1
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Kang CK, Kim AR. Deep molecular learning of transcriptional control of a synthetic CRE enhancer and its variants. iScience 2024; 27:108747. [PMID: 38222110 PMCID: PMC10784702 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Massively parallel reporter assay measures transcriptional activities of various cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) in a single experiment. We developed a thermodynamic computational model framework that calculates quantitative levels of gene expression directly from regulatory DNA sequences. Using the framework, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of cis-regulatory mutations of a synthetic enhancer that cause abnormal gene expression. We found that, in a human cell line, competitive binding between family transcription factors (TFs) with slightly different binding preferences significantly increases the accuracy of recapitulating the transcriptional effects of thousands of single- or multi-mutations. We also discovered that even if various harmful mutations occurred in an activator binding site, CRM could stably maintain or even increase gene expression through a certain form of competitive binding between family TFs. These findings enhance understanding the effect of SNPs and indels on CRMs and would help building robust custom-designed CRMs for biologics production and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Koo Kang
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeong-Buk 37554, South Korea
- Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeong-Buk 37554, South Korea
| | - Ah-Ram Kim
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeong-Buk 37554, South Korea
- Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeong-Buk 37554, South Korea
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- School of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeong-Buk 37554, South Korea
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2
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Pezeshkpoor B, Oldenburg J, Pavlova A. Insights into the Molecular Genetic of Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B: The Relevance of Genetic Testing in Routine Clinical Practice. Hamostaseologie 2022; 42:390-399. [PMID: 36549291 PMCID: PMC9779947 DOI: 10.1055/a-1945-9429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophilia A and hemophilia B are rare congenital, recessive X-linked disorders caused by lack or deficiency of clotting factor VIII (FVIII) or IX (FIX), respectively. The severity of the disease depends on the reduction of coagulation FVIII or FIX activity levels, which is determined by the type of the pathogenic variants in the genes encoding the two factors (F8 and F9, respectively). Molecular genetic analysis is widely applied in inherited bleeding disorders. The outcome of genetic analysis allows genetic counseling of affected families and helps find a link between the genotype and the phenotype. Genetic analysis in hemophilia has tremendously improved in the last decades. Many new techniques and modifications as well as analysis softwares became available, which made the genetic analysis and interpretation of the data faster and more accurate. Advances in genetic variant detection strategies facilitate identification of the causal variants in up to 97% of patients. In this review, we discuss the milestones in genetic analysis of hemophilia and highlight the importance of identification of the causative genetic variants for genetic counseling and particularly for the interpretation of the clinical presentation of hemophilia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Pezeshkpoor
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Center for Rare Diseases Bonn (ZSEB), University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Center for Rare Diseases Bonn (ZSEB), University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Pavlova
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Center for Rare Diseases Bonn (ZSEB), University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Address for correspondence Anna Pavlova, MD, PhD Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University of BonnVenusberg Campus 1, 53127, BonnGermany
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3
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Shen G, Gao M, Cao Q, Li W. The Molecular Basis of FIX Deficiency in Hemophilia B. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2762. [PMID: 35269902 PMCID: PMC8911121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulation factor IX (FIX) is a vitamin K dependent protein and its deficiency causes hemophilia B, an X-linked recessive bleeding disorder. More than 1000 mutations in the F9 gene have been identified in hemophilia B patients. Here, we systematically summarize the structural and functional characteristics of FIX and the pathogenic mechanisms of the mutations that have been identified to date. The mechanisms of FIX deficiency are diverse in these mutations. Deletions, insertions, duplications, and indels generally lead to severe hemophilia B. Those in the exon regions generate either frame shift or inframe mutations, and those in the introns usually cause aberrant splicing. Regarding point mutations, the bleeding phenotypes vary from severe to mild in hemophilia B patients. Generally speaking, point mutations in the F9 promoter region result in hemophilia B Leyden, and those in the introns cause aberrant splicing. Point mutations in the coding sequence can be missense, nonsense, or silent mutations. Nonsense mutations generate truncated FIX that usually loses function, causing severe hemophilia B. Silent mutations may lead to aberrant splicing or affect FIX translation. The mechanisms of missense mutation, however, have not been fully understood. They lead to FIX deficiency, often by affecting FIX's translation, protein folding, protein stability, posttranslational modifications, activation to FIXa, or the ability to form functional Xase complex. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of FIX deficiency will provide significant insight for patient diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomin Shen
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (M.G.); (Q.C.)
- School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (M.G.); (Q.C.)
- School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Qing Cao
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (M.G.); (Q.C.)
- School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Weikai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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4
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Inherent hepatocytic heterogeneity determines expression and retention of edited F9 alleles post-AAV/CRISPR infusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2110887118. [PMID: 34649996 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110887118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infusing CRISPR/donor-loaded adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV/CRISPR) could enable in vivo hepatic gene editing to remedy hemophilia B (HB) with inherited deficiency of clotting factor IX (FIX). Yet, current regimens focus on correcting HB with simple mutations in the coding region of the F9, overlooking those carrying complicated mutations involving the regulatory region. Moreover, a possible adverse effect of treatment-related inflammation remains unaddressed. Here we report that a single DNA cutting-mediated long-range replacement restored the FIX-encoding function of a mutant F9 (mF9) carrying both regulatory and coding defects in a severe mouse HB model, wherein incorporation of a synthetic Alb enhancer/promoter-mimic (P2) ensured FIX elevation to clinically meaningful levels. Through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of liver tissues, we revealed that a subclinical hepatic inflammation post-AAV/CRISPR administration regulated the vulnerability of the edited mF9-harboring host cells to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and the P2 activity in a hepatocytic subset-dependent manner via modulating specific sets of liver-enriched transcription factors (LETFs). Collectively, our study establishes an AAV/CRISPR-mediated gene-editing protocol applicable to complicated monogenetic disorders, underscoring the potentiality of improving therapeutic benefits through managing inflammation.
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5
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Beskorovainaya TS, Zabnenkova VV, Zinchenko RA, Shchagina OA, Polyakov AV. Hemophilia B Leyden: Literature and Our Data. RUSS J GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795421100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Iyer N, Al Qaryoute A, Kacham M, Jagadeeswaran P. Identification of zebrafish ortholog for human coagulation factor IX and its age-dependent expression. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:2137-2150. [PMID: 33974340 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coagulation factor IX (FIX) is a serine protease zymogen involved in the intrinsic blood coagulation pathway, and its deficiency causes hemophilia B. Zebrafish has three f9 genes, and the ortholog to human F9 is unknown. OBJECTIVE To identify the zebrafish ortholog to F9 using sequence analysis and piggyback knockdown technology. METHODS Gene and protein sequence analysis for three f9 genes, f9a, f9b, and f9l, present in the zebrafish genome was performed. In vivo and in vitro assays after knockdown of each gene and immunodepletion using specific antibodies were carried out. RESULTS Sequence analysis revealed that f9a and f9b are similar to human F9, whereas f9l is similar to human F10. RNA analysis showed an age-dependent increase in expression of all three genes. Zebrafish f9a gene knockdown and Fixa immunodepletion prolonged kinetic partial thromboplastin time (kPTT), whereas f9l knockdown and Fixl immunodepletion prolonged kPTT, kinetic prothrombin time, and kinetic Russell viper venom activation time. Laser-assisted venous thrombosis increased time to occlusion after f9a and f9l knockdown and antibody inhibition of Fixa and Fixl. Further, analysis of plasma proteins by mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry detected all three proteins. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that zebrafish f9a has functional activity similar to human F9. Fixl is functionally similar to Fx. The age-dependent increases of these factors are comparable to those observed in mice and humans. Thus, the zebrafish model could be used to study factors involved in increasing f9a expression during aging. It could also be used to test whether normal human Factor IX and Factor IX Leyden promoter work in zebrafish background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Iyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Ayah Al Qaryoute
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Meghana Kacham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Pudur Jagadeeswaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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7
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Tamura A, Shinozawa K, Uemura S, Nakamura S, Fujiwara T, Tahara T, Yamamoto N, Saito A, Kozaki A, Kishimoto K, Ishida T, Hasegawa D, Muramatsu T, Amano K, Fukutake K, Kosaka Y. Early elevation of factor IX level in japanese brothers with Haemophilia B Leyden who are carrying c. -35 g > a mutations in the promoter region of F9. Haemophilia 2021; 27:e510-e512. [PMID: 33427373 DOI: 10.1111/hae.14248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tamura
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Keiko Shinozawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suguru Uemura
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Paediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nakamura
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fujiwara
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Teppei Tahara
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Paediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsuro Saito
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Aiko Kozaki
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenji Kishimoto
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ishida
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Daiichiro Hasegawa
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takashi Muramatsu
- Department of Paediatrics, Kawanishi City Hospital, Kawanishi, Japan
| | - Kagehiro Amano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Fukutake
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kosaka
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
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8
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Gandhi J, C McLean K, Gernander K, E Holmes C. Pregnancy outcomes in female carriers of haemophilia B Leyden. Br J Haematol 2020; 190:e261-e264. [PMID: 32562495 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinal Gandhi
- Larner College of Medicine at University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Kelley C McLean
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Larner College of Medicine at University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Kelly Gernander
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Larner College of Medicine at University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Chris E Holmes
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Larner College of Medicine at University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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9
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Castaman G, Matino D. Hemophilia A and B: molecular and clinical similarities and differences. Haematologica 2019; 104:1702-1709. [PMID: 31399527 PMCID: PMC6717582 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.221093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Castaman
- Center for Bleeding Disorders and Coagulation, Department of Oncology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Davide Matino
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Prednisolone treatment induced temporary factor IX normalization in mild hemophilia B who required an epidural infiltration: A case report. Transfus Apher Sci 2019; 58:512-514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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11
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The frequency of joint hemorrhages and procedures in nonsevere hemophilia A vs B. Blood Adv 2019; 2:2136-2144. [PMID: 30143528 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018020552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Data are needed on minimal factor activity (FA) levels required to prevent bleeding in hemophilia. We aimed to evaluate associations between hemophilia type and FA level and joint bleeding and orthopedic procedures using longitudinal data. Data were collected over an 11-year period on males with nonsevere hemophilia A or B without inhibitors who were receiving on-demand factor replacement therapy. Data on the number of joint bleeds in the previous 6 months and data on procedures from clinical records were analyzed using regression models. Data were collected on 4771 patients (hemophilia A, 3315; hemophilia B, 1456) from 19 979 clinic visits. Ages ranged from 2 to 91 years and baseline FA level ranged from 1% to 49% with a mean of 9.4%. Joint bleeding rates were heterogeneous across the FA range and were highest among men age 25 to 44 years. Adjusted for FA level, the mean number of joint bleeds per 6 months was 1.4 and 0.7 for patients with hemophilia A and B, respectively (P < .001). Regression models predicted 1.4 and 0.6 bleeds per year for hemophilia A and B patients, respectively, at an FA level of 15%. Patients with hemophilia B were 30% less likely than those with hemophilia A to have undergone an orthopedic procedure. We conclude that joint bleed rates for any given FA level were higher among hemophilia A than hemophilia B patients, and target FA levels of 15% are unlikely to prevent all joint bleeding in US males with hemophilia.
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12
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Brenig B, Steingräber L, Shan S, Xu F, Hirschfeld M, Andag R, Spengeler M, Dietschi E, Mischke R, Leeb T. Christmas disease in a Hovawart family resembling human hemophilia B Leyden is caused by a single nucleotide deletion in a highly conserved transcription factor binding site of the F9 gene promoter. Haematologica 2019; 104:2307-2313. [PMID: 30846504 PMCID: PMC6821609 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.215426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophilia B is a classical monogenic, X-chromosomal, recessively transmitted bleeding disorder caused by genetic variants within the coagulation factor IX gene (F9). Although hemophilia B has been described in dogs, it has not yet been reported in the Hovawart breed. Here we describe the identification of a Hovawart family transmitting typical signs of an X-linked bleeding disorder. Five males were reported to suffer from recurrent hemorrhagic episodes. A blood sample from one of these males with only 2% of the normal concentration of plasma factor IX together with samples from seven relatives were provided. Next-generation sequencing of the mother and grandmother revealed a single nucleotide deletion in the F9 promoter. Genotyping of the deletion in 1,298 dog specimens including 720 Hovawarts revealed that the mutant allele was only present in the aforementioned Hovawart family. The deletion is located 73 bp upstream of the F9 start codon in the conserved overlapping DNA binding sites of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF-4α) and androgen receptor (AR). The deletion only abolished binding of HNF-4α, while AR binding was unaffected as demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay using human HNF-4α and AR with double-stranded DNA probes encompassing the mutant promoter region. Luciferase reporter assays using wildtype and mutated promoter fragment constructs transfected into Hep G2 cells showed a significant reduction in expression from the mutant promoter. The data provide evidence that the deletion in the Hovawart family caused a rare type of hemophilia B resembling human hemophilia B Leyden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Brenig
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lilith Steingräber
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shuwen Shan
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fangzheng Xu
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marc Hirschfeld
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Reiner Andag
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Reinhard Mischke
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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13
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Lallukka S, Luukkonen PK, Zhou Y, Isokuortti E, Leivonen M, Juuti A, Hakkarainen A, Orho-Melander M, Lundbom N, Olkkonen VM, Lassila R, Yki-Järvinen H. Obesity/insulin resistance rather than liver fat increases coagulation factor activities and expression in humans. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:286-294. [DOI: 10.1160/th16-09-0716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SummaryIncreased liver fat may be caused by insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation or by the common I148M variant in PNPLA3 at rs738409, which lacks both of these features. We hypothesised that obesity/insulin resistance rather than liver fat increases circulating coagulation factor activities. We measured plasma prothrombin time (PT, Owren method), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), activities of several coagulation factors, VWF:RCo and fibrinogen, and D-dimer concentration in 92 subjects divided into groups based on insulin sensitivity [insulin-resistant (‘IR’) versus insulin-sensitive (‘IS’)] and PNPLA3 genotype (PNPLA3148MM/MI vs PNPLA3148II). Liver fat content (1H-MRS) was similarly increased in ‘IR’ (13 ± 1 %) and PNPLA3148MM/MI (12 ± 2 %) as compared to ‘IS’ (6 ± 1 %, p < 0.05) and PNPLA3148II (8 ± 1 %, p < 0.05), respectively. FVIII, FIX, FXIII, fibrinogen and VWF:RCo activities were increased, and PT and APTT shortened in ‘IR’ versus ‘IS’, in contrast to these factors being similar between PNPLA3148MM/MI and PNPLA3148II groups. In subjects undergoing a liver biopsy and entirely lacking the I148M variant, insulin-resistant subjects had higher hepatic expression of F8, F9 and FGG than equally obese insulin-sensitive subjects. Expression of pro-inflammatory genes in adipose tissue correlated positively with PT (% of normal), circulating FVIII, FIX, FXI, VWR:RCo and fibrinogen, and expression of anti-inflammatory genes negatively with PT (%), FIX and fibrinogen. We conclude that obesity/insulin resistance rather than an increase in liver fat is associated with a procoagulant plasma profile. This reflects adipose tissue inflammation and increased hepatic production of coagulation factors and their susceptibility for activation.Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.
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14
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Maney DL. Polymorphisms in sex steroid receptors: From gene sequence to behavior. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 47:47-65. [PMID: 28705582 PMCID: PMC6312198 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sex steroid receptors have received much interest as potential mediators of human behaviors and mental disorders. Candidate gene association studies have identified about 50 genetic variants of androgen and estrogen receptors that correlate with human behavioral phenotypes. Because most of these polymorphisms lie outside coding regions, discerning their effect on receptor function is not straightforward. Thus, although discoveries of associations improve our ability to predict risk, they have not greatly advanced our understanding of underlying mechanisms. This article is intended to serve as a starting point for psychologists and other behavioral biologists to consider potential mechanisms. Here, I review associations between polymorphisms in sex steroid receptors and human behavioral phenotypes. I then consider ways in which genetic variation can affect processes such as mRNA transcription, splicing, and stability. Finally, I suggest ways that hypotheses about mechanism can be tested, for example using in vitro assays and/or animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Maney
- Department of Psychology, 36 Eagle Row, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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15
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First case report of hemophilia B Leyden in Japan. Int J Hematol 2017; 106:135-137. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-017-2194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Swystun LL, James PD. Genetic diagnosis in hemophilia and von Willebrand disease. Blood Rev 2017; 31:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Haemophilia A and B are hereditary haemorrhagic disorders characterised by deficiency or dysfunction of coagulation protein factors VIII and IX, respectively. Recurrent joint and muscle bleeds lead to severe and progressive musculoskeletal damage. Existing treatment relies on replacement therapy with clotting factors, either at the time of bleeding (ie, on demand) or as part of a prophylactic schedule. The major complication of such therapy is the development of neutralising antibodies (ie, inhibitors), which is most frequent in haemophilia A. Treatment might improve considerably with the availability of new modified drugs, which might overcome existing prophylaxis limitations by reducing dosing frequency and thereby rendering therapy less distressing for the patient. Subcutaneous administration of some new therapies would also simplify prophylaxis in children with poor venous access. Gene therapy has the potential for a definitive cure, and important results have been obtained in haemophilia B. Despite improvements in haemophilia care, the availability of clotting factor concentrates for all affected individuals worldwide remains the biggest challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Peyvandi
- Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Isabella Garagiola
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Guy Young
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Abstract
AbstractMost bleeding disorders encountered in clinical practice will be diagnosed, at least initially, by phenotypic assays. However, since the characterization of the genes that encode coagulation factors in the 1980s, significant progress has been made in translating this knowledge for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. For hemophilia A and B, molecular genetic testing to determine carrier status, prenatal diagnosis, and likelihood of inhibitor development or anaphylaxis to infused coagulation factor concentrates is an established component of comprehensive clinical management. In contrast, although significant recent advances in our understanding of the molecular genetic basis of von Willebrand disease (VWD) have allowed for the development of rational approaches to genetic diagnostics, questions remain about this complex genetic disorder and how to incorporate emerging knowledge into diagnostic strategies. This article will review the state-of-the-art for molecular diagnostics for both hemophilia and VWD.
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19
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Abstract
Hemophilia B is an X-chromosome-linked inherited bleeding disorder primarily affecting males, but those carrier females with reduced factor IX activity (FIX:C) levels may also experience some bleeding. Genetic analysis has been undertaken for hemophilia B since the mid-1980s, through linkage analysis to track inheritance of an affected allele, and to enable determination of the familial mutation. Mutation analysis using PCR and Sanger sequencing along with dosage analysis for detection of large deletions/duplications enables mutation detection in > 97% of patients with hemophilia B. The risk of the development of inhibitory antibodies, which are reported in ~ 2% of patients with hemophilia B, can be predicted, especially in patients with large deletions, and these individuals are also at risk of anaphylaxis, and nephrotic syndrome if they receive immune tolerance induction. Inhibitors also occur in patients with nonsense mutations, occasionally in patients with small insertions/deletions or splice mutations, and rarely in patients with missense mutations (p.Gln237Lys and p.Gln241His). Hemophilia B results from several different mechanisms, and those associated with hemophilia B Leyden, ribosome readthrough of nonsense mutations and apparently 'silent' changes that do not alter amino acid coding are explored. Large databases of genetic variants in healthy individuals and patients with a range of disorders, including hemophilia B, are yielding useful information on sequence variant frequency to help establish possible variant pathogenicity, and a growing range of algorithms are available to help predict pathogenicity for previously unreported variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Goodeve
- Haemostasis Research Group, Department of Cardiovascular Science, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Diagnostic Genetics Service, Sheffield, UK
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20
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Cis-regulatory variation: significance in biomedicine and evolution. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 356:495-505. [PMID: 24744265 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1855-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cis-regulatory regions (CRR) control gene expression and chromatin modifications. Genetic variation at CRR in individuals across a population contributes to phenotypic differences of biomedical relevance. This standing variation is important for personalized genomic medicine as well as for adaptive evolution and speciation. This review focuses on genetic variation at CRR, its influence on chromatin, gene expression, and ultimately disease phenotypes. In addition, we summarize our understanding of how this variation may contribute to evolution. Recent technological and computational advances have accelerated research in the direction of personalized medicine, combining strengths of molecular biology and genomics. This will pave new ways to understand how CRR variation affects phenotypes and chart out possible avenues of intervention.
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