1
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Open-ended movements structure sensorimotor information in early human development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2209953120. [PMID: 36574659 PMCID: PMC9910617 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209953120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human behaviors, with whole-body coordination, involve large-scale sensorimotor interaction. Spontaneous bodily movements in the early developmental stage potentially lead toward acquisition of such coordinated behavior. These movements presumably contribute to the structuration of sensorimotor interaction, providing specific regularities in bidirectional information among muscle activities and proprioception. Whether and how spontaneous movements, despite being task-free, structure and organize sensorimotor interactions in the entire body during early development remain unknown. Herein, to address these issues, we gained insights into the structuration process of the sensorimotor interaction in neonates and 3-mo-old infants. By combining detailed motion capture and musculoskeletal simulation, sensorimotor information flows among muscle activities and proprioception throughout the body were obtained. Subsequently, we extracted spatial modules and temporal state in sensorimotor information flows. Our approach demonstrated that early spontaneous movements elicited body-dependent sensorimotor modules, revealing age-related changes in them, depending on the combination or direction. The sensorimotor interactions also displayed temporal non-random fluctuations analogous to those seen in spontaneous activities in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord. Furthermore, we found recurring state sequence patterns across multiple participants, characterized by a substantial increase in infants compared to the patterns in neonates. Therefore, early spontaneous movements induce the spatiotemporal structuration in sensorimotor interactions and subsequent developmental changes. These results implicated that early open-ended movements, emerging from a certain neural substrate, regulate the sensorimotor interactions through embodiment and contribute to subsequent coordinated behaviors. Our findings also provide a conceptual linkage between early spontaneous movements and spontaneous neuronal activity in terms of spatiotemporal characteristics.
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2
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Rackerby R, Lukosch S, Munro D. Understanding and Measuring the Cognitive Load of Amputees for Rehabilitation and Prosthesis Development. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl 2022; 4:100216. [PMID: 36123983 PMCID: PMC9482031 DOI: 10.1016/j.arrct.2022.100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To derive a definition of cognitive load that is applicable for amputation as well as analyze suitable research models for measuring cognitive load during prosthesis use. Defining cognitive load for amputation will improve rehabilitation methods and enable better prosthesis design. Data Sources Elsevier, Springer, PLoS, IEEE Xplore, and PubMed. Study Selection Studies on upper limb myoelectric prostheses and neuroprostheses were prioritized. For understanding measurement, lower limb amputations and studies with individuals without lower limb amputations were included. Data Extraction Queries including “cognitive load,” “neural fatigue,” “brain plasticity,” “neuroprosthetics,” “upper limb prosthetics,” and “amputation” were used with peer-reviewed journals or articles. Articles published within the last 6 years were prioritized. Articles on foundational principles were included regardless of date. A total of 69 articles were found: 12 on amputation, 15 on cognitive load, 8 on phantom limb, 22 on sensory feedback, and 12 on measurement methods. Data Synthesis The emotional, physiological, and neurologic aspects of amputation, prosthesis use, and rehabilitation aspects of cognitive load were analyzed in conjunction with measurement methods, including resolution, invasiveness, and sensitivity to user movement and environmental noise. Conclusions Use of “cognitive load” remains consistent with its original definition. For amputation, 2 additional elements are needed: “emotional fatigue,” defined as an amputee's emotional response, including mental concentration and emotions, and “neural fatigue,” defined as the physiological and neurologic effects of amputation on brain plasticity. Cognitive load is estimated via neuroimaging techniques, including electroencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Because fNIRS measures cognitive load directly, has good temporal and spatial resolution, and is not as restricted by user movement, fNIRS is recommended for most cognitive load studies.
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3
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Del Rio-Bermudez C, Blumberg MS. Sleep as a window on the sensorimotor foundations of the developing hippocampus. Hippocampus 2022; 32:89-97. [PMID: 33945190 PMCID: PMC9118132 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampal formation plays established roles in learning, memory, and related cognitive functions. Recent findings also suggest that the hippocampus integrates sensory feedback from self-generated movements to modulate ongoing motor responses in a changing environment. Such findings support the view of Bland and Oddie (Behavioural Brain Research, 2001, 127, 119-136) that the hippocampus is a site of sensorimotor integration. In further support of this view, we review neurophysiological evidence in developing rats that hippocampal function is built on a sensorimotor foundation and that this foundation is especially evident early in development. Moreover, at those ages when the hippocampus is first establishing functional connectivity with distant sensory and motor structures, that connectivity is preferentially expressed during periods of active (or REM) sleep. These findings reinforce the notion that sleep, as the predominant state of early infancy, provides a critical context for sensorimotor development, including development of the hippocampus and its associated network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark S Blumberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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4
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Lux V, Non AL, Pexman PM, Stadler W, Weber LAE, Krüger M. A Developmental Framework for Embodiment Research: The Next Step Toward Integrating Concepts and Methods. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:672740. [PMID: 34393730 PMCID: PMC8360894 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.672740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Embodiment research is at a turning point. There is an increasing amount of data and studies investigating embodiment phenomena and their role in mental processing and functions from across a wide range of disciplines and theoretical schools within the life sciences. However, the integration of behavioral data with data from different biological levels is challenging for the involved research fields such as movement psychology, social and developmental neuroscience, computational psychosomatics, social and behavioral epigenetics, human-centered robotics, and many more. This highlights the need for an interdisciplinary framework of embodiment research. In addition, there is a growing need for a cross-disciplinary consensus on level-specific criteria of embodiment. We propose that a developmental perspective on embodiment is able to provide a framework for overcoming such pressing issues, providing analytical tools to link timescales and levels of embodiment specific to the function under study, uncovering the underlying developmental processes, clarifying level-specific embodiment criteria, and providing a matrix and platform to bridge disciplinary boundaries among the involved research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Lux
- Department of Genetic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Amy L Non
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Penny M Pexman
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Waltraud Stadler
- Chair of Human Movement Science, Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lilian A E Weber
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Krüger
- Institute of Sports Science, Faculty of Humanities, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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5
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Martini FJ, Guillamón-Vivancos T, Moreno-Juan V, Valdeolmillos M, López-Bendito G. Spontaneous activity in developing thalamic and cortical sensory networks. Neuron 2021; 109:2519-2534. [PMID: 34293296 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Developing sensory circuits exhibit different patterns of spontaneous activity, patterns that are related to the construction and refinement of functional networks. During the development of different sensory modalities, spontaneous activity originates in the immature peripheral sensory structures and in the higher-order central structures, such as the thalamus and cortex. Certainly, the perinatal thalamus exhibits spontaneous calcium waves, a pattern of activity that is fundamental for the formation of sensory maps and for circuit plasticity. Here, we review our current understanding of the maturation of early (including embryonic) patterns of spontaneous activity and their influence on the assembly of thalamic and cortical sensory networks. Overall, the data currently available suggest similarities between the developmental trajectory of brain activity in experimental models and humans, which in the future may help to improve the early diagnosis of developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Martini
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
| | - Teresa Guillamón-Vivancos
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Verónica Moreno-Juan
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Miguel Valdeolmillos
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Guillermina López-Bendito
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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6
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From cerebral palsy to developmental coordination disorder: Development of preclinical rat models corresponding to recent epidemiological changes. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2020; 63:422-430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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7
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Carr M, Haar A, Amores J, Lopes P, Bernal G, Vega T, Rosello O, Jain A, Maes P. Dream engineering: Simulating worlds through sensory stimulation. Conscious Cogn 2020; 83:102955. [PMID: 32652511 PMCID: PMC7415562 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2020.102955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We explore the application of a wide range of sensory stimulation technologies to the area of sleep and dream engineering. We begin by emphasizing the causal role of the body in dream generation, and describe a circuitry between the sleeping body and the dreaming mind. We suggest that nearly any sensory stimuli has potential for modulating experience in sleep. Considering other areas that might afford tools for engineering sensory content in simulated worlds, we turn to Virtual Reality (VR). We outline a collection of relevant VR technologies, including devices engineered to stimulate haptic, temperature, vestibular, olfactory, and auditory sensations. We believe these technologies, which have been developed for high mobility and low cost, can be translated to the field of dream engineering. We close by discussing possible future directions in this field and the ethics of a world in which targeted dream direction and sleep manipulation are feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Carr
- Sleep & Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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8
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Sokoloff G, Hickerson MM, Wen RY, Tobias ME, McMurray B, Blumberg MS. Spatiotemporal organization of myoclonic twitching in sleeping human infants. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 62:697-710. [PMID: 32037557 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During the perinatal period in mammals when active sleep predominates, skeletal muscles twitch throughout the body. We have hypothesized that myoclonic twitches provide unique insight into the functional status of the human infant's nervous system. However, assessments of the rate and patterning of twitching have largely been restricted to infant rodents. Thus, here we analyze twitching in human infants over the first seven postnatal months. Using videography and behavioral measures of twitching during bouts of daytime sleep, we find at all ages that twitching across the body occurs predominantly in bursts at intervals of 10 s or less. We also find that twitching is expressed differentially across the body and with age. For example, twitching of the face and head is most prevalent shortly after birth and decreases over the first several months. In addition, twitching of the hands and feet occurs at a consistently higher rate than does twitching elsewhere in the body. Finally, the patterning of twitching becomes more structured with age, with twitches of the left and right hands and feet exhibiting the strongest coupling. Altogether, these findings support the notion that twitches can provide a unique source of information about typical and atypical sensorimotor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Sokoloff
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,DeLTA Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Meredith M Hickerson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Rebecca Y Wen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Megan E Tobias
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Bob McMurray
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,DeLTA Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mark S Blumberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,DeLTA Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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9
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Abstract
Given the prevalence of sleep in early development, any satisfactory account of infant brain activity must consider what happens during sleep. Only recently, however, has it become possible to record sleep-related brain activity in newborn rodents. Using such methods in rat pups, it is now clear that sleep, more so than wake, provides a critical context for the processing of sensory input and the expression of functional connectivity throughout the sensorimotor system. In addition, sleep uniquely reveals functional activity in the developing primary motor cortex, which establishes a somatosensory map long before its role in motor control emerges. These findings will inform our understanding of the developmental processes that contribute to the nascent sense of embodiment in human infants.
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10
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Robinson S, Courtney MJ. Spatial quantification of the synaptic activity phenotype across large populations of neurons with Markov random fields. Bioinformatics 2019; 34:3196-3204. [PMID: 29897415 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation The collective and co-ordinated synaptic activity of large neuronal populations is relevant to neuronal development as well as a range of neurological diseases. Quantification of synaptically-mediated neuronal signalling permits further downstream analysis as well as potential application in target validation and in vitro screening assays. Our aim is to develop a phenotypic quantification for neuronal activity imaging data of large populations of neurons, in particular relating to the spatial component of the activity. Results We extend the use of Markov random field (MRF) models to achieve this aim. In particular, we consider Bayesian posterior densities of model parameters in Gaussian MRFs to directly model changes in calcium fluorescence intensity rather than using spike trains. The basis of our model is defining neuron 'neighbours' by the relative spatial positions of the neuronal somata as obtained from the image data whereas previously this has been limited to defining an artificial square grid across the field of view and spike binning. We demonstrate that our spatial phenotypic quantification is applicable for both in vitro and in vivo data consisting of thousands of neurons over hundreds of time points. We show how our approach provides insight beyond that attained by conventional spike counting and discuss how it could be used to facilitate screening assays for modifiers of disease-associated defects of communication between cells. Availability and implementation We supply the MATLAB code and data to obtain all of the results in the paper. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Robinson
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, Biology of Cancer and Infection UMR S 1036, Grenoble, France
| | - Michael J Courtney
- Neuronal Signalling Lab, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Screening Unit, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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11
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Cui GF, Hou M, Shao YF, Chen HL, Gao JX, Xie JF, Chen YN, Cong CY, Dai FQ, Hou YP. A Novel Continuously Recording Approach for Unraveling Ontogenetic Development of Sleep-Wake Cycle in Rats. Front Neurol 2019; 10:873. [PMID: 31456739 PMCID: PMC6700276 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep-wake development in postnatal rodent life could reflect the brain maturational stages. As the altricial rodents, rats are born in a very undeveloped state. Continuous sleep recording is necessary to study the sleep-wake cycle profiles. However, it is difficult to realize in infant rats since they rely on periodic feeding before weaning and constant warming and appropriate EEG electrodes. We developed a new approach including two types of EEG electrodes and milk-feeding system and temperature-controlled incubator to make continuously polysomnographic (PSG) recording possible. The results showed that there was no evident difference in weight gaining and behaviors between pups fed through the milk-feeding system and warmed with temperature-controlled incubator and those kept with their dam. Evolutional profiles of EEG and electromyogram (EMG) activities across sleep-wake states were achieved perfectly during dark and light period from postnatal day (P) 11 to P75 rats. The ontogenetic features of sleep-wake states displayed that the proportion of rapid eye movement (REM) was 57.0 ± 2.4% and 59.7 ± 1.7% and non-REM (NREM) sleep was 5.2 ± 0.8% and 4.9 ± 0.5% respectively, in dark and light phase at P11, and then REM sleep progressively decreased and NREM sleep increased with age. At P75, REM sleep in dark and light phase respectively, reduced to 6.3 ± 0.6% and 6.9 ± 0.5%, while NREM correspondingly increased to 37.5 ± 2.1% and 58.4 ± 1.7%. Wakefulness from P11 to P75 in dark phase increased from 37.8 ± 2.2% to 56.2 ± 2.6%, but the change in light phase was not obvious. P20 pups began to sleep more in light phase than in dark phase. The episode number of vigilance states progressively decreased with age, while the mean duration of that significantly increased. EEG power spectra in 0.5–4 Hz increased with age accompanied with prolonged duration of cortical slow wave activity. Results also indicated that the dramatic changes of sleep-wake cycle mainly occurred in the first month after birth. The novel approaches used in our study are reliable and valid for continuous PSG recording for infant rats and unravel the ontogenetic features of sleep-wake cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Fu Cui
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Min Hou
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu-Feng Shao
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hai-Lin Chen
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jin-Xian Gao
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun-Fan Xie
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu-Nong Chen
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chao-Yu Cong
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Feng-Qiu Dai
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ping Hou
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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12
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Abstract
Motor development and psychological development are fundamentally related, but researchers typically consider them separately. In this review, we present four key features of infant motor development and show that motor skill acquisition both requires and reflects basic psychological functions. ( a) Motor development is embodied: Opportunities for action depend on the current status of the body. ( b) Motor development is embedded: Variations in the environment create and constrain possibilities for action. ( c) Motor development is enculturated: Social and cultural influences shape motor behaviors. ( d) Motor development is enabling: New motor skills create new opportunities for exploration and learning that instigate cascades of development across diverse psychological domains. For each of these key features, we show that changes in infants' bodies, environments, and experiences entail behavioral flexibility and are thus essential to psychology. Moreover, we suggest that motor development is an ideal model system for the study of psychological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Adolph
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA;
| | - Justine E Hoch
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA;
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13
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Dooley JC, Blumberg MS. Developmental 'awakening' of primary motor cortex to the sensory consequences of movement. eLife 2018; 7:41841. [PMID: 30574868 PMCID: PMC6320070 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Before primary motor cortex (M1) develops its motor functions, it functions like a somatosensory area. Here, by recording from neurons in the forelimb representation of M1 in postnatal day (P) 8–12 rats, we demonstrate a rapid shift in its sensory responses. At P8-10, M1 neurons respond overwhelmingly to feedback from sleep-related twitches of the forelimb, but the same neurons do not respond to wake-related movements. By P12, M1 neurons suddenly respond to wake movements, a transition that results from opening the sensory gate in the external cuneate nucleus. Also at P12, fewer M1 neurons respond to individual twitches, but the full complement of twitch-related feedback observed at P8 is unmasked through local disinhibition. Finally, through P12, M1 sensory responses originate in the deep thalamorecipient layers, not primary somatosensory cortex. These findings demonstrate that M1 initially establishes a sensory framework upon which its later-emerging role in motor control is built.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Dooley
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa, United States.,DeLTA Center, University of Iowa, Iowa, United States
| | - Mark S Blumberg
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa, United States.,DeLTA Center, University of Iowa, Iowa, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa, United States.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa, United States
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14
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Mukherjee D, Sokoloff G, Blumberg MS. Corollary discharge in precerebellar nuclei of sleeping infant rats. eLife 2018; 7:38213. [PMID: 30516134 PMCID: PMC6281370 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In week-old rats, somatosensory input arises predominantly from external stimuli or from sensory feedback (reafference) associated with myoclonic twitches during active sleep. A previous study suggested that the brainstem motor structures that produce twitches also send motor copies (or corollary discharge, CD) to the cerebellum. We tested this possibility by recording from two precerebellar nuclei—the inferior olive (IO) and lateral reticular nucleus (LRN). In most IO and LRN neurons, twitch-related activity peaked sharply around twitch onset, consistent with CD. Next, we identified twitch-production areas in the midbrain that project independently to the IO and LRN. Finally, we blocked calcium-activated slow potassium (SK) channels in the IO to explain how broadly tuned brainstem motor signals can be transformed into precise CD signals. We conclude that the precerebellar nuclei convey a diversity of sleep-related neural activity to the developing cerebellum to enable processing of convergent input from CD and reafferent signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didhiti Mukherjee
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa, United States.,Delta Center, University of Iowa, Iowa, United States
| | - Greta Sokoloff
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa, United States.,Delta Center, University of Iowa, Iowa, United States.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa, United States
| | - Mark S Blumberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa, United States.,Delta Center, University of Iowa, Iowa, United States.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa, United States
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15
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Beckerle P, Castellini C, Lenggenhager B. Robotic interfaces for cognitive psychology and embodiment research: A research roadmap. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2018; 10:e1486. [PMID: 30485732 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Advanced human-machine interfaces render robotic devices applicable to study and enhance human cognition. This turns robots into formidable neuroscientific tools to study processes such as the adaptation between a human operator and the operated robotic device and how this adaptation modulates human embodiment and embodied cognition. We analyze bidirectional human-machine interface (bHMI) technologies for transparent information transfer between a human and a robot via efferent and afferent channels. Even if such interfaces have a tremendous positive impact on feedback loops and embodiment, advanced bHMIs face immense technological challenges. We critically discuss existing technical approaches, mainly focusing on haptics, and suggest extensions thereof, which include other aspects of touch. Moreover, we point out other potential constraints such as limited functionality, semi-autonomy, intent-detection, and feedback methods. From this, we develop a research roadmap to guide understanding and development of bidirectional human-machine interfaces that enable robotic experiments to empirically study the human mind and embodiment. We conclude the integration of dexterous control and multisensory feedback to be a promising roadmap towards future robotic interfaces, especially regarding applications in the cognitive sciences. This article is categorized under: Computer Science > Robotics Psychology > Motor Skill and Performance Neuroscience > Plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Beckerle
- Elastic Lightweight Robotics Group, Robotics Research Institute, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.,Institute for Mechatronic Systems in Mechanical Engineering, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Claudio Castellini
- Institut of Robotics and Mechatronics, DLR German Aerospace Center, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Bigna Lenggenhager
- Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Delcour M, Russier M, Castets F, Turle-Lorenzo N, Canu MH, Cayetanot F, Barbe MF, Coq JO. Early movement restriction leads to maladaptive plasticity in the sensorimotor cortex and to movement disorders. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16328. [PMID: 30397222 PMCID: PMC6218548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor control and body representations in the central nervous system are built, i.e., patterned, during development by sensorimotor experience and somatosensory feedback/reafference. Yet, early emergence of locomotor disorders remains a matter of debate, especially in the absence of brain damage. For instance, children with developmental coordination disorders (DCD) display deficits in planning, executing and controlling movements, concomitant with deficits in executive functions. Thus, are early sensorimotor atypicalities at the origin of long-lasting abnormal development of brain anatomy and functions? We hypothesize that degraded locomotor outcomes in adulthood originate as a consequence of early atypical sensorimotor experiences that induce developmental disorganization of sensorimotor circuitry. We showed recently that postnatal sensorimotor restriction (SMR), through hind limb immobilization from birth to one month, led to enduring digitigrade locomotion with ankle-knee overextension, degraded musculoskeletal tissues (e.g., gastrocnemius atrophy), and clear signs of spinal hyperreflexia in adult rats, suggestive of spasticity; each individual disorder likely interplaying in self-perpetuating cycles. In the present study, we investigated the impact of postnatal SMR on the anatomical and functional organization of hind limb representations in the sensorimotor cortex and processes representative of maladaptive neuroplasticity. We found that 28 days of daily SMR degraded the topographical organization of somatosensory hind limb maps, reduced both somatosensory and motor map areas devoted to the hind limb representation and altered neuronal response properties in the sensorimotor cortex several weeks after the cessation of SMR. We found no neuroanatomical histopathology in hind limb sensorimotor cortex, yet increased glutamatergic neurotransmission that matched clear signs of spasticity and hyperexcitability in the adult lumbar spinal network. Thus, even in the absence of a brain insult, movement disorders and brain dysfunction can emerge as a consequence of reduced and atypical patterns of motor outputs and somatosensory feedback that induce maladaptive neuroplasticity. Our results may contribute to understanding the inception and mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders, such as DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Delcour
- Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, UMR 7260, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, 13331, Marseille, France
- Equipe de Recherche en Réadaptation Sensorimotrice, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Physiologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Montréal, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Michaël Russier
- Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, UMR 7260, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, 13331, Marseille, France
- Inserm UMR 1072, Unité de Neurobiologie des Canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, Faculté de Médecine Secteur Nord, 13344, Marseille Cedex 15, France
| | - Francis Castets
- Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille UMR 7286, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, 13344, Marseille, France
| | | | - Marie-Hélène Canu
- Université de Lille, EA 7369 « Activité Physique, Muscle et Santé » - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Florence Cayetanot
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, 13385, Marseille, France
- UMR_S1158 Inserm-Sorbonne Université, Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculté de Médecine, 75636, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Mary F Barbe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jacques-Olivier Coq
- Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, UMR 7260, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, 13331, Marseille, France.
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, 13385, Marseille, France.
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17
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Neurophilosophical and Ethical Aspects of Virtual Reality Therapy in Neurology and Psychiatry. Camb Q Healthc Ethics 2018; 27:610-627. [DOI: 10.1017/s0963180118000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:Highly immersive virtual reality (VR) systems have been introduced into the consumer market in recent years. The improved technological capabilities of these systems as well as the combination with biometric sensors, for example electroencephalography (EEG), in a closed-loop hybrid VR-EEG, opens up a range of new potential medical applications. This article first provides an overview of the past and current clinical applications of VR systems in neurology and psychiatry and introduces core concepts in neurophilosophy and VR research (such as agency, trust, presence, and others). Then, important adverse effects of highly immersive VR simulations and the ethical implications of standalone and hybrid VR systems for therapy in neurology and psychiatry are highlighted. These new forms of VR-based therapy may strengthen patients in exercising their autonomy. At the same time, however, these emerging systems present ethical challenges, for example in terms of moral and legal accountability in interactions involving “intelligent” hybrid VR systems. A user-centered approach that is informed by the target patients’ needs and capabilities could help to build beneficial systems for VR therapy.
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18
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Coq JO, Delcour M, Ogawa Y, Peyronnet J, Castets F, Turle-Lorenzo N, Montel V, Bodineau L, Cardot P, Brocard C, Liabeuf S, Bastide B, Canu MH, Tsuji M, Cayetanot F. Mild Intrauterine Hypoperfusion Leads to Lumbar and Cortical Hyperexcitability, Spasticity, and Muscle Dysfunctions in Rats: Implications for Prematurity. Front Neurol 2018; 9:423. [PMID: 29973904 PMCID: PMC6020763 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine ischemia-hypoxia is detrimental to the developing brain and leads to white matter injury (WMI), encephalopathy of prematurity (EP), and often to cerebral palsy (CP), but the related pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. In prior studies, we used mild intrauterine hypoperfusion (MIUH) in rats to successfully reproduce the diversity of clinical signs of EP, and some CP symptoms. Briefly, MIUH led to inflammatory processes, diffuse gray and WMI, minor locomotor deficits, musculoskeletal pathologies, neuroanatomical and functional disorganization of the primary somatosensory and motor cortices, delayed sensorimotor reflexes, spontaneous hyperactivity, deficits in sensory information processing, memory and learning impairments. In the present study, we investigated the early and long-lasting mechanisms of pathophysiology that may be responsible for the various symptoms induced by MIUH. We found early hyperreflexia, spasticity and reduced expression of KCC2 (a chloride cotransporter that regulates chloride homeostasis and cell excitability). Adult MIUH rats exhibited changes in muscle contractile properties and phenotype, enduring hyperreflexia and spasticity, as well as hyperexcitability in the sensorimotor cortex. Taken together, these results show that reduced expression of KCC2, lumbar hyperreflexia, spasticity, altered properties of the soleus muscle, as well as cortical hyperexcitability may likely interplay into a self-perpetuating cycle, leading to the emergence, and persistence of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) in EP and CP, such as sensorimotor impairments, and probably hyperactivity, attention, and learning disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques-Olivier Coq
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, UMR 7260, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Maxime Delcour
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, UMR 7260, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Yuko Ogawa
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Julie Peyronnet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Francis Castets
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, UMR 7288, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Turle-Lorenzo
- FR 3512 Fédération 3C, Aix Marseille Université - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Montel
- EA 7369 ≪Activité Physique, Muscle et Santé≫ - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Laurence Bodineau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Phillipe Cardot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Brocard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Liabeuf
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Bastide
- EA 7369 ≪Activité Physique, Muscle et Santé≫ - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Canu
- EA 7369 ≪Activité Physique, Muscle et Santé≫ - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Masahiro Tsuji
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Florence Cayetanot
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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