other chronic inflammatory conditions. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the importance of PR3 in disease development and hence its potential as a therapeutic target. Research into PR3 has largely been confined to its role as an autoantigen, but PR3 is involved in triggering inflammatory pathways, disrupting cellular signalling, degrading key structural proteins, and pathogen response.This review summarises what is presently known about PR3, explores its involvement particularly in the development of COPD, and indicates areas requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Crisford
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW, UK.
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham, B15 2WB, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Sapey
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW, UK
| | - Robert A Stockley
- University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW, UK
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19
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Evers BM, Rodriguez-Navas C, Tesla RJ, Prange-Kiel J, Wasser CR, Yoo KS, McDonald J, Cenik B, Ravenscroft TA, Plattner F, Rademakers R, Yu G, White CL, Herz J. Lipidomic and Transcriptomic Basis of Lysosomal Dysfunction in Progranulin Deficiency. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2565-2574. [PMID: 28903038 PMCID: PMC5757843 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective lysosomal function defines many neurodegenerative diseases, such as neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) and Niemann-Pick type C (NPC), and is implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD-TDP) with progranulin (PGRN) deficiency. Here, we show that PGRN is involved in lysosomal homeostasis and lipid metabolism. PGRN deficiency alters lysosome abundance and morphology in mouse neurons. Using an unbiased lipidomic approach, we found that brain lipid composition in humans and mice with PGRN deficiency shows disease-specific differences that distinguish them from normal and other pathologic groups. PGRN loss leads to an accumulation of polyunsaturated triacylglycerides, as well as a reduction of diacylglycerides and phosphatidylserines in fibroblast and enriched lysosome lipidomes. Transcriptomic analysis of PGRN-deficient mouse brains revealed distinct expression patterns of lysosomal, immune-related, and lipid metabolic genes. These findings have implications for the pathogenesis of FTLD-TDP due to PGRN deficiency and suggest lysosomal dysfunction as an underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret M Evers
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Navas
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rachel J Tesla
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Janine Prange-Kiel
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Catherine R Wasser
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kyoung Shin Yoo
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeffrey McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Basar Cenik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Florian Plattner
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Gang Yu
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Charles L White
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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20
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GFRA2 in GRN-related frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17:488-489. [PMID: 29724593 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Clinical variability and onset age modifiers in an extended Belgian GRN founder family. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 67:84-94. [PMID: 29653316 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported a granulin (GRN) null mutation, originating from a common founder, in multiple Belgian families with frontotemporal dementia. Here, we used data of a 10-year follow-up study to describe in detail the clinical heterogeneity observed in this extended founder pedigree. We identified 85 patients and 40 unaffected mutation carriers, belonging to 29 branches of the founder pedigree. Most patients (74.4%) were diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia, while others had a clinical diagnosis of unspecified dementia, Alzheimer's dementia or Parkinson's disease. The observed clinical heterogeneity can guide clinical diagnosis, genetic testing, and counseling of mutation carriers. Onset of initial symptomatology is highly variable, ranging from age 45 to 80 years. Analysis of known modifiers, suggested effects of GRN rs5848, microtubule-associated protein tau H1/H2, and chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 G4C2 repeat length on onset age but explained only a minor fraction of the variability. Contrary, the extended GRN founder family is a valuable source for identifying other onset age modifiers based on exome or genome sequences. These modifiers might be interesting targets for developing disease-modifying therapies.
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22
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Murine knockin model for progranulin-deficient frontotemporal dementia with nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2849-E2858. [PMID: 29511098 PMCID: PMC5866607 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1722344115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the GRN gene cause frontotemporal dementia, a devastating neurological disease. The majority of these GRN mutations are nonsense and frameshift mutations. Here, we generated a knockin mouse model with a Grn mutation corresponding to the most prevalent human disease mutation, GRNR493X. We show that mice harboring this mutation phenocopy progranulin-deficient mice, and that the mutation triggers mRNA decay and, as a consequence, low production of Grn. However, the truncated mutant protein that would be produced from this allele is functional, suggesting inhibiting mRNA decay as a therapeutic approach for individuals with progranulin-deficient frontotemporal dementia caused by nonsense mutations. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in individuals under age 60 and has no treatment or cure. Because many cases of FTD result from GRN nonsense mutations, an animal model for this type of mutation is highly desirable for understanding pathogenesis and testing therapies. Here, we generated and characterized GrnR493X knockin mice, which model the most common human GRN mutation, a premature stop codon at arginine 493 (R493X). Homozygous GrnR493X mice have markedly reduced Grn mRNA levels, lack detectable progranulin protein, and phenocopy Grn knockout mice, with CNS microgliosis, cytoplasmic TDP-43 accumulation, reduced synaptic density, lipofuscinosis, hyperinflammatory macrophages, excessive grooming behavior, and reduced survival. Inhibition of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) by genetic, pharmacological, or antisense oligonucleotide-based approaches showed that NMD contributes to the reduced mRNA levels in GrnR493X mice and cell lines and in fibroblasts from patients containing the GRNR493X mutation. Moreover, the expressed truncated R493X mutant protein was functional in several assays in progranulin-deficient cells. Together, these findings establish a murine model for in vivo testing of NMD inhibition or other therapies as potential approaches for treating progranulin deficiency caused by the R493X mutation.
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23
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Sieben A, Van Mossevelde S, Wauters E, Engelborghs S, van der Zee J, Van Langenhove T, Santens P, Praet M, Boon P, Miatton M, Van Hoecke S, Vandenbulcke M, Vandenberghe R, Cras P, Cruts M, De Deyn PP, Van Broeckhoven C, Martin JJ. Extended FTLD pedigree segregating a Belgian GRN-null mutation: neuropathological heterogeneity in one family. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2018; 10:7. [PMID: 29370838 PMCID: PMC6389176 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this paper, we describe the clinical and neuropathological findings of nine members of the Belgian progranulin gene (GRN) founder family. In this family, the loss-of-function mutation IVS1 + 5G > C was identified in 2006. In 2007, a clinical description of the mutation carriers was published that revealed the clinical heterogeneity among IVS1 + 5G > C carriers. We report our comparison of our data with the published clinical and neuropathological characteristics of other GRN mutations as well as other frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) syndromes, and we present a review of the literature. METHODS For each case, standardized sampling and staining were performed to identify proteinopathies, cerebrovascular disease, and hippocampal sclerosis. RESULTS The neuropathological substrate in the studied family was compatible in all cases with transactive response DNA-binding protein (TDP) proteinopathy type A, as expected. Additionally, most of the cases presented also with primary age-related tauopathy (PART) or mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathological changes, and one case had extensive Lewy body pathology. An additional finding was the presence of cerebral small vessel changes in every patient in this family. CONCLUSIONS Our data show not only that the IVS1 + 5G > C mutation has an exclusive association with FTLD-TDP type A proteinopathy but also that other proteinopathies can occur and should be looked for. Because the penetrance rate of the clinical phenotype of carriers of GRN mutations is age-dependent, further research is required to investigate the role of co-occurring age-related pathologies such as AD, PART, and cerebral small vessel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sieben
- Institute Born-Bunge, Neuropathology and Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2160, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sara Van Mossevelde
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Eline Wauters
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Institute Born-Bunge, Neuropathology and Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2160, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julie van der Zee
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim Van Langenhove
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Santens
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marleen Praet
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul Boon
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marijke Miatton
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Van Hoecke
- Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vandenbulcke
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Memory Clinic, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Cras
- Institute Born-Bunge, Neuropathology and Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2160, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Marc Cruts
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Paul De Deyn
- Institute Born-Bunge, Neuropathology and Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2160, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Jacques Martin
- Institute Born-Bunge, Neuropathology and Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2160, Antwerp, Belgium.
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24
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Abstract
The online AD&FTD Mutation Database ( http://www.molgen.vib-ua.be/FTDmutations ) was conceived to meet the needs of a comprehensive knowledge base of genetic variations in genes associated with monogenic forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Today, the AD&FTD Mutation Database provides curated, referenced information of 764 genetic variants in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 associated with AD and GRN, C9orf72, TBK1, MAPT, VCP, CHMP2B, TARDBP, and FUS associated with FTD and related diseases. In addition, the database stores demographic and clinicogenetic data of 1646 dementia families associated with these mutations. In FTD, the granulin (GRN) gene has the highest number of different mutations (79/231 = 34%) and the second highest number of associated FTD families after C9orf72. In addition to the detailed mutation and patient information, summary reports in tabular and graphical formats can be consulted. Further, all variants can be uploaded to the human genome browser for custom-designed analyses.
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25
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Mao Q, Wang D, Li Y, Kohler M, Wilson J, Parton Z, Shmaltsuyeva B, Gursel D, Rademakers R, Weintraub S, Mesulam MM, Xia H, Bigio EH. Disease and Region Specificity of Granulin Immunopositivities in Alzheimer Disease and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:957-968. [PMID: 29044416 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in GRN, the progranulin gene, which result in progranulin (PGRN) protein haploinsufficiency, are a major cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 proteinopathy (FTLD-TDP). PGRN is composed of seven and a half repeats of a highly conserved granulin motif that is cleaved to produce the granulin peptides A-G and paragranulin. To better understand the role of PGRN and granulin (Grn) peptides in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, we evaluated PGRN/Grn in brains of patients with Alzheimer disease, FTLD-TDP type A with or without GRN mutations, and normal individuals, using a panel of monoclonal antibodies against Grn peptides A-G. In the neocortex, Grn peptide-specific immunostains were observed, for example, membranous Grn E immunopositivity in pyramidal neurons, and Grn C immunopositivity in ramified microglia. In the hippocampus, Grn immunopositivity in the CA1 and CA2 regions showed disease-specific changes in both neurons and microglia. Most interestingly, in FTLD-TDP type A with GRN mutations, there is a 60% decrease in the density of Grn-positive microglia in the hippocampal CA1, suggesting that haploinsufficiency of the GRN mutations also extends to PGRN expression in microglia. This study provides important insights into future studies of the pathogenesis and treatment of FTLD-TDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Dongyang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Yanqing Li
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Missia Kohler
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Jayson Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Zachary Parton
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Bella Shmaltsuyeva
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Demirkan Gursel
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Marek-Marsel Mesulam
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Haibin Xia
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
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26
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Wauters E, Van Mossevelde S, Van der Zee J, Cruts M, Van Broeckhoven C. Modifiers of GRN-Associated Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:962-979. [PMID: 28890134 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in the human progranulin gene (GRN) cause frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) by a mechanism of haploinsufficiency. Patients present most frequently with frontotemporal dementia, which is the second most common neurodegenerative dementia at young age. Currently, no disease-modifying therapies are available for these patients. Stimulating GRN protein expression or inhibiting its breakdown is an obvious therapeutic strategy, and is indeed the focus of current preclinical research and clinical trials. Multiple studies have demonstrated the heterogeneity in clinical presentation and wide variability in age of onset in patients carrying a GRN LOF mutation. Recently, this heterogeneity became an opportunity to identify disease modifiers, considering that these might constitute suitable targets for developing disease-modifying or disease-delaying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Wauters
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sara Van Mossevelde
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Julie Van der Zee
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Cruts
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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27
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Hinz FI, Geschwind DH. Molecular Genetics of Neurodegenerative Dementias. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a023705. [PMID: 27940516 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative dementias are clinically heterogeneous, progressive diseases with frequently overlapping symptoms, such as cognitive impairments and behavior and movement deficits. Although a majority of cases appear to be sporadic, there is a large genetic component that has yet to be fully explained. Here, we review the recent genetic and genomic findings pertaining to Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body dementia, and prion dementia. In this review, we describe causal and susceptibility genes identified for these dementias and discuss recent research pertaining to the molecular function of these genes. Of particular interest, there is a large overlap in clinical phenotypes, genes, and/or aggregating protein products involved in these diseases, as well as frequent comorbid presentation, indicating that these dementias may represent a continuum of syndromes rather than individual diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora I Hinz
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095.,Center for Autism Research and Treatment and Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024
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28
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Alzheimer's Disease: Insights from Genetic Mouse Models and Current Advances in Human IPSC-Derived Neurons. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 15:3-29. [PMID: 28674976 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57193-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease was first described in 1906 and since then tremendous efforts have been made to fully understand the disease pathology and to find a cure for this neurodegenerative disease. The diagnosis of Alzheimer's is still difficult, especially in early stages of the disease. Current treatment of Alzheimer's only ameliorates the symptoms but fails to provide a therapy. Over the last decades, animal models have been proven valuable in elucidating insights of the pathology. In vitro models using patient-derived cells are currently emerging and hold great promise in understanding the disease pathophysiology. Here, we introduce the neurobiology and genetic features of Alzheimer's and describe what we have learned from studies employing mouse models and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells.
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29
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Neill T, Buraschi S, Goyal A, Sharpe C, Natkanski E, Schaefer L, Morrione A, Iozzo RV. EphA2 is a functional receptor for the growth factor progranulin. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:687-703. [PMID: 27903606 PMCID: PMC5146997 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201603079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor for the growth factor progranulin has remained unclear. Neill et al. show that the Ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2 is a functional signaling receptor for progranulin and mediates its effects in capillary morphogenesis and autoregulation. Although the growth factor progranulin was discovered more than two decades ago, the functional receptor remains elusive. Here, we discovered that EphA2, a member of the large family of Ephrin receptor tyrosine kinases, is a functional signaling receptor for progranulin. Recombinant progranulin bound with high affinity to EphA2 in both solid phase and solution. Interaction of progranulin with EphA2 caused prolonged activation of the receptor, downstream stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt, and promotion of capillary morphogenesis. Furthermore, we found an autoregulatory mechanism of progranulin whereby a feed-forward loop occurred in an EphA2-dependent manner that was independent of the endocytic receptor sortilin. The discovery of a functional signaling receptor for progranulin offers a new avenue for understanding the underlying mode of action of progranulin in cancer progression, tumor angiogenesis, and perhaps neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Simone Buraschi
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Atul Goyal
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Catherine Sharpe
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Elizabeth Natkanski
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60323, Germany
| | - Andrea Morrione
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 .,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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Abstract
The primary goal of this article is to critically discuss the syndromic overlap that exists between early behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD)--the most common clinical syndrome associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD)--and several primary psychiatric disorders. We begin by summarising the current state of knowledge regarding FTLD, including the recent discovery of FTLD-causative genetic mutations. Clinicopathological correlations in FTLD are subsequently discussed, while emphasising that clinical syndromes of FTD are dictated by the distribution of FTLD pathology in the brain. We then review a large number of cases with suspected and confirmed bvFTD that had previously been diagnosed with a primary psychiatric disorder. The clinical and neuroscientific implications of this overlap are discussed, focusing on the importance of early diagnosis for clinical and therapeutic reasons. We propose that largely due to the paucity of biomarkers for primary psychiatric disorders, and the limited use of FTLD-related biomarkers by psychiatrists at present, it is very difficult to separate patients with early bvFTD from those with primary psychiatric disorders based on clinical grounds. Furthermore, specific limitations of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 5 criteria for bvFTD may inadvertently discourage recognition of bvFTD in mental health settings. Clinically, more research is needed to develop tools that allow early differentiation of bvFTD from primary psychiatric disease, as bvFTD therapies will likely be most effective in the earliest stages of disease. From a neuroscience perspective, we argue that bvFTD provides an excellent paradigm for investigating the neural basis of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serggio C Lanata
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, California, USA
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31
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Why therapies for Alzheimer's disease do not work: Do we have consensus over the path to follow? Ageing Res Rev 2016; 25:70-84. [PMID: 26375861 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a personal tragedy of enormous magnitude, which imposes a daunting worldwide challenge for health-care providers and society as well. In last five decades, global research in clinics and laboratories has illuminated many features of this sinister and eventually fatal disease. Notwithstanding this development, the Alzheimer's research apparently has come across a phase of disappointment and a little reservation about the direction to follow. Persistently distressing controversies and a significant number of missing facts shed further uncertainty about the path forward. A detailed description of some of the main controversies in AD research may assist the field towards finding a resolution. Here I reviewed some alarming concerns or controversies related to these primary issues and emphasized on a possible mechanism to settle them.
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Van Mossevelde S, van der Zee J, Gijselinck I, Engelborghs S, Sieben A, Van Langenhove T, De Bleecker J, Baets J, Vandenbulcke M, Van Laere K, Ceyssens S, Van den Broeck M, Peeters K, Mattheijssens M, Cras P, Vandenberghe R, De Jonghe P, Martin JJ, De Deyn PP, Cruts M, Van Broeckhoven C. Clinical features of TBK1 carriers compared with C9orf72, GRN and non-mutation carriers in a Belgian cohort. Brain 2015; 139:452-67. [PMID: 26674655 PMCID: PMC4805085 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified in a cohort of patients with frontotemporal dementia (n = 481) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n = 147), 10 index patients carrying a TBK1 loss of function mutation reducing TBK1 expression by 50%. Here, we describe the clinical and pathological characteristics of the 10 index patients and six of their affected relatives carrying a TBK1 mutation. Six TBK1 carriers were diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia, seven with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, one with both clinical phenotypes and two with dementia unspecified. The mean age at onset of all 16 TBK1 carriers was 62.1 ± 8.9 years (range 41–73) with a mean disease duration of 4.7 ± 4.5 years (range 1–13). TBK1 carriers with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis had shorter disease duration than carriers with frontotemporal dementia. Six of seven TBK1 carriers were diagnosed with the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia, presenting predominantly as disinhibition. Memory loss was an important associated symptom in the initial phase of the disease in all but one of the carriers with frontotemporal dementia. Three of the patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis exhibited pronounced upper motor neuron symptoms. Overall, neuroimaging displayed widespread atrophy, both symmetric and asymmetric. Brain perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography or fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography showed asymmetric and predominantly frontotemporal involvement. Neuropathology in two patients demonstrated TDP-43 type B pathology. Further, we compared genotype–phenotype data of TBK1 carriers with frontotemporal dementia (n = 7), with those of frontotemporal dementia patients with a C9orf72 repeat expansion (n = 65) or a GRN mutation (n = 52) and with frontotemporal dementia patients (n = 259) negative for mutations in currently known causal genes. TBK1 carriers with frontotemporal dementia had a later age at onset (63.3 years) than C9orf72 carriers (54.3 years) (P = 0.019). In clear contrast with TBK1 carriers, GRN carriers were more often diagnosed with the language variant than the behavioural variant, and presented in case of the diagnosis of behavioural variant, more often than TBK1 carriers with apathy as the predominant characteristic (P = 0.004). Also, TBK1 carriers exhibited more often extrapyramidal symptoms than C9orf72 carriers (P = 0.038). In conclusion, our study identified clinical differences between the TBK1, C9orf72 and GRN carriers, which allows us to formulate guidelines for genetic diagnosis. After a negative result for C9orf72, patients with both frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis should be tested first for mutations in TBK1. Specifically in frontotemporal dementia patients with early memory difficulties, a relatively late age at onset or extrapyramidal symptoms, screening for TBK1 mutations should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Van Mossevelde
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 3 Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium 4 Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Julie van der Zee
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ilse Gijselinck
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 3 Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anne Sieben
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 5 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Van Langenhove
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 4 Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jan De Bleecker
- 5 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Baets
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 4 Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vandenbulcke
- 6 Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium 7 Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Memory Clinic, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- 8 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Ceyssens
- 9 Molecular Imaging Centre Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 10 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital Edegem, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Marleen Van den Broeck
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karin Peeters
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maria Mattheijssens
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Cras
- 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 4 Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- 6 Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium 11 Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 4 Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | | | - Peter P De Deyn
- 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 3 Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Cruts
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Morenas-Rodríguez E, Cervera-Carles L, Vilaplana E, Alcolea D, Carmona-Iragui M, Dols-Icardo O, Ribosa-Nogué R, Muñoz-Llahuna L, Sala I, Belén Sánchez-Saudinós M, Blesa R, Clarimón J, Fortea J, Lleó A. Progranulin Protein Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Primary Neurodegenerative Dementias. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 50:539-46. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Estrella Morenas-Rodríguez
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Spain
| | - Laura Cervera-Carles
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Spain
| | - Eduard Vilaplana
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Spain
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Spain
| | - María Carmona-Iragui
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Spain
| | - Oriol Dols-Icardo
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Spain
| | - Roser Ribosa-Nogué
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Spain
| | - Laia Muñoz-Llahuna
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Spain
| | - Isabel Sala
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Spain
| | - M. Belén Sánchez-Saudinós
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Spain
| | - Rafael Blesa
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Spain
| | - Jordi Clarimón
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Spain
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Benussi A, Padovani A, Borroni B. Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Monogenic Frontotemporal Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:171. [PMID: 26388768 PMCID: PMC4555036 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a genetically and pathologically heterogeneous disorder characterized by personality changes, language impairment, and deficits of executive functions associated with frontal and temporal lobe degeneration. Different phenotypes have been defined on the basis of presenting clinical symptoms, i.e., the behavioral variant of FTD, the agrammatic variant of primary progressive aphasia, and the semantic variant of PPA. Some patients have an associated movement disorder, either parkinsonism, as in progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal syndrome, or motor neuron disease (FTD-MND). A family history of dementia is found in 40% of cases of FTD and about 10% have a clear autosomal-dominant inheritance. Genetic studies have identified several genes associated with monogenic FTD: microtubule-associated protein tau, progranulin, TAR DNA-binding protein 43, valosin-containing protein, charged multivesicular body protein 2B, fused in sarcoma, and the hexanucleotide repeat expansion in intron 1 of the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72. Patients often present with an extensive phenotypic variability, even among different members of the same kindred carrying an identical disease mutation. The objective of the present work is to review and evaluate available literature data in order to highlight recent advances in clinical, biological, and neuroimaging features of monogenic frontotemporal lobar degeneration and try to identify different mechanisms underlying the extreme phenotypic heterogeneity that characterizes this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Benussi
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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35
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Fontana F, Siva K, Denti MA. A network of RNA and protein interactions in Fronto Temporal Dementia. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:9. [PMID: 25852467 PMCID: PMC4365750 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by degeneration of the fronto temporal lobes and abnormal protein inclusions. It exhibits a broad clinicopathological spectrum and has been linked to mutations in seven different genes. We will provide a picture, which connects the products of these genes, albeit diverse in nature and function, in a network. Despite the paucity of information available for some of these genes, we believe that RNA processing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression might constitute a common theme in the network. Recent studies have unraveled the role of mutations affecting the functions of RNA binding proteins and regulation of microRNAs. This review will combine all the recent findings on genes involved in the pathogenesis of FTD, highlighting the importance of a common network of interactions in order to study and decipher the heterogeneous clinical manifestations associated with FTD. This approach could be helpful for the research of potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fontana
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Biotechnology, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of TrentoTrento, Italy
| | - Kavitha Siva
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Biotechnology, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of TrentoTrento, Italy
| | - Michela A. Denti
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Biotechnology, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of TrentoTrento, Italy
- CNR, Institute of NeurosciencePadua, Italy
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Alquezar C, Esteras N, de la Encarnación A, Moreno F, López de Munain A, Martín-Requero Á. Increasing progranulin levels and blockade of the ERK1/2 pathway: upstream and downstream strategies for the treatment of progranulin deficient frontotemporal dementia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:386-403. [PMID: 25624003 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by mild-life onset and progressive changes in behavior, social cognition, and language. Loss-of-function progranulin gene (GRN) mutations are the major cause of FTLD with TDP-43 protein inclusions (FTLD-TDP). Disease-modifying treatments for FTLD-TDP are not available yet. Mounting evidence indicates that cell cycle dysfunction may play a pathogenic role in neurodegenerative disorders including FTLD. Since cell cycle re-entry of posmitotic neurons seems to precede neuronal death, it was hypothesized that strategies aimed at preventing cell cycle progression would have neuroprotective effects. Recent research in our laboratory revealed cell cycle alterations in lymphoblasts from FTLD-TDP patients carrying a null GRN mutation, and in PGRN deficient SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, involving overactivation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. In this work, we have investigated the effects of PGRN enhancers drugs and ERK1/2 inhibitors, in these cellular models of PGRN-deficient FTLD. We report here that both restoring the PGRN content, by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) or chloroquine (CQ), as blocking ERK1/2 activation by selumetinib (AZD6244) or MEK162 (ARRY-162), normalized the CDK6/pRb pathway and the proliferative activity of PGRN deficient cells. Moreover, we found that SAHA and selumetinib prevented the cytosolic TDP-43 accumulation in PGRN-deficient lymphoblasts. Considering that these drugs are able to cross the blood-brain barrier, and assuming that the alterations in cell cycle and signaling observed in lymphoblasts from FTLD patients could be peripheral signs of the disease, our results suggest that these treatments may serve as novel therapeutic drugs for FTLD associated to GRN mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Alquezar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Esteras
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana de la Encarnación
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fermín Moreno
- Neuroscience Area-Institute Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Donostia, san sebastian, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Neuroscience Area-Institute Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Donostia, san sebastian, Spain; Department of Neurosciences, University of Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Martín-Requero
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.
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Association of progranulin polymorphism rs5848 with neurodegenerative diseases: a meta-analysis. J Neurol 2015; 262:814-22. [PMID: 25578179 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the association between progranulin polymorphism rs5848 and risk of the neurodegenerative diseases frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Published literature from PubMed and other databases were retrieved, and 16 case-control studies were identified as eligible: 5 on FTLD (1,439 cases, 4,461 controls), 5 on AD (2,502 cases, 2,162 controls), 3 on PD (1,605 cases, 1,591 controls), and 3 on ALS (663 cases, 811 controls). The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. We found that rs5848 was associated with an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases in the homozygous (TT vs. CC: OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.10-1.39; P < 0.001) and recessive models (TT vs. CC + CT: OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.10-1.37; P < 0.001). Stratified analyses showed associations of rs5848 with increased risk of AD and PD in the homozygous and recessive models. Our data indicate that rs5848 is associated with risk of AD and PD, suggesting important roles of progranulin in neurodegenerative processes.
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Schaafsma SM, Pfaff DW. Etiologies underlying sex differences in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:255-71. [PMID: 24705124 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The male predominance of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is one of the best-known, and at the same time, one of the least understood characteristics of these disorders. In this paper we review genetic, epigenetic, hormonal, and environmental mechanisms underlying this male preponderance. Sex-specific effects of Y-linked genes (including SRY expression leading to testicular development), balanced and skewed X-inactivation, genes that escape X-inactivation, parent-of-origin allelic imprinting, and the hypothetical heterochromatin sink are reviewed. These mechanisms likely contribute to etiology, instead of being simply causative to ASD. Environments, both internal and external, also play important roles in ASD's etiology. Early exposure to androgenic hormones and early maternal immune activation comprise environmental factors affecting sex-specific susceptibility to ASD. The gene-environment interactions underlying ASD, suggested here, implicate early prenatal stress as being especially detrimental to boys with a vulnerable genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Schaafsma
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Donald W Pfaff
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Alquézar C, Esteras N, de la Encarnación A, Alzualde A, Moreno F, López de Munain A, Martín-Requero Á. PGRN haploinsufficiency increased Wnt5a signaling in peripheral cells from frontotemporal lobar degeneration-progranulin mutation carriers. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:886-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Nguyen AD, Nguyen TA, Martens LH, Mitic LL, Farese RV. Progranulin: at the interface of neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:597-606. [PMID: 24035620 PMCID: PMC3842380 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin is a widely expressed, cysteine-rich, secreted glycoprotein originally discovered for its growth factor-like properties. Its subsequent identification as a causative gene for frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a devastating early-onset neurodegenerative disease, has catalyzed a surge of new discoveries about progranulin function in the brain. More recently, progranulin was recognized as an adipokine involved in diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance, revealing its metabolic function. We review here progranulin biology in both neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. In particular, we highlight the growth factor-like, trophic, and anti-inflammatory properties of progranulin as potential unifying themes in these seemingly divergent conditions. We also discuss potential therapeutic options for raising progranulin levels to treat progranulin-deficient FTD, as well as the possible consequences of such treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Nguyen
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Yang H, Cheng J, Song Z, Li X, Zhang Z, Mai Y, Pang W, Shi X, Yang G. The anti-adipogenic effect of PGRN on porcine preadipocytes involves ERK1,2 mediated PPARγ phosphorylation. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6863-72. [PMID: 24096891 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent researches indicate that PGRN is closely related to diabetes and is regarded as a novel adipokine associated with obesity development, affecting adipocyte biology. In the present study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of PGRN on porcine preadipocytes differentiation. Porcine preadipocytes were induced to differentiation with the addition of lentivirius-expressed PGRN shRNA at the early or late stage of induction period, and in the presence or absence of recombinant PGRN protein. The effects of PGRN on adipogenic genes expression and ERK activation were investigated. At the early stage of induction, knockdown of PGRN promoted differentiation, evidenced by enhanced lipid accumulation, upregulation of adipocyte markers, as well as master adipogenic transcription factors, PPARγ and C/EBPα. While, decreasing PGRN expression at the late stage of induction (day 3) had no effect on differentiation. These results suggested that PGRN functions in the early adipogenic events. Conversely, porcine preadipocytes differentiation was impaired by MDI and recombinant PGRN protein induction, the expressions of adipocyte markers were decreased. Further studies revealed that PGRN can specifically facilitate ERK1,2 activation, and this activation can be abolished by U0126. Moreover, PPARγ phosphorylation at serine 112 site was increased by PGRN treatment, which could reduce the transcriptional activity of PPARγ. We conclude that PGRN inhibits adipogenesis in porcine preadipocytes partially through ERK activation mediated PPARγ phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Almeida MR, Baldeiras I, Ribeiro MH, Santiago B, Machado C, Massano J, Guimarães J, Resende Oliveira C, Santana I. Progranulin peripheral levels as a screening tool for the identification of subjects with progranulin mutations in a Portuguese cohort. NEURODEGENER DIS 2013; 13:214-23. [PMID: 24022032 DOI: 10.1159/000352022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progranulin (PGRN) mutations are associated with different clinical phenotypes, including frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), corticobasal syndrome (CBS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). As all pathogenic PGRN mutations identified so far cause disease through haploinsufficiency, determination of PGRN levels has been proposed as a reliable method to identify mutation carriers. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the accuracy of peripheral PGRN levels in the identification of the PGRN mutation carriers detected thus far in our Portuguese cohort. METHODS Serum PGRN levels were measured in 244 subjects (124 patients in the spectrum of FTLD, 2 asymptomatic descendants of a FTLD patient, 56 AD patients and 64 controls) by a novel commercial ELISA kit. RESULTS Low PGRN levels were detected in 7 individuals (5 behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, 1 CBS, and 1 still clinically unaffected) that constituted the group of the null PGRN mutation carriers previously identified in our molecular diagnostic laboratory. The pathogenic mutations found consisted of 4 insertion-deletions, causing frameshifts resulting in premature stop codons, 3 of which were novel. In addition, a normal PGRN level was found in a patient harboring a novel missense variant. For this novel ELISA kit, we established a PGRN cut-off level that identified with 100% accuracy the pathogenic mutation carriers. CONCLUSION This study supports the use of a novel assay for the determination of PGRN levels as a screening procedure to identify patients harboring null PGRN mutations. This approach would significantly decrease the required PGRN mutation analysis workload and should be extended to other clinical phenotypes than behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and to apparently sporadic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosário Almeida
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Current insights into the C9orf72 repeat expansion diseases of the FTLD/ALS spectrum. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:450-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave C. Anderson
- Center for Advanced Drug Research; SRI International; 140 Research Drive; Harrisonburg; Virginia; 22802; USA
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Kleinberger G, Capell A, Haass C, Van Broeckhoven C. Mechanisms of granulin deficiency: lessons from cellular and animal models. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:337-60. [PMID: 23239020 PMCID: PMC3538123 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8380-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The identification of causative mutations in the (pro)granulin gene (GRN) has been a major breakthrough in the research on frontotemporal dementia (FTD). So far, all FTD-associated GRN mutations are leading to neurodegeneration through a “loss-of-function” mechanism, encouraging researchers to develop a growing number of cellular and animal models for GRN deficiency. GRN is a multifunctional secreted growth factor, and loss of its function can affect different cellular processes. Besides loss-of-function (i.e., mostly premature termination codons) mutations, which cause GRN haploinsufficiency through reduction of GRN expression, FTD-associated GRN missense mutations have also been identified. Several of these missense mutations are predicted to increase the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases through altering various key biological properties of GRN-like protein secretion, proteolytic processing, and neurite outgrowth. With the use of cellular and animal models for GRN deficiency, the portfolio of GRN functions has recently been extended to include functions in important biological processes like energy and protein homeostasis, inflammation as well as neuronal survival, neurite outgrowth, and branching. Furthermore, GRN-deficient animal models have been established and they are believed to be promising disease models as they show accelerated aging and recapitulate at least some neuropathological features of FTD. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms leading to GRN deficiency and the lessons we learned from the established cellular and animal models. Furthermore, we discuss how these insights might help in developing therapeutic strategies for GRN-associated FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Kleinberger
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp-CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
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TMEM106B, the risk gene for frontotemporal dementia, is regulated by the microRNA-132/212 cluster and affects progranulin pathways. J Neurosci 2012; 32:11213-27. [PMID: 22895706 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0521-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 inclusions (FTLD-TDP) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with no available treatments. Mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) causing impaired production or secretion of progranulin are a common Mendelian cause of FTLD-TDP; additionally, common variants at chromosome 7p21 in the uncharacterized gene TMEM106B were recently linked by genome-wide association to FTLD-TDP with and without GRN mutations. Here we show that TMEM106B is neuronally expressed in postmortem human brain tissue, and that expression levels are increased in FTLD-TDP brain. Furthermore, using an unbiased, microarray-based screen of >800 microRNAs (miRs), we identify microRNA-132 as the top microRNA differentiating FTLD-TDP and control brains, with <50% normal expression levels of three members of the microRNA-132 cluster (microRNA-132, microRNA-132*, and microRNA-212) in disease. Computational analyses, corroborated empirically, demonstrate that the top mRNA target of both microRNA-132 and microRNA-212 is TMEM106B; both microRNAs repress TMEM106B expression through shared microRNA-132/212 binding sites in the TMEM106B 3'UTR. Increasing TMEM106B expression to model disease results in enlargement and poor acidification of endo-lysosomes, as well as impairment of mannose-6-phosphate-receptor trafficking. Finally, endogenous neuronal TMEM106B colocalizes with progranulin in late endo-lysosomes, and TMEM106B overexpression increases intracellular levels of progranulin. Thus, TMEM106B is an FTLD-TDP risk gene, with microRNA-132/212 depression as an event which can lead to aberrant overexpression of TMEM106B, which in turn alters progranulin pathways. Evidence for this pathogenic cascade includes the striking convergence of two independent, genomic-scale screens on a microRNA:mRNA regulatory pair. Our findings open novel directions for elucidating miR-based therapies in FTLD-TDP.
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Granulin mutation drives brain damage and reorganization from preclinical to symptomatic FTLD. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:2506-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Todoric J, Handisurya A, Perkmann T, Knapp B, Wagner O, Tura A, Pacini G, Esterbauer H, Kautzky-Willer A. Circulating progranulin levels in women with gestational diabetes mellitus and healthy controls during and after pregnancy. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 167:561-7. [PMID: 22802426 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Progranulin (PGRN) was recently introduced as a novel marker of chronic inflammatory response in obesity and type 2 diabetes capable of directly affecting the insulin signaling pathway. This study aimed to investigate the role of PGRN in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which is regarded as a model for early type 2 diabetes. METHODS PGRN serum levels were measured in 90 pregnant women (45 GDM and 45 normal glucose tolerance (NGT)). In addition, PGRN was measured during a 2-h, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test in 20 pregnant women (ten GDM and ten NGT) and in 16 of them post partum (ten GDM and six NGT). RESULTS PGRN concentrations were significantly higher in pregnant women compared with post partum levels (536.79 ± 31.81 vs 241.53 ± 8.86, P<0.001). Multivariate regression analyses showed a strong positive correlation of PGRN with estrogen and progesterone. The insulinogenic index, a marker of early insulin secretion, displayed a positive correlation with PGRN, both during and after pregnancy (R=0.47, P=0.034; R=0.63, P=0.012). HbA1c and the oral glucose insulin sensitivity index showed significant post partum associations with PGRN (R=0.43, P=0.049; R=-0.65, P=0.009). CONCLUSIONS PGRN concentrations are markedly lower after pregnancy regardless of the gestational glucose tolerance state. PGRN levels per se do not discriminate between mild GDM and NGT in pregnant women. Therefore, the development of GDM appears to be due to impaired β-cell function that is not related to PGRN effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Todoric
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Sieben A, Van Langenhove T, Engelborghs S, Martin JJ, Boon P, Cras P, De Deyn PP, Santens P, Van Broeckhoven C, Cruts M. The genetics and neuropathology of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 124:353-72. [PMID: 22890575 PMCID: PMC3422616 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-1029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by disturbances of behavior and personality and different types of language impairment with or without concomitant features of motor neuron disease or parkinsonism. FTLD is characterized by atrophy of the frontal and anterior temporal brain lobes. Detailed neuropathological studies have elicited proteinopathies defined by inclusions of hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau, TAR DNA-binding protein TDP-43, fused-in-sarcoma or yet unidentified proteins in affected brain regions. Rather than the type of proteinopathy, the site of neurodegeneration correlates relatively well with the clinical presentation of FTLD. Molecular genetic studies identified five disease genes, of which the gene encoding the tau protein (MAPT), the growth factor precursor gene granulin (GRN), and C9orf72 with unknown function are most frequently mutated. Rare mutations were also identified in the genes encoding valosin-containing protein (VCP) and charged multivesicular body protein 2B (CHMP2B). These genes are good markers to distinguish underlying neuropathological phenotypes. Due to the complex landscape of FTLD diseases, combined characterization of clinical, imaging, biological and genetic biomarkers is essential to establish a detailed diagnosis. Although major progress has been made in FTLD research in recent years, further studies are needed to completely map out and correlate the clinical, pathological and genetic entities, and to understand the underlying disease mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the current state of the rapidly progressing field of genetic, neuropathological and clinical research of this intriguing condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sieben
- Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Van Langenhove
- Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | - Paul Boon
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Cras
- Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Peter-Paul De Deyn
- Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Alzheimer Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Santens
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Marc Cruts
- Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
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Sun L, Eriksen JL. Recent insights into the involvement of progranulin in frontotemporal dementia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2012; 9:632-42. [PMID: 22654721 PMCID: PMC3263457 DOI: 10.2174/157015911798376361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin is a widely expressed protein that is involved in the regulation of multiple biological processes, including embryogenesis, host defense, and wound repair. In the central nervous system, progranulin is constitutively expressed at modest levels in neurons and microglia, but shows dramatic microglial immunoreactivity in degenerative diseases that exhibit prominent neuroinflammation. In addition to the role that PGRN plays in the periphery, its expression is of critical importance in brain health, as demonstrated by recent discovery that progranulin haploinsufficiency results in familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Since progranulin deficiency was first described, there has been an intense ongoing effort to decipher the mysterious role that this protein plays in dementia. This review provides an update on our understanding of the possible neuronal function and discusses the challenging problems related to progranulin expression within genetics, cell biology, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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