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Zigová M, Michalková R, Mojžiš J. Anticancer Potential of Indole Phytoalexins and Their Analogues. Molecules 2024; 29:2388. [PMID: 38792249 PMCID: PMC11124384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Indole phytoalexins, found in economically significant Cruciferae family plants, are synthesized in response to pathogen attacks or stress, serving as crucial components of plant defense mechanisms against bacterial and fungal infections. Furthermore, recent research indicates that these compounds hold promise for improving human health, particularly in terms of potential anticancer effects that have been observed in various studies. Since our last comprehensive overview in 2016 focusing on the antiproliferative effects of these substances, brassinin and camalexin have been the most extensively studied. This review analyses the multifaceted pharmacological effects of brassinin and camalexin, highlighting their anticancer potential. In this article, we also provide an overview of the antiproliferative activity of new synthetic analogs of indole phytoalexins, which were synthesized and tested at our university with the aim of enhancing efficacy compared to the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Radka Michalková
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Ján Mojžiš
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia;
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Zigová M, Miškufová V, Budovská M, Michalková R, Mojžiš J. Exploring the Antiproliferative and Modulatory Effects of 1-Methoxyisobrassinin on Ovarian Cancer Cells: Insights into Cell Cycle Regulation, Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Its Interactions with NAC. Molecules 2024; 29:1773. [PMID: 38675591 PMCID: PMC11052400 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer, a highly lethal malignancy among reproductive organ cancers, poses a significant challenge with its high mortality rate, particularly in advanced-stage cases resistant to platinum-based chemotherapy. This study explores the potential therapeutic efficacy of 1-methoxyisobrassinin (MB-591), a derivative of indole phytoalexins found in Cruciferae family plants, on both cisplatin-sensitive (A2780) and cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells (A2780 cis). The findings reveal that MB-591 exhibits an antiproliferative effect on both cell lines, with significantly increased potency against cisplatin-sensitive cells. The substance induces alterations in the distribution of the cell cycle, particularly in the S and G2/M phases, accompanied by changes in key regulatory proteins. Moreover, MB-591 triggers apoptosis in both cell lines, involving caspase-9 cleavage, PARP cleavage induction, and DNA damage, accompanied by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial dysfunction. Notably, the substance selectively induces autophagy in cisplatin-resistant cells, suggesting potential targeted therapeutic applications. The study further explores the interplay between MB-591 and antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), in modulating cellular processes. NAC demonstrates a protective effect against MB-591-induced cytotoxicity, affecting cell cycle distribution and apoptosis-related proteins. Additionally, NAC exhibits inhibitory effects on autophagy initiation in cisplatin-resistant cells, suggesting its potential role in overcoming resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zigová
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (M.Z.); (V.M.)
| | - Viktória Miškufová
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (M.Z.); (V.M.)
| | - Marianna Budovská
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Radka Michalková
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (M.Z.); (V.M.)
| | - Ján Mojžiš
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (M.Z.); (V.M.)
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Marianna B, Radka M, Martin K, Janka V, Jan M. Design, Synthesis and Antiproliferative Evaluation of Bis-Indole Derivatives with a Phenyl Linker: Focus on Autophagy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010251. [PMID: 36615444 PMCID: PMC9822133 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This work deals with the study of the synthesis of new bis-indole analogues with a phenyl linker derived from indole phytoalexins. Synthesis of target bis-indole thiourea linked by a phenyl linker was achieved by the reaction of [1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)indol-3-yl]methyl isothiocyanate with p-phenylenediamine. By replacing the sulfur of the thiocarbonyl group in bis-indole thiourea with oxygen using mesityl nitrile oxide, a bis-indole homodimer with a urea group was obtained. A cyclization protocol utilizing bis-indole thiourea and methyl bromoacetate was applied to synthesize a bis-indole homodimer with a thiazolidin-4-one moiety. Bis-indole homodimers derived from 1-methoxyspirobrassinol methyl ether were prepared by bromospirocyclization methodology. Among the synthesized analogues, compound 49 was selected for further study. To evaluate the mode of the mechanism of action, we used flow cytometry, Western blot, and spectroscopic analyses. Compound 49 significantly inhibited the proliferation of lung cancer cell line A549 with minimal effects on the non-cancer cells. We also demonstrated that compound 49 induced autophagy through the upregulation of Beclin-1, LC3A/B, Atg7 and AMPK and ULK1. Furthermore, chloroquine (CQ; an autophagy inhibitor) in combination with compound 49 decreased cell proliferation and induced G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Compound 49 also caused GSH depletion and significantly potentiated the antiproliferative effect of cis-platin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budovska Marianna
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Michalkova Radka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Kello Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Vaskova Janka
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mojzis Jan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
- Correspondence:
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Yin WM, Cao XB, Li SX, Zhang F, Guan YF. Brassinin inhibits proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in nasopharyngeal cancer C666-1 cells. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Budovská M, Krochtová K, Michalková R, Mojžiš J. Aminoanalogues of isobrassinin, erucalexin and isocyclobrassinin: Synthesis and evaluation of the antiproliferative and cytotoxic properties. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Brassinin Enhances Apoptosis in Hepatic Carcinoma by Inducing Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Suppressing the JAK2/STAT3 Pathway. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants from the family Brassicaceae produce brassinin (BSN), which is an essential indole phytoalexin. BSN can kill certain types of cancer cells. Using hepatocarcinoma (HCC) cells, we examined the molecular mechanisms of BSN. We found that HCC cell growth was suppressed and apoptosis was induced by BSN via the downregulation of the JAK/STAT3 pathway. The cytoplasmic latent transcription factor STAT3, belonging to the STAT family, acted as both a signal transducer and an activator and was linked to tumor progression and decreased survival. BSN incubation caused HCC cells to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). By activating caspase-9/-3 and PARP cleavage, Bcl-2 was reduced, and apoptosis was increased. BSN inhibited constitutive STAT3, JAK2, and Src phosphorylation. The JAK/STAT signaling cascade was confirmed by siRNA silencing STAT3 in HCC cells. BSN also suppressed apoptosis by Z-Val-Ala-Asp-Fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-FMK), an apoptotic inhibitor. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) inhibited the production of ROS and diminished BSN-induced apoptosis. Our findings suggested that BSN has potential as a treatment for cancer.
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Jibrin MO, Liu Q, Guingab-Cagmat J, Jones JB, Garrett TJ, Zhang S. Metabolomics Insights into Chemical Convergence in Xanthomonas perforans and Metabolic Changes Following Treatment with the Small Molecule Carvacrol. Metabolites 2021; 11:879. [PMID: 34940636 PMCID: PMC8706651 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes are natural chemical factories and their metabolome comprise diverse arrays of chemicals. The genus Xanthomonas comprises some of the most important plant pathogens causing devastating yield losses globally and previous studies suggested that species in the genus are untapped chemical minefields. In this study, we applied an untargeted metabolomics approach to study the metabolome of a globally spread important xanthomonad, X. perforans. The pathogen is difficult to manage, but recent studies suggest that the small molecule carvacrol was efficient in disease control. Bacterial strains were treated with carvacrol, and samples were taken at time intervals (1 and 6 h). An untreated control was also included. There were five replicates for each sample and samples were prepared for metabolomics profiling using the standard procedure. Metabolomics profiling was carried out using a thermo Q-Exactive orbitrap mass spectrometer with Dionex ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and an autosampler. Annotation of significant metabolites using the Metabolomics Standards Initiative level 2 identified an array of novel metabolites that were previously not reported in Xanthomonas perforans. These metabolites include methoxybrassinin and cyclobrassinone, which are known metabolites of brassicas; sarmentosin, a metabolite of the Passiflora-heliconiine butterfly system; and monatin, a naturally occurring sweetener found in Sclerochiton ilicifolius. To our knowledge, this is the first report of these metabolites in a microbial system. Other significant metabolites previously identified in non-Xanthomonas systems but reported in this study include maculosin; piperidine; β-carboline alkaloids, such as harman and derivatives; and several important medically relevant metabolites, such as valsartan, metharbital, pirbuterol, and ozagrel. This finding is consistent with convergent evolution found in reported biological systems. Analyses of the effect of carvacrol in time-series and associated pathways suggest that carvacrol has a global effect on the metabolome of X. perforans, showing marked changes in metabolites that are critical in energy biosynthesis and degradation pathways, amino acid pathways, nucleic acid pathways, as well as the newly identified metabolites whose pathways are unknown. This study provides the first insight into the X. perforans metabolome and additionally lays a metabolomics-guided foundation for characterization of novel metabolites and pathways in xanthomonad systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ojonuba Jibrin
- Tropical Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031, USA; (M.O.J.); (Q.L.)
- Department of Crop Protection, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810103, Nigeria
| | - Qingchun Liu
- Tropical Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031, USA; (M.O.J.); (Q.L.)
| | - Joy Guingab-Cagmat
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (J.G.-C.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Jeffrey B. Jones
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Timothy J. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (J.G.-C.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Shouan Zhang
- Tropical Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031, USA; (M.O.J.); (Q.L.)
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
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Budovská M, Krochtová K, Kuba M, Tischlerová V, Mojžiš J. Synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel 5-fluorinated indoles. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2021.109879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yang MH, Baek SH, Ha IJ, Um JY, Ahn KS. Brassinin enhances the anticancer actions of paclitaxel by targeting multiple signaling pathways in colorectal cancer cells. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3875-3885. [PMID: 33792984 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brassinin (BSN), a precursor of phytoalexins, extracted from Chinese cabbage has been reported to act as a promising anti-neoplastic agent. However, the effects of BSN on colon cancer cells and its underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed at investigating the anti-neoplastic impact of BSN and its possible synergistic effect with paclitaxel on colon cancer cells. The effect of BSN on Janus-activated kinases (JAKs)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways and its downstream functions was deciphered using diverse assays in colon carcinoma cells. We found that BSN displayed significant cytotoxic effect and suppressed cell proliferation on colon carcinoma cells. Additionally, it was noted that BSN modulated oncogenic gene expression and induced apoptosis through down regulating multiple oncogenic signaling cascades such as JAKs/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR simultaneously. Besides, BSN-paclitaxel combination significantly increased cytotoxicity and induced apoptosis synergistically as compared with individual treatment of both the agents. Overall, our findings indicate that BSN may be a novel candidate for anti-colon cancer targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hee Yang
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Ho Baek
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, South Korea
| | - In Jin Ha
- Korean Medicine Clinical Trial Center (K-CTC), Korean Medicine Hospital, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Um
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Brassinin Inhibits Proliferation in Human Liver Cancer Cells via Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020332. [PMID: 33562611 PMCID: PMC7915448 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinin is a phytochemical derived from Chinese cabbage, a cruciferous vegetable. Brassinin has shown anticancer effects on prostate and colon cancer cells, among others. However, its mechanisms and effects on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have not been elucidated yet. Our results confirmed that brassinin exerted antiproliferative effects by reducing proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) activity, a proliferation indicator and inducing cell cycle arrest in human HCC (Huh7 and Hep3B) cells. Brassinin also increased mitochondrial Ca2+ levels and depolarized the mitochondrial membrane in both Huh7 and Hep3B cells. Moreover, brassinin generated high amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in both cell lines. The ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) inhibited this brassinin-induced ROS production. Brassinin also regulated the AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathways in Huh7 and Hep3B cells. Furthermore, co-administering brassinin and pharmacological inhibitors for JNK, ERK1/2 and P38 decreased cell proliferation in both HCC cell lines more than the pharmacological inhibitors alone. Collectively, our results demonstrated that brassinin exerts antiproliferative effects via mitochondrial dysfunction and MAPK pathway regulation on HCC cells.
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11
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Novel 1-methoxyindole- and 2-alkoxyindole-based chalcones: design, synthesis, characterization, antiproliferative activity and DNA, BSA binding interactions. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Liu K, Zhang X, Xie L, Deng M, Chen H, Song J, Long J, Li X, Luo J. Lupeol and its derivatives as anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 164:105373. [PMID: 33316380 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lupeol is a natural triterpenoid that widely exists in edible fruits and vegetables, and medicinal plants. In the last decade, a plethora of studies on the pharmacological activities of lupeol have been conducted and have demonstrated that lupeol possesses an extensive range of pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Pharmacokinetic studies have indicated that absorption of lupeol by animals was rapid despite its nonpolar characteristics, and lupeol belongs to class II BCS (biopharmaceutics classification system) compounds. Moreover, the bioactivities of some isolated or synthesized lupeol derivatives have been investigated, and these results showed that, with modification to C-3 or C-19, some derivatives exhibit stronger activities, e.g., antiprotozoal or anticancer activity. This review aims to summarize the advances in pharmacological and pharmacokinetic studies of lupeol in the last decade with an emphasis on its anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as the research progress of lupeol derivatives thus far, to provide researchers with the latest information, point out the limitations of relevant research at the current stage and the aspects that should be strengthened in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Xumin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Long Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Mao Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Huijuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Jiawen Song
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Jiaying Long
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
| | - Jia Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
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Budovská M, Selešová I, Tischlerová V, Michalková R, Mojžiš J. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel 5-bromo derivatives of indole phytoalexins. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02693-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shinde SD, Sakla AP, Shankaraiah N. An insight into medicinal attributes of dithiocarbamates: Bird's eye view. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104346. [PMID: 33074122 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dithiocarbamates are considered as an important motif owing to its extensive biological applications in medicinal chemistry. The synthesis of this framework can easily be achieved via a one-pot reaction of primary/secondary amines, CS2, and alkyl halides under catalyst-free conditions or sometimes in the presence of a base. By virtue of its colossal pharmacological scope, it has been an evolving subject of interest for many researchers around the world. The present review aims to highlight various synthetic approaches for dithiocarbamates with the major emphasis on medicinal attributes of these architectures as leads in the drug discovery of small molecules such as HDAC inhibitor, lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) down-regulator, kinase inhibitor (focal adhesion kinase, pyruvate kinase, Bruton's tyrosine kinase), carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, DNA intercalators, and apoptosis-inducing agents. Moreover, recent medicinal advancements in the synthesis of dithiocarbamate derivatives as anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, anti-Alzheimer, antitubercular, anti-glaucoma, anti-cholinergic, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory activities have been elaborated with notable examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Dattatray Shinde
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Akash P Sakla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India.
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The Potential of Phytochemicals in Oral Cancer Prevention and Therapy: A Review of the Evidence. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081150. [PMID: 32781654 PMCID: PMC7465709 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiological factors of oral cancer are complex including drinking alcohol, smoking tobacco, betel quid chewing, human papillomavirus infection, and nutritional deficiencies. Understanding the molecular mechanism of oral cancer is vital. The traditional treatment for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (e.g., surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy) and targeted molecular therapy still have numerous shortcomings. In recent years, the use of phytochemical factors to prevent or treat cancer has received increasing attention. These phytochemicals have little or no toxicity against healthy tissues and are thus ideal chemopreventive agents. However, phytochemicals usually have low water solubility, low bioavailability, and insufficient targeting which limit therapeutic use. Numerous studies have investigated the development of phytochemical delivery systems to address these problems. The present article provides an overview of oral cancer including the etiological factors, diagnosis, and traditional therapy. Furthermore, the classification, dietary sources, anticancer bioactivity, delivery system improvements, and molecular mechanisms against oral cancer of phytochemicals are also discussed in this review.
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Palanivel S, Murugesan A, Subramanian K, Yli-Harja O, Kandhavelu M. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of indole derivative, N-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl (4'-methylphenyl) methyl) indoline in breast cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173195. [PMID: 32446710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Indoline derivatives functions as an inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with the anticancer potential against various cancers. We aim to investigate anti-breast cancer effects and mechanism of action of novel indoline derivatives. Molecular docking of seven indoline derivates with EGFR revealed, N-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl (4'-methylphenyl) methyl) indoline (HNPMI) as the top lead compound. RT-PCR analysis showed the downregulation of PI3K/S6K1 genes in breast cancer cells through the activation of EGFR with HNPMI. This compound found to have higher cytotoxicity than Cyclophosphamide, with the IC50 of 64.10 μM in MCF-7 and 119.99 μM in SkBr3 cells. HNPMI significantly reduced the cell proliferation of MCF-7 and SkBr3 cells, without affecting non-cancerous cells, H9C2. Induction of apoptosis was analyzed by Caspase-3 and -9, DNA fragmentation, AO/EtBr staining and flow cytometry assays. A fold change of 0.218- and 0.098- for caspase-3 and 0.478- and 0.269- for caspase-9 in MCF7 and SkBr3 cells was observed, respectively. Caspase mediated apoptosis caused DNA fragmentation in breast cancer cells upon HNPMI treatment. The structural elucidation of HNPMI by QSAR model and ADME-Tox suggests, a bi-molecular interaction of HNPMI-EGFR which is related to antiproliferative and apoptotic activity. The data concludes that, HNPMI-induced the apoptosis via EGFR signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. Thus, HNPMI might serve as a scaffold for developing a potential anti-breast cancer therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Palanivel
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland; Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Akshaya Murugesan
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland; Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, Tampere, Finland; Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai, 625002, India
| | - Kumar Subramanian
- Oncology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Olli Yli-Harja
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, Tampere, Finland; Computational Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland; Institute for Systems Biology, 1441N 34th Street, Seattle, WA, 98103-8904, USA
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland; Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, Tampere, Finland.
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Budovská M, Tischlerová V, Mojžiš J, Kozlov O, Gondová T. An alternative approach to the synthesis of anticancer molecule spirobrassinin and its 2′-amino analogues. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-019-02528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Brassinin Represses Invasive Potential of Lung Carcinoma Cells through Deactivation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Cascade. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081584. [PMID: 31013639 PMCID: PMC6514890 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a phenomenon that facilitates epithelial cells to acquire invasive potential to induce the initiation the metastatic spread of tumor cells. Here, we determined if brassinin (BSN) can affect the EMT process and deciphered its anti-cancer effects. BSN attenuated the levels of EMT linked genes and suppressed transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-mediated regulation of diverse mesenchymal markers. Additionally, BSN did increase the expression of various epithelial marker proteins in lung cancer cells. TGF-β-induced morphological changes and induction of invasive ability of tumor cells was also found to be abrogated by BSN treatment. Finally, BSN not only suppressed constitutive, but also inducible phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation in tumor cells.
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Budovská M, Baláž M, Mezencev R, Tischlerová V, Zigová M, Mojžiš J. Design, synthesis and anticancer activity of trifluoromethylphenylamino substituted spiroindoles. J Fluor Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Liu X, Wang Z, Xie R, Tang P, Yuan Q. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel carbamodithioates as anti-proliferative agents against human cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:1526-1540. [PMID: 30282324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of new carbamodithioates compounds has been successfully synthesized. All the carbamodithioate derivatives of SFE and SFA with benzenethiols (substituted or unsubstituted) exhibited, in general, higher percentages of inhibition than their parent compounds: SFE and SFA. A number of carbamodithioate derivatives with benzenethiols (substituted or unsubstituted) (1l, 1m, 1n, 1o, 1q, 1s, 2l, 2n, 2p, 2q, 2r and 2s) were investigated for in vitro anti-proliferative activities against five cancer cell lines: SMMC-7721, A549, A375, HCT 116 and Hela. The carbamodithioate compounds (1l, 1m, 1n, 1o, 1q and 1s) derived from SFE and the carbamodithioate compounds (2l, 2n, 2p, 2q, 2r and 2s) derived from SFA are more sensitive toward SMMC-7721and A549 cancer cells than toward other cancer cells in that their IC50 values are appreciably lower. Moreover, they exhibited stronger inhibitory activities than their parent compound SFE and SFE. Further investigation indicated that these carbamodithioate derivatives inhibited colony formation of SMMC-7721 and remarkably induced the G2/M or G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in SMMC-7721 cancer cells. More important, these carbamodithioate derivatives are stable in protic solvent media than their parent compounds. By virtue of the simplicity of the preparation of these carbamodithioate derivatives and their stability, compounds 1m and 2s could be the promising candidates for replacement for their parent SFE and SFA for cancer prevention agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Rui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Pingwah Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Qipeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Halimehjani AZ, Shokrgozar S, Beier P. Transition-Metal-Free Coupling Reaction of Dithiocarbamates with Indoles: C–S Bond Formation. J Org Chem 2018; 83:5778-5783. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azim Ziyaei Halimehjani
- Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, P.O. Box 15719-14911, 49 Mofateh Street, Tehran 14911, Iran
| | - Sahar Shokrgozar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 6, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Beier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 6, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
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Budovská M, Tischlerová V, Mojžiš J, Harvanová M, Kozlov O, Gondová T, Tomášková N. 2′-Aminoanalogues of the cruciferous phytoalexins spirobrassinin, 1-methoxyspirobrassinin and 1-methoxyspirobrassinol methyl ether: Synthesis and anticancer properties. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tischlerova V, Kello M, Budovska M, Mojzis J. Indole phytoalexin derivatives induce mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in human colorectal carcinoma cells. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:4341-4353. [PMID: 28706417 PMCID: PMC5487498 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i24.4341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the mechanism of the antiproliferative effect of synthetic indole phytoalexin derivatives on human colorectal cancer cell lines.
METHODS Changes in cell proliferation and the cytotoxic effect of the tested compounds on human colorectal cancer cell lines and human fibroblasts were evaluated using MTS and BrdU assay, allowing us to choose the most potent substance. Cell cycle alterations were analyzed using flow cytometric analysis. The apoptosis-inducing effect of compound K-453 on the HCT116 cell line was examined with annexin V/PI double staining using flow cytometry, as well as acridine orange/propidium iodide (AO/PI) staining. The flow cytometry method also allowed us to measure changes in levels or activation states of other factors associated with apoptosis, such as poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), caspase-3 and -9, cytochrome c, Bcl-2 family proteins, and also the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane. To evaluate activity of the transcription factors and proteins involved in signaling pathways we used Western blot analysis together with flow cytometry.
RESULTS Among the ten tested compounds, compound K-453 {(±)-trans-1,2-dimethoxy-2’-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethylphenylamino)spiro{indoline-3,5’[4’,5’]dihydrothiazol} exhibited the most potent activity with IC50 = 32.22 ± 1.14 μmol/L in human colorectal HCT116 cells and was thus selected for further studies. Flow cytometric analysis revealed a K-453-induced increase in the population of cells with sub-G1 DNA content, which is considered as a marker of apoptotic cell death. The apoptosis-inducing effect of compound K453 was also confirmed by annexin V/PI double staining and AO/PI staining. The apoptosis was associated with the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, PARP cleavage, caspase-3 and caspase-9 activation, release of cytochrome c, as well as changes in the levels of Bcl-2 family members. Moreover, flow cytometry showed that compound K-453 stimulates phosphorylation of p38 MAPK but decreases phosphorylation of Akt and Erk 1/2. Activation of p38 MAPK was also confirmed using Western blot analysis. This analysis also revealed down-regulation of NF-κB1 (p50) and RelA (p65) proteins and the loss of their anti-apoptotic activity.
CONCLUSION In our study compound K-453 exhibited an antiproliferative effect by induction of intrinsic apoptosis as well as modulation of several signaling pathways.
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Csomós P, Fodor L, Csámpai A, Sohár P. A useful ring transformation route to novel thiazepino[7,6- b ]indoles from monochloro-β-lactam-fused 1,3-thiazino[6,5- b ]indoles, analogues of cyclobrassinin. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Antiproliferative Effect of Indole Phytoalexins. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121626. [PMID: 27898039 PMCID: PMC6274154 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole phytoalexins from crucifers have been shown to exhibit significant anti-cancer, chemopreventive, and antiproliferative activity. Phytoalexins are natural low molecular antimicrobial compounds that are synthesized and accumulated in plants after their exposure to pathogenic microorganisms. Most interestingly, crucifers appear to be the only plant family producing sulfur-containing indole phytoalexins. The mechanisms underlying its anti-cancer properties are unknown. Isolation from cruciferous plants does not provide sufficient quantities of indole phytoalexins and, for biological screening, they are usually obtainable through synthesis. Understanding the molecular mechanism of the action of these substances and their structure-activity relationships is quite important in the development of new analogs with a more favorable profile of biological activities. In this review, we present the key features of indole phytoalexins, mainly their antiproliferative ativities.
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Quiroga D, Becerra LD, Sadat-Bernal J, Vargas N, Coy-Barrera E. Synthesis and Antifungal Activity against Fusarium oxysporum of Some Brassinin Analogs Derived from l-tryptophan: A DFT/B3LYP Study on the Reaction Mechanism. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101349. [PMID: 27727186 PMCID: PMC6273850 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient methodology to obtain novel antifungal analogs of brassinin 1 is described. Starting from l-tryptophan 2, N,N′-dialkylthiourea 4, 4-[(1H-indol-3-yl)methylene]-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-5-one 5 and alkyl (2S)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2-{[(alkylsulfanyl)carbonothioyl]amino}propanoate 6 type compounds were obtained as main products in different ratios depending on the reaction conditions via a tandem dithiocarbamate formation and Michael addition reaction. In order to understand the dependence of the reaction conditions on the mechanism pathway, a DFT/B3LYP study was performed. The results suggested the existence of competitive mechanistic routes which involve the presence of an ionic dithiocarbamate intermediate 9. Antifungal activities of all products were then evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum through mycelial growth inhibition using a microscale amended-medium assay. IC50 values were thus determined for each compound. These results showed that 6-related compounds can be considered as promissory antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Quiroga
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Campus Nueva Granada, Cajicá 49300, Colombia.
| | - Lili Dahiana Becerra
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Campus Nueva Granada, Cajicá 49300, Colombia.
| | - John Sadat-Bernal
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Campus Nueva Granada, Cajicá 49300, Colombia.
| | - Nathalia Vargas
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Campus Nueva Granada, Cajicá 49300, Colombia.
| | - Ericsson Coy-Barrera
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Campus Nueva Granada, Cajicá 49300, Colombia.
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ROS-dependent antiproliferative effect of brassinin derivative homobrassinin in human colorectal cancer Caco2 cells. Molecules 2014; 19:10877-97. [PMID: 25068784 PMCID: PMC6271261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190810877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the in vitro antiproliferative effect of brassinin and its derivatives on human cancer cell lines. Among seven tested compounds, homobrassinin (K1; N-[2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl]-S-methyldithiocarbamate) exhibited the most potent activity with IC50 = 8.0 μM in human colorectal Caco2 cells and was selected for further studies. The flow cytometric analysis revealed a K1-induced increase in the G2/M phase associated with dysregulation of α-tubulin, α1-tubulin and β5-tubulin expression. These findings suggest that the inhibitory effect of K1 can be mediated via inhibition of microtubule formation. Furthermore, simultaneously with G2/M arrest, K1 also increased population of cells with sub-G1 DNA content which is considered to be a marker of apoptotic cell death. Apoptosis was also confirmed by annexin V/PI double staining, DNA fragmentation assay and chromatin condensation assay. The apoptosis was associated with the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), caspase-3 activation as well as intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Moreover, the antioxidant Trolox blocked ROS production, changes in MMP and decreased K1 cytotoxicity, which confirmed the important role of ROS in cell apoptosis. Taken together, our data demonstrate that K1 induces ROS-dependent apoptosis in Caco2 cells and provide the rationale for further in vivo anticancer investigation.
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