1
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Li P, Li Y, Ma X, Li L, Zeng S, Peng Y, Liang H, Zhang G. Identification of naphthalimide-derivatives as novel PBD-targeted polo-like kinase 1 inhibitors with efficacy in drug-resistant lung cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116416. [PMID: 38657480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Targeting polo-box domain (PBD) small molecule for polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibition is a viable alternative to target kinase domain (KD), which could avoid pan-selectivity and dose-limiting toxicity of ATP-competitive inhibitors. However, their efficacy in these settings is still low and inaccessible to clinical requirement. Herein, we utilized a structure-based high-throughput virtual screen to find novel chemical scaffold capable of inhibiting PLK1 via targeting PBD and identified an initial hit molecule compound 1a. Based on the lead compound 1a, a structural optimization approach was carried out and several series of derivatives with naphthalimide structural motif were synthesized. Compound 4Bb was identified as a new potent PLK1 inhibitor with a KD value of 0.29 μM. 4Bb could target PLK1 PBD to inhibit PLK1 activity and subsequently suppress the interaction of PLK1 with protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1), finally leading to mitotic catastrophe in drug-resistant lung cancer cells. Furthermore, 4Bb could undergo nucleophilic substitution with the thiol group of glutathione (GSH) to disturb the redox homeostasis through exhausting GSH. By regulating cell cycle machinery and increasing cellular oxidative stress, 4Bb exhibited potent cytotoxicity to multiple cancer cells and drug-resistant cancer cells. Subcutaneous and oral administration of 4Bb could effectively inhibit the growth of drug-resistant tumors in vivo, doubling the survival time of tumor bearing mice without side effects in normal tissues. Thus, our study offers an orally-available, structurally-novel PLK1 inhibitor for drug-resistant lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yongkun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Xuesong Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Liangping Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Shulan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yan Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Guohai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China.
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2
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Zhang Z, Hu S, Sun G, Wang W. Target analysis, occurrence and cytotoxicity of halogenated polyhydroxyphenols as emerging disinfection byproducts in drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 248:120883. [PMID: 38007884 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated aromatic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water, such as halogenated phenols, have received widespread attention due to their high toxicity and ubiquitous occurrence in recent years. This study identified a group of emerging halogenated aromatic DBPs, known as halogenated polyhydroxyphenols (HPPs), and investigated their occurrence and cytotoxicity. We developed a highly sensitive solid-phase extraction ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-UPLC-MS/MS) method under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, with recoveries ranging from 86 to 115% and method detection limits (MDLs) ranging from 0.10 to 1.87 ng/L for the analysis of 15 HPPs. Eleven of these HPP DBPs were detected in collected drinking water samples using this method with detection frequencies ranging from 14 to 100% and a maximum concentration of 24 ng/L. The IC50 of the 15 HPPs in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells were ranged from 15.13 µM to 6.08×103 µM. The tested HPPs with -CHO substitution exhibited higher cytotoxicity compared to those with -COOH substitution. The TIC-Tox values of HPPs were calculated to be higher than those of HPs, indicating a potential necessity to pay attention to HPP DBPs. A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was developed for the cytotoxicity of HPPs, which was shown to be significantly associated with acid dissociation constant (pKa) and total valence connectivity (TVCon). To the best of our knowledge, this study reported the analysis, occurrence, and cytotoxicity of HPP DBPs in drinking water for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shaoyang Hu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guangrong Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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3
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Schneidewind T, Brause A, Schölermann B, Sievers S, Pahl A, Sankar MG, Winzker M, Janning P, Kumar K, Ziegler S, Waldmann H. Combined morphological and proteome profiling reveals target-independent impairment of cholesterol homeostasis. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1780-1794.e5. [PMID: 34214450 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Unbiased profiling approaches are powerful tools for small-molecule target or mode-of-action deconvolution as they generate a holistic view of the bioactivity space. This is particularly important for non-protein targets that are difficult to identify with commonly applied target identification methods. Thereby, unbiased profiling can enable identification of novel bioactivity even for annotated compounds. We report the identification of a large bioactivity cluster comprised of numerous well-characterized drugs with different primary targets using a combination of the morphological Cell Painting Assay and proteome profiling. Cluster members alter cholesterol homeostasis and localization due to their physicochemical properties that lead to protonation and accumulation in lysosomes, an increase in lysosomal pH, and a disturbed cholesterol homeostasis. The identified cluster enables identification of modulators of cholesterol homeostasis and links regulation of genes or proteins involved in cholesterol synthesis or trafficking to physicochemical properties rather than to nominal targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Schneidewind
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany; Technical University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Alexandra Brause
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Beate Schölermann
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Axel Pahl
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Muthukumar G Sankar
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Michael Winzker
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Petra Janning
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany; Technical University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany.
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4
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Dömling A, Zheng Q, Boltjes A. An Ugi Reaction/Intramolecular Cyclization/Oxidation Cascade towards Tetrazole-Linked Dibenzoxazepines. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1706642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA series of tetrazole-linked dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepines is synthesized through a short sequence involving an Ugi tetrazole reaction. The intermediate tetrazole undergoes a potassium carbonate mediated SNAr cyclization, followed by oxidation to afford the target tricyclic heterocyclic scaffold. The optimization, scope and limitations of this two-step and efficient methodology are investigated. A 1000-member library of tetrazole-linked dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepines is generated and the physicochemical properties are analyzed. great
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5
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Chatzopoulou M, Emer E, Lecci C, Rowley JA, Casagrande AS, Moir L, Squire SE, Davies SG, Harriman S, Wynne GM, Wilson FX, Davies KE, Russell AJ. Decreasing HepG2 Cytotoxicity by Lowering the Lipophilicity of Benzo[d]oxazolephosphinate Ester Utrophin Modulators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2421-2427. [PMID: 33335663 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Utrophin modulation is a disease-modifying therapeutic strategy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy that would be applicable to all patient populations. To improve the suboptimal profile of ezutromid, the first-in-class clinical candidate, a second generation of utrophin modulators bearing a phosphinate ester moiety was developed. This modification significantly improved the physicochemical and ADME properties, but one of the main lead molecules was found to have dose-limiting hepatotoxicity. In this work we describe how less lipophilic analogues retained utrophin modulatory activity in a reporter gene assay, upregulated utrophin protein in dystrophic mouse muscle cells, but also had improved physicochemical and ADME properties. Notably, ClogP was found to directly correlate with pIC50 in HepG2 cells, hence leading to a potentially safer toxicological profiles in this series. Compound 21 showed a balanced profile (H2K EC50: 4.17 μM, solubility: 477 μM, mouse hepatocyte T 1/2 > 240 min) and increased utrophin protein 1.6-fold in a Western blot assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chatzopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Enrico Emer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Cristina Lecci
- Evoetec (U.K.) Ltd, 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Milton, Abingdon OX14 4RZ, U.K
| | - Jessica A. Rowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | | | - Lee Moir
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, U.K
| | - Sarah E. Squire
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, U.K
| | - Stephen G. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Shawn Harriman
- Summit Therapeutics plc, 136a Eastern Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SB, U.K
| | - Graham M. Wynne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Francis X. Wilson
- Summit Therapeutics plc, 136a Eastern Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SB, U.K
| | - Kay E. Davies
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, U.K
| | - Angela J. Russell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3PQ, U.K
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6
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Varalda M, Antona A, Bettio V, Roy K, Vachamaram A, Yellenki V, Massarotti A, Baldanzi G, Capello D. Psychotropic Drugs Show Anticancer Activity by Disrupting Mitochondrial and Lysosomal Function. Front Oncol 2020; 10:562196. [PMID: 33194631 PMCID: PMC7604408 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.562196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Drug repositioning is a promising strategy for discovering new therapeutic strategies for cancer therapy. We investigated psychotropic drugs for their antitumor activity because of several epidemiological studies reporting lower cancer incidence in individuals receiving long term drug treatment. Experimental Approach: We investigated 27 psychotropic drugs for their cytotoxic activity in colorectal carcinoma, glioblastoma and breast cancer cell lines. Consistent with the cationic amphiphilic structure of the most cytotoxic compounds, we investigated their effect on mitochondrial and lysosomal compartments. Results: Penfluridol, ebastine, pimozide and fluoxetine, fluspirilene and nefazodone showed significant cytotoxicity, in the low micromolar range, in all cell lines tested. In MCF7 cells these drugs caused mitochondrial membrane depolarization, increased the acidic vesicular compartments and induced phospholipidosis. Both penfluridol and spiperone induced AMPK activation and autophagy. Neither caspase nor autophagy inhibitors rescued cells from death induced by ebastine, fluoxetine, fluspirilene and nefazodone. Treatment with 3-methyladenine partially rescued cell death induced by pimozide and spiperone, whereas enhanced the cytotoxic activity of penfluridol. Conversely, inhibition of lysosomal cathepsins significantly reduced cell death induced by ebastin, penfluridol, pimozide, spiperone and mildly in fluoxetine treated cells. Lastly, Spiperone cytotoxicity was restricted to colorectal cancer and breast cancer and caused apoptotic cell death in MCF7 cells. Conclusions: The cytotoxicity of psychotropic drugs with cationic amphiphilic structures relied on simultaneous mitochondrial and lysosomal disruption and induction of cell death that not necessarily requires apoptosis. Since dual targeting of lysosomes and mitochondria constitutes a new promising therapeutic approach for cancer, particularly those in which the apoptotic machinery is defective, these data further support their clinical development for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Varalda
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,UPO Biobank, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Annamaria Antona
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Valentina Bettio
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,UPO Biobank, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Konkonika Roy
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Ajay Vachamaram
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Vaibhav Yellenki
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Alberto Massarotti
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Daniela Capello
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,UPO Biobank, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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7
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Zhong Y, Mohan K, Liu J, Al-Attar A, Lin P, Flight RM, Sun Q, Warmoes MO, Deshpande RR, Liu H, Jung KS, Mitov MI, Lin N, Butterfield DA, Lu S, Liu J, Moseley HNB, Fan TWM, Kleinman ME, Wang QJ. Loss of CLN3, the gene mutated in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, leads to metabolic impairment and autophagy induction in retinal pigment epithelium. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165883. [PMID: 32592935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL, aka. juvenile Batten disease or CLN3 disease) is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by progressive blindness, seizures, cognitive and motor failures, and premature death. JNCL is caused by mutations in the Ceroid Lipofuscinosis, Neuronal 3 (CLN3) gene, whose function is unclear. Although traditionally considered a neurodegenerative disease, CLN3 disease displays eye-specific effects: Vision loss not only is often one of the earliest symptoms of JNCL, but also has been reported in non-syndromic CLN3 disease. Here we described the roles of CLN3 protein in maintaining healthy retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and normal vision. Using electroretinogram, fundoscopy and microscopy, we showed impaired visual function, retinal autofluorescent lesions, and RPE disintegration and metaplasia/hyperplasia in a Cln3 ~ 1 kb-deletion mouse model [1] on C57BL/6J background. Utilizing a combination of biochemical analyses, RNA-Seq, Seahorse XF bioenergetic analysis, and Stable Isotope Resolved Metabolomics (SIRM), we further demonstrated that loss of CLN3 increased autophagic flux, suppressed mTORC1 and Akt activities, enhanced AMPK activity, and up-regulated gene expression of the autophagy-lysosomal system in RPE-1 cells, suggesting autophagy induction. This CLN3 deficiency induced autophagy induction coincided with decreased mitochondrial oxygen consumption, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and ATP production. We also reported for the first time that loss of CLN3 led to glycogen accumulation despite of impaired glycogen synthesis. Our comprehensive analyses shed light on how loss of CLN3 affect autophagy and metabolism. This work suggests possible links among metabolic impairment, autophagy induction and lysosomal storage, as well as between RPE atrophy/degeneration and vision loss in JNCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kabhilan Mohan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ahmad Al-Attar
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Penghui Lin
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Robert M Flight
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Qiushi Sun
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Marc O Warmoes
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Rahul R Deshpande
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kyung Sik Jung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Mihail I Mitov
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | | | - D Allan Butterfield
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Shuyan Lu
- Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jinze Liu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Hunter N B Moseley
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Teresa W M Fan
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Mark E Kleinman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Qing Jun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
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8
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Van Der Steen N, Keller K, Dekker H, Porcelli L, Honeywell RJ, Van Meerloo J, Musters RJP, Kathmann I, Frampton AE, Liu DSK, Ruijtenbeek R, Rolfo C, Pauwels P, Giovannetti E, Peters GJ. Crizotinib sensitizes the erlotinib resistant HCC827GR5 cell line by influencing lysosomal function. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8085-8097. [PMID: 31960422 PMCID: PMC7540474 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In non-small cell lung cancer, sensitizing mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or cMET amplification serve as good biomarkers for targeted therapies against EGFR or cMET, respectively. Here we aimed to determine how this different genetic background would affect the interaction between the EGFR-inhibitor erlotinib and the cMET-inhibitor crizotinib. To unravel the mechanism of synergy we investigated the effect of the drugs on various parameters, including cell cycle arrest, migration, protein phosphorylation, kinase activity, the expression of drug efflux pumps, intracellular drug concentrations, and live-cell microscopy. We observed additive effects in EBC-1, H1975, and HCC827, and a strong synergism in the HCC827GR5 cell line. This cell line is a clone of the HCC827 cells that harbor an EGFR exon 19 deletion and has been made resistant to the EGFR-inhibitor gefitinib, resulting in cMET amplification. Remarkably, the intracellular concentration of crizotinib was significantly higher in HCC827GR5 compared to the parental HCC827 cell line. Furthermore, live-cell microscopy with a pH-sensitive probe showed a differential reaction of the pH in the cytoplasm and the lysosomes after drug treatment in the HCC827GR5 in comparison with the HCC827 cells. This change in pH could influence the process of lysosomal sequestration of drugs. These results led us to the conclusion that lysosomal sequestration is involved in the strong synergistic reaction of the HCC827GR5 cell line to crizotinib-erlotinib combination. This finding warrants future clinical studies to evaluate whether genetic background and lysosomal sequestration could guide tailored therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Van Der Steen
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kaylee Keller
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Dekker
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Letizia Porcelli
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Richard J Honeywell
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Van Meerloo
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René J P Musters
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ietje Kathmann
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adam E Frampton
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel S K Liu
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Ruijtenbeek
- Pamgene International BV, PamGene, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start-Up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, Pisa, Italy
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel l-phenylglycine derivatives as potential PPARγ lead compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:4153-4167. [PMID: 30001846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In accordance with the structural characteristics of thiazolidinedione drugs and highly bioactive tyrosine derivatives, we tentatively designed the l-phenylglycine derivatives TM1 and TM2 based on basic principles of drug design and then synthesized them. The in vitro screening of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activated activity, α-glucosidase inhibitory and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitory activities showed that the novel molecule M5 had efficient PPAR response element (PPRE) activated activity (PPRE relative activity 105.04% at 10 μg·mL-1 compared with the positive control pioglitazone, with 100% activity). Therefore, M5 was selected as the hit compound from which the TM3 and TM4 series of compounds were further designed and synthesized. Based on the PPRE relative activities of TM3 and TM4, we discovered another new molecule, TM4h, which had the strongest PPRE relative activity (120.42% at 10 μg·mL-1). In addition, the concentration-dependent activity of the highly active compounds was determined by assaying their half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values. The molecular physical parameter calculation and the molecular toxicity prediction were used to theoretically evaluate the lead-likeness and safety of the active compounds. In conclusion, we identified a potential PPARγ lead molecule and developed a tangible strategy for antidiabetic drug development.
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Subramanian G, Poda G. In silico ligand-based modeling of hBACE-1 inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 91:817-827. [PMID: 29139199 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease affecting more than 30 million people worldwide. Development of small molecule inhibitors of human β-secretase 1 (hBACE-1) is being the focus of pharmaceutical industry for the past 15-20 years. Here, we successfully applied multiple ligand-based in silico modeling techniques to understand the inhibitory activities of a diverse set of small molecule hBACE-1 inhibitors reported in the scientific literature. Strikingly, the use of only a small subset of 230 (13%) molecules allowed us to develop quality models that performed reasonably well on the validation set of 1,476 (87%) inhibitors. Varying the descriptor sets and the complexity of the modeling techniques resulted in only minor improvements to the model's performance. The current results demonstrate that predictive models can be built by choosing appropriate modeling techniques in spite of using small datasets consisting of diverse chemical classes, a scenario typical in triaging of high-throughput screening results to identify false negatives. We hope that these encouraging results will help the community to develop more predictive models that would support research efforts for the debilitating Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, the integrated diversity of the techniques employed will stimulate scientists in the field to use in silico statistical modeling techniques like these to derive better models to help advance the drug discovery projects faster.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gennady Poda
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Lu S, Sung T, Lin N, Abraham RT, Jessen BA. Lysosomal adaptation: How cells respond to lysosomotropic compounds. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173771. [PMID: 28301521 PMCID: PMC5354416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic organelles essential for degradation and cellular homoeostasis and recently lysosomes have been shown as signaling hub to respond to the intra and extracellular changes (e.g. amino acid availability). Compounds including pharmaceutical drugs that are basic and lipophilic will become sequestered inside lysosomes (lysosomotropic). How cells respond to the lysosomal stress associated with lysosomotropism is not well characterized. Our goal is to assess the lysosomal changes and identify the signaling pathways that involve in the lysosomal changes. Eight chemically diverse lysosomotropic drugs from different therapeutic areas were subjected to the evaluation using the human adult retinal pigmented epithelium cell line, ARPE-19. All lysosomotropic drugs tested triggered lysosomal activation demonstrated by increased lysosotracker red (LTR) and lysosensor green staining, increased cathepsin activity, and increased LAMP2 staining. However, tested lysosomotropic drugs also prompted lysosomal dysfunction exemplified by intracellular and extracellular substrate accumulation including phospholipid, SQSTM1/p62, GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and opsin. Lysosomal activation observed was likely attributed to lysosomal dysfunction, leading to compensatory responses including nuclear translocation of transcriptional factors TFEB, TFE3 and MITF. The adaptive changes are protective to the cells under lysosomal stress. Mechanistic studies implicate calcium and mTORC1 modulation involvement in the adaptive changes. These results indicate that lysosomotropic compounds could evoke a compensatory lysosomal biogenic response but with the ultimate consequence of lysosomal functional impairment. This work also highlights a pathway of response to lysosomal stress and evidences the role of TFEB, TFE3 and MITF in the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Lu
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SL); (BAJ)
| | - Tae Sung
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Nianwei Lin
- iXCells Biotechnologies, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert T. Abraham
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Bart A. Jessen
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SL); (BAJ)
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12
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Batke M, Gütlein M, Partosch F, Gundert-Remy U, Helma C, Kramer S, Maunz A, Seeland M, Bitsch A. Innovative Strategies to Develop Chemical Categories Using a Combination of Structural and Toxicological Properties. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:321. [PMID: 27708580 PMCID: PMC5030828 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest is increasing in the development of non-animal methods for toxicological evaluations. These methods are however, particularly challenging for complex toxicological endpoints such as repeated dose toxicity. European Legislation, e.g., the European Union's Cosmetic Directive and REACH, demands the use of alternative methods. Frameworks, such as the Read-across Assessment Framework or the Adverse Outcome Pathway Knowledge Base, support the development of these methods. The aim of the project presented in this publication was to develop substance categories for a read-across with complex endpoints of toxicity based on existing databases. The basic conceptual approach was to combine structural similarity with shared mechanisms of action. Substances with similar chemical structure and toxicological profile form candidate categories suitable for read-across. We combined two databases on repeated dose toxicity, RepDose database, and ELINCS database to form a common database for the identification of categories. The resulting database contained physicochemical, structural, and toxicological data, which were refined and curated for cluster analyses. We applied the Predictive Clustering Tree (PCT) approach for clustering chemicals based on structural and on toxicological information to detect groups of chemicals with similar toxic profiles and pathways/mechanisms of toxicity. As many of the experimental toxicity values were not available, this data was imputed by predicting them with a multi-label classification method, prior to clustering. The clustering results were evaluated by assessing chemical and toxicological similarities with the aim of identifying clusters with a concordance between structural information and toxicity profiles/mechanisms. From these chosen clusters, seven were selected for a quantitative read-across, based on a small ratio of NOAEL of the members with the highest and the lowest NOAEL in the cluster (< 5). We discuss the limitations of the approach. Based on this analysis we propose improvements for a follow-up approach, such as incorporation of metabolic information and more detailed mechanistic information. The software enables the user to allocate a substance in a cluster and to use this information for a possible read- across. The clustering tool is provided as a free web service, accessible at http://mlc-reach.informatik.uni-mainz.de.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Batke
- Department Chemikalienbeureilung, Dantenbanken und Expertensysteme, Fraunhofer Institut für Toxikologie und Experimentelle Medizin Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Gütlein
- Institut für Informatik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Falko Partosch
- Institut für Arbeits-, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Gundert-Remy
- Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Kramer
- Institut für Informatik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Madeleine Seeland
- Institut für Informatik, Technische Universität München München, Germany
| | - Annette Bitsch
- Department Chemikalienbeureilung, Dantenbanken und Expertensysteme, Fraunhofer Institut für Toxikologie und Experimentelle Medizin Hannover, Germany
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McKinney DC, Eyermann CJ, Gu RF, Hu J, Kazmirski SL, Lahiri SD, McKenzie AR, Shapiro AB, Breault G. Antibacterial FabH Inhibitors with Mode of Action Validated in Haemophilus influenzae by in Vitro Resistance Mutation Mapping. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:456-64. [PMID: 27626097 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid biosynthesis is essential to bacterial growth in Gram-negative pathogens. Several small molecules identified through a combination of high-throughput and fragment screening were cocrystallized with FabH (β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III) from Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Structure-based drug design was used to merge several scaffolds to provide a new class of inhibitors. After optimization for Gram-negative enzyme inhibitory potency, several compounds demonstrated antimicrobial activity against an efflux-negative strain of Haemophilus influenzae. Mutants resistant to these compounds had mutations in the FabH gene near the catalytic triad, validating FabH as a target for antimicrobial drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. McKinney
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
- Structure and Biophysics and #Chemistry Innovation Center, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Charles J. Eyermann
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
- Structure and Biophysics and #Chemistry Innovation Center, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Rong-Fang Gu
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
- Structure and Biophysics and #Chemistry Innovation Center, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jun Hu
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
- Structure and Biophysics and #Chemistry Innovation Center, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Steven L. Kazmirski
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
- Structure and Biophysics and #Chemistry Innovation Center, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Sushmita D. Lahiri
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
- Structure and Biophysics and #Chemistry Innovation Center, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Andrew R. McKenzie
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
- Structure and Biophysics and #Chemistry Innovation Center, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Adam B. Shapiro
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
- Structure and Biophysics and #Chemistry Innovation Center, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Gloria Breault
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
- Structure and Biophysics and #Chemistry Innovation Center, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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Khoh-Reiter S, Sokolowski SA, Jessen B, Evans M, Dalvie D, Lu S. Contribution of membrane trafficking perturbation to retinal toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2015; 145:383-95. [PMID: 25771199 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina is a highly structured tissue that is formed by layers containing 7 different cell types. The photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuron in the retina that is capable of absorbing and converting light into electrophysiological signals. There is a constant renewal process for photoreceptors consisting of intermittent shedding of the distal tips of the photosensitive outer segment and subsequent phagocytosis (uptake, degradation and recycling) by retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells. This rebuilding process is essential for vision and the survival of photoreceptors and RPE cells. Drugs with a basic moiety have the potential to accumulate in the lysosome and impair its functions including the phagocytosis process, which could hinder clearance of outer segments and ultimately induce retinopathy. To determine the prevalence of this cellular mechanism in retinal toxicity, a collection of proprietary compounds associated with retinal toxicity were subjected to a battery of in vitro tests using the human adult retinal pigmented epithelium cell line, ARPE-19. The tests included a phagocytosis assay, and lysosomal and autophagosomal staining. The compounds that induced retinopathy clustered in the basic and lipophilic region, which drives lysosomal sequestration. This accumulation coincided with phagocytosis inhibition and an increase in autophagosome staining, suggesting a blockage of the membrane trafficking process. A correlation between the physicochemical properties and in vitro lysosomal pathway effects was established. These data reveal the importance of physicochemical properties of compounds and lysosome accumulation as a potential mechanism for drug-induced retinopathy and demonstrate the usefulness of in vitro screening in predicting this liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Khoh-Reiter
- *Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Sharon A Sokolowski
- *Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Bart Jessen
- *Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Mark Evans
- *Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Deepak Dalvie
- *Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Shuyan Lu
- *Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
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15
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Sturla SJ, Boobis AR, FitzGerald RE, Hoeng J, Kavlock RJ, Schirmer K, Whelan M, Wilks MF, Peitsch MC. Systems toxicology: from basic research to risk assessment. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:314-29. [PMID: 24446777 PMCID: PMC3964730 DOI: 10.1021/tx400410s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Systems Toxicology is the integration of classical toxicology with quantitative analysis of large networks of molecular and functional changes occurring across multiple levels of biological organization. Society demands increasingly close scrutiny of the potential health risks associated with exposure to chemicals present in our everyday life, leading to an increasing need for more predictive and accurate risk-assessment approaches. Developing such approaches requires a detailed mechanistic understanding of the ways in which xenobiotic substances perturb biological systems and lead to adverse outcomes. Thus, Systems Toxicology approaches offer modern strategies for gaining such mechanistic knowledge by combining advanced analytical and computational tools. Furthermore, Systems Toxicology is a means for the identification and application of biomarkers for improved safety assessments. In Systems Toxicology, quantitative systems-wide molecular changes in the context of an exposure are measured, and a causal chain of molecular events linking exposures with adverse outcomes (i.e., functional and apical end points) is deciphered. Mathematical models are then built to describe these processes in a quantitative manner. The integrated data analysis leads to the identification of how biological networks are perturbed by the exposure and enables the development of predictive mathematical models of toxicological processes. This perspective integrates current knowledge regarding bioanalytical approaches, computational analysis, and the potential for improved risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana J Sturla
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich , Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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16
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Ashoor R, Yafawi R, Jessen B, Lu S. The contribution of lysosomotropism to autophagy perturbation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82481. [PMID: 24278483 PMCID: PMC3838419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy refers to the catabolic process in eukaryotic cells that delivers cytoplasmic material to lysosomes for degradation. This highly conserved process is involved in the clearance of long-lived proteins and damaged organelles. Consequently, autophagy is important in providing nutrients to maintain cellular function under starvation, maintaining cellular homeostasis, and promoting cell survival under certain conditions. Several pathways, including mTOR, have been shown to regulate autophagy. However, the impact of lysosomal function impairment on the autophagy process has not been fully explored. Basic lipophilic compounds can accumulate in lysosomes via pH partitioning leading to perturbation of lysosomal function. Our hypothesis is that these types of compounds can disturb the autophagy process. Eleven drugs previously shown to accumulate in lysosomes were selected and evaluated for their effects on cytotoxicity and autophagy using ATP depletion and LC3 assessment, respectively. All eleven drugs induced increased staining of endogenous LC3 and exogenous GFP-LC3, even at non toxic dose levels. In addition, an increase in the abundance of SQSTM1/p62 by all tested compounds denotes that the increase in LC3 is due to autophagy perturbation rather than enhancement. Furthermore, the gene expression profile resulting from in vitro treatment with these drugs revealed the suppression of plentiful long-lived proteins, including structural cytoskeletal and associated proteins, and extracellular matrix proteins. This finding indicates a retardation of protein turnover which further supports the notion of autophagy inhibition. Interestingly, upregulation of genes containing antioxidant response elements, e.g. glutathione S transferase and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 was observed, suggesting activation of Nrf2 transcription factor. These gene expression changes could be related to an increase in SQSTM1/p62 resulting from autophagy deficiency. In summary, our data indicate that lysosomal accumulation due to the basic lipophilic nature of xenobiotics could be a general mechanism contributing to the perturbation of the autophagy process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Ashoor
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Rolla Yafawi
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Bart Jessen
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Shuyan Lu
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nadanaciva S, Aleo MD, Strock CJ, Stedman DB, Wang H, Will Y. Toxicity assessments of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in isolated mitochondria, rat hepatocytes, and zebrafish show good concordance across chemical classes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:272-80. [PMID: 23811329 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To reduce costly late-stage compound attrition, there has been an increased focus on assessing compounds in in vitro assays that predict attributes of human safety liabilities, before preclinical in vivo studies are done. Relevant questions when choosing a panel of assays for predicting toxicity are (a) whether there is general concordance in the data among the assays, and (b) whether, in a retrospective analysis, the rank order of toxicity of compounds in the assays correlates with the known safety profile of the drugs in humans. The aim of our study was to answer these questions using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as a test set since NSAIDs are generally associated with gastrointestinal injury, hepatotoxicity, and/or cardiovascular risk, with mitochondrial impairment and endoplasmic reticulum stress being possible contributing factors. Eleven NSAIDs, flufenamic acid, tolfenamic acid, mefenamic acid, diclofenac, meloxicam, sudoxicam, piroxicam, diflunisal, acetylsalicylic acid, nimesulide, and sulindac (and its two metabolites, sulindac sulfide and sulindac sulfone), were tested for their effects on (a) the respiration of rat liver mitochondria, (b) a panel of mechanistic endpoints in rat hepatocytes, and (c) the viability and organ morphology of zebrafish. We show good concordance for distinguishing among/between NSAID chemical classes in the observations among the three approaches. Furthermore, the assays were complementary and able to correctly identify "toxic" and "non-toxic" drugs in accordance with their human safety profile, with emphasis on hepatic and gastrointestinal safety. We recommend implementing our multi-assay approach in the drug discovery process to reduce compound attrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashi Nadanaciva
- Compound Safety Prediction, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
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Koslov-Davino E, Wang X, Schroeter T. Target promiscuity and physicochemical properties contribute to pharmacologically induced ER-stress. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:204-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
In contrast to designed polypharmacology that can result in efficient drugs for complex disorders, unintended drug promiscuity has detrimental contribution to side effects and toxicology. Characterization of promiscuous compounds enhances the understanding of complex interaction patterns and aids the design of compounds with broader selectivity against off-targets that has a major impact on medicinal chemistry outcome. In this Miniperspective we provide insights to the effect of physicochemical parameters on promiscuity. Information collected from recent, large-scale in vitro studies enabled us to discuss the relationships between physicochemical properties and promiscuity in detail. In light of these data, lipophilicity and basic character have the highest influence. On the basis of the accumulated knowledge, we propose the extensive use of pre- and postsynthesis metrics, as well as strict control of physicochemical properties during medicinal chemistry optimizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos Tarcsay
- Discovery Chemistry, Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary
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