1
|
Li L, Wang J, Chen L, Ren Q, Akhtar MF, Liu W, Wang C, Cao S, Liu W, Zhao Q, Li Y, Wang T. Diltiazem HCl suppresses porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in susceptible cells and in swine. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110054. [PMID: 38507832 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a pathogen for swine, resulting in substantial economic losses to the swine industry. However, there has been little success in developing effective vaccines or drugs for PRRSV control. In the present study, we discovered that Diltiazem HCl, an inhibitor of L-type Ca2+ channel, effectively suppresses PRRSV replication in MARC-145, PK-15CD163 and PAM cells in dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, it demonstrates a broad-spectrum activity against both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 strains. Additionally, we explored the underlying mechanisms and found that Diltiazem HCl -induced inhibition of PRRSV associated with regulation of calcium ion homeostasis in susceptible cells. Moreover, we evaluated the antiviral effects of Diltiazem HCl in PRRSV-challenged piglets, assessing rectal temperature, viremia, and gross and microscopic lung lesions. Our results indicate that Diltiazem HCl treatment alleviates PRRSV-induced rectal temperature spikes, pulmonary pathological changes, and serum viral load. In conclusion, our data suggest that Diltiazem HCl could serve as a novel therapeutic drug against PRRSV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Li
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Li Chen
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Qinghai Ren
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | | | - Wenhua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Changfa Wang
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Shengliang Cao
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yubao Li
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.
| | - Tongtong Wang
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ning C, Xiao W, Liang Z, Wu Y, Fan H, Wang S, Kong X, Wang Y, Wu A, Li Y, Yuan Z, Wu J, Yang C. Melatonin alleviates T-2 toxin-induced oxidative damage, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in piglet spleen and thymus. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 129:111653. [PMID: 38354511 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
T-2 toxin, an unavoidable contaminant in animal feeds, can induce oxidative stress and damage immune organs. Melatonin (MT), a natural and potent antioxidant, has shown promise as a detoxifier for various mycotoxins. However, the detoxifying effect of MT on T-2 toxin has not been previously reported. In order to investigate the protective effect of MT added to diets on the immune system of T-2 toxin-exposed piglets, twenty piglets weaned at 28d of age were randomly divided into control, T-2 toxin (1 mg/kg), MT (5 mg/kg), and T-2 toxin (1 mg/kg) + MT (5 mg/kg) groups(n = 5 per group). Our results demonstrated that MT mitigated T-2 toxin-induced histoarchitectural alterations in the spleen and thymus, such as hemorrhage, decreased white pulp size in the spleen, and medullary cell sparing in the thymus. Further research revealed that MT promoted the expression of Nrf2 and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes CAT and SOD, while reducing the production of the lipid peroxidation product MDA. Moreover, MT inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway, regulated the expression of downstream cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β1. MT also suppressed the activation of caspase-3 while down-regulating the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 to reduce apoptosis. Additionally, MT ameliorated the T-2 toxin-induced disorders of immune cells and immune molecules in the blood. In conclusion, our findings suggest that MT may effectively protect the immune system of piglets against T-2 toxin-induced damage by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in the spleen and thymus. Therefore, MT holds the potential as an antidote for T-2 toxin poisoning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Ning
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Wenguang Xiao
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zengenni Liang
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - You Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hui Fan
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiangyi Kong
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yongkang Wang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Aoao Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhihang Yuan
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Chenglin Yang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang H, Li C, Xu H, Gong B, Li W, Guo Z, Xiang L, Sun Q, Zhao J, Peng J, Wang Q, Zhou G, Tang YD, An T, Cai XH, Tian ZJ. Protective efficacy of a candidate live attenuated vaccine derived from the SD-R strain of lineage 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus against a lethal challenge with HP-PRRSV HuN4 in piglets. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0198423. [PMID: 37819126 PMCID: PMC10714764 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01984-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Both highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) and NADC30-like PRRSV have caused tremendous economic losses to the Chinese pig industry. In this study, a good challenge model was established to evaluate the protection afforded by the candidate SD-R vaccine against infection with a representative HP-PRRSV strain (HuN4). The control piglets in the challenge experiment displayed obvious clinical symptoms of PRRSV infection, with a mortality rate up to 40%. In contrast, all the piglets in the vaccinated challenged group survived, and only some pigs had transient fever. The daily gain of SD-R immunized group piglets was significantly increased, and the pathological changes were significantly reduced. In addition, the viral replication levels in the serum of the immunized group were significantly lower than those of the challenged control group. The live attenuated vaccine SD-R strain can provide protection against HP-PRRSV challenge, indicating that the SD-R strain is a promising vaccine candidate for use in the swine industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Bangjun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wansheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lirun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jinmei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen S, Gao T, Li X, Huang K, Yuan L, Zhou S, Jiang J, Wang Y, Xie J. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of galectin-1 from silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 143:109209. [PMID: 37944682 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Galectins, as members of lectin families, exhibit a high affinity for β-galactosides and play diverse roles in biological processes. They function as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) with important roles in immune defense. In this study, galectin-1, designated as SpGal-1, was identified and characterized from silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus). The SpGal-1 comprises an open reading frame (ORF) spanning 396 base pairs (bp) and encodes a deduced amino acid (aa) sequence containing a single carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). Sublocalization analysis revealed that SpGal-1 was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm. The mRNA transcripts of SpGal-1 were ubiquitously detected in various tissues, with a higher expression level in the intestine. In addition, when exposed to Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae (PDD) infection, both the liver and head kidney exhibited significantly increased SpGal-1 mRNA expression. The recombinant protein of SpGal-1 (named as rSpGal-1) demonstrated hemagglutination against red blood cells (RBCs) from Larimichthys crocea and P. argenteus in a Ca2+ or β-Mercaptoethanol (β-ME)-independent manner. Notably, rSpGal-1 could bind with various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) including D-galactose, D-mannose, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and peptidoglycan (PGN), with highest affinity to PGN. Moreover, rSpGal-1 effectively interacted with an array of bacterial types encompassing Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Nocardia seriolae) and Gram-negative bacteria (PDD and Escherichia coli, among others), with the most robust binding affinity towards PDD. Collectively, these findings highlight that SpGal-1 is a crucial PRR with involvement in the host immune defense of silver pomfret.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suyang Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Tingting Gao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Xionglin Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Kejing Huang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Lu Yuan
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Suming Zhou
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Jianhu Jiang
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313001, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Jiasong Xie
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Su N, Lin Z, Liu X, Sun X, Jin X, Feng H, Zhan C, Hu X, Gu C, Zhang W, Cheng G. Pathological observation and transcriptomic analysis of thymus injury in PRRSV-infected piglets. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1949-1962. [PMID: 37266866 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The thymus, the central immune organ in mammals, plays an important role in immune defense. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in piglets can cause thymus injury and immunosuppression. However, the mechanisms of thymus injury remain unknown. This study was aimed at investigating the specific manifestations of thymus injury through the construction of a PRRSV-infected piglet model and histopathological observation. In this study, fourteen 40-day-old PRRSV-free piglets were randomly divided into two groups, eleven of which were intramuscularly injected with 3 mL of PRRSV WUH3 virus suspension (106 PFU /mL) in the infection group, and three of which were sham-inoculated with 3 mL of RPMI-1640 medium in the control group. Clinical necropsy and samples collection were performed on day 8 after artificial infection. With the Illumina platform, the transcriptomes of piglet thymus tissues from infected and control piglets were sequenced to explore the relationships of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and signaling pathways with thymus injury. The immune organs of PRRSV-infected piglets were severely damaged. The histopathological findings in the thymus indicated that PRRSV infection was associated with a large decrease in lymphocytes, cell necrosis and cell apoptosis; an increase in blood vessels and macrophages; thymic corpuscle hyperplasia; and interstitial widening of the thymic lobules. The transcriptomic analysis results revealed that the Gene Ontology functions of DEGs were enriched primarily in biological processes such as angiogenesis, regulation of angiogenesis and positive regulation of cell migration. Moreover, greater numbers of blood vessels and macrophages were observed in the thymus in PRRSV-infected than control piglets. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs were significantly enriched in the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway and TNF signaling pathway. The expression of TLR8, IRF5, the chemokines CCL2, CCL3L1 and CCL5; and their receptors CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5 was significantly up-regulated in PRRSV infection, thus suggesting that these cytokines were associated with the pathological processes of thymus injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naying Su
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Shanghai InnoStar Bio-tech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengdan Lin
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xi Liu
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiuxiu Sun
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xinxin Jin
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Helong Feng
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Cunlin Zhan
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xueying Hu
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Changqin Gu
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wanpo Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guofu Cheng
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sinkora M, Toman M, Stepanova K, Stepanova H, Leva L, Sinkorova J, Moutelikova R, Salat J, Srutkova D, Schwarzer M, Sinkora S, Skalnikova HK, Nechvatalova K, Hudcovic T, Hermanova P, Pfeiferova S, Kratochvilova M, Kavanova L, Dusankova B, Sinkora MJ. The mechanism of immune dysregulation caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105146. [PMID: 37142116 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PRRSV is capable of evading the effective immune response, thus persisting in piglets and throughout the swine herd. We show here that PRRSV invades the thymus and causes depletion of T-cell precursors and alteration of the TCR repertoire. Developing thymocytes are affected during negative selection when they transit from the triple-negative to triple-positive stages at the corticomedullary junction just before entering the medulla. The restriction of repertoire diversification occurs in both helper and cytotoxic αβ-T cells. As a result, critical viral epitopes are tolerated, and infection becomes chronic. However, not all viral epitopes are tolerated. Infected piglets develop antibodies capable of recognizing PRRSV, but these are not virus neutralizing. Further analysis showed that the lack of an effective immune response against the critical viral structures results in the absence of a germinal center response, overactivation of T and B cells in the periphery, robust production of useless antibodies of all isotypes, and the inability to eliminate the virus. Overall, the results show how a respiratory virus that primarily infects and destroys myelomonocytic cells has evolved strategies to disrupt the immune system. These mechanisms may be a prototype for how other viruses can similarly modulate the host immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Toman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Stepanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Stepanova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Leva
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Sinkorova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Moutelikova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Salat
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Srutkova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Schwarzer
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Kupcova Skalnikova
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses and Research Center PIGMOD, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Nechvatalova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Hudcovic
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Hermanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pfeiferova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Mirka Kratochvilova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kavanova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Dusankova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Jr Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shi H, Luo W, Wang S, Dai J, Chen C, Li S, Liu J, Zhang W, Huang Q, Zhou R. Therapeutic efficacy of tylvalosin combined with Poria cocos polysaccharides against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1242146. [PMID: 37609059 PMCID: PMC10440737 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1242146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically important infectious diseases of pigs worldwide. Vaccination and various management measures have been implemented to control PRRS. However, due to high genetic diversity and insufficient understanding of the pathogenesis and immunological mechanisms, PRRS is still a challenge to the pig industry. Therefore, it is important to develop novel strategies to combat PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection. In this study, our data show that tylvalosin, a third-generation animal-specific macrolide, could inhibit PRRSV replication in MARC-145 cells, and suppress the PRRSV-induced NF-κB activation and cytokines expression. The pig infection experiment further demonstrated that tylvalosin could significantly reduce the virus loads in serum and tissues, and alleviate lung lesions of pigs infected with highly pathogenic PRRSV strains. The fever and loss of daily gain (LoDG) of the pigs were decreased as well. Considering the feature of immune suppression of PRRSV, a combination of tylvalosin with the immunopotentiator Poria cocos polysaccharides (PCP) was developed. Pig experiment showed this combination had a better therapeutic efficacy against PRRSV infection than tylvalosin and PCP alone in attenuating lung lesions, alleviating fever, and suppressing cytokines production. This study suggests that tylvalosin has significant antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects against PRRSV infection, and the combination of tylvalosin and PCP provides a promising strategy for PRRS treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wentao Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuaiyang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cuilan Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Hubei Provincial Bioengineering Technology Research Center for Animal Health Products, Yingcheng, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Hubei Provincial Bioengineering Technology Research Center for Animal Health Products, Yingcheng, China
| | - Weiyuan Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Bioengineering Technology Research Center for Animal Health Products, Yingcheng, China
| | - Qi Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- The HZAU-HVSEN Research Institute, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li J, Zhou Y, Zhao W, Liu J, Ullah R, Fang P, Fang L, Xiao S. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus degrades DDX10 via SQSTM1/p62-dependent selective autophagy to antagonize its antiviral activity. Autophagy 2023; 19:2257-2274. [PMID: 36779599 PMCID: PMC10351467 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2179844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a typical immunosuppressive virus devastating the global swine industry. DEAD-box helicases (DDXs) are a family of ATP-dependent RNA helicases that are predominantly implicated in modulating cellular RNA metabolism. Meanwhile, a growing number of studies have suggested that some DDXs are associated with innate immunity and virus infection, so they are considered potential antiviral targets. Herein, we screened 40 DDXs and found that ectopic expression of DDX10 exhibited a significant anti-PRRSV effect, while DDX10 knockdown promoted PRRSV proliferation. Further analysis revealed that DDX10 positively regulates type I interferon production, which may contribute to its anti-PRRSV effect. Interestingly, PRRSV infection promoted DDX10 translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for macroautophagic/autophagic degradation to block the antiviral effect of DDX10. By screening PRRSV-encoded proteins, we found that the viral envelope (E) protein interacted with DDX10. In line with the autophagic degradation of DDX10 during PRRSV infection, E protein could induce autophagy and reduce DDX10 expression in wild-type cells, but not in ATG5 or ATG7 knockout (KO) cells. When further screening the cargo receptors for autophagic degradation, we found that SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) interacted with both DDX10 and E protein, and E protein-mediated DDX10 degradation was almost entirely blocked in SQSTM1 KO cells, demonstrating that E protein degrades DDX10 by promoting SQSTM1-mediated selective autophagy. Our study reveals a novel mechanism by which PRRSV escapes host antiviral innate immunity through selective autophagy, providing a new target for developing anti-PRRSV drugs.Abbreviations: ACTB: actin beta; ATG: autophagy related; co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CQ: chloroquine; DDX10: DEAD-box helicase 10; E: envelope; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; hpi: hours post infection; hpt: hours post transfection; IFA: indirect immunofluorescence assay; IFN-I: type I IFN; IFNB/IFN-β: interferon beta; IRF3: interferon regulatory factor 3; ISGs: interferon-stimulated genes; KO: knockout; MAP1LC3B/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; mAb: monoclonal antibody; MOI: multiplicity of infection; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; NFKB/NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; OPTN: optineurin; ORF: open reading frame; PRRSV: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; SeV: sendai virus; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TCID50: 50% tissue culture infective dose; WT: wild type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhannull, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanrong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhannull, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenkai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhannull, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhannull, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rizwan Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhannull, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Puxian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhannull, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhannull, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhannull, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Song K, Yu JY, Li J, Li M, Peng LY, Yi PF. Astragaloside IV Regulates cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway to Alleviate Immunosuppression Caused by PRRSV Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1586. [PMID: 37515271 PMCID: PMC10383485 DOI: 10.3390/v15071586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) poses a global threat to pig health and results in significant economic losses. Impaired innate and adaptive immune responses are evident during PRRSV infection. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), a classical pattern recognition receptor recognizing mainly intracytoplasmic DNA, induces type I IFN responses through the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. It has also been demonstrated that cGAS-STING is involved in PRRSV infection. This study utilized the qRT-PCR, ELISA, and WB methods to examine the effects of Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) on the regulation of innate immune function and cGAS-STING signaling pathway in porcine alveolar macrophages. The results showed that AS-IV attenuated the decreased innate immune function caused by PRRSV infection, restored the inhibited cGAS-STING signaling pathway, and increased the expression of interferon, ultimately exerting antiviral effects. Moreover, these results suggest that AS-IV may be a promising candidate for a new anti-PRRSV antiviral, and its mechanism of action may provide insights for developing novel antiviral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jia-Ying Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Miao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lu-Yuan Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Peng-Fei Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cai H, Zhang H, Cheng H, Liu M, Wen S, Ren J. Progress in PRRSV Infection and Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms. Viruses 2023; 15:1442. [PMID: 37515130 PMCID: PMC10385784 DOI: 10.3390/v15071442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has had a huge impact on the farming industry. The virus that causes PRRS is Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), and because of its genetic diversity and the complexity of the immune response, the eradication of PRRS has been a challenge. To provide scientific references for PRRSV control and vaccine development, this study describes the processes of PRRSV-induced infection and escape, as well as the host adaptive immune response to PRRSV. It also discusses the relationship between PRRSV and the adaptive immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanchang Cai
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hewei Zhang
- College of Food and Drugs, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luoyang 471099, China
- Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Huai Cheng
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Min Liu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shubo Wen
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Jingqiang Ren
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang 471000, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen XX, Qiao S, Li R, Wang J, Li X, Zhang G. Evasion strategies of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1140449. [PMID: 37007469 PMCID: PMC10063791 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1140449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During the co-evolution of viruses and their hosts, viruses have developed various strategies for overcoming host immunological defenses so that they can proliferate efficiently. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a significant virus to the swine industry across the world, typically establishes prolonged infection via diverse and complicated mechanisms, which is one of the biggest obstacles for controlling the associated disease, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS). In this review, we summarize the latest research on how PRRSV circumvents host antiviral responses from both the innate and adaptive immune systems and how this virus utilizes other evasion mechanisms, such as the manipulation of host apoptosis and microRNA. A thorough understanding of the exact mechanisms of PRRSV immune evasion will help with the development of novel antiviral strategies against PRRSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Songlin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xuewu Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pan J, Zeng M, Zhao M, Huang L. Research Progress on the detection methods of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1097905. [PMID: 36970703 PMCID: PMC10033578 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1097905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes clinical syndromes typified as reproductive disorders in sows and respiratory diseases in piglets. PRRSV remains one of the most prevalent pathogens affecting the pig industry, because of its complex infection profile and highly heterogeneous genetic and recombination characteristics. Therefore, a rapid and effective PRRSV detection method is important for the prevention and control of PRRS. With extensive in-depth research on PRRSV detection methods, many detection methods have been improved and promoted. Laboratory methods include techniques based on virus isolation (VI), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFA), immunoperoxidase monolayer assays (IPMA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), digital PCR (dPCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), and other methods. This study reviews the latest research on improving the main PRRSV detection methods and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Pan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengyi Zeng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Mengmeng Zhao,
| | - Liangzong Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Liangzong Huang,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kick AR, Grete AF, Crisci E, Almond GW, Käser T. Testable Candidate Immune Correlates of Protection for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030594. [PMID: 36992179 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an on-going problem for the worldwide pig industry. Commercial and experimental vaccinations often demonstrate reduced pathology and improved growth performance; however, specific immune correlates of protection (CoP) for PRRSV vaccination have not been quantified or even definitively postulated: proposing CoP for evaluation during vaccination and challenge studies will benefit our collective efforts towards achieving protective immunity. Applying the breadth of work on human diseases and CoP to PRRSV research, we advocate four hypotheses for peer review and evaluation as appropriate testable CoP: (i) effective class-switching to systemic IgG and mucosal IgA neutralizing antibodies is required for protective immunity; (ii) vaccination should induce virus-specific peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production with central memory and effector memory phenotypes; cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) proliferation and IFN-γ production with a CCR7- phenotype that should migrate to the lung; (iii) nursery, finishing, and adult pigs will have different CoP; (iv) neutralizing antibodies provide protection and are rather strain specific; T cells confer disease prevention/reduction and possess greater heterologous recognition. We believe proposing these four CoP for PRRSV can direct future vaccine design and improve vaccine candidate evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Kick
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Alicyn F Grete
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Elisa Crisci
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Glen W Almond
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Tobias Käser
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang S, Xu M, Yang K, Zhang Y, Li S, Tang YD, Wang J, Leng C, An T, Cai X. Streptococcus suis contributes to inguinal lymph node lesions in piglets after highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1159590. [PMID: 37180243 PMCID: PMC10172469 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1159590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The swine pathogens porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Streptococcus suis have both been reported to cause damage to the immune organs. Inguinal lymph node (ILN) injury has been reported in PRRSV-infected pigs with secondary S. suis infection, but not much is known about the mechanism. In this study, secondary S. suis infection after highly pathogenic (HP)-PRRSV infection caused more severe clinical symptoms, mortality, and ILN lesions. Histopathological lesions were seen in ILNs with a marked decrease in lymphocyte numbers. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated de-oxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP)-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assays revealed that HP-PRRSV strain HuN4 alone induced ILN apoptosis, but dual-infection with S. suis strain BM0806 induced greater levels of apoptosis. Besides, we found that some HP-PRRSV-infected cells underwent apoptosis. Furthermore, anti-caspase-3 antibody staining confirmed that ILN apoptosis was mainly induced by a caspase-dependent pathway. Pyroptosis was also observed in HP-PRRSV-infected cells, and there was more pyroptosis in piglets infected with HP-PRRSV alone compared with those with secondary S. suis infection, and HP-PRRSV-infected cells underwent pyroptosis. Altogether, this is the first report to identify pyroptosis in ILNs and which signaling pathway is related to ILN apoptosis in single or dual-infected piglets. These results contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms during secondary S. suis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Shujie Wang,
| | - Min Xu
- Sinopharm Animal Health Corporation Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Kongbin Yang
- Neurosurgery Department, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China
| | - Siqi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jinliang Wang
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China
| | - Chaoliang Leng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-Reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Xuehui Cai,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu Q, Han Y, Wu X, Wang Y, Su Q, Shen Y, Guan K, Michal JJ, Jiang Z, Liu B, Zhou X. Integrated time-series transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal different inflammatory and adaptive immune responses contributing to host resistance to PRRSV. Front Immunol 2022; 13:960709. [PMID: 36341362 PMCID: PMC9631489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.960709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly contagious disease that affects the global pig industry. To understand mechanisms of susceptibility/resistance to PRRSV, this study profiled the time-serial white blood cells transcriptomic and serum metabolomic responses to PRRSV in piglets from a crossbred population of PRRSV-resistant Tongcheng pigs and PRRSV-susceptible Large White pigs. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) illustrated that PRRSV infection up-regulated the expression levels of marker genes of dendritic cells, monocytes and neutrophils and inflammatory response, but down-regulated T cells, B cells and NK cells markers. CIBERSORT analysis confirmed the higher T cells proportion in resistant pigs during PRRSV infection. Resistant pigs showed a significantly higher level of T cell activation and lower expression levels of monocyte surface signatures post infection than susceptible pigs, corresponding to more severe suppression of T cell immunity and inflammatory response in susceptible pigs. Differentially expressed genes between resistant/susceptible pigs during the course of infection were significantly enriched in oxidative stress, innate immunity and humoral immunity, cell cycle, biotic stimulated cellular response, wounding response and behavior related pathways. Fourteen of these genes were distributed in 5 different QTL regions associated with PRRSV-related traits. Chemokine CXCL10 levels post PRRSV infection were differentially expressed between resistant pigs and susceptible pigs and can be a promising marker for susceptibility/resistance to PRRSV. Furthermore, the metabolomics dataset indicated differences in amino acid pathways and lipid metabolism between pre-infection/post-infection and resistant/susceptible pigs. The majority of metabolites levels were also down-regulated after PRRSV infection and were significantly positively correlated to the expression levels of marker genes in adaptive immune response. The integration of transcriptome and metabolome revealed concerted molecular events triggered by the infection, notably involving inflammatory response, adaptive immunity and G protein-coupled receptor downstream signaling. This study has increased our knowledge of the immune response differences induced by PRRSV infection and susceptibility differences at the transcriptomic and metabolomic levels, providing the basis for the PRRSV resistance mechanism and effective PRRS control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Han
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianmeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiuju Su
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaifeng Guan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jennifer J. Michal
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Bang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- The Engineering Technology Research Center of Hubei Province Local Pig Breed Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang Zhou, ; Bang Liu,
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- The Engineering Technology Research Center of Hubei Province Local Pig Breed Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang Zhou, ; Bang Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Synergistic pathogenicity by coinfection and sequential infection with JXA1-like HP-PRRSV and PCV2d in PCV2 antibody-positive post-weaned pigs. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105810. [PMID: 36183959 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Porcine circovirus (PCV) are two important pathogens, which caused respiratory disease in pigs. PRRSV and PCV2 had caused great economic losses to the pig industry. Pigs coinfection with PCV2 and PRRSV were common in the clinic, PCV2 antibodies can be detected in most of the pigs. PCV2d and HP-PRRSV(JXA1-like) were two major viruses circulating in the pigs in China. In this study, HP-PRRSV (JXA1-like) and PCV2d were used to coinfect and (or) sequential infect 5-week-old weaned PCV2-antibody positive pigs and the clinical indications, pathological, virus load, and specific antibodies of the challenged post-weaned piglets were evaluated. Thirty 5-week-old post-weaned pigs were divided into six groups infected with PBS, PCV2, PRRSV, PCV2-PRRSV, PRRSV-PCV2, and Co-PRRSV-PCV2 according to the PCV2 specific antibodies. Pigs infected with PRRSV can experience diarrhea, increased body temperature, weight loss, and even death. The pigs in PRRSV and PRRSV-PCV2 infected groups showed severe clinical symptoms, high mortality, and low average daily gain. The main pathological changes were widening of the lung interstitium, lung adhesion, and so on. The PRRSV-PCV2-infected group showed high levels of TNF-α and IL-2. In conclusion, PRRSV and PRRSV-PCV2 sequential infected pigs showed most pathogenic signs, and PCV2-PRRSV sequential infected pigs showed less pathogenicity than pigs of PCV2 and PRRSV coinfection and PRRSV monoinfection from day 10-14, partially suppressing the cytokine storm produced by PRRSV.
Collapse
|
17
|
Savino W, Durães J, Maldonado-Galdeano C, Perdigon G, Mendes-da-Cruz DA, Cuervo P. Thymus, undernutrition, and infection: Approaching cellular and molecular interactions. Front Nutr 2022; 9:948488. [PMID: 36225882 PMCID: PMC9549110 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.948488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Undernutrition remains a major issue in global health. Low protein-energy consumption, results in stunting, wasting and/or underweight, three deleterious forms of malnutrition that affect roughly 200 million children under the age of five years. Undernutrition compromises the immune system with the generation of various degrees of immunodeficiency, which in turn, renders undernourished individuals more sensitive to acute infections. The severity of various infectious diseases including visceral leishmaniasis (VL), influenza, and tuberculosis is associated with undernutrition. Immunosuppression resulting from protein-energy undernutrition severely impacts primary and secondary lymphoid organs involved in the response to related pathogens. The thymus—a primary lymphoid organ responsible for the generation of T lymphocytes—is particularly compromised by both undernutrition and infectious diseases. In this respect, we will discuss herein various intrathymic cellular and molecular interactions seen in undernutrition alone or in combination with acute infections. Many examples illustrated in studies on humans and experimental animals clearly revealed that protein-related undernutrition causes thymic atrophy, with cortical thymocyte depletion. Moreover, the non-lymphoid microenvironmental compartment of the organ undergoes important changes in thymic epithelial cells, including their secretory products such as hormones and extracellular matrix proteins. Of note, deficiencies in vitamins and trace elements also induce thymic atrophy. Interestingly, among the molecular interactions involved in the control of undernutrition-induced thymic atrophy is a hormonal imbalance with a rise in glucocorticoids and a decrease in leptin serum levels. Undernutrition also yields a negative impact of acute infections upon the thymus, frequently with the intrathymic detection of pathogens or their antigens. For instance, undernourished mice infected with Leishmania infantum (that causes VL) undergo drastic thymic atrophy, with significant reduction in thymocyte numbers, and decreased levels of intrathymic chemokines and cytokines, indicating that both lymphoid and microenvironmental compartments of the organ are affected. Lastly, recent data revealed that some probiotic bacteria or probiotic fermented milks improve the thymus status in a model of malnutrition, thus raising a new field for investigation, namely the thymus-gut connection, indicating that probiotics can be envisioned as a further adjuvant therapy in the control of thymic changes in undernutrition accompanied or not by infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Wilson Savino, ,
| | - Jonathan Durães
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory on Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Maldonado-Galdeano
- Laboratory of Immunology, Reference Center for Lactobacilli Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, National University of Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Perdigon
- Laboratory of Immunology, Reference Center for Lactobacilli Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, National University of Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Cuervo
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory on Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Patricia Cuervo, ,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li P, Shen Y, Wang T, Li J, Li Y, Zhao Y, Liu S, Li B, Liu M, Meng F. Epidemiological survey of PRRS and genetic variation analysis of the ORF5 gene in Shandong Province, 2020–2021. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:987667. [PMID: 36187820 PMCID: PMC9521713 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.987667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the rise of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in China, mutations have occurred regularly. In particular, the emergence of HP-PRRSV has significantly improved the pathogenicity of PRRSV. It has brought huge economic losses to the Chinese pig farming industry. To understand the current prevalence and evolution of PRRSV in Shandong Province, 1,344 samples suspected of having PRRSV were collected from local hog farms of different sizes. Genetic variation in the isolated PRRSV ORF5 gene was analyzed using the RT-PCR method. The results showed that the detection rate of PRRSV in the collected samples was 25.44%. The predominant strain of PRRSV in Shandong Province is still NADC30-like. However, it cannot be ignored that NADC34-like is also starting to become a prevalent strain. Mutations in ORF5 amino acids 13, 151 and neutralizing epitope (aa36-aa52) in some isolates can cause changes in virulence and ability to escape immunity. This study enriches the epidemiological data on PRRSV in Shandong Province, China. It provides an important reference for the development of new vaccines and for the prevention and control of PRRSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peixun Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yesheng Shen
- College of Animal Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Tailong Wang
- College of Animal Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiran Zhao
- College of Animal Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Sidang Liu
- College of Animal Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Baoquan Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- *Correspondence: Baoquan Li
| | - Mengda Liu
- Division of Zoonoses Surveillance, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
- Mengda Liu
| | - Fanliang Meng
- College of Animal Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- Huayun (Shandong) Inspection and Quarantine Service Co., Ltd, Taian, China
- Fanliang Meng
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus reinfection causes the distribution of porcine interleukin-4 in close proximity to B lymphocytes within lymphoid follicles and a reduction in B and T lymphocytes. Vet Microbiol 2022; 272:109498. [PMID: 35793585 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 4 (IL-4) plays a major role in T-lymphocyte development and is thought to be a central regulator as a cofactor in resting B-lymphocyte proliferation. Primary infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) induces minimal IL-4 production, whereas an IL-4 response occurs in the peripheral blood of piglets reinfected by PRRSV. The locations and interaction partners for the massive volume of IL-4 triggered by PRRSV reinfection remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of IL-4 secretion and location changes in peripheral immune organs induced by PRRSV infection and reinfection. Our results show that PRRSV reinfection induced higher levels of IL-4 mRNA and protein expression in the peripheral immune organs (e.g., lymph node and spleen) and peripheral blood compared with PRRSV primary infection. Importantly, we found that, following PRRSV reinfection, an obvious large-scale migration of IL-4 occurred in the lymph nodes. During PRRSV primary infection, IL-4 was mainly concentrated around the lymphoid follicles and paracortical regions of the lymph node and also located in the marginal area and periarterial lymphatic sheath region of the spleen. During PRRSV reinfection, the now abundant IL-4 gathered into the lymphoid follicles of the lymph node and spleen. Notably, IL-4 changed its location state from scattered and sparse during primary infection to clinging to B lymphocytes in the lymphoid follicles during reinfection. During reinfection, IL-4 was often co-localized with T and B lymphocytes; furthermore, the percentages of several T lymphocyte subsets, N protein-specific antibody levels, and viral load in the peripheral blood or lymph tissues underwent remarkable variation. Another important finding of this study was that the numbers of B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes in the lymphoid nodes were significantly reduced after PRRSV infection or reinfection, presumably due to PRRSV-induced acute bone marrow failure and autophagy in thymic epithelial cells. This study revealed the characteristics of IL-4 migration and distribution in the peripheral lymph organs induced by PRRSV reinfection and provides valuable clues for further exploration of the interactions between IL-4, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes during PRRSV infection and reinfection.
Collapse
|
20
|
Systematic review of animal-based indicators to measure thermal, social, and immune-related stress in pigs. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266524. [PMID: 35511825 PMCID: PMC9070874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intense nature of pig production has increased the animals’ exposure to stressful conditions, which may be detrimental to their welfare and productivity. Some of the most common sources of stress in pigs are extreme thermal conditions (thermal stress), density and mixing during housing (social stress), or exposure to pathogens and other microorganisms that may challenge their immune system (immune-related stress). The stress response can be monitored based on the animals’ coping mechanisms, as a result of specific environmental, social, and health conditions. These animal-based indicators may support decision making to maintain animal welfare and productivity. The present study aimed to systematically review animal-based indicators of social, thermal, and immune-related stresses in farmed pigs, and the methods used to monitor them. Peer-reviewed scientific literature related to pig production was collected using three online search engines: ScienceDirect, Scopus, and PubMed. The manuscripts selected were grouped based on the indicators measured during the study. According to our results, body temperature measured with a rectal thermometer was the most commonly utilized method for the evaluation of thermal stress in pigs (87.62%), as described in 144 studies. Of the 197 studies that evaluated social stress, aggressive behavior was the most frequently-used indicator (81.81%). Of the 535 publications examined regarding immune-related stress, cytokine concentration in blood samples was the most widely used indicator (80.1%). Information about the methods used to measure animal-based indicators is discussed in terms of validity, reliability, and feasibility. Additionally, the introduction and wide spreading of alternative, less invasive methods with which to measure animal-based indicators, such as cortisol in saliva, skin temperature and respiratory rate via infrared thermography, and various animal welfare threats via vocalization analysis are highlighted. The information reviewed was used to discuss the feasible and most reliable methods with which to monitor the impact of relevant stressors commonly presented by intense production systems on the welfare of farmed pigs.
Collapse
|
21
|
Jiang H, Kan X, Ding C, Sun Y. The Multi-Faceted Role of Autophagy During Animal Virus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:858953. [PMID: 35402295 PMCID: PMC8990858 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.858953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process of degradation to maintain cellular homeostatic by lysosomes, which ensures cellular survival under various stress conditions, including nutrient deficiency, hypoxia, high temperature, and pathogenic infection. Xenophagy, a form of selective autophagy, serves as a defense mechanism against multiple intracellular pathogen types, such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Recent years have seen a growing list of animal viruses with autophagy machinery. Although the relationship between autophagy and human viruses has been widely summarized, little attention has been paid to the role of this cellular function in the veterinary field, especially today, with the growth of serious zoonotic diseases. The mechanisms of the same virus inducing autophagy in different species, or different viruses inducing autophagy in the same species have not been clarified. In this review, we examine the role of autophagy in important animal viral infectious diseases and discuss the regulation mechanisms of different animal viruses to provide a potential theoretical basis for therapeutic strategies, such as targets of new vaccine development or drugs, to improve industrial production in farming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianjin Kan
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yingjie Sun, ; Chan Ding,
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yingjie Sun, ; Chan Ding,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bocard LV, Kick AR, Hug C, Lischer HEL, Käser T, Summerfield A. Systems Immunology Analyses Following Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome Virus Infection and Vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 12:779747. [PMID: 34975868 PMCID: PMC8716554 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was initiated to better understand the nature of innate immune responses and the relatively weak and delayed immune response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Following modified live virus (MLV) vaccination or infection with two PRRSV-2 strains, we analyzed the transcriptome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected before and at three and seven days after vaccination or infection. We used blood transcriptional modules (BTMs)-based gene set enrichment analyses. BTMs related to innate immune processes were upregulated by PRRSV-2 strains but downregulated by MLV. In contrast, BTMs related to adaptive immune responses, in particular T cells and cell cycle, were downregulated by PRRSV-2 but upregulated by MLV. In addition, we found differences between the PRRSV strains. Only the more virulent strain induced a strong platelet activation, dendritic cell activation, interferon type I and plasma cell responses. We also calculated the correlations of BTM with the neutralizing antibody and the T-cell responses. Early downregulation (day 0-3) of dendritic cell and B-cell BTM correlated to both CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses. Furthermore, a late (day 3-7) upregulation of interferon type I modules strongly correlated to helper and regulatory T-cell responses, while inflammatory BTM upregulation correlated more to CD8 T-cell responses. BTM related to T cells had positive correlations at three days but negative associations at seven days post-infection. Taken together, this work contributes to resolve the complexity of the innate and adaptive immune responses against PRRSV and indicates a fundamentally different immune response to the less immunogenic MLV compared to field strains which induced robust adaptive immune responses. The identified correlates of T-cell responses will facilitate a rational approach to improve the immunogenicity of MLV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Robert Kick
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Department of Chemistry & Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Corinne Hug
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Heidi Erika Lisa Lischer
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Käser
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yu Y, Zhang Q, Cao Z, Tang YD, Xia D, Wang G, Shan H. Recent Advances in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus NADC30-Like Research in China: Molecular Characterization, Pathogenicity, and Control. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:791313. [PMID: 35087492 PMCID: PMC8787316 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.791313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The name porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) NADC30-like was first coined in 2015. It originated from the NADC30 strain that was introduced into China by importing breeding pigs and has since undergone mutations or recombination, resulting in variant viruses. Following widespread outbreaks in China in recent years, these NADC30-like strains have presented major health challenges in swine production systems. Outcomes induced by PRRSV NADC30-like infection are highly variable, ranging from inapparent to severe, depending on the recombination between NADC30 and field PRRSV strains prevalent in swine farms. Vaccines and strict biosecurity measures have been explored to fight this disease; however, current PRRSV commercially modified-live virus vaccines (MLVs) have the potential to revert to virulence and only provide limited or no cross-protection efficacy against NADC30-like strains. PRRSVs will remain an ongoing challenge to the swine industry until safe and effective vaccines or antiviral reagents are developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiaoya Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhi Cao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Dasong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Gang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Hu Shan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jeong CG, Nazki S, Kim SC, Khatun A, Noh YH, Lee DU, Kang SC, Seo BJ, Yang MS, Lee SI, Yoon IJ, Kim B, Kim WI. Comparison of the pathogenicity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-1 and PRRSV-2 in pregnant sows. Arch Virol 2022; 167:425-439. [PMID: 35079900 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To date, few studies related to the evaluation of the pathogenicity of different PRRSV isolates using a reproductive model have been undertaken, and the main focus has remained on respiratory models using young pigs. This study aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity of two PRRSV-1 isolates (D40 and CBNU0495) and two PRRSV-2 isolates (K07-2273 and K08-1054) in a reproductive model. Pregnant sows were experimentally infected with PRRSV at gestational day 93 or used as an uninfected negative control. Sera were collected at 0, 3, 7, 14, and 19 days post-challenge (dpc) for virological and serological assays. At 19 dpc, all sows were euthanized, and their fetuses were recovered by performing cesarean section and immediately euthanized for sample collection. Here, compared to the other isolates, the CBNU0495 isolate replicated most efficiently in the pregnant sows, and K07-2273 produced the highest rate of reproductive failure even though it did not replicate as efficiently as the other isolates in sows and fetuses, indicating that vertical transmission and reproductive failure due to PRRSV infection do not have any significant correlation with the viral loads in samples from sows and fetuses. Similarly, the viral loads and the histopathological lesions did not show any correlation with each other, as the PRRSV-2-infected groups displayed more prominent and frequent histopathological lesions with lower viral loads than the PRRSV-1-infected groups. However, viral loads in the myometrium/endometrium might be related to the spreading of PRRSV in the fetuses, which affected the birth weight of live fetuses. This study contributes to a better understanding of the pathogenicity of the most prevalent Korean PRRSVs in a reproductive model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Gi Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Salik Nazki
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54596, Republic of Korea.,The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Seung-Chai Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Amina Khatun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54596, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Yun-Hee Noh
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratory, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Uk Lee
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratory, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Byoung-Joo Seo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeon-Sik Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sim-In Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Joong Yoon
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratory, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54596, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang TY, Sun MX, Zhang HL, Wang G, Zhan G, Tian ZJ, Cai XH, Su C, Tang YD. Evasion of Antiviral Innate Immunity by Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:693799. [PMID: 34512570 PMCID: PMC8430839 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.693799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the front line for antiviral immune responses and bridges adaptive immunity against viral infections. However, various viruses have evolved many strategies to evade host innate immunity. A typical virus is the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), one of the most globally devastating viruses threatening the swine industry worldwide. PRRSV engages several strategies to evade the porcine innate immune responses. This review focus on the underlying mechanisms employed by PRRSV to evade pattern recognition receptors signaling pathways, type I interferon (IFN-α/β) receptor (IFNAR)-JAK-STAT signaling pathway, and interferon-stimulated genes. Deciphering the antiviral immune evasion mechanisms by PRRSV will enhance our understanding of PRRSV’s pathogenesis and help us to develop more effective methods to control and eliminate PRRSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ming-Xia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guoqing Zhan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Infectious Disease, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chenhe Su
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhu M, Li X, Sun R, Shi P, Cao A, Zhang L, Guo Y, Huang J. The C/EBPβ-Dependent Induction of TFDP2 Facilitates Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Proliferation. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1341-1351. [PMID: 34138404 PMCID: PMC8209777 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00403-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an important infectious disease caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), leading to significant economic losses in swine industry worldwide. Although several studies have shown that PRRSV can affect the cell cycle of infected cells, it is still unclear how it manipulates the cell cycle to facilitate its proliferation. In this study, we analyzed the mRNA expression profiles of transcription factors in PRRSV-infected 3D4/21 cells by RNA-sequencing. The result shows that the expression of transcription factor DP2 (TFDP2) is remarkably upregulated in PRRSV-infected cells. Further studies show that TFDP2 contributes to PRRSV proliferation and the PRRSV nucleocapsid (N) protein induces TFDP2 expression by activating C/EBPβ. TFDP2 positively regulates cyclin A expression and triggers a less proportion of cells in the S phase, which contributes to PRRSV proliferation. This study proposes a novel mechanism by which PRRSV utilizes host protein to regulate the cell cycle to favor its infection. Findings from this study will help us for a better understanding of PRRSV pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ruiqi Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Peidian Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Aiping Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yanyu Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang X, Zhu H, Zheng X, Jiao Y, Ning L, Zhou EM, Mu Y. A Double-Antibody Sandwich ELISA for Sensitive and Specific Detection of Swine Fibrinogen-Like Protein 1. Front Immunol 2021; 12:670626. [PMID: 33968077 PMCID: PMC8102871 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1), a member of the fibrinogen family, is a specific hepatocyte mitogen. Recently, it has been reported that FGL1 is the main inhibitory ligand of lymphocyte activating gene 3 (LAG3). Furthermore, the FGL1-LAG3 pathway has a synergistic effect with programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway and is regarded as a promising immunotherapeutic target. However, swine FGL1 (sFGL1) has not been characterized and its detection method is lacking. In the study, the sFGL1 gene was amplified from the liver tissue of swine and then inserted into a prokaryotic expression vector, pQE-30. The recombinant plasmid pQE30-sFGL1 was transformed into JM109 competent cells. The recombinant sFGL1 was induced expression by isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside (IPTG) and the purified sFGL1 was used as an antigen to produce mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) and rabbit polyclonal antibody (pAb). After identification, a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) for sensitive and specific detection of sFGL1 was developed. Swine FGL1 in samples was captured by anti‐sFGL1 mAb followed by detection with anti‐sFGL1 rabbit pAb and HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG. The limit of detection of the developed sFLG1-DAS-ELISA is 35 pg/ml with recombinant sFLG1. Besides, it does not show cross‐reactivity with the control protein. Then serum samples of PRRSV-negative and -positive pigs were tested with the established DAS-ELISA and calculated according to the equation of y=0.0735x+0.0737. The results showed that PRRSV infection enhanced the serum FGL1 levels significantly. Our research provides a platform for the research on the functional roles of swine FGL1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Haipeng Zhu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Yunjie Jiao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Lulu Ning
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Yang Mu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Obradovic MR, Segura M, Segalés J, Gottschalk M. Review of the speculative role of co-infections in Streptococcus suis-associated diseases in pigs. Vet Res 2021; 52:49. [PMID: 33743838 PMCID: PMC7980725 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00918-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is one of the most important bacterial swine pathogens affecting post-weaned piglets, causing mainly meningitis, arthritis and sudden death. It not only results in severe economic losses but also raises concerns over animal welfare and antimicrobial resistance and remains an important zoonotic agent in some countries. The definition and diagnosis of S. suis-associated diseases can be complex. Should S. suis be considered a primary or secondary pathogen? The situation is further complicated when referring to respiratory disease, since the pathogen has historically been considered as a secondary pathogen within the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Is S. suis a respiratory or strictly systemic pathogen? S. suis is a normal inhabitant of the upper respiratory tract, and the presence of potentially virulent strains alone does not guarantee the appearance of clinical signs. Within this unclear context, it has been largely proposed that co-infection with some viral and bacterial pathogens can significantly influence the severity of S. suis-associated diseases and may be the key to understanding how the infection behaves in the field. In this review, we critically addressed studies reporting an epidemiological link (mixed infections or presence of more than one pathogen at the same time), as well as in vitro and in vivo studies of co-infection of S. suis with other pathogens and discussed their limitations and possibilities for improvement and proposed recommendations for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan R Obradovic
- Groupe de Recherche Sur Les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Groupe de Recherche Sur Les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, CReSA (IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.,Departament de Sanitat I Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche Sur Les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xu L, Ma Z, Li Y, Pang Z, Xiao S. Antibody dependent enhancement: Unavoidable problems in vaccine development. Adv Immunol 2021; 151:99-133. [PMID: 34656289 PMCID: PMC8438590 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In some cases, antibodies can enhance virus entry and replication in cells. This phenomenon is called antibody-dependent infection enhancement (ADE). ADE not only promotes the virus to be recognized by the target cell and enters the target cell, but also affects the signal transmission in the target cell. Early formalin-inactivated virus vaccines such as aluminum adjuvants (RSV and measles) have been shown to induce ADE. Although there is no direct evidence that there is ADE in COVID-19, this potential risk is a huge challenge for prevention and vaccine development. This article focuses on the virus-induced ADE phenomenon and its molecular mechanism. It also summarizes various attempts in vaccine research and development to eliminate the ADE phenomenon, and proposes to avoid ADE in vaccine development from the perspective of antigens and adjuvants.
Collapse
|
30
|
Sun N, Zhang H, Sun P, Khan A, Guo J, Zheng X, Sun Y, Fan K, Yin W, Li H. Matrine exhibits antiviral activity in a PRRSV/PCV2 co-infected mouse model. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 77:153289. [PMID: 32771536 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PRRSV and PCV2 co-infection is very common in swine industry which results in huge economic losses worldwide. Although vaccination is used to prevent viral diseases, immunosuppression induced by PRRSV and PCV2 leads to vaccine failure. PURPOSE Our previous results have demonstrated that Matrine possess antiviral activities against PRRSV/PCV2 co-infection in vitro. This study aims to establish a PRRSV/PCV2 co-infected KM mouse model and evaluate the antiviral activities of Matrine against PRRSV/PCV2 co-infection. STUDY DESIGN A total of 144 KM mice were randomly divided into six groups with 24 mice in each group, named as: normal control, PRRSV/PCV2 co-infected group (PRRSV/PCV2 group), Ribavirin treatment positive control (Ribavirin control) and Matrine treatment groups (Matrine 40 mg/kg, Matrine 20 mg/kg and Matrine 10 mg/kg). METHODS Except normal control group, all mice in other five groups were inoculated with PRRSV, followed by PCV2 at 2 h later. At 7 days post-infection (dpi), mice in the treatment groups were intraperitoneally administered with various doses of Matrine and Ribavirin, twice a day for 5 consecutive days. RESULTS PRRSV N and PCV2 CAP genes were detected by PCR in multiple tissues including heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, thymus and inguinal lymph nodes. The viral load of PCV2 was the highest in liver followed by thymus and spleen. Although PRRSV were detected in most of tissues, but the replication of PRRSV was not significantly increased, as shown by qPCR analysis. Comparing with PCV2 infection alone, PRRSV infection significantly elevated PCV2 replication and exacerbated PCV2 induced interstitial pneumonia. qPCR analysis demonstrated 40 mg/kg Matrine significantly attenuated PCV2 replication in liver and alleviated virus induced interstitial pneumonia, suggesting Matrine could directly inhibit virus replication. In addition, Matrine treatment enhanced peritoneal macrophages phagocytosis at 13 and 16 dpi, and 40 mg/kg of Matrine increased the proliferation activity of lymphocytes. Body weight gain was continuously promoted by administrating Matrine at 10 mg/kg. CONCLUSION Matrine possessed antiviral activities via inhibiting virus replication and regulating immune functions in mice co-infected by PRRSV/PCV2. These data provide new insight into controlling PRRSV and PCV2 infection and support further research for developing Matrine as a new possible veterinary medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Panpan Sun
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Ajab Khan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiaozhong Zheng
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Yaogui Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Kuohai Fan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Wei Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Hongquan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liang Z, Wang L, Wu H, Singh D, Zhang X. Integrative analysis of microRNA and mRNA expression profiles in MARC-145 cells infected with PRRSV. Virus Genes 2020; 56:610-620. [PMID: 32785889 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01786-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes tremendous economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. miRNAs are crucial regulators of gene expression and a wide range of complex interactions of miRNAs-mRNAs is possible during virus infection. However, there is no comprehensive integrated study of miRNA and mRNA networks in MARC-145 cells after infection with PRRSV. We analyzed the differential expressions, co-relations, annotations, and putative functions of miRNA and mRNA networks in PRRSV-infected MARC-145 cells. Based on the filtering criterion, 22 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs) (15 up- and 7 downregulated) were filtered out. miRNA-mRNA interaction networks were constructed. For the 18 selected miRNAs, 390 potential target genes were predicted from the differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRs). GO and KEGG pathway annotations predicted 34 KEGG pathways, 12 of which are known to be involved in virus infection. Real-time PCR validated the RNA-seq results. Our analysis showed that miR-27a-5p and miR-21-3p downregulate the expression of two of their potential target genes-SPARC, CLIC1, and cofilin-1, COX7A2, respectively. Further experiments proved that miR-21-3p and miR-27a-5p can promote PRRSV replication significantly. It is the first report that these two miRNAs participate in the interaction of host cells with PRRSV. Our results provide insights into the role of miRNAs in response to PRRSV infection, which will aid the research for developing novel therapies against PRRSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpu Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Liang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Hui Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Deepali Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, 201312, India
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| |
Collapse
|