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Nguyen R, Barry M, Azevedo Loiola R, Ferret PJ, Andres E. PhotoSENSIL-18 assay development: Enhancing the safety testing of cosmetic raw materials and finished products to support the in vitro photosensitization assessment? Toxicology 2023; 495:153613. [PMID: 37558156 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Although photosensitization remains a major toxicological endpoint for the safety assessment of cosmetic products and their raw materials, there is no validated in vitro method available for the evaluation of this adverse effect so far. Given that previous studies have proposed that the Interleukine-18 (IL-18) plays a key role in keratinocyte-driven pro-inflammatory responses specific of the skin sensitization process, we hypothesize that IL-18 might be used as a specific biomarker for in vitro photosensitization assessment. The aim of the present study was the set-up of a new in vitro assay using IL-18 as a biomarker for the identification of photosensitizers in a reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) model. EpiCS™ RHE were incubated with a set of 16 known sensitising / phototoxic / photosensitizing substances and exposed to ultra-violet (UV) irradiation. Then, the cell viability was analysed by MTT assay, while the IL-18 secretion was quantified by ELISA. Preliminary assays have shown that 1 h of incubation followed by a recovery period of 23 h induced the highest IL-18 production in response to UV exposure. This protocol was used to test 16 substances and a ratio of IL-18 production (UV+/UV- ratio) was then generated. Our data shows that the cut-off of 1.5 (UV+/UV- ratio) is the most predictive model among the tested conditions, being capable of identifying true positive photosensitizers (8 of 9) with a good prediction in comparison with in vivo data. In a nutshell, our data suggests that the PhotoSENSIL-18 is a promising in vitro method for identification of photosensitizing substances. Although further studies are necessary to optimize the model, we foresee that the PhotoSENSIL-18 assay can be used in the context of an Integrative Approach to Testing and Assessment (IATA) of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nguyen
- Laboratoires Pierre Fabre, 3 avenue Hubert Curien, BP 13562, 31035 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - M Barry
- Oroxcell SAS, 102 avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - R Azevedo Loiola
- Oroxcell SAS, 102 avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - P-J Ferret
- Laboratoires Pierre Fabre, 3 avenue Hubert Curien, BP 13562, 31035 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - E Andres
- Oroxcell SAS, 102 avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France.
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Lombardo G, Melzi G, Indino S, Piazza S, Sangiovanni E, Baruffaldi Preis F, Marabini L, Donetti E. Keratin 17 as a marker of UVB-induced stress in human epidermis and modulation by Vitis vinifera extract. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 211:611-627. [PMID: 34644704 DOI: 10.1159/000520038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lombardo
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Melzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Indino
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Piazza
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Marabini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Donetti
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Fatty Acid Potassium Had Beneficial Bactericidal Effects and Removed Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms while Exhibiting Reduced Cytotoxicity towards Mouse Fibroblasts and Human Keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020312. [PMID: 30646547 PMCID: PMC6359264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wounds frequently become infected or contaminated with bacteria. Potassium oleate (C18:1K), a type of fatty acid potassium, caused >4 log colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL reductions in the numbers of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli within 10 min and a >2 log CFU/mL reduction in the number of Clostridium difficile within 1 min. C18:1K (proportion removed: 90.3%) was significantly more effective at removing Staphylococcus aureus biofilms than the synthetic surfactant detergents sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) (74.8%, p < 0.01) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) (78.0%, p < 0.05). In the WST (water-soluble tetrazolium) assay, mouse fibroblasts (BALB/3T3 clone A31) in C18:1K (relative viability vs. control: 102.8%) demonstrated a significantly higher viability than those in SLES (30.1%) or SLS (18.1%, p < 0.05). In a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assay, C18:1K (relative leakage vs. control: 108.9%) was found to be associated with a significantly lower LDH leakage from mouse fibroblasts than SLES or SLS (720.6% and 523.4%, respectively; p < 0.05). Potassium oleate demonstrated bactericidal effects against various species including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, and Clostridium difficile; removed significantly greater amounts of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm material than SLES and SLS; and maintained fibroblast viability; therefore, it might be useful for wound cleaning and peri-wound skin.
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Corsini E, Casula M, Tragni E, Galbiati V, Pallardy M. Tools to investigate and avoid drug-hypersensitivity in drug development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:425-433. [PMID: 29405076 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1437141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) are common adverse effects of pharmaceuticals that clinically resemble allergies, and which are becoming an important burden to healthcare systems. Alongside accurate diagnostic techniques, tools which can predict potential drug-inducing hypersensitivity reactions in the pre-clinical phase are critical. Despite the important adverse reactions linked to immune-mediated hypersensitivity, at present, there are no validated or required in vivo or in vitro methods to screen the sensitizing potential of drugs and their metabolites in the pre-clinical phase. Areas covered: Enhanced prediction in preclinical safety evaluation is extremely important. The purpose of this review is to assess the state of the art of tools available to assess the allergenic potential of drugs and to highlight our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying inappropriate immune activation. Expert opinion: The knowledge that allergenic drugs share common mechanisms of immune cell activation with chemical allergens, and of the definition of the mechanistic pathway to adverse outcomes, can enhance targeting toxicity testing in drug development and hazard assessment of hypersensitivity. Additional efforts and extensive resources are necessary to improve preclinical testing methodologies, including optimization, better design and interpretation of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Corsini
- a Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Science and Policy , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Manuela Casula
- b Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Centre (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Elena Tragni
- b Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Centre (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- a Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Science and Policy , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Marc Pallardy
- c Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology , INSERM UMR 996, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Châtenay-Malabry , France
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de Ávila RI, Teixeira GC, Veloso DFMC, Moreira LC, Lima EM, Valadares MC. In vitro assessment of skin sensitization, photosensitization and phototoxicity potential of commercial glyphosate-containing formulations. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:386-392. [PMID: 28389279 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the applicability of a modified Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (DPRA) (OECD N° 442C, 2015) through the 10-fold reduction of reaction volume (micro-DPRA, mDPRA) for skin sensitization evaluation of six commercial glyphosate-containing formulations. In addition, another modification of DPRA was proposed by adding a UVA (5J/cm2) irradiation step, namely photo-mDPRA, to better characterize (photo)sensitizer materials. The phototoxicity profile of pesticides was also evaluated using the 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity Test (3T3-NRU-PT) (OECD N° 432, 2004). The mDPRA could represent an environmentally acceptable test approach, since it reduces costs and organic waste. Peptide depletion was greater in photo-mDPRA and changed the reactivity class of each test material, in comparison to mDPRA. Thus, the association of mDPRA with photo-mDPRA was better for correctly characterizing human (photo)sensitizer substances and pesticides. In general, cysteine depletion was greater than that of lysine for all materials tested in both mDPRA and photo-mDPRA. Furthermore, while 3T3-NRU-PT is unable to predict (photo)sensitizers, it was capable of correctly identifying the phototoxic potential of the tested agrochemical formulations. In conclusion, mDPRA plus photo-mDPRA and 3T3-NRU-PT seem to be preliminary non-animal test batteries for skin (photo)sensitization/phototoxicity assessment of chemicals, agrochemical formulations and their ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Laboratory of Celullar Toxicology and Pharmacology - FarmaTec, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Campos Teixeira
- Laboratory of Celullar Toxicology and Pharmacology - FarmaTec, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Cleres Moreira
- Laboratory of Celullar Toxicology and Pharmacology - FarmaTec, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Eliana Martins Lima
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology - FarmaTec, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratory of Celullar Toxicology and Pharmacology - FarmaTec, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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Onoue S, Seto Y, Sato H, Nishida H, Hirota M, Ashikaga T, Api AM, Basketter D, Tokura Y. Chemical photoallergy: photobiochemical mechanisms, classification, and risk assessments. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 85:4-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tsujita-Inoue K, Hirota M, Atobe T, Ashikaga T, Tokura Y, Kouzuki H. Development of novel in vitro photosafety assays focused on the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:956-68. [PMID: 26511905 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although photoallergens require UV energy for antigen formation, the subsequent immune response is considered to be the same as in ordinary skin sensitization. Therefore, in vitro tests for skin sensitization should also be applicable for photoallergy testing. In this study, we examined whether activation of the Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1)-Nrf2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2)-ARE (antioxidant response element) pathway could be used to assess the photoallergenic potential of chemicals, using the reporter cell line AREc32 or KeratinoSens(TM) . First, we identified an appropriate UVA irradiation dose [5 J cm(-2) irradiation in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)] by investigating the effect of UV irradiation on ARE-dependent gene induction using untreated or 6-methylcoumarin (6-MC)-treated cells. Irradiation of well-known photoallergens under this condition increased ARE-dependent gene expression by more than 50% compared with both vehicle and non-irradiated controls. When the cut-off value for detecting photoallergens was set at 50% induction, the accuracy of predicting photoallergenic/phototoxic chemicals was 70% in AREc32 cells and 67% in KeratinoSens(TM) cells, and the specificity was 100% in each case. We designate these assays as a photo-ARE assay and photo-KeratinoSens(TM) , respectively. Our results suggest that activation of the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway is an effective biomarker for evaluating both photoallergenic and phototoxic potentials. Either of the above tests might be a useful component of a battery of in vitro tests/in silico methods for predicting the photoallergenicity and phototoxicity of chemicals. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Tsujita-Inoue
- Shiseido Research Center, Shiseido Co. Ltd, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 224-8558, Japan
| | - Morihiko Hirota
- Shiseido Research Center, Shiseido Co. Ltd, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 224-8558, Japan
| | - Tomomi Atobe
- Shiseido Research Center, Shiseido Co. Ltd, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 224-8558, Japan
| | - Takao Ashikaga
- Shiseido Research Center, Shiseido Co. Ltd, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 224-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kouzuki
- Shiseido Research Center, Shiseido Co. Ltd, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 224-8558, Japan
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Stiefel C, Schwack W. Photoprotection in changing times - UV filter efficacy and safety, sensitization processes and regulatory aspects. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 37:2-30. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Stiefel
- Institute of Food Chemistry; University of Hohenheim; Garbenstrasse 28 70599 Stuttgart Germany
| | - W. Schwack
- Institute of Food Chemistry; University of Hohenheim; Garbenstrasse 28 70599 Stuttgart Germany
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Song MK, Choi HS, Lee HS, Ryu JC. Transcriptome Profile Analysis of Saturated Aliphatic Aldehydes Reveals Carbon Number-Specific Molecules Involved in Pulmonary Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1362-70. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500171r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyung Song
- Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science & Technology P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Korea
| | - Han-Seam Choi
- Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science & Technology P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Korea
| | - Hyo-Sun Lee
- Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science & Technology P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Korea
| | - Jae-Chun Ryu
- Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science & Technology P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,
Human and Environmental Toxicology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-Ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350, Korea
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NCTC 2544 and IL-18 production: A tool for the in vitro identification of photoallergens. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:13-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Establishment of an in vitro photoassay using THP-1 cells and IL-8 to discriminate photoirritants from photoallergens. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1920-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cheah NP, Pennings JLA, Vermeulen JP, van Schooten FJ, Opperhuizen A. In vitro effects of aldehydes present in tobacco smoke on gene expression in human lung alveolar epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1072-81. [PMID: 23416264 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke consists of thousands of harmful components. A major class of chemicals found in tobacco smoke is formed by aldehydes, in particular formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein. The present study investigates the gene expression changes in human lung alveolar epithelial cells upon exposure to formaldehyde, acrolein and acetaldehyde at sub-cytotoxic levels. We exposed A549 cells in vitro to aldehydes and non-aldehyde chemicals (nicotine, hydroquinone and 2,5-dimethylfuran) present in tobacco smoke and used microarrays to obtain a global view of the transcriptomic responses. We compared responses of the individual aldehydes with that of the non-aldehydes. We also studied the response of the aldehydes when present in a mixture at relative concentrations as present in cigarette smoke. Formaldehyde gave the strongest response; a total of 66 genes were more than 1.5-fold differentially expressed mostly involved in apoptosis and DNA damage related processes, followed by acetaldehyde (57 genes), hydroquinone (55 genes) and nicotine (8 genes). For acrolein and the mixture only one gene was upregulated involved in oxidative stress. No gene expression effect was found for exposure to 2,5-dimethylfuran. Overall, aldehyde responses are primarily indicative for genotoxicity and oxidative stress. These two toxicity mechanisms are linked to respiratory diseases such as cancer and COPD, respectively. The present findings could be important in providing further understanding of the role of aldehydes emitted from cigarette smoke in the onset of pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuan P Cheah
- Department of Toxicology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology & Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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