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Warrell DL, Zarrella TM, Machalek C, Khare A. Interspecies surfactants serve as public goods enabling surface motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 2024:e0028124. [PMID: 39235232 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00281-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In most natural environments, bacteria live in polymicrobial communities where secreted molecules from neighboring species alter bacterial behaviors, including motility, but such interactions are understudied. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a motile opportunistic pathogen that exists in diverse multispecies environments, such as the soil, and is frequently found in human wound and respiratory tract co-infections with other bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus. Here, we show that P. aeruginosa can co-opt secreted surfactants from other species for flagellar-based surface motility. We found that exogenous surfactants from S. aureus, other bacteria, and interkingdom species enabled P. aeruginosa to switch from swarming to an alternative surface spreading motility on semi-solid surfaces and allowed for the emergence of surface motility on hard agar where P. aeruginosa was otherwise unable to move. Although active flagellar function was required for surface spreading, known motility regulators were not essential, indicating that surface spreading may be regulated by an as yet unknown mechanism. This motility was distinct from the response of most other motile bacterial species in the presence of exogenous surfactants. Mutant analysis indicated that this P. aeruginosa motility was similar to a previously described mucin-based motility, "surfing," albeit with divergent regulation. Thus, our study demonstrates that secreted surfactants from the host as well as neighboring bacterial and interkingdom species act as public goods facilitating P. aeruginosa flagella-mediated surfing-like surface motility, thereby allowing it to access different environmental niches. IMPORTANCE Bacterial motility is an important determinant of bacterial fitness and pathogenesis, allowing expansion and invasion to access nutrients and adapt to new environments. Here, we demonstrate that secreted surfactants from a variety of foreign species, including other bacterial species, infection hosts, fungi, and plants, facilitate surface spreading motility in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is distinct from established motility phenotypes. This response to foreign surfactants also occurs in Pseudomonas putida, but not in more distantly related bacterial species. Our systematic characterization of surfactant-based surface spreading shows that these interspecies surfactants serve as public goods to enable P. aeruginosa to move and explore environmental conditions when it would be otherwise immotile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delayna L Warrell
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tiffany M Zarrella
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Postdoctoral Research Associate Training Program, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christopher Machalek
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anupama Khare
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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2
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Jiang X, Peng Z, Zhang J. Starting with screening strains to construct synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) for traditional food fermentation. Food Res Int 2024; 190:114557. [PMID: 38945561 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
With the elucidation of community structures and assembly mechanisms in various fermented foods, core communities that significantly influence or guide fermentation have been pinpointed and used for exogenous restructuring into synthetic microbial communities (SynComs). These SynComs simulate ecological systems or function as adjuncts or substitutes in starters, and their efficacy has been widely verified. However, screening and assembly are still the main limiting factors for implementing theoretic SynComs, as desired strains cannot be effectively obtained and integrated. To expand strain screening methods suitable for SynComs in food fermentation, this review summarizes the recent research trends in using SynComs to study community evolution or interaction and improve the quality of food fermentation, as well as the specific process of constructing synthetic communities. The potential for novel screening modalities based on genes, enzymes and metabolites in food microbial screening is discussed, along with the emphasis on strategies to optimize assembly for facilitating the development of synthetic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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3
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Warrell DL, Zarrella TM, Machalek C, Khare A. Interspecies surfactants serve as public goods enabling surface motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.03.573969. [PMID: 38260674 PMCID: PMC10802355 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.03.573969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
In most natural environments, bacteria live in polymicrobial communities where secreted molecules from neighboring species alter bacterial behaviors including motility, but such interactions are understudied. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a motile opportunistic pathogen that exists in diverse multispecies environments such as the soil and is frequently found in human wound and respiratory tract co-infections with other bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus. Here we show that P. aeruginosa can co-opt secreted surfactants from other species for flagellar-based surface motility. We found that exogenous surfactants from S. aureus, other bacteria, and interkingdom species enabled P. aeruginosa to switch from swarming to an alternative surface spreading motility on semi-solid surfaces and allowed for the emergence of surface motility on hard agar where P. aeruginosa was otherwise unable to move. This motility was distinct from the response of other motile bacteria in the presence of exogenous surfactants. Mutant analysis indicated that this P. aeruginosa motility was similar to a previously described mucin-based motility, 'surfing', albeit with divergent regulation. Thus, our study demonstrates that secreted surfactants from the host as well as neighboring bacterial and interkingdom species act as public goods facilitating P. aeruginosa flagella-mediated surfing-like surface motility, thereby allowing it to access different environmental niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delayna L. Warrell
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tiffany M. Zarrella
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Postdoctoral Research Associate Training Program, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Current address: Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christopher Machalek
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anupama Khare
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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4
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Kratzl F, Urban M, Pandhal J, Shi M, Meng C, Kleigrewe K, Kremling A, Pflüger-Grau K. Pseudomonas putida as saviour for troubled Synechococcus elongatus in a synthetic co-culture - interaction studies based on a multi-OMICs approach. Commun Biol 2024; 7:452. [PMID: 38609451 PMCID: PMC11014904 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In their natural habitats, microbes rarely exist in isolation; instead, they thrive in consortia, where various interactions occur. In this study, a defined synthetic co-culture of the cyanobacterium S. elongatus cscB, which supplies sucrose to the heterotrophic P. putida cscRABY, is investigated to identify potential interactions. Initial experiments reveal a remarkable growth-promoting effect of the heterotrophic partner on the cyanobacterium, resulting in an up to 80% increase in the growth rate and enhanced photosynthetic capacity. Vice versa, the presence of the cyanobacterium has a neutral effect on P. putida cscRABY, highlighting the resilience of pseudomonads against stress and their potential as co-culture partners. Next, a suitable reference process reinforcing the growth-promoting effect is established in a parallel photobioreactor system, which sets the basis for the analysis of the co-culture at the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome levels. In addition to several moderate changes, including alterations in the metabolism and stress response in both microbes, this comprehensive multi-OMICs approach strongly hints towards the exchange of further molecules beyond the unidirectional feeding with sucrose. Taken together, these findings provide valuable insights into the complex dynamics between both co-culture partners, indicating multi-level interactions, which can be employed for further streamlining of the co-cultivation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Kratzl
- Professorship for Systems Biotechnology, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Marlene Urban
- Professorship for Systems Biotechnology, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Jagroop Pandhal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mengxun Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Chen Meng
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Karin Kleigrewe
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Andreas Kremling
- Professorship for Systems Biotechnology, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Katharina Pflüger-Grau
- Professorship for Systems Biotechnology, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
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Shao Q, Feng D, Yu Z, Chen D, Ji Y, Ye Q, Cheng D. The role of microbial interactions in dental caries: Dental plaque microbiota analysis. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106390. [PMID: 37858633 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dental caries is a result of the ecological dysfunction of the polymicrobial community on the tooth surface, which evolves through microbial interactions. In this study, we conducted a thorough analysis of the dental plaque microbiome to comprehend its multi-microbial aetiology. MATERIALS AND METHOD In this study, plaque was collected from healthy tooth surfaces, shallow carious teeth and deep carious teeth, and bacterial composition and abundance were assessed using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Random forest and LEfSe were used to profile various microorganisms at each stage. Additionally, we developed a molecular ecological network (MEN) based on random matrix theory (RMT) to examine microbial interactions for the first time. RESULTS Our results reveal that Scardovia wiggsiae, Streptococcus mutans, and Propionibacterium acidifaciens may be associated with initial caries, and Propionibacterium acidifaciens differentiates between shallow and deep caries. As caries progressed, the alpha diversity index declined, indicating a decrease in microbial variety. The network topological indices such as centralization betweenness revealed that the caries network had become more complex, involving more microbial interactions. The shallow network revealed a high negative correlation ratio across nodes, indicating that microbes competed heavily. In contrast, the positive correlation ratio of deep network nodes was high, and microorganisms transitioned from a competitive to a synergistic state. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that microbial diversity and interactions are critical to caries progression and that future caries research should give greater consideration to the role of microbial interaction factors in caries progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Shao
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danfeng Feng
- Department of Stomatology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhendi Yu
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danlei Chen
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youqi Ji
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Dongqing Cheng
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China.
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Benmrid B, Ghoulam C, Zeroual Y, Kouisni L, Bargaz A. Bioinoculants as a means of increasing crop tolerance to drought and phosphorus deficiency in legume-cereal intercropping systems. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1016. [PMID: 37803170 PMCID: PMC10558546 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensuring plant resilience to drought and phosphorus (P) stresses is crucial to support global food security. The phytobiome, shaped by selective pressures, harbors stress-adapted microorganisms that confer host benefits like enhanced growth and stress tolerance. Intercropping systems also offer benefits through facilitative interactions, improving plant growth in water- and P-deficient soils. Application of microbial consortia can boost the benefits of intercropping, although questions remain about the establishment, persistence, and legacy effects within resident soil microbiomes. Understanding microbe- and plant-microbe dynamics in drought-prone soils is key. This review highlights the beneficial effects of rhizobacterial consortia-based inoculants in legume-cereal intercropping systems, discusses challenges, proposes a roadmap for development of P-solubilizing drought-adapted consortia, and identifies research gaps in crop-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouchra Benmrid
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, AgroBiosciences Program, College for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, 43150, Morocco.
| | - Cherki Ghoulam
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, AgroBiosciences Program, College for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, 43150, Morocco
- Agrobiotechnology & Bioengineering Center, Research Unit CNRST labeled, Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Youssef Zeroual
- Situation Innovation - OCP Group, Jorf Lasfar, 24025, Morocco
| | - Lamfeddal Kouisni
- African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Laayoune, Morocco
| | - Adnane Bargaz
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, AgroBiosciences Program, College for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, 43150, Morocco.
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7
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Pacheco AR, Vorholt JA. Resolving metabolic interaction mechanisms in plant microbiomes. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 74:102317. [PMID: 37062173 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic interactions are fundamental to the assembly and functioning of microbiomes, including those of plants. However, disentangling the molecular basis of these interactions and their specific roles remains a major challenge. Here, we review recent applications of experimental and computational methods toward the elucidation of metabolic interactions in plant-associated microbiomes. We highlight studies that span various scales of taxonomic and environmental complexity, including those that test interaction outcomes in vitro and in planta by deconstructing microbial communities. We also discuss how the continued integration of multiple methods can further reveal the general ecological characteristics of plant microbiomes, as well as provide strategies for applications in areas such as improved plant protection, bioremediation, and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Pacheco
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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8
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Chen L, Wang G, Teng M, Wang L, Yang F, Jin G, Du H, Xu Y. Non-gene-editing microbiome engineering of spontaneous food fermentation microbiota-Limitation control, design control, and integration. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:1902-1932. [PMID: 36880579 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-gene-editing microbiome engineering (NgeME) is the rational design and control of natural microbial consortia to perform desired functions. Traditional NgeME approaches use selected environmental variables to force natural microbial consortia to perform the desired functions. Spontaneous food fermentation, the oldest kind of traditional NgeME, transforms foods into various fermented products using natural microbial networks. In traditional NgeME, spontaneous food fermentation microbiotas (SFFMs) are typically formed and controlled manually by the establishment of limiting factors in small batches with little mechanization. However, limitation control generally leads to trade-offs between efficiency and the quality of fermentation. Modern NgeME approaches based on synthetic microbial ecology have been developed using designed microbial communities to explore assembly mechanisms and target functional enhancement of SFFMs. This has greatly improved our understanding of microbiota control, but such approaches still have shortcomings compared to traditional NgeME. Here, we comprehensively describe research on mechanisms and control strategies for SFFMs based on traditional and modern NgeME. We discuss the ecological and engineering principles of the two approaches to enhance the understanding of how best to control SFFM. We also review recent applied and theoretical research on modern NgeME and propose an integrated in vitro synthetic microbiota model to bridge gaps between limitation control and design control for SFFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Kweichow Moutai Distillery Co., Ltd., Zunyi, China
| | | | | | - Li Wang
- Kweichow Moutai Distillery Co., Ltd., Zunyi, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Kweichow Moutai Distillery Co., Ltd., Zunyi, China
| | - Guangyuan Jin
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hai Du
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Freeze–thaw cycles characterize varietal aroma of Vidal blanc grape during late harvest by shaping self-assembled microeukaryotic communities. Food Chem 2022; 384:132553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Yao S, Hao L, Zhou R, Jin Y, Huang J, Wu C. Multispecies biofilms in fermentation: Biofilm formation, microbial interactions, and communication. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3346-3375. [PMID: 35762651 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Food fermentation is driven by microorganisms, which usually coexist as multispecies biofilms. The activities and interactions of functional microorganisms and pathogenic bacteria in biofilms have important implications for the quality and safety of fermented foods. It was verified that the biofilm lifestyle benefited the fitness of microorganisms in harsh environments and intensified the cooperation and competition between biofilm members. This review focuses on multispecies biofilm formation, microbial interactions and communication in biofilms, and the application of multispecies biofilms in food fermentation. Microbial aggregation and adhesion are important steps in the early stage of multispecies biofilm formation. Different biofilm-forming abilities and strategies among microorganisms lead to several types of multispecies biofilm formation. The spatial distribution of multispecies biofilms reflects microbial interactions and biofilm function. Then, we discuss the intrinsic factors and external manifestations of multispecies biofilm system succession. Several typical interspecies cooperation and competition modes and mechanisms of microbial communication were reviewed in this review. The main limitations of the studies included in this review are the relatively small number of studies of biofilms formed by functional microorganisms during fermentation and the lack of direct evidence for the formation process of multispecies biofilms and microbial interactions and communication within biofilms. This review aims to provide the food industry with a sufficient understanding of multispecies biofilms in food fermentation. Practical Application: Meanwhile, it offers a reference value for better controlling and utilizing biofilms during food fermentation process, and the improvement of the yield, quality, and safety of fermented products including Chinese Baijiu, cheeese,kefir, soy sauce, kombucha, and fermented olive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangjie Yao
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liying Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongqing Zhou
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Jin
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Huang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chongde Wu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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