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Treviño S, Díaz A, Sánchez-Lara E, Sarmiento-Ortega VE, Flores-Hernández JÁ, Brambila E, Meléndez FJ, González-Vergara E. Pharmacological and Toxicological Threshold of Bisammonium Tetrakis 4-( N, N-Dimethylamino)pyridinium Decavanadate in a Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2018; 2018:2151079. [PMID: 30026756 PMCID: PMC6031092 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2151079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vanadium(IV/V) compounds have been studied as possible metallopharmaceutical drugs against diabetes mellitus. However, mechanisms of action and toxicological threshold have been tackled poorly so far. In this paper, our purposes were to evaluate the metabolic activity on dyslipidemia and dysglycemia, insulin signaling in liver and adipose tissue, and toxicology of the title compound. To do so, the previously reported bisammonium tetrakis 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridinium decavanadate, the formula of which is [DMAPH]4(NH4)2[V10O28]·8H2O (where DMAPH is 4-dimethylaminopyridinium ion), was synthesized, and its dose-response curve on hyperglycemic rats was evaluated. A Long-Evans rat model showing dyslipidemia and dysglycemia with parameters that reproduce metabolic syndrome and severe insulin resistance was generated. Two different dosages, 5 µmol and 10 µmol twice a week of the title compound (equivalent to 2.43 mg·V/kg/day and 4.86 mg·V/kg/day, resp.), were administered intraperitoneal (i.p.) for two months. Then, an improvement on each of the following parameters was observed at a 5 µmol dose: weight reduction, abdominal perimeter, fatty index, body mass index, oral glucose tolerance test, lipid profile, and adipokine and insulin resistance indexes. Nevertheless, when the toxicological profile was evaluated at a 10 µmol dose, it did not show complete improvement, tested by the liver and adipose histology, as well as by insulin receptor phosphorylation and GLUT-4 expression. In conclusion, the title compound administration produces regulation on lipids and carbohydrates, regardless of dose, but the pharmacological and toxicological threshold for cell regulation are suggested to be up to 5 µmol (2.43 mg·V/kg/day) dose twice per week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Treviño
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Díaz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Sánchez-Lara
- Centro de Química, ICUAP, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico
| | - Víctor Enrique Sarmiento-Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico
| | - José Ángel Flores-Hernández
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Brambila
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico
| | - Francisco J. Meléndez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico
| | - Enrique González-Vergara
- Centro de Química, ICUAP, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico
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Donnier-Maréchal M, Vidal S. Glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors: a patent review (2013 - 2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:199-212. [PMID: 26666989 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1131268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Control of glycemia is crucial in the treatment of type 2 diabetes complications. Glycogen phosphorylase (GP) releases glucose from the liver into the blood stream. Design of potent GP inhibitors is a therapeutic strategy in the context of type 2 diabetes. AREAS COVERED Glucose-based inhibitors have found potential applications since they now reach low nanomolar Ki values. Another set of patents disclose cholic acid/7-aza-indole conjugates for targeted drug delivery to the liver. A series of benzazepinones have also been reported as potent GP inhibitors. In vitro data are reported for GP inhibition but the in vivo biological data at the cellular or animal levels are often missing, even though the literature reported for these molecules is also discussed. EXPERT OPINION A structural analogy between glucose-based GP inhibitors and C-glucosides targeting sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) is intriguing. Cholic acid/7-aza-indole conjugates are promising in vivo drug delivery systems to the liver. Benzazepinones were very recently described and no associated literature is available, making it very difficult to comment at present. While industry has slowed down on GP inhibitors design, academic groups are pursuing investigations and have provided potential drug candidates which will resuscitate the interest for GP, including its potential for targeting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Donnier-Maréchal
- a Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2-Glycochimie, UMR 5246 , CNRS and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Villeurbanne , France
| | - Sébastien Vidal
- a Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2-Glycochimie, UMR 5246 , CNRS and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Villeurbanne , France
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Goyard D, Baron M, Skourti PV, Chajistamatiou AS, Docsa T, Gergely P, Chrysina ED, Praly JP, Vidal S. Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles from xylosyl and 5-thioxylosyl azides: evaluation of the xylose scaffold for the design of potential glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors. Carbohydr Res 2012; 364:28-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Contreras VU, Meneses-Nava MA, Ornelas-Soto N, Barbosa-García O, López-de-Alba PL, Maldonado JL, Ramos-Ortiz G, Acevedo-Aguilar FJ, López-Martínez L. Fast and environmentally friendly quantitative analysis of active agents in anti-diabetic tablets by an alternative laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) method and comparison to a validated reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 66:1294-1301. [PMID: 23146185 DOI: 10.1366/12-06724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is evaluated as a potential analytic technique for rapid screening and quality control of anti-diabetic tablets. This paper proposes a simple LIBS-based method for the quantitative analysis of two active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs): metformin (Met) and glybenclamide (Gly). In order to quantify both APIs, chlorine (Cl) concentration was estimated by employing the Cl/Br optical emission ratio, where Br was introduced as internal standard. Calibration curves were prepared, achieving linearity higher than 99%. On the other hand, for comparison to the proposed method, an isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was also developed for quantitative determination of the same analytes by ultraviolet (UV) detection. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Phenomenex Hypersil C18, 250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm column. The mobile phase was K(2)HPO(4)/H(3)PO(4)-CH(3)OH and flow rate was 1.0 mL min(-1). The method is linear over a range of 10-60 μg mL(-1) for Gly and 5-30 μg mL(-1) for Met and the correlation coefficients were ≥0.99. Recoveries were found to be in the range of 95-101%. Furthermore, four different commercial brands of each active agent were evaluated by both proposed LIBS and chromatographic methods and results were compared with each other. The comparison was satisfactorily validated by analysis of variance (ANOVA).
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GC Determination of Famotidine, Ranitidine, Cimetidine, and Metformin in Pharmaceutical Preparations and Serum Using Methylglyoxal as Derivatizing Reagent. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Tricarico D, Rolland JF, Cannone G, Mele A, Cippone V, Laghezza A, Carbonara G, Fracchiolla G, Tortorella P, Loiodice F, Conte Camerino D. Structural nucleotide analogs are potent activators/inhibitors of pancreatic β cell KATP channels: an emerging mechanism supporting their use as antidiabetic drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 340:266-76. [PMID: 22028392 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.185835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2H-1,4-benzoxazine derivatives are novel drugs structurally similar to nucleotides; however, their actions on the pancreatic β cell ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel and on glucose disposal are unknown. Therefore, the effects of the linear/branched alkyl substituents and the aliphatic/aromatic rings at position 2 of the 2H-1,4-benzoxazine nucleus on the activity of these molecules against the pancreatic β cell KATP channel and the Kir6.2ΔC36 subunit were investigated using a patch-clamp technique. The effects of these compounds on glucose disposal that followed glucose loading by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and on fasting glycemia were investigated in normal mice. The 2-n-hexyl analog blocked the KATP (IC₅₀ = 10.1 × 10⁻⁹ M) and Kir6.2ΔC36 (IC₅₀ = 9.6 × 10⁻⁹ M) channels, which induced depolarization. In contrast, the 2-phenyl analog was a potent opener (drug concentration needed to enhance the current by 50% = 0.04 × 10⁻⁹ M), which induced hyperpolarization. The ranked order of the potency/efficacy of the analog openers was 2-phenyl > 2-benzyl > 2-cyclohexylmethyl. The 2-phenylethyl and 2-isopropyl analogs were not effective as blockers/openers. The 2-n-hexyl (2-10 mg/kg) and 2-phenyl analogs (2-30 mg/kg) reduced and enhanced the glucose areas under the curves, respectively, after glucose loading in mice. These compounds did not affect the fasting glycemia as is observed with glibenclamide. The linear alkyl chain and the aromatic ring at position 2 of the 1,4-benzoxazine nucleus are the determinants, which confer the KATP channel blocking action with glucose-lowering effects and the opening action with increased glucose levels, respectively. The opening/blocking actions of these compounds mimic those that were observed with ATP and ADP. The results support the use of these compounds as novel antidiabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Tricarico
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bari, Via Orabona No. 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy.
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Shen DM, Brady EJ, Candelore MR, Dallas-Yang Q, Ding VDH, Feeney WP, Jiang G, McCann ME, Mock S, Qureshi SA, Saperstein R, Shen X, Tong X, Tota LM, Wright MJ, Yang X, Zheng S, Chapman KT, Zhang BB, Tata JR, Parmee ER. Discovery of novel, potent, selective, and orally active human glucagon receptor antagonists containing a pyrazole core. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 21:76-81. [PMID: 21147532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of 1,3,5-pyrazoles has been discovered as potent human glucagon receptor antagonists. Notably, compound 26 is orally bioavailable in several preclinical species and shows selectivity towards cardiac ion channels, other family B receptors such hGIP and hGLP1, and a large panel of enzymes and additional receptors. When dosed orally, compound 26 is efficacious in suppressing glucagon induced plasma glucose excursion in rhesus monkey and transgenic murine pharmacodynamic models at 1 and 10 mpk, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ming Shen
- Department of Basic Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, RY50G-346, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Tóth M, Kun S, Bokor É, Benltifa M, Tallec G, Vidal S, Docsa T, Gergely P, Somsák L, Praly JP. Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of C-glycosylated oxadiazoles as inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:4773-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Qian F, Ni N, Burton LS, Wang YF, Desikan S, Hussain M, Smith RL. Sustained release subcutaneous delivery of BMS-686117, a GLP-1 receptor peptide agonist, via a zinc adduct. Int J Pharm 2009; 374:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Misaki N, Mao X, Lin YF, Suga S, Li GH, Liu Q, Chang Y, Wang H, Wakui M, Wu J. Iptakalim, a Vascular ATP-Sensitive Potassium (KATP) Channel Opener, Closes Rat Pancreatic β-Cell KATPChannels and Increases Insulin Release. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 322:871-8. [PMID: 17522344 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.121129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonylureas have been the leading oral antihyperglycemic agents, and they presently continue to be the most popular antidiabetic drugs prescribed for treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, concern has arisen over the side effects of sulfonylureas on the cardiovascular system. Here, we tested the hypothesis that iptakalim, a novel vascular ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channel opener, closes rat pancreatic beta-cell K(ATP) channels and increases insulin release. Rat pancreatic beta-cell K(ATP) channels and heterologously expressed K(ATP) channels in both human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells and Xenopus oocytes were used to test the pharmacological effects of iptakalim. Patch-clamp recordings, Ca(2+) imaging, and measurements of insulin release were applied. Patch-clamp whole-cell recordings revealed that iptakalim depolarized beta-cells, induced action potential firing, and reduced K(ATP) channel-mediated currents. Single-channel recordings revealed that iptakalim reduced the open probability of K(ATP) channels without changing channel sensitivity to ATP. By closing beta-cell K(ATP) channels, iptakalim elevated intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations and increased insulin release. In addition, iptakalim decreased the open probability of recombinant Kir6.2FL4A (a trafficking mutant of the Kir6.2) K(ATP) channels heterologously expressed in HEK 293 cells, suggesting that iptakalim suppressed the function of beta-cell K(ATP) channels by directly inhibiting the Kir6.2 subunit. Finally, iptakalim inhibited Kir6.2/SUR1, but it activated Kir6.1/SUR2B (vascular-type), K(ATP) channels heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Iptakalim bidirectionally regulated pancreatic-type and vascular-type K(ATP) channels, and this unique pharmacological property suggests the potential use of iptakalim as a new therapeutic strategy for treating type 2 diabetes with the additional benefit of alleviating vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Misaki
- Department of Physiology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Zaifucho, Japan
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Roy S, Khanna V, Mittra S, Dhar A, Singh S, Mahajan DC, Priyadarsiny P, Davis JA, Sattigeri J, Saini KS, Bansal VS. Combination of dipeptidylpeptidase IV inhibitor and low dose thiazolidinedione: preclinical efficacy and safety in db/db mice. Life Sci 2007; 81:72-9. [PMID: 17532347 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are currently the most efficacious class of oral antidiabetics. However, they carry the burden of weight gain and haemodilution, which may lead to cardiovascular complications. The present study was designed to ascertain whether a combination of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitor with low dose of a thiazolidinedione absolves TZD associated weight gain and oedema without compromising its efficacy. In this study, we examined the efficacy and safety of lower dose (1 mg/kg/day) of rosiglitazone, a thiazolidinedione, in combination with 5 mg/kg/day dose of LAF-237 (vildagliptin), a known DPP IV inhibitor, in aged db/db mice after 14 days of treatment and compared the combination with therapeutic dose (10 mg/kg) of rosiglitazone. The combination therapy showed similar efficacy as that of 10 mg/kg/day rosiglitazone in lowering random blood glucose (53.8%, p<0.001 and 54.3%, p<0.001 respectively), AUC ((0-120) min) during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (38.6 %, p<0.01; 38.3%, p<0.01 respectively) and triglyceride levels (63.9% and 61% respectively; p<0.01). Plasma active glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and insulin levels were found to be elevated significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.05 respectively) in both LAF-237 and combination treated groups following oral glucose load. LAF-237 alone had no effect on random glucose and glucose excursion during OGTT in severely diabetic db/db mice. Interestingly, the combination treatment showed no significant increase in body weight as compared to the robust weight gain by therapeutic dose of rosiglitazone. Rosiglitazone at 10 mg/kg/day showed significant reduction (p<0.05) in haematocrit, RBC count, haemoglobin pointing towards haemodilution associated with increased mRNA expression of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase-alpha and epithelial sodium channel gamma (ENaCgamma) in kidney. The combination therapy escaped these adverse effects. The results suggest that combination of DPP IV inhibitor with low dose of thiazolidinedione can interact synergistically to represent a therapeutic advantage for the clinical treatment of type 2 diabetes without the adverse effects of haemodilution and weight gain associated with thiazolidinediones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasis Roy
- Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, New Drug Discovery Research, Gurgaon-122001, Haryana, India.
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Shukla P, Singh AB, Srivastava AK, Pratap R. Chalcone based aryloxypropanolamines as potential antihyperglycemic agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:799-802. [PMID: 17095211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A series of chalcone based aryloxypropanolamines were synthesized and evaluated for their antihyperglycemic activity in SLM and STZ rat models. Most of the compounds exhibited moderate to good activity ranging from 6.5% to 31.1% in SLM and 8.3% to 22.6% in STZ models, respectively. The most potent compound 5 g exhibited glucose lowering of 26.7% in SLM and 22.6% in STZ models. A definite structure-activity relationship was observed while varying the nature as well as the position of the amine in ring B.
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Abstract
AbstractVanadium compounds are characterised by a broad spectrum of action in vivo and in vitro. Their insulin-mimetic activity is manifested in their ability to normalize changes observed in both clinical and experimental diabetes (i.e. hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, lowered cell sensitivity to insulin) through the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and the removal of secondary symptoms of this disease (as e.g. retinopathy, cardiomyopathy, nephropathy). Nevertheless, vanadium is considered to be a toxic element in both cationic and anionic form, although the latter type has more serious side effects. This is accounted for by the faster absorption of anionic forms, although the chemical structure, geometry, and the manner of synthesis of its derivatives also contributes to this elevated toxicity. Besides their antidiabetic properties, vanadium derivatives have also been observed to influence processes related to mitogenic cell responses (apoptosis, proliferation, neoplastic transformation). However, both anti-and pro-neoplastic properties of vanadium are reported.
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Ahrén B. Vildagliptin: an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 with antidiabetic properties. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006; 15:431-42. [PMID: 16548792 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.4.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vildagliptin is a competitive and reversible inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors act mainly by preventing the rapid degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1. In clinical trials, vildagliptin improves glycaemic control both as monotherapy and in combination with metformin for periods of < or = 52 weeks in subjects with Type 2 diabetes. This is evident by reduced fasting and prandial glucose levels, and reduced glycosylated haemoglobin levels. Vildagliptin acts by increasing active glucagon-like peptide-1, improving beta-cell function and inhibiting glucagon secretion. Furthermore, vildagliptin has proven to be safe and tolerable, with a low occurrence of hypoglycaemia. Further studies are now required to evaluate its long-term durability, effects, safety and tolerability in comparison with other antidiabetic agents and in different patient subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ahrén
- Department of Medicine, Lund University, B11 BMC, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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Tam J, Diamond J, Maysinger D. Dual-action peptides: a new strategy in the treatment of diabetes-associated neuropathy. Drug Discov Today 2006; 11:254-60. [PMID: 16580602 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(05)03722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is one of the most common and debilitating complications of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recent studies have shown that several small, non-neural peptides possess neurotrophic activity and exert beneficial effects on nervous system function in experimental and clinical diabetes. Two of these, C-peptide and islet neogenesis-associated protein peptide, are derived from pancreatic proteins and use related signal transduction mechanisms. Derivatives of erythropoietin possess similar properties in the nervous system. As a group, these peptides are of increasing interest as leads to potential new approaches in the treatment of diabetes-associated neuropathies and other neurodegenerative conditions. This review addresses the recent advances made with these peptides in the context of diabetic neuropathy, and highlights similarities and differences in their mechanisms of action from the perspective of combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Tam
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Room 1314, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1Y6
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Shen DM, Zhang F, Brady EJ, Candelore MR, Dallas-Yang Q, Ding VDH, Dragovic J, Feeney WP, Jiang G, McCann PE, Mock S, Qureshi SA, Saperstein R, Shen X, Tamvakopoulos C, Tong X, Tota LM, Wright MJ, Yang X, Zheng S, Chapman KT, Zhang BB, Tata JR, Parmee ER. Discovery of novel, potent, and orally active spiro-urea human glucagon receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4564-9. [PMID: 16102966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Revised: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of spiro-ureas has been discovered as potent human glucagon receptor antagonists in both binding and functional assays. Preliminary studies have revealed that compound 15 is an orally active human glucagon receptor antagonist in a transgenic murine pharmacodynamic model at 10 and 30 mpk. Compound 15 is orally bioavailable in several preclinical species and shows selectivity toward cardiac ion channels and other family B receptors, such as hGIP1 and hGLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ming Shen
- Department of Basic Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, RY50G-146, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Wick JY. New mechanisms of action provide alternative therapies. THE CONSULTANT PHARMACIST : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CONSULTANT PHARMACISTS 2005; 20:404-10, 413-4. [PMID: 16548638 DOI: 10.4140/tcp.n.2005.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Y Wick
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Stintzing FC, Carle R. Cactus stems (Opuntia spp.): A review on their chemistry, technology, and uses. Mol Nutr Food Res 2005; 49:175-94. [PMID: 15729672 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200400071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although traditionally used as a valuable health supporting nutrient, the vegetative parts of Opuntia spp. plants are scarcely used in modern nutrition and medicine. While all kinds of different Opuntia spp. have been studied, a systematic approach regarding the inter-relationships between the composition and the pre- and postharvest conditions is still missing. Therefore, the present review compiles and discusses literature on the chemical composition of cactus stems, the knowledge on uses in food, medicine, and cosmetics. It is concluded that much research is needed to get an insight into the multitude of bioactivities reported in the traditional literature but also to take advantage of the respective constituents for food and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian C Stintzing
- Hohenheim University, Institute of Food Technology, Plant Foodstuff Technology, Stuttgart, Germany.
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